UPSC Static Quiz – Geography : 25 September 2025

UPSC Static Quiz – Geography : 25 September 2025 We will post 5 questions daily on static topics mentioned in the UPSC civil services preliminary examination syllabus. Each week will focus on a specific topic from the syllabus, such as History of India and Indian National Movement, Indian and World Geography, and more. We are excited to bring you our daily UPSC Static Quiz, designed to help you prepare for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Each day, we will post 5 questions on static topics mentioned in the UPSC syllabus. This week, we are focusing on Indian and World Geography.

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question Consider the following statements regarding soil degradation in India: Sheet erosion by water is a more significant contributor to soil loss in arid and semi-arid regions than wind erosion. The application of gypsum is a common reclamation method for acidic soils, while lime is used for alkaline soils. Jhum cultivation, particularly with shortened fallow cycles, contributes significantly to soil degradation in the Eastern Himalayan region. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. In arid and semi-arid regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat, wind erosion is the dominant agent of soil degradation, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil. Sheet erosion is a form of water erosion more prevalent in areas with rolling topography and moderate to heavy rainfall, where water flows as a sheet over the land surface. Statement 2 is incorrect. Lime (calcium carbonate) is used to reclaim acidic soils as it raises the soil pH. Gypsum (calcium sulphate) is applied to reclaim alkaline or sodic soils because the calcium ions in gypsum replace the excess sodium ions on the soil colloids, improving soil structure and drainage. Statement 3 is correct. Jhum or shifting cultivation is a traditional practice in the northeastern states. Historically, long fallow periods allowed for natural regeneration of soil fertility. However, due to population pressure, the fallow cycles have shortened drastically. This leads to incomplete nutrient replenishment, increased soil erosion on cleared slopes, and a significant decline in soil quality, making it a major driver of land degradation in the region. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. In arid and semi-arid regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat, wind erosion is the dominant agent of soil degradation, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil. Sheet erosion is a form of water erosion more prevalent in areas with rolling topography and moderate to heavy rainfall, where water flows as a sheet over the land surface. Statement 2 is incorrect. Lime (calcium carbonate) is used to reclaim acidic soils as it raises the soil pH. Gypsum (calcium sulphate) is applied to reclaim alkaline or sodic soils because the calcium ions in gypsum replace the excess sodium ions on the soil colloids, improving soil structure and drainage. Statement 3 is correct. Jhum or shifting cultivation is a traditional practice in the northeastern states. Historically, long fallow periods allowed for natural regeneration of soil fertility. However, due to population pressure, the fallow cycles have shortened drastically. This leads to incomplete nutrient replenishment, increased soil erosion on cleared slopes, and a significant decline in soil quality, making it a major driver of land degradation in the region.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding soil degradation in India:

• Sheet erosion by water is a more significant contributor to soil loss in arid and semi-arid regions than wind erosion.

• The application of gypsum is a common reclamation method for acidic soils, while lime is used for alkaline soils.

• Jhum cultivation, particularly with shortened fallow cycles, contributes significantly to soil degradation in the Eastern Himalayan region.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect. In arid and semi-arid regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat, wind erosion is the dominant agent of soil degradation, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil. Sheet erosion is a form of water erosion more prevalent in areas with rolling topography and moderate to heavy rainfall, where water flows as a sheet over the land surface.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. Lime (calcium carbonate) is used to reclaim acidic soils as it raises the soil pH. Gypsum (calcium sulphate) is applied to reclaim alkaline or sodic soils because the calcium ions in gypsum replace the excess sodium ions on the soil colloids, improving soil structure and drainage.

• Statement 3 is correct. Jhum or shifting cultivation is a traditional practice in the northeastern states. Historically, long fallow periods allowed for natural regeneration of soil fertility. However, due to population pressure, the fallow cycles have shortened drastically. This leads to incomplete nutrient replenishment, increased soil erosion on cleared slopes, and a significant decline in soil quality, making it a major driver of land degradation in the region.

Solution: A

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question Consider the following statements: Statement I: The peninsular plateau of India, once considered a stable shield, has experienced several devastating earthquakes. Statement II: The Koyna and Latur earthquakes occurred due to the reactivation of ancient fault lines under stress from the northward movement of the Indian plate. Statement III: The National Centre for Seismology (NCS) operates the National Seismological Network (NSN) capable of recording any seismic event of magnitude 2.0 or greater anywhere in India. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct. The peninsular region of India is part of an ancient continental shield and was traditionally considered seismically stable (a ‘shield’ region). However, it has been the site of significant earthquakes, such as the one in Koyna (1967) and Latur (1993), which caused widespread destruction and loss of life. This has led to a re-evaluation of the region’s seismic hazard potential. Statement II is correct and it explains Statement I. The primary reason for seismicity in the peninsular shield is not plate boundary interaction, but intra-plate stress. The continuous northward push of the Indian plate against the Eurasian plate builds up immense stress that is transmitted throughout the subcontinent. This stress can cause reactivation of pre-existing, ancient fault lines and rift valleys (like the Bhima fault in the case of Latur) within the supposedly stable plate, leading to earthquakes. The reservoir-triggered seismicity theory is also prominent for the Koyna dam region. Thus, Statement II provides the correct seismotectonic explanation for the phenomenon described in Statement I. Statement III is incorrect. The National Centre for Seismology (NCS) is the nodal agency for monitoring earthquake activity. However, the capability of its National Seismological Network (NSN) is nuanced. The NSN, with its 153 observatories, can record earthquakes of magnitude (M) ≥ 2.5 in and around Delhi, M≥ 3.0 for the North East region, M≥ 3.5 in peninsular and extra-peninsular areas, and M≥ 4.0 in border regions. It cannot record an event of magnitude 2.0 anywhere in India. The detection threshold varies based on the density of seismographs in a particular region. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct. The peninsular region of India is part of an ancient continental shield and was traditionally considered seismically stable (a ‘shield’ region). However, it has been the site of significant earthquakes, such as the one in Koyna (1967) and Latur (1993), which caused widespread destruction and loss of life. This has led to a re-evaluation of the region’s seismic hazard potential. Statement II is correct and it explains Statement I. The primary reason for seismicity in the peninsular shield is not plate boundary interaction, but intra-plate stress. The continuous northward push of the Indian plate against the Eurasian plate builds up immense stress that is transmitted throughout the subcontinent. This stress can cause reactivation of pre-existing, ancient fault lines and rift valleys (like the Bhima fault in the case of Latur) within the supposedly stable plate, leading to earthquakes. The reservoir-triggered seismicity theory is also prominent for the Koyna dam region. Thus, Statement II provides the correct seismotectonic explanation for the phenomenon described in Statement I. Statement III is incorrect. The National Centre for Seismology (NCS) is the nodal agency for monitoring earthquake activity. However, the capability of its National Seismological Network (NSN) is nuanced. The NSN, with its 153 observatories, can record earthquakes of magnitude (M) ≥ 2.5 in and around Delhi, M≥ 3.0 for the North East region, M≥ 3.5 in peninsular and extra-peninsular areas, and M≥ 4.0 in border regions. It cannot record an event of magnitude 2.0 anywhere in India. The detection threshold varies based on the density of seismographs in a particular region.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: The peninsular plateau of India, once considered a stable shield, has experienced several devastating earthquakes.

Statement II: The Koyna and Latur earthquakes occurred due to the reactivation of ancient fault lines under stress from the northward movement of the Indian plate.

Statement III: The National Centre for Seismology (NCS) operates the National Seismological Network (NSN) capable of recording any seismic event of magnitude 2.0 or greater anywhere in India.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

• (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct. The peninsular region of India is part of an ancient continental shield and was traditionally considered seismically stable (a ‘shield’ region). However, it has been the site of significant earthquakes, such as the one in Koyna (1967) and Latur (1993), which caused widespread destruction and loss of life. This has led to a re-evaluation of the region’s seismic hazard potential.

• Statement II is correct and it explains Statement I. The primary reason for seismicity in the peninsular shield is not plate boundary interaction, but intra-plate stress. The continuous northward push of the Indian plate against the Eurasian plate builds up immense stress that is transmitted throughout the subcontinent. This stress can cause reactivation of pre-existing, ancient fault lines and rift valleys (like the Bhima fault in the case of Latur) within the supposedly stable plate, leading to earthquakes. The reservoir-triggered seismicity theory is also prominent for the Koyna dam region. Thus, Statement II provides the correct seismotectonic explanation for the phenomenon described in Statement I.

• Statement III is incorrect. The National Centre for Seismology (NCS) is the nodal agency for monitoring earthquake activity. However, the capability of its National Seismological Network (NSN) is nuanced. The NSN, with its 153 observatories, can record earthquakes of magnitude (M) ≥ 2.5 in and around Delhi, M≥ 3.0 for the North East region, M≥ 3.5 in peninsular and extra-peninsular areas, and M≥ 4.0 in border regions. It cannot record an event of magnitude 2.0 anywhere in India. The detection threshold varies based on the density of seismographs in a particular region.

Solution: C

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question Consider the following statements. Statement-I: The Western Ghats experience a high frequency of shallow, debris-flow landslides, particularly during the monsoon season. Statement-II: The Himalayan region is characterized by large, complex, and deep-seated landslides, often triggered by a combination of seismic activity and intense rainfall. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the below statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: B Statement-I is correct. The Western Ghats are geologically older and more stable than the Himalayas. They are composed of hard basaltic rocks of the Deccan Traps. However, the top layer consists of a thick mantle of weathered soil and laterite. During the intense rainfall of the southwest monsoon, this top layer gets saturated with water, increasing its weight and reducing shear strength. This leads to frequent but typically shallow landslides and debris flows on the steep slopes. Anthropogenic factors like deforestation and improper road construction exacerbate this vulnerability. Statement-II is correct. The Himalayas are young, tectonically active fold mountains. They are part of a collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates, making them highly prone to earthquakes. The geology is complex, with highly fractured and sheared rock masses. This tectonic instability, combined with steep slopes and intense rainfall (including cloudbursts), creates conditions for large-scale, complex, and often deep-seated landslides involving both rock and debris. These events are of a much larger magnitude than those typically seen in the Western Ghats. Incorrect Solution: B Statement-I is correct. The Western Ghats are geologically older and more stable than the Himalayas. They are composed of hard basaltic rocks of the Deccan Traps. However, the top layer consists of a thick mantle of weathered soil and laterite. During the intense rainfall of the southwest monsoon, this top layer gets saturated with water, increasing its weight and reducing shear strength. This leads to frequent but typically shallow landslides and debris flows on the steep slopes. Anthropogenic factors like deforestation and improper road construction exacerbate this vulnerability. Statement-II is correct. The Himalayas are young, tectonically active fold mountains. They are part of a collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates, making them highly prone to earthquakes. The geology is complex, with highly fractured and sheared rock masses. This tectonic instability, combined with steep slopes and intense rainfall (including cloudbursts), creates conditions for large-scale, complex, and often deep-seated landslides involving both rock and debris. These events are of a much larger magnitude than those typically seen in the Western Ghats.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements.

Statement-I: The Western Ghats experience a high frequency of shallow, debris-flow landslides, particularly during the monsoon season.

Statement-II: The Himalayan region is characterized by large, complex, and deep-seated landslides, often triggered by a combination of seismic activity and intense rainfall.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the below statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: B

• Statement-I is correct. The Western Ghats are geologically older and more stable than the Himalayas. They are composed of hard basaltic rocks of the Deccan Traps. However, the top layer consists of a thick mantle of weathered soil and laterite. During the intense rainfall of the southwest monsoon, this top layer gets saturated with water, increasing its weight and reducing shear strength. This leads to frequent but typically shallow landslides and debris flows on the steep slopes. Anthropogenic factors like deforestation and improper road construction exacerbate this vulnerability.

• Statement-II is correct. The Himalayas are young, tectonically active fold mountains. They are part of a collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates, making them highly prone to earthquakes. The geology is complex, with highly fractured and sheared rock masses. This tectonic instability, combined with steep slopes and intense rainfall (including cloudbursts), creates conditions for large-scale, complex, and often deep-seated landslides involving both rock and debris. These events are of a much larger magnitude than those typically seen in the Western Ghats.

Solution: B

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question Consider the following statements regarding floods in India: The Brahmaputra River basin is prone to frequent and large-scale flooding primarily due to its high sediment load and braided channel pattern. Flash floods are exclusively a phenomenon of the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions and do not occur in peninsular India. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines on flood management prioritize structural measures like embankments and dams over non-structural measures like flood-plain zoning. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river that carries a very high sediment load from its catchment in the tectonically active and geologically young Himalayas. As the river enters the gentle gradient of the Assam plains, its velocity decreases, causing it to deposit this massive sediment load on the riverbed. This aggradation raises the riverbed, reducing the channel’s carrying capacity. Consequently, the river frequently spills its banks during the monsoon and forms a braided channel pattern with numerous sandbars (‘chars’). This combination of high discharge during monsoon, heavy sediment load, and braided morphology makes the Brahmaputra valley one of the most flood-prone regions in the world. Statement 2 is incorrect. Flash floods are sudden floods of great volume, which are caused by intense rainfall over a short period, a cloudburst, or the failure of a dam or levee. While they are common in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas due to steep slopes and rapid runoff, they are not exclusive to this region. Peninsular India, especially in hilly and urban areas, can also experience flash floods. Urban flash floods, caused by intense rainfall overwhelming inadequate drainage systems on impervious surfaces, are a growing concern in cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Hyderabad. Statement 3 is incorrect. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) promotes a holistic and integrated approach to disaster management. The paradigm has shifted from a post-disaster relief-centric approach to one that emphasizes prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. The NDMA guidelines on flood management advocate for a balanced mix of both structural and non-structural measures. In fact, there is an increasing emphasis on non-structural measures like flood forecasting and warning systems, flood-plain zoning regulations, public awareness campaigns, and ecosystem restoration, as structural measures alone have been found to be insufficient and can sometimes create a false sense of security. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river that carries a very high sediment load from its catchment in the tectonically active and geologically young Himalayas. As the river enters the gentle gradient of the Assam plains, its velocity decreases, causing it to deposit this massive sediment load on the riverbed. This aggradation raises the riverbed, reducing the channel’s carrying capacity. Consequently, the river frequently spills its banks during the monsoon and forms a braided channel pattern with numerous sandbars (‘chars’). This combination of high discharge during monsoon, heavy sediment load, and braided morphology makes the Brahmaputra valley one of the most flood-prone regions in the world. Statement 2 is incorrect. Flash floods are sudden floods of great volume, which are caused by intense rainfall over a short period, a cloudburst, or the failure of a dam or levee. While they are common in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas due to steep slopes and rapid runoff, they are not exclusive to this region. Peninsular India, especially in hilly and urban areas, can also experience flash floods. Urban flash floods, caused by intense rainfall overwhelming inadequate drainage systems on impervious surfaces, are a growing concern in cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Hyderabad. Statement 3 is incorrect. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) promotes a holistic and integrated approach to disaster management. The paradigm has shifted from a post-disaster relief-centric approach to one that emphasizes prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. The NDMA guidelines on flood management advocate for a balanced mix of both structural and non-structural measures. In fact, there is an increasing emphasis on non-structural measures like flood forecasting and warning systems, flood-plain zoning regulations, public awareness campaigns, and ecosystem restoration, as structural measures alone have been found to be insufficient and can sometimes create a false sense of security.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding floods in India:

• The Brahmaputra River basin is prone to frequent and large-scale flooding primarily due to its high sediment load and braided channel pattern.

• Flash floods are exclusively a phenomenon of the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions and do not occur in peninsular India.

• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines on flood management prioritize structural measures like embankments and dams over non-structural measures like flood-plain zoning.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct. The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river that carries a very high sediment load from its catchment in the tectonically active and geologically young Himalayas. As the river enters the gentle gradient of the Assam plains, its velocity decreases, causing it to deposit this massive sediment load on the riverbed. This aggradation raises the riverbed, reducing the channel’s carrying capacity. Consequently, the river frequently spills its banks during the monsoon and forms a braided channel pattern with numerous sandbars (‘chars’). This combination of high discharge during monsoon, heavy sediment load, and braided morphology makes the Brahmaputra valley one of the most flood-prone regions in the world.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. Flash floods are sudden floods of great volume, which are caused by intense rainfall over a short period, a cloudburst, or the failure of a dam or levee. While they are common in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas due to steep slopes and rapid runoff, they are not exclusive to this region. Peninsular India, especially in hilly and urban areas, can also experience flash floods. Urban flash floods, caused by intense rainfall overwhelming inadequate drainage systems on impervious surfaces, are a growing concern in cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Hyderabad.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) promotes a holistic and integrated approach to disaster management. The paradigm has shifted from a post-disaster relief-centric approach to one that emphasizes prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. The NDMA guidelines on flood management advocate for a balanced mix of both structural and non-structural measures. In fact, there is an increasing emphasis on non-structural measures like flood forecasting and warning systems, flood-plain zoning regulations, public awareness campaigns, and ecosystem restoration, as structural measures alone have been found to be insufficient and can sometimes create a false sense of security.

Solution: A

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question Consider the following statements: A ‘meteorological drought’ is declared when the rainfall deficiency over an area is more than 25% of the long-period average, while an ‘agricultural drought’ relates to inadequate soil moisture to support healthy crop growth. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the sole global climatic phenomenon influencing the variability of the Indian summer monsoon and the occurrence of droughts. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. A meteorological drought is defined based on the degree of dryness or rainfall deficiency compared to the long-term average for a specific area. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies a meteorological drought when the seasonal rainfall deficiency is more than 25% of the Long Period Average (LPA). An agricultural drought, on the other hand, is impact-oriented. It occurs when there is insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of a particular crop at a particular time, leading to crop stress and yield reduction. An agricultural drought can occur even with minor meteorological rainfall deficiencies if the timing of rainfall is poor. Statement 2 is incorrect. While the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major and well-known driver of monsoon variability, with El Niño events often correlated with droughts in India, it is not the sole influencing factor. Other global and regional phenomena also play a significant role. These include the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), where temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean can either counteract or amplify the effects of ENSO, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), an eastward-moving pulse of cloud and rainfall near the equator that can influence the active and break spells of the monsoon. Therefore, predicting Indian droughts requires monitoring a combination of these complex atmospheric and oceanic patterns. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. A meteorological drought is defined based on the degree of dryness or rainfall deficiency compared to the long-term average for a specific area. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies a meteorological drought when the seasonal rainfall deficiency is more than 25% of the Long Period Average (LPA). An agricultural drought, on the other hand, is impact-oriented. It occurs when there is insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of a particular crop at a particular time, leading to crop stress and yield reduction. An agricultural drought can occur even with minor meteorological rainfall deficiencies if the timing of rainfall is poor. Statement 2 is incorrect. While the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major and well-known driver of monsoon variability, with El Niño events often correlated with droughts in India, it is not the sole influencing factor. Other global and regional phenomena also play a significant role. These include the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), where temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean can either counteract or amplify the effects of ENSO, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), an eastward-moving pulse of cloud and rainfall near the equator that can influence the active and break spells of the monsoon. Therefore, predicting Indian droughts requires monitoring a combination of these complex atmospheric and oceanic patterns.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements:

• A ‘meteorological drought’ is declared when the rainfall deficiency over an area is more than 25% of the long-period average, while an ‘agricultural drought’ relates to inadequate soil moisture to support healthy crop growth.

• The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the sole global climatic phenomenon influencing the variability of the Indian summer monsoon and the occurrence of droughts.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct. A meteorological drought is defined based on the degree of dryness or rainfall deficiency compared to the long-term average for a specific area. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies a meteorological drought when the seasonal rainfall deficiency is more than 25% of the Long Period Average (LPA).

• An agricultural drought, on the other hand, is impact-oriented. It occurs when there is insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of a particular crop at a particular time, leading to crop stress and yield reduction. An agricultural drought can occur even with minor meteorological rainfall deficiencies if the timing of rainfall is poor.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. While the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major and well-known driver of monsoon variability, with El Niño events often correlated with droughts in India, it is not the sole influencing factor. Other global and regional phenomena also play a significant role. These include the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), where temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean can either counteract or amplify the effects of ENSO, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), an eastward-moving pulse of cloud and rainfall near the equator that can influence the active and break spells of the monsoon. Therefore, predicting Indian droughts requires monitoring a combination of these complex atmospheric and oceanic patterns.

Solution: A

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