UPSC Static Quiz – Geography : 26 September 2025

UPSC Static Quiz – Geography : 26 September 2025 We will post 5 questions daily on static topics mentioned in the UPSC civil services preliminary examination syllabus. Each week will focus on a specific topic from the syllabus, such as History of India and Indian National Movement, Indian and World Geography, and more. We are excited to bring you our daily UPSC Static Quiz, designed to help you prepare for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Each day, we will post 5 questions on static topics mentioned in the UPSC syllabus. This week, we are focusing on Indian and World Geography.

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question Consider the following statements regarding river interlinking project in India. Statement-I: The Peninsular component of the Indian Rivers Inter-linking project primarily aims to transfer surplus water from the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers to deficit basins like Krishna, Pennar, and Cauvery. Statement-II: The Himalayan component of the project is considered more technically challenging and involves building large storage dams in a seismically active and geologically fragile region. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: B Statement-I is correct. The Peninsular Rivers Development component of the Inter-linking of Rivers project focuses on connecting the rivers of southern India. A key part of this plan is the “Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar” link. The core idea is to divert the water considered ‘surplus’ from the Mahanadi and Godavari River basins, which receive ample monsoon rainfall, to the water-deficit basins of the Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery, and Vaigai further south. This is intended to address issues of water scarcity, improve irrigation, and mitigate droughts in the southern states. Statement-II is correct. The Himalayan Rivers Development component is considered far more complex from an engineering, environmental, and geopolitical perspective. It envisages the construction of massive storage dams on the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and their major tributaries. These dams would be located in the Himalayas, a region that is geologically young, tectonically unstable, and falls under high-risk seismic zones (Zone IV and V). The construction of such large structures in this fragile ecosystem raises significant concerns about dam safety, landslide risks, and ecological disruption. Additionally, it involves international cooperation with Nepal and Bhutan, adding a layer of diplomatic complexity. Both statements accurately describe the fundamental objectives and challenges of the two distinct components of the river interlinking project. However, Statement-II, which details the challenges of the Himalayan component, does not explain Statement-I, which describes the objectives of the Peninsular component. Incorrect Solution: B Statement-I is correct. The Peninsular Rivers Development component of the Inter-linking of Rivers project focuses on connecting the rivers of southern India. A key part of this plan is the “Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar” link. The core idea is to divert the water considered ‘surplus’ from the Mahanadi and Godavari River basins, which receive ample monsoon rainfall, to the water-deficit basins of the Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery, and Vaigai further south. This is intended to address issues of water scarcity, improve irrigation, and mitigate droughts in the southern states. Statement-II is correct. The Himalayan Rivers Development component is considered far more complex from an engineering, environmental, and geopolitical perspective. It envisages the construction of massive storage dams on the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and their major tributaries. These dams would be located in the Himalayas, a region that is geologically young, tectonically unstable, and falls under high-risk seismic zones (Zone IV and V). The construction of such large structures in this fragile ecosystem raises significant concerns about dam safety, landslide risks, and ecological disruption. Additionally, it involves international cooperation with Nepal and Bhutan, adding a layer of diplomatic complexity. Both statements accurately describe the fundamental objectives and challenges of the two distinct components of the river interlinking project. However, Statement-II, which details the challenges of the Himalayan component, does not explain Statement-I, which describes the objectives of the Peninsular component.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding river interlinking project in India.

Statement-I: The Peninsular component of the Indian Rivers Inter-linking project primarily aims to transfer surplus water from the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers to deficit basins like Krishna, Pennar, and Cauvery.

Statement-II: The Himalayan component of the project is considered more technically challenging and involves building large storage dams in a seismically active and geologically fragile region.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: B

• Statement-I is correct. The Peninsular Rivers Development component of the Inter-linking of Rivers project focuses on connecting the rivers of southern India. A key part of this plan is the “Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar” link. The core idea is to divert the water considered ‘surplus’ from the Mahanadi and Godavari River basins, which receive ample monsoon rainfall, to the water-deficit basins of the Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery, and Vaigai further south. This is intended to address issues of water scarcity, improve irrigation, and mitigate droughts in the southern states.

• Statement-II is correct. The Himalayan Rivers Development component is considered far more complex from an engineering, environmental, and geopolitical perspective. It envisages the construction of massive storage dams on the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and their major tributaries. These dams would be located in the Himalayas, a region that is geologically young, tectonically unstable, and falls under high-risk seismic zones (Zone IV and V). The construction of such large structures in this fragile ecosystem raises significant concerns about dam safety, landslide risks, and ecological disruption. Additionally, it involves international cooperation with Nepal and Bhutan, adding a layer of diplomatic complexity.

• Both statements accurately describe the fundamental objectives and challenges of the two distinct components of the river interlinking project. However, Statement-II, which details the challenges of the Himalayan component, does not explain Statement-I, which describes the objectives of the Peninsular component.

Solution: B

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question With reference to the river systems of India, consider the following statements: The Godavari River has the largest basin area among all peninsular rivers. The Narmada and Tapti are the only major peninsular rivers that flow westwards into the Arabian Sea through rift valleys. The Barak River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra, rises in the hills of Manipur. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The Godavari River has the largest river basin among the peninsular rivers of India, covering about 10% of the total geographical area of the country. Its basin spreads across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. Statement 2 is incorrect. While the Narmada and Tapti are the two most prominent and largest west-flowing peninsular rivers that flow through rift valleys, they are not the only Other rivers like the Mahi and Sabarmati also flow westwards into the Arabian Sea. Furthermore, numerous smaller coastal rivers in the Western Ghats (e.g., Periyar, Mandovi) also flow west. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Barak River does rise in the hills of Manipur. However, it is not a tributary of the Brahmaputra. The Barak River flows through Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam, and upon entering Bangladesh, it splits into the Surma and Kushiyara rivers. The combined flow of these rivers is known as the Meghna River. The Meghna is one of the three main rivers that form the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta. It joins the combined flow of the Ganga (Padma) and Brahmaputra (Jamuna) in Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Thus, it is part of the larger GBM system but is not a tributary of the Brahmaputra itself. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The Godavari River has the largest river basin among the peninsular rivers of India, covering about 10% of the total geographical area of the country. Its basin spreads across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha. Statement 2 is incorrect. While the Narmada and Tapti are the two most prominent and largest west-flowing peninsular rivers that flow through rift valleys, they are not the only Other rivers like the Mahi and Sabarmati also flow westwards into the Arabian Sea. Furthermore, numerous smaller coastal rivers in the Western Ghats (e.g., Periyar, Mandovi) also flow west. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Barak River does rise in the hills of Manipur. However, it is not a tributary of the Brahmaputra. The Barak River flows through Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam, and upon entering Bangladesh, it splits into the Surma and Kushiyara rivers. The combined flow of these rivers is known as the Meghna River. The Meghna is one of the three main rivers that form the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta. It joins the combined flow of the Ganga (Padma) and Brahmaputra (Jamuna) in Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Thus, it is part of the larger GBM system but is not a tributary of the Brahmaputra itself.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the river systems of India, consider the following statements:

• The Godavari River has the largest basin area among all peninsular rivers.

• The Narmada and Tapti are the only major peninsular rivers that flow westwards into the Arabian Sea through rift valleys.

• The Barak River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra, rises in the hills of Manipur.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct. The Godavari River has the largest river basin among the peninsular rivers of India, covering about 10% of the total geographical area of the country. Its basin spreads across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. While the Narmada and Tapti are the two most prominent and largest west-flowing peninsular rivers that flow through rift valleys, they are not the only Other rivers like the Mahi and Sabarmati also flow westwards into the Arabian Sea. Furthermore, numerous smaller coastal rivers in the Western Ghats (e.g., Periyar, Mandovi) also flow west.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The Barak River does rise in the hills of Manipur. However, it is not a tributary of the Brahmaputra. The Barak River flows through Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam, and upon entering Bangladesh, it splits into the Surma and Kushiyara rivers. The combined flow of these rivers is known as the Meghna River. The Meghna is one of the three main rivers that form the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta. It joins the combined flow of the Ganga (Padma) and Brahmaputra (Jamuna) in Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Thus, it is part of the larger GBM system but is not a tributary of the Brahmaputra itself.

Solution: A

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question Consider the following pairs of Dams and the States they are located in: Maithon Dam : Jharkhand Indira Sagar Dam : Madhya Pradesh Krishnarajasagara Dam : Andhra Pradesh Koyna Dam : Maharashtra How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: C Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Maithon Dam is a major dam located on the Barakar River. It is situated in the state of Jharkhand. It is part of the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) project and is known for its underground power station, the first of its kind in South-East Asia. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Indira Sagar Dam is built on the Narmada River in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. It is a multipurpose project and its reservoir is the largest in India in terms of water storage capacity. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Krishnarajasagara (KRS) Dam is located in the state of Karnataka, not Andhra Pradesh. It is built across the river Kaveri, near the confluence of its tributaries Hemavati and Lakshmana Tirtha, in the Mandya district. It is a crucial source of irrigation and drinking water for the region, including the city of Bengaluru. Pair 4 is correctly matched. The Koyna Dam is one of the largest dams in the state of Maharashtra. It is a rubble-concrete dam constructed on the Koyna River, which originates in Mahabaleshwar. The project is famous for having the largest completed hydroelectric power plant in India, with a capacity of 1,960 MW. Incorrect Solution: C Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Maithon Dam is a major dam located on the Barakar River. It is situated in the state of Jharkhand. It is part of the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) project and is known for its underground power station, the first of its kind in South-East Asia. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Indira Sagar Dam is built on the Narmada River in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. It is a multipurpose project and its reservoir is the largest in India in terms of water storage capacity. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Krishnarajasagara (KRS) Dam is located in the state of Karnataka, not Andhra Pradesh. It is built across the river Kaveri, near the confluence of its tributaries Hemavati and Lakshmana Tirtha, in the Mandya district. It is a crucial source of irrigation and drinking water for the region, including the city of Bengaluru. Pair 4 is correctly matched. The Koyna Dam is one of the largest dams in the state of Maharashtra. It is a rubble-concrete dam constructed on the Koyna River, which originates in Mahabaleshwar. The project is famous for having the largest completed hydroelectric power plant in India, with a capacity of 1,960 MW.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following pairs of Dams and the States they are located in:

• Maithon Dam : Jharkhand

• Indira Sagar Dam : Madhya Pradesh

• Krishnarajasagara Dam : Andhra Pradesh

• Koyna Dam : Maharashtra

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: C

• Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Maithon Dam is a major dam located on the Barakar River. It is situated in the state of Jharkhand. It is part of the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) project and is known for its underground power station, the first of its kind in South-East Asia.

• Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Indira Sagar Dam is built on the Narmada River in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. It is a multipurpose project and its reservoir is the largest in India in terms of water storage capacity.

• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The Krishnarajasagara (KRS) Dam is located in the state of Karnataka, not Andhra Pradesh. It is built across the river Kaveri, near the confluence of its tributaries Hemavati and Lakshmana Tirtha, in the Mandya district. It is a crucial source of irrigation and drinking water for the region, including the city of Bengaluru.

• Pair 4 is correctly matched. The Koyna Dam is one of the largest dams in the state of Maharashtra. It is a rubble-concrete dam constructed on the Koyna River, which originates in Mahabaleshwar. The project is famous for having the largest completed hydroelectric power plant in India, with a capacity of 1,960 MW.

Solution: C

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question Match the following land use categories with their correct descriptions as per the nine-fold classification used in India: Column A (Land Use Category) Column B (Description) 1. Culturable Wasteland a. Land which is left fallow for more than five agricultural years. 2. Fallow land other than Current Fallows b. Land under orchards and bamboo groves not included in Net Sown Area. 3. Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc. c. Land which is left uncultivated for a period of one to five agricultural years. 4. Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands d. Land owned by the village ‘Panchayat’ or the Government, used for grazing. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d (b) 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a (c) 1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c (d) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d Correct Solution: A Culturable Wasteland (a): This category includes land that is available for cultivation but has not been taken up for cultivation or was taken up for cultivation once but has not been cultivated again for more than five consecutive agricultural years. Such land may be fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. It can be brought under cultivation after reclamation. This correctly matches with description ‘a’. Fallow land other than Current Fallows (c): This category includes all land which was taken up for cultivation but is temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. The reason for keeping such land fallow is to allow it to recuperate its fertility. This correctly matches with description ‘c’. (Current Fallow is land kept fallow for one agricultural year). Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc. (b): This category includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net Area Sown’ but is put to some agricultural use. Lands under casuarina trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes, and other groves for fuel, etc., which are not included under ‘Orchards’ are classified under this category. This correctly matches with description ‘b’. Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands (d): This category includes all grazing lands, whether they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this head. This land is owned by the village community (Panchayat) or the Government. This correctly matches with description ‘d’. Incorrect Solution: A Culturable Wasteland (a): This category includes land that is available for cultivation but has not been taken up for cultivation or was taken up for cultivation once but has not been cultivated again for more than five consecutive agricultural years. Such land may be fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. It can be brought under cultivation after reclamation. This correctly matches with description ‘a’. Fallow land other than Current Fallows (c): This category includes all land which was taken up for cultivation but is temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. The reason for keeping such land fallow is to allow it to recuperate its fertility. This correctly matches with description ‘c’. (Current Fallow is land kept fallow for one agricultural year). Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc. (b): This category includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net Area Sown’ but is put to some agricultural use. Lands under casuarina trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes, and other groves for fuel, etc., which are not included under ‘Orchards’ are classified under this category. This correctly matches with description ‘b’. Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands (d): This category includes all grazing lands, whether they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this head. This land is owned by the village community (Panchayat) or the Government. This correctly matches with description ‘d’.

#### 4. Question

Match the following land use categories with their correct descriptions as per the nine-fold classification used in India:

| Column A (Land Use Category) | Column B (Description)

1.| Culturable Wasteland | a. Land which is left fallow for more than five agricultural years.
2.| Fallow land other than Current Fallows | b. Land under orchards and bamboo groves not included in Net Sown Area.
3.| Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc. | c. Land which is left uncultivated for a period of one to five agricultural years.
4.| Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands | d. Land owned by the village ‘Panchayat’ or the Government, used for grazing.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d

• (b) 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a

• (c) 1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c

• (d) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d

Solution: A

• Culturable Wasteland (a): This category includes land that is available for cultivation but has not been taken up for cultivation or was taken up for cultivation once but has not been cultivated again for more than five consecutive agricultural years. Such land may be fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. It can be brought under cultivation after reclamation. This correctly matches with description ‘a’.

• Fallow land other than Current Fallows (c): This category includes all land which was taken up for cultivation but is temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. The reason for keeping such land fallow is to allow it to recuperate its fertility. This correctly matches with description ‘c’. (Current Fallow is land kept fallow for one agricultural year).

• Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc. (b): This category includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net Area Sown’ but is put to some agricultural use. Lands under casuarina trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes, and other groves for fuel, etc., which are not included under ‘Orchards’ are classified under this category. This correctly matches with description ‘b’.

• Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands (d): This category includes all grazing lands, whether they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this head. This land is owned by the village community (Panchayat) or the Government. This correctly matches with description ‘d’.

Solution: A

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question Consider the following agricultural practices: Shifting Cultivation Intensive Subsistence Farming Commercial Grain Farming Plantation Agriculture Which of the above are characterized by high capital investment and a primary focus on market sales rather than self-consumption? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 2 and 3 only Correct Solution: B Shifting Cultivation: This is a form of primitive subsistence agriculture, also known as ‘slash and burn’. It involves clearing a plot of land, cultivating it for a few years until fertility declines, and then moving to a new plot. It is characterized by the use of simple tools, household labor, and very low to no capital investment. The output is primarily for the cultivator’s own consumption. Thus, it does not fit the criteria. Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced in densely populated regions, like the monsoon areas of Asia. It involves cultivating a small plot of land intensively, often using high amounts of labor but traditionally low levels of technology and capital. The primary objective is to produce enough food for the farmer’s family, although a small surplus may be sold. It is not characterized by high capital investment or a primary market focus. Commercial Grain Farming: This is practiced in temperate grasslands on large, mechanized farms. The primary objective is to produce grains like wheat and maize for sale in the market. It is highly capital-intensive, requiring significant investment in machinery (tractors, combines), technology, and inputs. Labor input per unit of land is low due to mechanization. This fits the criteria perfectly. Plantation Agriculture: This is a form of commercial farming where a single crop (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane) is grown on a large estate. It requires a very large amount of capital investment for infrastructure, processing facilities, and scientific management. It is also labor-intensive. The entire output is processed and sold in the market, often for export. This also fits the criteria perfectly. Incorrect Solution: B Shifting Cultivation: This is a form of primitive subsistence agriculture, also known as ‘slash and burn’. It involves clearing a plot of land, cultivating it for a few years until fertility declines, and then moving to a new plot. It is characterized by the use of simple tools, household labor, and very low to no capital investment. The output is primarily for the cultivator’s own consumption. Thus, it does not fit the criteria. Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced in densely populated regions, like the monsoon areas of Asia. It involves cultivating a small plot of land intensively, often using high amounts of labor but traditionally low levels of technology and capital. The primary objective is to produce enough food for the farmer’s family, although a small surplus may be sold. It is not characterized by high capital investment or a primary market focus. Commercial Grain Farming: This is practiced in temperate grasslands on large, mechanized farms. The primary objective is to produce grains like wheat and maize for sale in the market. It is highly capital-intensive, requiring significant investment in machinery (tractors, combines), technology, and inputs. Labor input per unit of land is low due to mechanization. This fits the criteria perfectly. Plantation Agriculture: This is a form of commercial farming where a single crop (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane) is grown on a large estate. It requires a very large amount of capital investment for infrastructure, processing facilities, and scientific management. It is also labor-intensive. The entire output is processed and sold in the market, often for export. This also fits the criteria perfectly.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following agricultural practices:

• Shifting Cultivation

• Intensive Subsistence Farming

• Commercial Grain Farming

• Plantation Agriculture

Which of the above are characterized by high capital investment and a primary focus on market sales rather than self-consumption?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 3 and 4 only

• (c) 1, 3 and 4 only

• (d) 2 and 3 only

Solution: B

• Shifting Cultivation: This is a form of primitive subsistence agriculture, also known as ‘slash and burn’. It involves clearing a plot of land, cultivating it for a few years until fertility declines, and then moving to a new plot. It is characterized by the use of simple tools, household labor, and very low to no capital investment. The output is primarily for the cultivator’s own consumption. Thus, it does not fit the criteria.

• Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced in densely populated regions, like the monsoon areas of Asia. It involves cultivating a small plot of land intensively, often using high amounts of labor but traditionally low levels of technology and capital. The primary objective is to produce enough food for the farmer’s family, although a small surplus may be sold. It is not characterized by high capital investment or a primary market focus.

• Commercial Grain Farming: This is practiced in temperate grasslands on large, mechanized farms. The primary objective is to produce grains like wheat and maize for sale in the market. It is highly capital-intensive, requiring significant investment in machinery (tractors, combines), technology, and inputs. Labor input per unit of land is low due to mechanization. This fits the criteria perfectly.

• Plantation Agriculture: This is a form of commercial farming where a single crop (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane) is grown on a large estate. It requires a very large amount of capital investment for infrastructure, processing facilities, and scientific management. It is also labor-intensive. The entire output is processed and sold in the market, often for export. This also fits the criteria perfectly.

Solution: B

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