UPSC Static Quiz – History : 9 September 2025

UPSC Static Quiz – History : 9 September 2025 We will post 5 questions daily on static topics mentioned in the UPSC civil services preliminary examination syllabus. Each week will focus on a specific topic from the syllabus, such as History of India and Indian National Movement, Indian and World Geography, and more.We are excited to bring you our daily UPSC Static Quiz, designed to help you prepare for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Each day, we will post 5 questions on static topics mentioned in the UPSC syllabus. This week, we are focusing on Indian and World Geography.

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question Consider the following statements regarding Later Vedic period. Statement I: The social structure of the Later Vedic period became more complex and rigid compared to the Early Vedic period. Statement II: The Later Vedic period saw the firm establishment of the four-fold Varna system based on birth, and the institution of gotra emerged, regulating marriage practices. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is correct. There was a significant transformation in the social structure between the two periods. The largely egalitarian, clan-based, and flexible society of the Early Vedic period gave way to a more complex, stratified, and rigid social order in the Later Vedic period (c. 1000-600 BCE). This complexity was a result of the shift to a settled agrarian economy and the emergence of territorial kingdoms. Statement II is correct. The Varna system, which was flexible and occupation-based in the Rig Vedic period, became a rigid, four-fold hierarchical system (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) determined by birth. This created deep social divisions and inequalities. Additionally, the institution of *gotra (lineage or clan) emerged during this period. The concept of gotra exogamy, which prohibited marriage within the same gotra, became a key rule governing social and marital relations, further codifying social structure. Therefore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is correct. There was a significant transformation in the social structure between the two periods. The largely egalitarian, clan-based, and flexible society of the Early Vedic period gave way to a more complex, stratified, and rigid social order in the Later Vedic period (c. 1000-600 BCE). This complexity was a result of the shift to a settled agrarian economy and the emergence of territorial kingdoms. Statement II is correct. The Varna system, which was flexible and occupation-based in the Rig Vedic period, became a rigid, four-fold hierarchical system (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) determined by birth. This created deep social divisions and inequalities. Additionally, the institution of gotra (lineage or clan) emerged during this period. The concept of gotra exogamy, which prohibited marriage within the same gotra*, became a key rule governing social and marital relations, further codifying social structure. Therefore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Later Vedic period.

Statement I: The social structure of the Later Vedic period became more complex and rigid compared to the Early Vedic period.

Statement II: The Later Vedic period saw the firm establishment of the four-fold Varna system based on birth, and the institution of gotra emerged, regulating marriage practices.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct. There was a significant transformation in the social structure between the two periods. The largely egalitarian, clan-based, and flexible society of the Early Vedic period gave way to a more complex, stratified, and rigid social order in the Later Vedic period (c. 1000-600 BCE). This complexity was a result of the shift to a settled agrarian economy and the emergence of territorial kingdoms.

• Statement II is correct. The Varna system, which was flexible and occupation-based in the Rig Vedic period, became a rigid, four-fold hierarchical system (Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) determined by birth. This created deep social divisions and inequalities. Additionally, the institution of *gotra (lineage or clan) emerged during this period. The concept of gotra exogamy, which prohibited marriage within the same gotra*, became a key rule governing social and marital relations, further codifying social structure.

• Therefore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.

Solution: A

• Therefore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question Consider the following statements about the polity and administration of the Sangam Age: Hereditary monarchy was the established form of government. The king was assisted by a council of five ministers known as the Enperayam. Land revenue was the chief source of state income, and a regular army was maintained. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The prevalent form of government during the Sangam period was hereditary monarchy. The king (Vendar) held the highest authority, and succession was typically passed down through the royal lineage. The king’s court (avai) was the center of power and culture. Statement 2 is incorrect. The king was advised by officials, but the terminology is specific. The council of five members (ministers, priests, military commanders, envoys, and spies) was known as the *Aimperunkulu. The Enperayam was another body, a council of eight government officials. Statement 3 is correct. The economy of the Sangam kingdoms was primarily agrarian. Consequently, land revenue was the most important source of income for the state. The rulers also levied customs duties on foreign trade (sungam). To protect their territory and engage in frequent warfare with neighboring kingdoms, the Sangam kings maintained a regular, professional army consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The prevalent form of government during the Sangam period was hereditary monarchy. The king (Vendar) held the highest authority, and succession was typically passed down through the royal lineage. The king’s court (avai) was the center of power and culture. Statement 2 is incorrect. The king was advised by officials, but the terminology is specific. The council of five members (ministers, priests, military commanders, envoys, and spies) was known as the Aimperunkulu. The Enperayam was another body, a council of eight government officials. Statement 3 is correct. The economy of the Sangam kingdoms was primarily agrarian. Consequently, land revenue was the most important source of income for the state. The rulers also levied customs duties on foreign trade (sungam). To protect their territory and engage in frequent warfare with neighboring kingdoms, the Sangam kings maintained a regular, professional army* consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements about the polity and administration of the Sangam Age:

• Hereditary monarchy was the established form of government.

• The king was assisted by a council of five ministers known as the Enperayam.

• Land revenue was the chief source of state income, and a regular army was maintained.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The prevalent form of government during the Sangam period was hereditary monarchy. The king (Vendar) held the highest authority, and succession was typically passed down through the royal lineage. The king’s court (avai) was the center of power and culture.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The king was advised by officials, but the terminology is specific. The council of five members (ministers, priests, military commanders, envoys, and spies) was known as the *Aimperunkulu. The Enperayam* was another body, a council of eight government officials.

Statement 3 is correct. The economy of the Sangam kingdoms was primarily agrarian. Consequently, land revenue was the most important source of income for the state. The rulers also levied customs duties on foreign trade (sungam). To protect their territory and engage in frequent warfare with neighboring kingdoms, the Sangam kings maintained a regular, professional army consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots.

Solution: B

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question Consider the following statements regarding Second Battle of Tarain. Statement I: The Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 is considered a turning point in Indian history. Statement II: The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in the battle led to the establishment of the first Turkish state in the Ganga-Jamuna doab. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is correct. The battle is widely regarded as a watershed event. While the First Battle of Tarain (1191) was a victory for the Rajputs, the decisive Turkish victory in the second battle a year later fundamentally altered the political map of North India and paved the way for centuries of Turko-Afghan rule. Statement II is also correct. Following his victory, Muhammad Ghuri, with the help of his general Qutbuddin Aibak, captured the Chauhan strongholds of Ajmer and Delhi. Delhi, in particular, was made the base for further conquests. This victory directly led to the occupation of the strategic Ganga-Jamuna doab and the establishment of a permanent Turkish political and military presence, which soon evolved into the Delhi Sultanate. Statement II provides the direct consequence that makes Statement I a valid historical judgment. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is correct. The battle is widely regarded as a watershed event. While the First Battle of Tarain (1191) was a victory for the Rajputs, the decisive Turkish victory in the second battle a year later fundamentally altered the political map of North India and paved the way for centuries of Turko-Afghan rule. Statement II is also correct. Following his victory, Muhammad Ghuri, with the help of his general Qutbuddin Aibak, captured the Chauhan strongholds of Ajmer and Delhi. Delhi, in particular, was made the base for further conquests. This victory directly led to the occupation of the strategic Ganga-Jamuna doab and the establishment of a permanent Turkish political and military presence, which soon evolved into the Delhi Sultanate. Statement II provides the direct consequence that makes Statement I a valid historical judgment.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Second Battle of Tarain.

Statement I: The Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 is considered a turning point in Indian history.

Statement II: The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in the battle led to the establishment of the first Turkish state in the Ganga-Jamuna doab.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct. The battle is widely regarded as a watershed event. While the First Battle of Tarain (1191) was a victory for the Rajputs, the decisive Turkish victory in the second battle a year later fundamentally altered the political map of North India and paved the way for centuries of Turko-Afghan rule.

• Statement II is also correct. Following his victory, Muhammad Ghuri, with the help of his general Qutbuddin Aibak, captured the Chauhan strongholds of Ajmer and Delhi. Delhi, in particular, was made the base for further conquests. This victory directly led to the occupation of the strategic Ganga-Jamuna doab and the establishment of a permanent Turkish political and military presence, which soon evolved into the Delhi Sultanate.

• Statement II provides the direct consequence that makes Statement I a valid historical judgment.

Solution: A

• Statement II provides the direct consequence that makes Statement I a valid historical judgment.

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question The literature of the Rajput period saw the growth of not only Sanskrit but also early forms of modern Indian languages. The language known as Apabhramsha is considered the precursor to: (a) Tamil and Malayalam (b) Kannada and Telugu (c) Hindi, Gujarati, and Bengali (d) Persian and Urdu Correct Solution: C During the early medieval period, while Sanskrit remained the language of the elite court and scholarship, various regional languages began to evolve. Apabhramsha, which literally means ‘corrupt’ or ‘deviated’, was the term used for the vernacular languages that developed out of the Prakrits. These languages were the immediate precursors to several modern North Indian languages. For instance, Shauraseni Apabhramsha gave rise to Western Hindi and Gujarati, while Magadhi Apabhramsha evolved into Bengali, Assamese, and Oriya. A rich body of literature, including many Jain texts, was composed in Apabhramsha during this period, marking a crucial transition in the linguistic history of North India. The South Indian languages (a, b) belong to the Dravidian family and have a different line of development. Persian and Urdu (d) have different origins, with Urdu developing much later as a synthesis of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and local Indian dialects. Incorrect Solution: C During the early medieval period, while Sanskrit remained the language of the elite court and scholarship, various regional languages began to evolve. Apabhramsha, which literally means ‘corrupt’ or ‘deviated’, was the term used for the vernacular languages that developed out of the Prakrits. These languages were the immediate precursors to several modern North Indian languages. For instance, Shauraseni Apabhramsha gave rise to Western Hindi and Gujarati, while Magadhi Apabhramsha evolved into Bengali, Assamese, and Oriya. A rich body of literature, including many Jain texts, was composed in Apabhramsha during this period, marking a crucial transition in the linguistic history of North India. The South Indian languages (a, b) belong to the Dravidian family and have a different line of development. Persian and Urdu (d) have different origins, with Urdu developing much later as a synthesis of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and local Indian dialects.

#### 4. Question

The literature of the Rajput period saw the growth of not only Sanskrit but also early forms of modern Indian languages. The language known as Apabhramsha is considered the precursor to:

• (a) Tamil and Malayalam

• (b) Kannada and Telugu

• (c) Hindi, Gujarati, and Bengali

• (d) Persian and Urdu

Solution: C

• During the early medieval period, while Sanskrit remained the language of the elite court and scholarship, various regional languages began to evolve. Apabhramsha, which literally means ‘corrupt’ or ‘deviated’, was the term used for the vernacular languages that developed out of the Prakrits.

• These languages were the immediate precursors to several modern North Indian languages. For instance, Shauraseni Apabhramsha gave rise to Western Hindi and Gujarati, while Magadhi Apabhramsha evolved into Bengali, Assamese, and Oriya.

• A rich body of literature, including many Jain texts, was composed in Apabhramsha during this period, marking a crucial transition in the linguistic history of North India.

• The South Indian languages (a, b) belong to the Dravidian family and have a different line of development. Persian and Urdu (d) have different origins, with Urdu developing much later as a synthesis of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and local Indian dialects.

Solution: C

• A rich body of literature, including many Jain texts, was composed in Apabhramsha during this period, marking a crucial transition in the linguistic history of North India.

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question Match the following: List-I (Term) List-II (Description) A. Amil 1. A grant of tax-free land to learned Brahmins B. Amaram 2. A revenue official in the Delhi Sultanate C. Agrahara 3. A military grant of territory in the Vijayanagara Empire Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) A-2, B-3, C-1 (b) A-1, B-2, C-3 (c) A-2, B-1, C-3 (d) A-3, B-2, C-1 Correct Solution: A Amil: This was a term used in the administration of the Delhi Sultanate. The Amil was a revenue collector, an official in charge of revenue collection in a district or a smaller administrative unit. So, A matches with 2. Amaram: This term is associated with the Nayankara system of the Vijayanagara Empire. Amaram was the territory or land grant given to a military chief or commander (Nayaka) in lieu of a fixed salary. From the revenues of this land, the Nayaka was expected to maintain a specified contingent of troops for the king’s service. So, B matches with 3. Agrahara: This term, prevalent since ancient times and continuing into the medieval period, refers to a grant of land and/or a village, typically tax-free, to learned Brahmins. These grants were made by kings to promote learning and religion. So, C matches with 1. Incorrect Solution: A Amil: This was a term used in the administration of the Delhi Sultanate. The Amil was a revenue collector, an official in charge of revenue collection in a district or a smaller administrative unit. So, A matches with 2. Amaram: This term is associated with the Nayankara system of the Vijayanagara Empire. Amaram was the territory or land grant given to a military chief or commander (Nayaka) in lieu of a fixed salary. From the revenues of this land, the Nayaka was expected to maintain a specified contingent of troops for the king’s service. So, B matches with 3. Agrahara: This term, prevalent since ancient times and continuing into the medieval period, refers to a grant of land and/or a village, typically tax-free, to learned Brahmins. These grants were made by kings to promote learning and religion. So, C matches with 1.

#### 5. Question

Match the following:

List-I (Term) | List-II (Description)

A. Amil | 1. A grant of tax-free land to learned Brahmins

B. Amaram | 2. A revenue official in the Delhi Sultanate

C. Agrahara | 3. A military grant of territory in the Vijayanagara Empire

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) A-2, B-3, C-1

• (b) A-1, B-2, C-3

• (c) A-2, B-1, C-3

• (d) A-3, B-2, C-1

Solution: A

• Amil: This was a term used in the administration of the Delhi Sultanate. The Amil was a revenue collector, an official in charge of revenue collection in a district or a smaller administrative unit. So, A matches with 2.

• Amaram: This term is associated with the Nayankara system of the Vijayanagara Empire. Amaram was the territory or land grant given to a military chief or commander (Nayaka) in lieu of a fixed salary. From the revenues of this land, the Nayaka was expected to maintain a specified contingent of troops for the king’s service. So, B matches with 3.

• Agrahara: This term, prevalent since ancient times and continuing into the medieval period, refers to a grant of land and/or a village, typically tax-free, to learned Brahmins. These grants were made by kings to promote learning and religion. So, C matches with 1.

Solution: A

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