UPSC Static Quiz – History : 27 August 2025

UPSC Static Quiz – History : 27 August 2025 We will post 5 questions daily on static topics mentioned in the UPSC civil services preliminary examination syllabus. Each week will focus on a specific topic from the syllabus, such as History of India and Indian National Movement, Indian and World Geography, and more.We are excited to bring you our daily UPSC Static Quiz, designed to help you prepare for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Each day, we will post 5 questions on static topics mentioned in the UPSC syllabus. This week, we are focusing on Indian and World Geography.

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question With reference to the Government of India Act, 1919, consider the following statements: It introduced a system of dyarchy in the provinces by dividing provincial subjects into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ lists. The ministers who administered the ‘Transferred’ subjects were responsible to the provincial legislative council and had to resign if a no-confidence motion was passed against them. The Act established a bicameral legislature at the Centre for the first time, with the Legislative Assembly and the Council of State having equal powers in all matters, including the budget. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The defining feature of the 1919 Act at the provincial level was the introduction of Dyarchy (dual rule). It divided the administration of the province into two parts. Provincial subjects were categorized into ‘Reserved’ subjects (like law and order, finance, land revenue), which were administered by the Governor and his executive council, and ‘Transferred’ subjects (like education, health, local government), administered by the Governor with the aid of ministers. Statement 2 is correct. This statement accurately describes the principle of responsible government introduced for the ‘Transferred’ subjects. The ministers in charge of these subjects were chosen from among the elected members of the provincial legislative council and were accountable to it. They were required to resign if they lost the confidence of the legislature, marking a significant, albeit limited, step towards parliamentary practice. Statement 3 is incorrect. While the Act did introduce a bicameral legislature at the Centre (the Legislative Assembly and the Council of State), they did not have equal powers, especially in financial matters. The power of the purse was limited; about 75% of the budget was non-votable. Moreover, the Governor-General had overriding powers, including the power to “certify” bills rejected by the legislature and issue ordinances, which severely curtailed the legislature’s authority. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The defining feature of the 1919 Act at the provincial level was the introduction of Dyarchy (dual rule). It divided the administration of the province into two parts. Provincial subjects were categorized into ‘Reserved’ subjects (like law and order, finance, land revenue), which were administered by the Governor and his executive council, and ‘Transferred’ subjects (like education, health, local government), administered by the Governor with the aid of ministers. Statement 2 is correct. This statement accurately describes the principle of responsible government introduced for the ‘Transferred’ subjects. The ministers in charge of these subjects were chosen from among the elected members of the provincial legislative council and were accountable to it. They were required to resign if they lost the confidence of the legislature, marking a significant, albeit limited, step towards parliamentary practice. Statement 3 is incorrect. While the Act did introduce a bicameral legislature at the Centre (the Legislative Assembly and the Council of State), they did not have equal powers, especially in financial matters. The power of the purse was limited; about 75% of the budget was non-votable. Moreover, the Governor-General had overriding powers, including the power to “certify” bills rejected by the legislature and issue ordinances, which severely curtailed the legislature’s authority.

#### 1. Question

With reference to the Government of India Act, 1919, consider the following statements:

• It introduced a system of dyarchy in the provinces by dividing provincial subjects into ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ lists.

• The ministers who administered the ‘Transferred’ subjects were responsible to the provincial legislative council and had to resign if a no-confidence motion was passed against them.

• The Act established a bicameral legislature at the Centre for the first time, with the Legislative Assembly and the Council of State having equal powers in all matters, including the budget.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The defining feature of the 1919 Act at the provincial level was the introduction of Dyarchy (dual rule). It divided the administration of the province into two parts. Provincial subjects were categorized into ‘Reserved’ subjects (like law and order, finance, land revenue), which were administered by the Governor and his executive council, and ‘Transferred’ subjects (like education, health, local government), administered by the Governor with the aid of ministers.

• Statement 2 is correct. This statement accurately describes the principle of responsible government introduced for the ‘Transferred’ subjects. The ministers in charge of these subjects were chosen from among the elected members of the provincial legislative council and were accountable to it. They were required to resign if they lost the confidence of the legislature, marking a significant, albeit limited, step towards parliamentary practice.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. While the Act did introduce a bicameral legislature at the Centre (the Legislative Assembly and the Council of State), they did not have equal powers, especially in financial matters. The power of the purse was limited; about 75% of the budget was non-votable. Moreover, the Governor-General had overriding powers, including the power to “certify” bills rejected by the legislature and issue ordinances, which severely curtailed the legislature’s authority.

Solution: B

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question Consider the following statements about the social composition and geographical spread of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22): The movement witnessed near-universal participation from the big business and capitalist class, who saw it as an opportunity to promote indigenous industries. In the countryside, the movement often merged with local agrarian grievances, leading to peasant struggles that sometimes went beyond the Congress’s official programme of non-violence. The participation of students and the educated middle class was most prominent in the initial phase but began to wane as the movement prolonged. Regions like the Madras Presidency showed a level of participation and enthusiasm that was significantly lower compared to regions like Bengal and the United Provinces. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is incorrect. The big business class had a mixed and cautious response. While some were sympathetic to the nationalist cause and the call for Swadeshi, many were wary of the movement’s agitational politics, fearing disruption to their economic activities. The large-scale labour unrest that accompanied the movement also made them apprehensive. Thus, their participation was far from universal; many remained skeptical or opposed. Statement 2 is correct. A key feature of the NCM was its fusion with local peasant movements. In regions like Awadh (United Provinces), the movement against taluqdars and oppressive taxes (the Eka movement) became intertwined with the NCM. Similarly, in other parts of the country, peasants interpreted Swaraj in terms of their own specific grievances, and their actions, such as withholding rent and social boycott of landlords, sometimes deviated from the strict creed of non-violence, as seen in the Malabar (Moplah) rebellion. Statement 3 is correct. The boycott of government-controlled schools and colleges was one of the most successful aspects of the movement initially. Thousands of students left their institutions, and national schools like the Kashi Vidyapith and Gujarat Vidyapith were established. However, the alternative educational infrastructure was inadequate, and as the movement dragged on without achieving Swaraj within a year, many students, lawyers, and other middle-class professionals began to drift back to government institutions and courts due to economic and career pressures. Statement 4 is correct. The intensity of the movement varied significantly across regions. It was particularly strong in Bengal, Bombay, and the United Provinces. In contrast, the Madras Presidency (except for parts of Andhra) was lukewarm in its response. The hold of the Justice Party, which was non-Brahmin and opposed to what it saw as the Brahmin-dominated Congress, contributed to the limited participation in this region. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is incorrect. The big business class had a mixed and cautious response. While some were sympathetic to the nationalist cause and the call for Swadeshi, many were wary of the movement’s agitational politics, fearing disruption to their economic activities. The large-scale labour unrest that accompanied the movement also made them apprehensive. Thus, their participation was far from universal; many remained skeptical or opposed. Statement 2 is correct. A key feature of the NCM was its fusion with local peasant movements. In regions like Awadh (United Provinces), the movement against taluqdars and oppressive taxes (the Eka movement) became intertwined with the NCM. Similarly, in other parts of the country, peasants interpreted Swaraj in terms of their own specific grievances, and their actions, such as withholding rent and social boycott of landlords, sometimes deviated from the strict creed of non-violence, as seen in the Malabar (Moplah) rebellion. Statement 3 is correct. The boycott of government-controlled schools and colleges was one of the most successful aspects of the movement initially. Thousands of students left their institutions, and national schools like the Kashi Vidyapith and Gujarat Vidyapith were established. However, the alternative educational infrastructure was inadequate, and as the movement dragged on without achieving Swaraj within a year, many students, lawyers, and other middle-class professionals began to drift back to government institutions and courts due to economic and career pressures. Statement 4 is correct. The intensity of the movement varied significantly across regions. It was particularly strong in Bengal, Bombay, and the United Provinces. In contrast, the Madras Presidency (except for parts of Andhra) was lukewarm in its response. The hold of the Justice Party, which was non-Brahmin and opposed to what it saw as the Brahmin-dominated Congress, contributed to the limited participation in this region.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements about the social composition and geographical spread of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22):

• The movement witnessed near-universal participation from the big business and capitalist class, who saw it as an opportunity to promote indigenous industries.

• In the countryside, the movement often merged with local agrarian grievances, leading to peasant struggles that sometimes went beyond the Congress’s official programme of non-violence.

• The participation of students and the educated middle class was most prominent in the initial phase but began to wane as the movement prolonged.

• Regions like the Madras Presidency showed a level of participation and enthusiasm that was significantly lower compared to regions like Bengal and the United Provinces.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The big business class had a mixed and cautious response. While some were sympathetic to the nationalist cause and the call for Swadeshi, many were wary of the movement’s agitational politics, fearing disruption to their economic activities. The large-scale labour unrest that accompanied the movement also made them apprehensive. Thus, their participation was far from universal; many remained skeptical or opposed.

• Statement 2 is correct. A key feature of the NCM was its fusion with local peasant movements. In regions like Awadh (United Provinces), the movement against taluqdars and oppressive taxes (the Eka movement) became intertwined with the NCM. Similarly, in other parts of the country, peasants interpreted Swaraj in terms of their own specific grievances, and their actions, such as withholding rent and social boycott of landlords, sometimes deviated from the strict creed of non-violence, as seen in the Malabar (Moplah) rebellion.

• Statement 3 is correct. The boycott of government-controlled schools and colleges was one of the most successful aspects of the movement initially. Thousands of students left their institutions, and national schools like the Kashi Vidyapith and Gujarat Vidyapith were established. However, the alternative educational infrastructure was inadequate, and as the movement dragged on without achieving Swaraj within a year, many students, lawyers, and other middle-class professionals began to drift back to government institutions and courts due to economic and career pressures.

• Statement 4 is correct. The intensity of the movement varied significantly across regions. It was particularly strong in Bengal, Bombay, and the United Provinces. In contrast, the Madras Presidency (except for parts of Andhra) was lukewarm in its response. The hold of the Justice Party, which was non-Brahmin and opposed to what it saw as the Brahmin-dominated Congress, contributed to the limited participation in this region.

Solution: C

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question Match the following women leaders with the organizations or movements they were primarily associated with during the freedom struggle: Column I (Leader) Column II (Organization/Movement) Column III (Key Role/Activity) A. Annie Besant 1. All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) i. Advocacy for legal reforms like the Sarda Act B. Sarojini Naidu 2. Women’s Indian Association (WIA) ii. Leading the Salt Satyagraha at Dharasana Salt Works C. Margaret Cousins 3. Indian National Congress iii. First woman President of the Indian National Congress Select the correct answer code: (a) A-2-i, B-3-iii, C-1-ii (b) A-3-iii, B-1-ii, C-2-i (c) A-2-iii, B-3-ii, C-1-i (d) A-3-i, B-2-ii, C-1-iii Correct Solution: C Annie Besant: Organization (Column II): Annie Besant was a co-founder of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) in 1917. While she was associated with the Home Rule League and the Indian National Congress, her foundational role in the WIA is a key aspect of her work in the women’s movement. Role/Activity (Column III): Annie Besant holds the distinction of being the first woman President of the Indian National Congress, presiding over the Calcutta session in 1917. This was a landmark event in the history of the freedom struggle. Therefore, the correct match for Annie Besant is A-2-iii. Sarojini Naidu: Organization (Column II): Sarojini Naidu was a stalwart of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. She was the first Indian woman to become the President of the INC (Kanpur Session, 1925). Role/Activity (Column III): During the Civil Disobedience Movement, after Gandhiji’s arrest, Sarojini Naidu played a heroic role by leading the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works in May 1930. This non-violent protest in the face of brutal police repression garnered international attention and became a symbol of the Indian people’s courage. Therefore, the correct match for Sarojini Naidu is B-3-ii. Margaret Cousins: Organization (Column II): Margaret Cousins, an Irish feminist, was the driving force behind the establishment of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1927. She was also a co-founder of the WIA, but her specific initiative led to the creation of the AIWC. Role/Activity (Column III): The AIWC, under the influence of leaders like Cousins, quickly moved from a focus on education to broader social reform. It became a powerful voice in advocacy for legal reforms, most notably lobbying for the passage of the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929, popularly known as the Sarda Act, which raised the minimum age of marriage for girls. Therefore, the correct match for Margaret Cousins is C-1-i. Incorrect Solution: C Annie Besant: Organization (Column II): Annie Besant was a co-founder of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) in 1917. While she was associated with the Home Rule League and the Indian National Congress, her foundational role in the WIA is a key aspect of her work in the women’s movement. Role/Activity (Column III): Annie Besant holds the distinction of being the first woman President of the Indian National Congress, presiding over the Calcutta session in 1917. This was a landmark event in the history of the freedom struggle. Therefore, the correct match for Annie Besant is A-2-iii. Sarojini Naidu: Organization (Column II): Sarojini Naidu was a stalwart of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. She was the first Indian woman to become the President of the INC (Kanpur Session, 1925). Role/Activity (Column III): During the Civil Disobedience Movement, after Gandhiji’s arrest, Sarojini Naidu played a heroic role by leading the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works in May 1930. This non-violent protest in the face of brutal police repression garnered international attention and became a symbol of the Indian people’s courage. Therefore, the correct match for Sarojini Naidu is B-3-ii. Margaret Cousins: Organization (Column II): Margaret Cousins, an Irish feminist, was the driving force behind the establishment of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1927. She was also a co-founder of the WIA, but her specific initiative led to the creation of the AIWC. Role/Activity (Column III): The AIWC, under the influence of leaders like Cousins, quickly moved from a focus on education to broader social reform. It became a powerful voice in advocacy for legal reforms, most notably lobbying for the passage of the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929, popularly known as the Sarda Act, which raised the minimum age of marriage for girls. Therefore, the correct match for Margaret Cousins is C-1-i.

#### 3. Question

Match the following women leaders with the organizations or movements they were primarily associated with during the freedom struggle:

Column I (Leader) | Column II (Organization/Movement) | Column III (Key Role/Activity)

A. Annie Besant | 1. All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) | i. Advocacy for legal reforms like the Sarda Act

B. Sarojini Naidu | 2. Women’s Indian Association (WIA) | ii. Leading the Salt Satyagraha at Dharasana Salt Works

C. Margaret Cousins | 3. Indian National Congress | iii. First woman President of the Indian National Congress

Select the correct answer code:

• (a) A-2-i, B-3-iii, C-1-ii

• (b) A-3-iii, B-1-ii, C-2-i

• (c) A-2-iii, B-3-ii, C-1-i

• (d) A-3-i, B-2-ii, C-1-iii

Solution: C

• Annie Besant: Organization (Column II): Annie Besant was a co-founder of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) in 1917. While she was associated with the Home Rule League and the Indian National Congress, her foundational role in the WIA is a key aspect of her work in the women’s movement. Role/Activity (Column III): Annie Besant holds the distinction of being the first woman President of the Indian National Congress, presiding over the Calcutta session in 1917. This was a landmark event in the history of the freedom struggle. Therefore, the correct match for Annie Besant is A-2-iii.

• Organization (Column II): Annie Besant was a co-founder of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) in 1917. While she was associated with the Home Rule League and the Indian National Congress, her foundational role in the WIA is a key aspect of her work in the women’s movement.

• Role/Activity (Column III): Annie Besant holds the distinction of being the first woman President of the Indian National Congress, presiding over the Calcutta session in 1917. This was a landmark event in the history of the freedom struggle.

• Therefore, the correct match for Annie Besant is A-2-iii.

• Sarojini Naidu: Organization (Column II): Sarojini Naidu was a stalwart of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. She was the first Indian woman to become the President of the INC (Kanpur Session, 1925). Role/Activity (Column III): During the Civil Disobedience Movement, after Gandhiji’s arrest, Sarojini Naidu played a heroic role by leading the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works in May 1930. This non-violent protest in the face of brutal police repression garnered international attention and became a symbol of the Indian people’s courage. Therefore, the correct match for Sarojini Naidu is B-3-ii.

• Organization (Column II): Sarojini Naidu was a stalwart of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. She was the first Indian woman to become the President of the INC (Kanpur Session, 1925).

• Role/Activity (Column III): During the Civil Disobedience Movement, after Gandhiji’s arrest, Sarojini Naidu played a heroic role by leading the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works in May 1930. This non-violent protest in the face of brutal police repression garnered international attention and became a symbol of the Indian people’s courage.

• Therefore, the correct match for Sarojini Naidu is B-3-ii.

• Margaret Cousins: Organization (Column II): Margaret Cousins, an Irish feminist, was the driving force behind the establishment of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1927. She was also a co-founder of the WIA, but her specific initiative led to the creation of the AIWC. Role/Activity (Column III): The AIWC, under the influence of leaders like Cousins, quickly moved from a focus on education to broader social reform. It became a powerful voice in advocacy for legal reforms, most notably lobbying for the passage of the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929, popularly known as the Sarda Act, which raised the minimum age of marriage for girls. Therefore, the correct match for Margaret Cousins is C-1-i.

• Organization (Column II): Margaret Cousins, an Irish feminist, was the driving force behind the establishment of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1927. She was also a co-founder of the WIA, but her specific initiative led to the creation of the AIWC.

• Role/Activity (Column III): The AIWC, under the influence of leaders like Cousins, quickly moved from a focus on education to broader social reform. It became a powerful voice in advocacy for legal reforms, most notably lobbying for the passage of the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929, popularly known as the Sarda Act, which raised the minimum age of marriage for girls.

• Therefore, the correct match for Margaret Cousins is C-1-i.

Solution: C

• Therefore, the correct match for Annie Besant is A-2-iii.

• Therefore, the correct match for Sarojini Naidu is B-3-ii.

• Therefore, the correct match for Margaret Cousins is C-1-i.

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question Consider the following statements regarding the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress (1931): Statement I: The session is memorable for its resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme, which articulated a clear socio-economic vision for an independent India. Statement II: The session was held in the immediate aftermath of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which was endorsed by the Congress. Statement III: The execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru just before the session created a charged atmosphere, influencing the Congress to pass a resolution admiring their bravery while dissociating from political violence. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is correct; the Karachi session is renowned for its resolutions on Fundamental Rights (guaranteeing rights like free speech, universal adult franchise) and a National Economic Programme (including state control of key industries and relief from agricultural debt), which became the basic political and economic programme for the Congress. Statement II is also correct. A primary agenda of the session was to ratify the Delhi Pact, or Gandhi-Irwin Pact, under which the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended and Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference. Statement III is also correct. The execution of the three revolutionaries on March 23, 1931, just days before the session, led to widespread anger. Gandhi faced protests for his perceived failure to save them. This immense public pressure compelled the Congress to adopt a resolution that, while carefully dissociating from violence, paid tribute to the martyrs’ ‘bravery and sacrifice’. Both Statements II and III are crucial in explaining Statement I. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is correct; the Karachi session is renowned for its resolutions on Fundamental Rights (guaranteeing rights like free speech, universal adult franchise) and a National Economic Programme (including state control of key industries and relief from agricultural debt), which became the basic political and economic programme for the Congress. Statement II is also correct. A primary agenda of the session was to ratify the Delhi Pact, or Gandhi-Irwin Pact, under which the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended and Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference. Statement III is also correct. The execution of the three revolutionaries on March 23, 1931, just days before the session, led to widespread anger. Gandhi faced protests for his perceived failure to save them. This immense public pressure compelled the Congress to adopt a resolution that, while carefully dissociating from violence, paid tribute to the martyrs’ ‘bravery and sacrifice’. Both Statements II and III are crucial in explaining Statement I.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress (1931):

Statement I: The session is memorable for its resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme, which articulated a clear socio-economic vision for an independent India.

Statement II: The session was held in the immediate aftermath of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which was endorsed by the Congress.

Statement III: The execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru just before the session created a charged atmosphere, influencing the Congress to pass a resolution admiring their bravery while dissociating from political violence.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

• (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct; the Karachi session is renowned for its resolutions on Fundamental Rights (guaranteeing rights like free speech, universal adult franchise) and a National Economic Programme (including state control of key industries and relief from agricultural debt), which became the basic political and economic programme for the Congress.

• Statement II is also correct. A primary agenda of the session was to ratify the Delhi Pact, or Gandhi-Irwin Pact, under which the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended and Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

• Statement III is also correct. The execution of the three revolutionaries on March 23, 1931, just days before the session, led to widespread anger. Gandhi faced protests for his perceived failure to save them. This immense public pressure compelled the Congress to adopt a resolution that, while carefully dissociating from violence, paid tribute to the martyrs’ ‘bravery and sacrifice’.

• Both Statements II and III are crucial in explaining Statement I.

Solution: A

• Both Statements II and III are crucial in explaining Statement I.

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question Consider the following statements about the relationship between Indian business leaders and the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM): Capitalists like Ambalal Sarabhai and Jamnalal Bajaj were openly hostile to the CDM and refused to provide any financial support to the Congress. The business community’s refusal to participate in the First Round Table Conference without Congress representation was a significant form of support for the CDM. Fearing long-term economic instability, the capitalist class actively mediated between Gandhi and the British government, leading to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. Capitalists like Jamnalal Bajaj and Ambalal Sarabhai were among the most prominent supporters of the Congress and Mahatma Gandhi. Jamnalal Bajaj served as the Treasurer of the Congress for many years, providing immense financial support. Ambalal Sarabhai also provided crucial funds, particularly for the Sabarmati Ashram. While some capitalists had reservations, many key figures were deeply and personally committed to supporting the movement. Statement 2 is correct. The British government convened the First Round Table Conference in 1930, while the CDM was in full swing and the Congress leadership was in jail. The Indian business community, organized under FICCI, took a strong nationalist stand. They refused to attend the conference, stating that no constitutional discussion would be meaningful without the participation of the Indian National Congress. This boycott by a major “moderate” and propertied group was a huge political setback for the British and a significant boost for the Congress, demonstrating the broad-based support for the movement. Statement 3 is correct. While the capitalists supported the CDM, they were also anxious about its prolonged duration, the economic disruption it caused (boycotts, strikes), and the potential for it to turn more radical. They preferred a negotiated settlement. Consequently, prominent business leaders like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and Tej Bahadur Sapru played a crucial role as mediators between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. Their efforts were instrumental in creating a climate for negotiations, which ultimately led to the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in March 1931, bringing a temporary halt to the CDM. This action perfectly illustrates their strategy of pressure followed by compromise. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. Capitalists like Jamnalal Bajaj and Ambalal Sarabhai were among the most prominent supporters of the Congress and Mahatma Gandhi. Jamnalal Bajaj served as the Treasurer of the Congress for many years, providing immense financial support. Ambalal Sarabhai also provided crucial funds, particularly for the Sabarmati Ashram. While some capitalists had reservations, many key figures were deeply and personally committed to supporting the movement. Statement 2 is correct. The British government convened the First Round Table Conference in 1930, while the CDM was in full swing and the Congress leadership was in jail. The Indian business community, organized under FICCI, took a strong nationalist stand. They refused to attend the conference, stating that no constitutional discussion would be meaningful without the participation of the Indian National Congress. This boycott by a major “moderate” and propertied group was a huge political setback for the British and a significant boost for the Congress, demonstrating the broad-based support for the movement. Statement 3 is correct. While the capitalists supported the CDM, they were also anxious about its prolonged duration, the economic disruption it caused (boycotts, strikes), and the potential for it to turn more radical. They preferred a negotiated settlement. Consequently, prominent business leaders like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and Tej Bahadur Sapru played a crucial role as mediators between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. Their efforts were instrumental in creating a climate for negotiations, which ultimately led to the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in March 1931, bringing a temporary halt to the CDM. This action perfectly illustrates their strategy of pressure followed by compromise.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements about the relationship between Indian business leaders and the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM):

• Capitalists like Ambalal Sarabhai and Jamnalal Bajaj were openly hostile to the CDM and refused to provide any financial support to the Congress.

• The business community’s refusal to participate in the First Round Table Conference without Congress representation was a significant form of support for the CDM.

• Fearing long-term economic instability, the capitalist class actively mediated between Gandhi and the British government, leading to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Capitalists like Jamnalal Bajaj and Ambalal Sarabhai were among the most prominent supporters of the Congress and Mahatma Gandhi. Jamnalal Bajaj served as the Treasurer of the Congress for many years, providing immense financial support. Ambalal Sarabhai also provided crucial funds, particularly for the Sabarmati Ashram. While some capitalists had reservations, many key figures were deeply and personally committed to supporting the movement.

• Statement 2 is correct. The British government convened the First Round Table Conference in 1930, while the CDM was in full swing and the Congress leadership was in jail. The Indian business community, organized under FICCI, took a strong nationalist stand. They refused to attend the conference, stating that no constitutional discussion would be meaningful without the participation of the Indian National Congress. This boycott by a major “moderate” and propertied group was a huge political setback for the British and a significant boost for the Congress, demonstrating the broad-based support for the movement.

Statement 3 is correct. While the capitalists supported the CDM, they were also anxious about its prolonged duration, the economic disruption it caused (boycotts, strikes), and the potential for it to turn more radical. They preferred a negotiated settlement. Consequently, prominent business leaders like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and Tej Bahadur Sapru played a crucial role as mediators between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. Their efforts were instrumental in creating a climate for negotiations, which ultimately led to the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in March 1931, bringing a temporary halt to the CDM. This action perfectly illustrates their strategy of pressure followed by compromise.

Solution: B

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