UPSC Mains 2025 General Studies (GS) Paper 4 – Ethics: Complete Question-wise Synopsis and Analysis

• Section A Q1 (a) Q1 (b) Q2 (a) Q2 (b) Q3 (a) Q3 (b) Q3 (c) Q4 (a) Q4 (b) Q5 (a) Q5 (b) Q6 (a) Q6 (b)

• Section B (Case Studies) Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12

Q1.(a) In the present digital age, social media has revolutionised our way of communication and interaction. However, it has raised several ethical issues and challenges. Describe the key ethical dilemmas in this regard. (10 M)

• Spread of Misinformation : Social media platforms amplify false narratives, affecting public health, safety, and electoral integrity. Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, viral misinformation about vaccines on WhatsApp delayed vaccination drives in rural India. Online Harassment and Hate Speech : Lack of regulation has made platforms breeding grounds for abusive, communal, or sexist content. Eg: Numerous women journalists in India have reported coordinated online abuse, discouraging free participation. Erosion of Privacy : User data is harvested for profiling, often without informed consent, violating individual rights. Eg: The Cambridge Analytica scandal exposed how Facebook data was used to manipulate political opinions. Mental Health Impact : Constant connectivity and validation-seeking behaviour triggered by social media affect emotional well-being. Eg: Studies link excessive Instagram use to increased depression and anxiety among teenagers globally Algorithmic Bias and Opacity : Platform algorithms are opaque and may favour divisive or sensational content over balanced discourse. Eg: YouTube’s recommendation system has been criticised for pushing users toward extremist content over time.

• Online Harassment and Hate Speech : Lack of regulation has made platforms breeding grounds for abusive, communal, or sexist content. Eg: Numerous women journalists in India have reported coordinated online abuse, discouraging free participation.

• Erosion of Privacy : User data is harvested for profiling, often without informed consent, violating individual rights. Eg: The Cambridge Analytica scandal exposed how Facebook data was used to manipulate political opinions.

• Mental Health Impact : Constant connectivity and validation-seeking behaviour triggered by social media affect emotional well-being. Eg: Studies link excessive Instagram use to increased depression and anxiety among teenagers globally

• Algorithmic Bias and Opacity :

• Platform algorithms are opaque and may favour divisive or sensational content over balanced discourse. Eg: YouTube’s recommendation system has been criticised for pushing users toward extremist content over time.

• Free Speech vs Public Safety : Governments must choose between protecting free expression and removing harmful content to maintain social order. Eg: Twitter removing inflammatory content in India was seen by some as censorship, by others as necessary for peace. Anonymity vs Accountability : Platforms must protect users’ anonymity, yet this enables abuse and criminal behaviour without consequences. Eg: users harassing activists online create a dilemma between privacy rights and justice. Digital Innovation vs Digital Exclusion : Promoting e-governance through social platforms increases efficiency but risks excluding digitally illiterate populations. Eg: During COVID-19, migrant workers without smartphones were unable to access government updates shared online. Global Standards vs Local Norms : Applying uniform moderation policies can conflict with cultural or legal norms in different regions. Eg: Facebook was criticised for applying US-centric hate speech standards in complex Indian communal contexts. Algorithmic Efficiency vs Ethical Responsibility : Platforms optimise for engagement, but this promotes polarisation, raising questions about moral accountability. Eg: Facebook’s own research admitted its algorithm contributed to political polarisation.

• Anonymity vs Accountability : Platforms must protect users’ anonymity, yet this enables abuse and criminal behaviour without consequences. Eg: users harassing activists online create a dilemma between privacy rights and justice.

• Digital Innovation vs Digital Exclusion : Promoting e-governance through social platforms increases efficiency but risks excluding digitally illiterate populations. Eg: During COVID-19, migrant workers without smartphones were unable to access government updates shared online.

• Global Standards vs Local Norms : Applying uniform moderation policies can conflict with cultural or legal norms in different regions. Eg: Facebook was criticised for applying US-centric hate speech standards in complex Indian communal contexts.

• Algorithmic Efficiency vs Ethical Responsibility : Platforms optimise for engagement, but this promotes polarisation, raising questions about moral accountability. Eg: Facebook’s own research admitted its algorithm contributed to political polarisation.

• Deontological Ethics (Kant) : Emphasises duties—such as upholding truth, privacy, and dignity—over outcomes. Utilitarianism (Mill) : Justifies regulating platforms if it leads to the greatest good for the largest number. Rawls’ Theory of Justice : Focuses on fairness, ensuring that the least advantaged are not further excluded by digital policies.

• Deontological Ethics (Kant) : Emphasises duties—such as upholding truth, privacy, and dignity—over outcomes.

• Utilitarianism (Mill) : Justifies regulating platforms if it leads to the greatest good for the largest number.

• Rawls’ Theory of Justice : Focuses on fairness, ensuring that the least advantaged are not further excluded by digital policies.

• “With great power comes great responsibility.” – Voltaire “Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master.” – Christian Lous Lange

• “With great power comes great responsibility.” – Voltaire

• “Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master.” – Christian Lous Lange

Social media is no longer a neutral medium—it is a force shaping our ethics, politics, and governance. For civil servants, recognising both the challenges and the moral trade-offs it presents is essential. Ethical clarity, backed by constitutional values and public interest, must guide every decision in this fast-evolving digital terrain.

Q1.(b) “Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment but a product of civil education and adherence of the rule of law.” Examine the significance of constitutional morality for public servants, highlighting the role in promoting good governance and ensuring accountability in public administration. (10 M)

• Upholding Rule of Law Over Rule by Law : It ensures that laws are applied with fairness and justice, not merely in a technical or mechanical sense. Eg: Refusing unlawful political orders during elections reflects adherence to constitutional values, not just procedural legality. Balancing Discretion with Constitutional Values : Bureaucrats often have discretionary powers, but constitutional morality ensures they use them equitably. Eg: A district collector distributing relief on the basis of need, not vote bank considerations, shows moral discretion. Safeguarding Democratic Institutions : It enables civil servants to act as guardians of institutions rather than as agents of transient regimes. Eg: A CEC standing up against electoral malpractices protects the integrity of democratic processes Promoting Social Justice and Inclusion : Constitutional morality mandates sensitivity towards historically disadvantaged groups. Eg: A proactive approach by a public servant in ensuring Dalit access to public facilities reflects commitment to constitutional equality. Serving as Ethical Role Models :By adhering to constitutional principles, public servants earn legitimacy and inspire public trust. Eg: IAS officer Armstrong Pame’s self-initiated road project in Manipur showcased constitutional commitment to inclusive development.

• Balancing Discretion with Constitutional Values : Bureaucrats often have discretionary powers, but constitutional morality ensures they use them equitably. Eg: A district collector distributing relief on the basis of need, not vote bank considerations, shows moral discretion.

• Safeguarding Democratic Institutions : It enables civil servants to act as guardians of institutions rather than as agents of transient regimes. Eg: A CEC standing up against electoral malpractices protects the integrity of democratic processes

• Promoting Social Justice and Inclusion : Constitutional morality mandates sensitivity towards historically disadvantaged groups. Eg: A proactive approach by a public servant in ensuring Dalit access to public facilities reflects commitment to constitutional equality.

• Serving as Ethical Role Models :By adhering to constitutional principles, public servants earn legitimacy and inspire public trust. Eg: IAS officer Armstrong Pame’s self-initiated road project in Manipur showcased constitutional commitment to inclusive development.

• Ensuring Transparency and Responsiveness : It compels officials to be answerable to the people, in line with democratic values. Eg: RTI implementation reflects the value of an informed citizenry, rooted in constitutional openness. Preventing Arbitrary Use of Power : Constitutional morality restricts misuse of authority, fostering procedural fairness. Eg: The Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, citing violation of constitutional freedoms. Strengthening Ethical Decision-Making : It helps resolve moral dilemmas by anchoring decisions in justice, liberty, and equality. Eg: Denying a VIP undue treatment in a public hospital, upholding the right to equal treatment. Empowering Citizen-Centric Governance : It reorients administration from authority-driven to service-driven. Eg: Digital India initiatives promoting access and equity align with the constitutional promise of participatory governance. Facilitating Whistleblowing and Internal Accountability : Officers driven by constitutional conscience feel morally compelled to expose wrongdoing. Eg: Ashok Khemka’s repeated stand against corrupt land deals reflects inner adherence to constitutional ethics.

• Preventing Arbitrary Use of Power : Constitutional morality restricts misuse of authority, fostering procedural fairness. Eg: The Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act, citing violation of constitutional freedoms.

• Strengthening Ethical Decision-Making : It helps resolve moral dilemmas by anchoring decisions in justice, liberty, and equality. Eg: Denying a VIP undue treatment in a public hospital, upholding the right to equal treatment.

• Empowering Citizen-Centric Governance : It reorients administration from authority-driven to service-driven. Eg: Digital India initiatives promoting access and equity align with the constitutional promise of participatory governance.

• Facilitating Whistleblowing and Internal Accountability : Officers driven by constitutional conscience feel morally compelled to expose wrongdoing. Eg: Ashok Khemka’s repeated stand against corrupt land deals reflects inner adherence to constitutional ethics.

• Kantian Ethics (Deontology): : Encourages acting out of duty to moral principles, such as constitutional values, regardless of consequences. Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Public servants must embody virtues like integrity, courage, and justice, developed through moral education. Social Contract Theory (Rousseau): Constitutional morality honours the social contract between the state and its citizens.

• Kantian Ethics (Deontology): : Encourages acting out of duty to moral principles, such as constitutional values, regardless of consequences.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Public servants must embody virtues like integrity, courage, and justice, developed through moral education.

• Social Contract Theory (Rousseau): Constitutional morality honours the social contract between the state and its citizens.

• “Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment. It has to be cultivated.” – B.R. Ambedkar “The highest law of the land is not the Constitution, but the conscience of those who interpret and implement it.” – Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer

• “Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment. It has to be cultivated.” – B.R. Ambedkar

• “The highest law of the land is not the Constitution, but the conscience of those who interpret and implement it.” – Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer

Q2(a) Carl von Clausewitz once said, “War is a diplomacy by other means.” Critically analyse the above statement in the present context of contemporary geo-political conflict. (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Military Force as Policy Continuation – When diplomatic avenues break down, states resort to war to pursue national objectives. Eg: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine followed failed NATO negotiations and diplomatic warnings.

• Unilateralism in Global Conflicts – Weakening of multilateral institutions has pushed nations to act without collective consent. Eg: U.S. airstrikes in Syria bypassed UN Security Council resolutions.

• Use of Proxy Wars for Strategic Goals – Nations engage in indirect conflicts to extend influence without formal war declarations. Eg: Iran and Saudi Arabia backing rival factions in Yemen.

• Force Projection as Negotiation Tactic – Military posturing is used to influence diplomatic discussions and assert dominance. Eg: China’s aggressive patrols near Taiwan heighten tensions amid talks.

• National Security as Justification – War is framed as pre-emptive defence, making diplomacy subordinate to security interests. Eg: Israel’s Gaza operations are often defended as national security imperatives.

• War Erodes Moral Legitimacy – Civilian casualties and humanitarian crises reduce war’s acceptability as a rational option. Eg: Syrian conflict caused over 300,000 civilian deaths, drawing international condemnation.

• Economic Globalisation Reduces War Appetite – Interdependence means war harms both aggressor and victim economically. Eg: Sanctions on Russia hurt European energy markets and global food supply chains.

• Emergence of Cyber and Hybrid Warfare – States now wage silent, digital wars that operate outside conventional military norms. Eg: Russian cyberattacks on Ukraine preceded physical invasion efforts.

• Rise of International Norms and Law – Global legal systems now discourage force, favouring arbitration and peaceful resolution. Eg: The UN Charter strictly limits the use of force to self-defence.

• Democratic Accountability and Public Opinion – Democracies face internal resistance to prolonged or unjustified wars. Eg: U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan was driven partly by domestic war fatigue.

• Just War Theory: Argues war is morally acceptable only if waged as a last resort for a just cause with proportional means.

• Utilitarianism (Mill): Evaluates war based on overall consequences—if harm outweighs good, war is unethical.

• “Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding.” – Albert Einstein

• “In war, whichever side may call itself the victor, there are no winners but all are losers.” – Neville Chamberlain

Q2(b) Keeping the national security in mind, examine the ethical dilemmas related to controversial orders of environmental clearance of developmental projects in ecologically sensitive border areas in the country. (Answer in 150 words) 10

• National Security vs Environmental Protection – Strategic projects like roads and tunnels ensure defence readiness, but risk ecological collapse. Eg: Char Dham project in Uttarakhand raised concerns of landslides vs troop mobility.

• Short-term Gains vs Long-term Sustainability – Development brings immediate infrastructure benefits, but may destroy ecosystems permanently. Eg: Deforestation in Arunachal weakens long-term climate resilience.

• Human Lives vs Ecological Rights – Civilian and soldier safety requires infrastructure, yet non-human life forms lose habitats. Eg: Road expansions in Sikkim threatened red panda habitats.

• Economic Development vs Livelihoods of Locals – Infrastructure may create jobs, but displace tribes dependent on forest ecosystems. Eg: Hydropower projects disrupting Lepcha communities in Dzongu.

• Legal Mandates vs Political Pressures – Environmental laws mandate strict clearance, but national security arguments are often used to bypass scrutiny. Eg: Relaxed EIA norms in Himalayan projects citing “urgent national interest.”

• Integrated Impact Assessments – Conduct joint EIAs that combine ecological, social, and security assessments. Eg: Involving defence, environment, and local experts before clearance.

• Sustainable Engineering Models – Promote green infrastructure like tunnels, bio-engineering for slopes, and eco-friendly materials. Eg: Border roads with bio-retaining walls in Himachal.

• Community Engagement and Consent – Ensure Free, Prior, Informed Consent (FPIC) of local communities. Eg: Gram Sabha consultation under FRA and PESA before clearances.

• Phased and Monitored Clearances – Approve projects in phases with strict ecological monitoring rather than blanket approvals. Eg: Conditional clearances with satellite-based tracking.

• Compensatory Restoration and Offsetting – Mandate afforestation, watershed management, and wildlife corridors to balance damage. Eg: Eco-restoration along highway expansions in Uttarakhand.

• Utilitarianism (Mill): Balance must ensure maximum security benefit without disproportionate ecological harm.

• Deontological Ethics (Kant): Duty to uphold constitutional values (Art. 48A) and environmental rights alongside national security.

• Rawls’ Justice as Fairness: Prioritise the interests of the weakest – tribal livelihoods and fragile ecosystems.

• “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.” – Native American Proverb

• “The nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt

Q3 Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? (Answer in 150 words each) 10 × 3 = 30

Q3(a) “Those who in trouble untroubled are, will trouble trouble itself.” – Thiruvalluvar (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Mastery Over Emotions is Real Strength – The quote teaches that true power lies in self-control during hardship, not in reacting impulsively. Eg: A calm leader in crisis avoids escalation and becomes a source of collective strength.

• Resilience as a Moral Virtue – It elevates resilience from a psychological trait to a moral quality—strength of spirit amidst chaos. Eg: Gandhiji’s non-violent resistance thrived on being unshaken by colonial oppression.

• Transforming Adversity into Opportunity – Those who stay composed can think clearly and act decisively, often turning crises into turning points. Eg: Nelson Mandela emerged stronger after 27 years in prison, leading South Africa with forgiveness.

• Disarming the Power of Suffering – Suffering loses its control when met with calmness; trouble itself becomes powerless. Eg: Buddhist ethics promote upekkha (equanimity) as the antidote to suffering.

• Victory Through Moral Stability – Ethical victories are not achieved by defeating others, but by remaining unshaken in one’s principles. Eg: A whistleblower endures hostility but holds firm on truth and transparency.

• Civil Services and Crisis Handling – Civil servants must remain calm in volatile situations like riots, disasters, or political pressure. Eg: A district collector managing communal tension without bias shows ethical resilience.

• Mental Health and Emotional Intelligence – In a world of rising stress, the ability to stay mentally composed is vital for decision-making. Eg: Leaders with emotional regulation build high-trust teams and reduce conflict.

• Public Trust and Role Modelling – Society looks up to individuals who remain balanced in adversity as role models of ethical maturity. Eg: Doctors during the pandemic worked calmly despite public fear and misinformation.

• Social Movements and Ethical Resistance – Social reformers maintain dignity even when facing injustice or suppression, inspiring change. Eg: B.R. Ambedkar stayed composed in the face of deep-rooted caste prejudice, fighting through constitutional means.

• Global Leadership and Diplomacy – Calm, reasoned diplomacy helps de-escalate conflicts and maintain international peace. Eg: India’s measured response during the India-China standoff reflected strategic restraint.

Q3(b) “The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes.” – William James (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Attitude Shapes Reality – Perception, not circumstance, defines experience; a positive attitude can transform suffering into strength. Eg: A student from a disadvantaged background achieves success by focusing on learning, not limitations.

• Change Begins Internally – Ethical transformation or life improvement starts with introspection, not blame-shifting. Eg: A corrupt officer choosing integrity changes his future by shifting his moral outlook.

• Freedom of Response is Human Power – Humans cannot always control events, but they can control how they respond ethically. Eg: Viktor Frankl, in a concentration camp, chose meaning over despair, through attitude.

• Attitude Fuels Resilience and Growth – Difficulties become stepping stones when approached with courage and optimism. Eg: A failed entrepreneur sees the setback as a learning opportunity, not defeat.

• Moral Agency is Attitude-Driven – A person with a just, responsible attitude naturally aligns with ethical behaviour. Eg: Gandhi’s belief in truth and non-violence came from a deeply ingrained attitude of moral responsibility.

• Civil Services and Ethical Decision-Making – A proactive, positive attitude in public service leads to citizen-centric innovation. Eg: An IAS officer in a drought-prone area adopts water harvesting rather than blaming climate change.

• Workplace Culture and Leadership – Leaders with empowering attitudes create motivated, ethical teams. Eg: A collector who supports honest subordinates fosters a value-based institutional culture.

• Handling Public Criticism and Political Pressure – The right attitude helps civil servants stay objective and committed to duty. Eg: Honest officers like Khemka remained upright despite repeated transfers due to their ethical attitude.

• Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing – In an age of burnout, attitude shapes resilience and self-worth. Eg: Public servants under high stress benefit from reframing setbacks as part of service, not personal failure.

• Citizen Empowerment and Behavioural Change – Governance succeeds when citizens’ attitudes towards law, environment, and equality evolve. Eg: Swachh Bharat succeeded partly due to the shift in citizens’ attitudes towards cleanliness.

Q3(c) “The strength of a society is not in its laws, but in the morality of its people.” – Swami Vivekananda (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Morality is the Soul of Society – Laws are external rules, but morality is the internal force that upholds fairness, empathy, and responsibility. Eg: A person choosing honesty in absence of surveillance reflects moral strength beyond legal fear.

• Laws Reflect, Not Replace, Morality – Effective laws are often born from moral values shared by the community. Eg: Abolition of untouchability began as a moral awakening before being encoded in Article 17.

• Law Can Punish, But Morality Prevents – Laws act after a wrong is done; morality stops wrongdoing at the source. Eg: An ethical taxpayer pays dues voluntarily, not just to avoid penalties.

• Social Trust Depends on Moral Conduct – A morally sound society creates bonds of trust and cooperation beyond contractual obligation. Eg: Scandinavian countries rank high on social trust due to moral civic consciousness.

• Moral Citizens are the True Safeguards of Democracy – No number of laws can prevent corruption or injustice if citizens lack moral courage. Eg: A whistleblower standing for truth helps more than any rulebook in exposing wrongdoing.

• Civil Services and Moral Leadership – A morally upright civil servant can uphold constitutional values even in absence of clear legal direction. Eg: An officer refusing caste-based discrimination in school mid-day meals acts on moral, not just legal, grounds.

• Rise of Legal Evasion and Ethical Decay – Over-reliance on loopholes shows laws can be bent, but morality keeps action aligned with public good. Eg: Tax avoidance via technical means may be legal, but is ethically questionable.

• Need for Value-Based Education and Citizenship – Teaching ethics from early education helps create law-abiding, responsible citizens. Eg: CBSE introducing value education promotes civic morality over mere rule-following.

• Strengthening Institutions Through Ethical Behaviour – Morality in institutions ensures they function with integrity, not just by compulsion. Eg: An honest judiciary or police force earns respect because of moral conduct, not legal status.

• Democracy Survives on Moral Vigilance – Active, morally aware citizens check power misuse better than laws alone. Eg: RTI activists and informed citizens play a vital role in transparent governance.

Q4(a) “For any kind of social re-engineering by successfully implementing welfare schemes, a civil servant must use reason and critical thinking in an ethical framework.” Justify this statement with suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Bridging socio-economic inequality – Welfare schemes reduce poverty and ensure distributive justice. Eg: MGNREGA provides 100 days of wage employment to rural poor, reducing income gaps.

• Correcting structural injustice – Schemes act as ethical correctives to historical deprivation. Eg: Reservation policies in education and jobs promote equity for SCs/STs.

• Empowering vulnerable groups – Targeted programs build dignity and self-reliance among the marginalised. Eg: Women SHGs under NRLM (Kudumbashree in Kerala) foster entrepreneurship.

• Promoting inclusive development – Welfare ensures no section of society is left behind. Eg: Ayushman Bharat provides free healthcare to poor families, bridging urban-rural gaps.

• Prevents mechanical implementation – Rational officers adapt schemes to local needs. Eg: In Bundelkhand, MGNREGA funds were used for water harvesting, tackling drought.

• Shields against populism – Critical reflection stops misuse of schemes for electoral gains. Eg: Instead of blanket loan waivers, crop insurance under PMFBY ensures sustainable relief.

• Ensures fairness in selection – Logical scrutiny avoids bias or exclusion of deserving beneficiaries. Eg: SECC data ensured genuine BPL families received PMAY housing.

• Balances efficiency and ethics – Reason ensures transparency without compromising dignity. Eg: Aadhaar-enabled PDS in Chhattisgarh curbed leakages while ensuring food access.

• Strengthens public trust in governance – Ethical, rational execution enhances state legitimacy. Eg: Social audits in Andhra Pradesh’s MGNREGA boosted trust among villagers.

• Ethics-based training – Sensitisation through real-life dilemmas fosters ethical judgment. Eg: LBSNAA modules expose trainees to dilemmas on corruption and integrity.

• Participatory governance – Listening to people builds empathy and practical reasoning. Eg: Kerala’s Gram Sabha-led planning ensures schemes reflect local priorities.

• Data-driven decision-making – Evidence-based monitoring reduces arbitrariness. Eg: Poshan Tracker app ensures targeted nutrition interventions under ICDS.

• Role modelling and mentorship – Senior officers must embody rational, ethical conduct. Eg: IAS officer Armstrong Pame mobilised villagers ethically to build a road in Manipur.

• Kantian Deontology: Duty to act with fairness and integrity, irrespective of pressure.

• Utilitarianism (Mill): Schemes must maximise well-being of the greatest number.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Reason and prudence are virtues guiding a civil servant’s character.

• “A government that robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of Paul.” – George Bernard Shaw.

• “Reason and conscience are the two highest faculties of man; without them governance is but tyranny.” – Immanuel Kant

Q4(b) What are the major teachings of Mahavira? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world. (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Ahimsa (Non-violence) – One must not harm any living being in thought, word, or deed, reflecting deep respect for life. Eg: Jain monks cover their mouths and sweep the path to avoid harming even insects.

• Satya (Truthfulness) – Speaking the truth is essential, but not at the cost of hurting others or creating unrest. Eg: Mahavira emphasized truth with responsibility, not just truth for its own sake.

• Asteya (Non-stealing) – Taking anything not willingly offered is theft, whether physical or intellectual. Eg: Even using someone’s ideas without consent is considered a form of asteya today.

• Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Control over Desires) – Curbing sensual pleasures and desires ensures clarity, discipline, and inner peace. Eg: This applies in today’s age of overconsumption and digital addiction.

• Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness) – Detachment from material wealth and emotions is key to inner liberation and social equality. Eg: Excessive consumerism today contradicts this principle, leading to inequality and environmental harm.

• Ahimsa for Global Peace – In a world torn by violence, terrorism, and war, non-violence remains the most powerful tool for conflict resolution. Eg: Gandhi’s freedom struggle drew directly from Mahavira’s concept of ahimsa.

• Satya in Governance and Public Life – Truthfulness builds trust, essential for democratic institutions and ethical administration. Eg: Whistleblowers who expose scams reflect this ethical courage.

• Minimalism and Sustainability – Aparigraha promotes minimalism, reducing ecological footprints and fostering sustainable development. Eg: Global climate movements echo the value of living simply to save the planet.

• Restraint in the Age of Excess – Brahmacharya, when interpreted as self-control, counters consumerism, addiction, and emotional impulsiveness. Eg: Digital detox movements are modern expressions of this ancient principle.

• Intellectual Integrity and Respect – Asteya now extends to respecting ideas, time, and intellectual contributions of others. Eg: Anti-plagiarism policies in academics uphold this teaching.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Mahavira’s teachings cultivate virtues like temperance, truthfulness, and compassion.

• Deontological Ethics (Kant): Emphasizes duty and moral law, akin to Mahavira’s absolute ethical code, regardless of outcomes.

• “Live and let live” – Jain Axiom rooted in Ahimsa

• “The more you own, the more you are owned.” – Mahavira

Q5(a) “One who is devoted to one’s duty attains highest perfection in life.” Analyse this statement with reference to sense of responsibility and personal fulfilment in a civil servant. (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Duty as the path to moral excellence – Single-minded commitment to rightful action refines character and anchors decision-making in virtue, not vanity. Eg: Gandhi’s Nishkama Karma—work without attachment—elevated service into sadhana.

• Harmony of self and society – Performing one’s role well creates social order while cultivating inner peace, linking personal growth with public good. Eg: A teacher shaping citizens finds both civic impact and inner fulfilment.

• Perfection through perseverance – Consistency in duty, even without applause, builds credibility and quiet strength over time. Eg: E. Sreedharan’s relentless diligence delivered the Metro with integrity.

• Freedom in responsibility – Devotion to duty liberates from fear of results, enabling courageous, ethical choices under pressure. Eg: A judge upholding law despite backlash finds clarity beyond consequences.

• Trusteeship of public resources – Responsibility means treating power as a trust for the weakest, not as privilege or leverage. Eg: Transparent PDS reforms reduce leakages and restore citizen dignity.

• Credibility through accountability – Owning decisions, documenting reasons, and being answerable builds lasting institutional trust. Eg: Proactive disclosure under RTI defuses suspicion and boosts legitimacy.

• Meaning beyond metrics – Fulfilment arises when outcomes improve real lives, not merely files or targets. Eg: Ensuring time-bound pensions for elders gives deeper satisfaction than awards.

• Resilience under adversity – A duty-anchored mindset steadies officers amid transfers, pressures, or crises. Eg: Whistleblowers persisting against graft embody duty-led courage.

• Political pressure and conflict of interest – Coercion to bend rules corrodes responsibility and creates ethical fatigue. Eg: Vendor-specific procurement demands threaten probity and morale.

• Outcome myopia & target-ism – Obsession with quick optics undermines long-term, citizen-centric results and inner purpose. Eg: Inaugurations without service readiness erode public trust.

• Moral injury & burnout – Repeated compromise or witnessing injustice without remedy strains conscience and well-being. Eg: Chronic understaffing in field posts leads to cynicism and exhaustion.

• Value drift in organisational culture – When the system rewards compliance over courage, integrity feels costly and isolating. Eg: Honest officers facing punitive transfers question whether duty pays.

• Deontology (Kant): Duty must be followed for its own sake, not for reward.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Devotion to duty cultivates virtues like integrity, prudence, and courage.

• Gandhian Ethics: Nishkama Karma—selfless action—leads to perfection in both personal and public life.

• “The reward of duty is not what it gives us, but what it makes us.” – John Ruskin

• “Service without humility is selfishness and egotism.” – Mahatma Gandhi

Q5(b) To achieve holistic development goals, a civil servant acts as an enabler and active facilitator of growth rather than a regulator. What specific measures will you suggest to achieve this goal? (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Overcoming bureaucratic red tape – Excessive regulation delays welfare delivery, while facilitation ensures timely outcomes. Eg: Single-window clearances replaced outdated file-culture in industrial approvals.

• Breaking colonial mindset of control – Earlier administration was about ruling subjects; now it must be about empowering citizens. Eg: Participatory planning in Kerala reversed top-down colonial-style governance.

• Encouraging innovation and risk-taking – Regulatory rigidity suppresses entrepreneurship, whereas facilitation nurtures growth. Eg: Start-up India ecosystem reduced licensing barriers for innovators.

• Building trust in government institutions – A facilitator approach transforms the image of government from being a controller to a partner in progress. Eg: Rajasthan’s Jan Sunwai made administration a listener, not just a regulator.

• Ensuring inclusivity and equity – Red tape often sidelines the marginalised; facilitation ensures schemes reach the last mile. Eg: NRLM women’s SHGs thrived because officers enabled, not regulated, their growth.

• Simplify procedures and reduce red tape – Digitisation, e-governance, and single-window services eliminate delays. Eg: Telangana’s MeeSeva centres deliver citizen services efficiently.

• Capacity-building of citizens and institutions – Train communities to be self-reliant partners in governance. Eg: Bihar’s SHG dairy cooperatives uplifted rural incomes sustainably.

• Use technology for transparency and efficiency – Digital platforms empower people by ensuring speed and fairness. Eg: JAM trinity ensured direct transfers, reducing corruption in subsidies.

• Collaborative governance – Partner with NGOs, civil society, and private sector to scale solutions. Eg: Gujarat’s Chiranjeevi Yojana (PPP model) improved maternal healthcare access.

• Ethical leadership and role-modelling – Civil servants must embody fairness, empathy, and accountability to inspire others. Eg: Armstrong Pame’s people-driven road project in Manipur reflected enabling leadership.

• Utilitarianism (Mill): Facilitating governance ensures maximum happiness for society.

• Deontology (Kant): Civil servants have a duty to treat citizens as ends, not means.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Prudence, empathy, and integrity guide officers as enablers.

• “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” – Mahatma Gandhi

• “A good government is one that teaches us to govern ourselves.” – Goethe

Q6(a) It is said that for a sound ethical work culture, there must be code of ethics in place in every organisation. To ensure value-based and work culture, what suitable measures would you adopt in your work place? (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Provides moral direction – A code acts as a compass guiding employees in ambiguous situations. Eg: Civil Services Conduct Rules prevent conflict of interest in governance.

• Promotes accountability and transparency – Ethical codes check misuse of authority and power. Eg: Whistleblower protection laws reinforce ethical reporting.

• Builds public trust and legitimacy – Organisations with ethical credibility gain citizen confidence. Eg: ISRO is respected globally for integrity-driven space missions.

• Ensures fairness and equity – Codes prevent discrimination and uphold equality in treatment. Eg: POSH Act guidelines institutionalised workplace dignity for women.

• Prevents organisational drift – Without ethics, pursuit of profit or targets may override values. Eg: Corporate scams like Satyam highlight the cost of absent ethical culture.

• Clear articulation of values – Draft and disseminate a concise code of ethics reflecting integrity, empathy, and service. Eg: CVC’s integrity pledge promotes honesty in public life.

• Training and sensitisation – Regular workshops on ethical dilemmas build a shared culture of responsibility. Eg: LBSNAA conducts real-life case discussions for young civil servants.

• Transparent systems and processes – Digitisation and audits reduce discretion and corruption. Eg: E-office and e-tendering systems enhance fairness in procurement.

• Whistleblower protection and grievance redressal – Encourage reporting of misconduct without fear of reprisal. Eg: Social audits in MGNREGA empowered citizens to highlight irregularities.

• Ethical leadership and role modelling – Senior officers must “walk the talk” to inspire subordinates. Eg: T.N. Seshan upheld integrity in elections, shaping the culture of the EC.

• Deontology (Kant): Duty-bound adherence to ethical codes, irrespective of personal gain.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Cultivating integrity, prudence, and fairness within the organisational culture.

• Consequentialism: Codes ensure decisions that maximise trust, efficiency, and welfare.

• “It is not enough to be honest; one must also be seen to be honest.” – Justice Brandeis

• “Ethics must begin at the top of an organisation. It is a leadership issue.” – Edward Hennessy

Q6(b) India is an emerging economic power of the world. For IMF’s Projection, India has recently secured the status of fourth largest economy of the world. At the same time, certain concerns have been observed in some sectors, including food security, energy, environment or instability. What recommendations would you make for emerging economy of the world in this regard to keep sustained and balanced growth? (Answer in 150 words) 10

• Commerce without morality – Economic growth driven by greed neglects distributive justice, leaving hunger amidst abundance. Eg: Malnutrition persists despite India being a food surplus nation.

• Violation of intergenerational justice – Overuse of fossil fuels and forests burdens future generations. Eg: Groundwater depletion in Punjab undermines sustainability.

• Greed over trusteeship – Wealth concentration reflects a failure of Gandhian ethics, where resources should serve the weakest. Eg: Oxfam report shows top 10% own majority of wealth.

• Neglect of environmental ethics – Treating nature as commodity ignores its intrinsic value. Eg: Air pollution in Delhi violates citizens’ right to life and dignity.

• Erosion of social stability – Rising unemployment and agrarian distress threaten peace and harmony. Eg: Farmer protests underline ethical neglect of inclusive policy-making.

• Embed morality in commerce – Business and trade must balance profit with responsibility, echoing Gandhi’s call for ethical economics. Eg: CSR initiatives like Infosys Foundation supporting education and healthcare.

• Practice trusteeship in resource use – Natural resources must be held in trust for all, not exploited by a few. Eg: Renewable energy expansion under National Solar Mission reflects stewardship.

• Ensure distributive justice – Growth must reach the marginalised, aligning with Rawls’ principle of fairness. Eg: Poshan Abhiyaan combats child malnutrition by targeting vulnerable families.

• Adopt precautionary principle in environment – Policies must protect ecology as a moral duty, not a cost to be offset. Eg: Strict EIAs and afforestation alongside infrastructure projects.

• Promote ethical governance and accountability – Transparency and integrity must guide administration, echoing Kant’s deontological duty. Eg: JAM trinity reduced corruption and ensured fairness in welfare delivery.

• Rawls’ Justice as Fairness: Growth must prioritise the least advantaged to ensure equity.

• Utilitarianism (Mill): Sustainable, inclusive policies maximise well-being for the greatest number.

• Gandhian Ethics of Trusteeship: Wealth and power must serve society, not private accumulation.

• “The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way it treats its weakest member.” – Mahatma Gandhi

• “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children.” – Native American Proverb

Q7. Vijay was Deputy Commissioner of remote district of Hilly Northern State of the country for the last two years. In the month of August heavy rains lashed the complete state followed by cloud burst in the upper reaches of the said district. The damage was very heavy in the complete state especially in the affected district. The complete road network and telecommunications were disrupted and the buildings were damaged extensively. People’s houses have been washed away and they were forced to stay in open. More than 200 people have been killed and about 5000 were badly injured. The Civil Administration under Vijay got activated and started relief and rescue operation in a full-fledged manner. Temporary shelter camps were immediately established to provide shelter and medical facilities to the homeless and injured people. Helicopter services were pressed for air evacuation, rescue and aid. People from remote areas sent messages for medical help. Vijay got a message from his hometown in Kerala that his mother was seriously sick. After two days Vijay received the unfortunate message that his mother has expired. Vijay has no close relative except one elder sister who was US citizen and staying there for last several years. In the meantime, the situation in the affected district deteriorated further due to resumption of heavy rains after a gap of five days. At the same time, continuous messages were coming on his mobile from his hometown to reach at the earliest for performing last rites of his mother. (a) What are the options available with Vijay? (b) What are the ethical dilemma being faced by Vijay? (c) Critically evaluate and examine each of these options identified by Vijay. (d) Which of the options, do you think, would be most appropriate for Vijay to adopt and why? (Answer in 250 words) 20

• Vijay – as a grieving son and public servant.

• Disaster-affected citizens – depending on leadership for survival and recovery.

• Vijay’s deceased mother – to whom he owes familial and cultural duties.

• Relatives in Kerala – expecting his presence during the funeral rites.

• Administrative team and subordinates – needing coordination and motivation.

• State and central governments – relying on district-level execution.

• General public and media – observing and judging ethical conduct in crisis.

• Immediately travel to Kerala to perform his mother’s last rites

• Stay at his post and delegate funeral duties to a trusted relative.

• Take 2–3 days’ leave after ensuring proper handover of responsibilities.

• Personal Duty vs Public Responsibility – He must decide between performing his mother’s last rites and leading life-saving operations. Eg: The emotional pull to Kerala conflicts with the ethical obligation to protect thousands.

• Cultural and Religious Expectations vs Professional Role – He faces pressure to perform sacred rites while also being duty-bound to coordinate relief. Eg: Absence from either side can be interpreted as neglect.

• Emotional Well-being vs Administrative Stability – He must choose between processing grief or maintaining administrative command. Eg: Suppressed emotions can later affect mental health and decision-making.

• Delegation vs Symbolic Leadership – He must assess if assigning duties can replace the morale boost of his direct presence. Eg: His visibility reassures both victims and teams.

• Short-term Absence vs Long-term Institutional Trust – A brief leave might cause a disruption but is also a human need. Eg: Leaving without preparation may damage relief efforts; leaving with planning can uphold continuity.

Option 1 — Immediately travel to Kerala to perform last rites Pros:

• Fulfils emotional, cultural, and religious responsibilities as a son.

• Provides personal closure and preserves mental well-being.

• Leaves the district without its top crisis manager at a critical time.

• Undermines public trust and morale during a disaster.

Despite its personal importance, this choice compromises public safety and fails the ethical duty to protect lives during a calamity.

Option 2 — : Stay back and delegate funeral duties to a relative

• Displays exceptional dedication to public service in a time of need.

• Ensures continuous leadership in managing relief operations.

• Leads to emotional guilt and possible cultural backlash.

• May be seen as neglecting sacred personal responsibilities..

While it shows ethical courage, denying oneself the chance to grieve may cause psychological strain and affect long-term decision-making.

Option 3 — Take 2–3 days’ leave with proper delegation

• Balances moral obligations to both family and society.

• Demonstrates ethical planning and institutional trust, ensuring operations continue.

• Short absence may slow critical decisions.

• May face public or media criticism, though temporarily

This option reflects emotional maturity, ethical foresight, and responsible leadership, enabling Vijay to meet both public and personal duties without compromising either.

• Kantian Deontology – Vijay has a duty to both his family and citizens, and must act from a sense of moral obligation, not convenience.

• Utilitarianism (Mill) – The ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number, with least harm.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle) – Emphasises moral character; Vijay’s balanced decision shows prudence, empathy, and courage.

• “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” – Mahatma Gandhi

• “Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do.” – Potter Stewart

This case reveals the human side of public service, where decisions aren’t just administrative, but deeply moral. Vijay’s choice to temporarily step away with responsibility and preparation exemplifies the spirit of ethical leadership. It demonstrates that maturity lies not in choosing between personal and public duty, but in honouring both through wisdom, planning, and moral clarity. Such actions elevate not only institutions—but the very idea of public service.

Q8 In line with the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Indian Constitution, the government has a constitutional obligation to ensure basic needs – Roti, Kapda aur Makaan (Food, Clothes and Shelter) – for the under-privileged. Pursuing this mandate, the district administration proposed declaring a portion of forest land to develop housing for the homeless and economically weaker sections of the society. The proposed land, however, is an ecologically sensitive zone densely populated with large old trees, medicinal plants and vital biodiversity. Besides, these forests help to regulate micro-climate and rainfall, provide habitat for wildlife, support soil fertility and prevent land/soil erosion and sustain livelihoods of tribal and nomadic communities. In spite of the ecological and social costs, the administration argues in favour of the proposal by highlighting that this way vulnerable groups’ fundamental human rights enjoy a vital welfare priority. Besides, it fulfils the government’s duty to uplift and empower the poor through inclusive development. Therefore, forest clearance has been sought for these works and many departments and civil society groups have also endorsed the same because it may help to curb anti-social elements. Lastly, clearing forests areas may help to curb anti-social elements. (a) Can deforestation be ethically justified in the pursuit of social welfare objectives like housing for the homeless? (b) What are the socio-economic, administrative and ethical challenges in ensuring environment conservation with humane development? (c) What substantial alternatives or policy interventions can be proposed to ensure that both environment integrity and human development are protected? (Answer in 250 words) 20

• Homeless and economically weaker sections – seeking shelter and dignity

• Tribal and nomadic communities – dependent on forest ecosystems for livelihood and identity

• Wildlife and biodiversity – whose habitats are under threat

• District administration and government departments – responsible for both welfare and environmental regulation

• Civil society and NGOs – supporting welfare or conservation, depending on values

• Future generations – inheriting the ecological and social consequences

• General public and judiciary – observing, questioning, and holding decisions accountable

• Fulfilling basic human dignity – Providing shelter to the homeless meets a fundamental human right and aligns with distributive justice.

• Corrective justice for the weakest – Allocating land for housing prioritises the needs of the least advantaged, reflecting Rawlsian fairness.

• Socio-economic empowerment – Housing enhances health, education, and livelihood prospects, creating long-term welfare benefits.

• Irreversible ecological loss – Deforestation undermines intergenerational equity and threatens climate resilience. Harming the vulnerable further – Environmental degradation (heat, water scarcity, floods) disproportionately impacts the poor. Conflict of rights under Article 21 – The right to shelter cannot ethically override the right to a clean and healthy environment.

• Irreversible ecological loss – Deforestation undermines intergenerational equity and threatens climate resilience.

• Harming the vulnerable further – Environmental degradation (heat, water scarcity, floods) disproportionately impacts the poor.

• Conflict of rights under Article 21 – The right to shelter cannot ethically override the right to a clean and healthy environment.

• Only conditionally justifiable under proportionality – Ethical decisions must weigh public good against irreversible ecological loss. Eg: Short-term shelter vs long-term environmental degradation.

• Vulnerable groups suffer most from environmental damage – Deforestation worsens their condition through floods, heatwaves, and livelihood loss. Eg: Tribal communities losing access to forest produce.

• Nature holds intrinsic moral value – According to deep ecology, forests are not just resources but living systems with rights. Eg: Medicinal plants and endemic species cannot be “compensated”.

• Rights-based conflict between shelter and environment – Housing is a right, but so is the right to life under Article 21, which includes a healthy environment. Eg: Development must not erode constitutional guarantees

• Ethical utilitarianism demands long-term public good – If Forest loss harms future generations or climate, it fails the utilitarian test. Eg: Rising carbon emissions and ecological imbalance affect everyone.

• Conflict of developmental and ecological values – Governments struggle to prioritise when welfare and conservation seem to oppose each other. Eg: Forest seen as “unused land” versus habitat.

• Inter-departmental silos and lack of convergence – Poor coordination among ministries leads to decisions that ignore ground realities. Eg: Forest clearance given without consulting tribal welfare boards.

• Electoral populism overrides ethical foresight – Short-term welfare schemes may ignore long-term sustainability. Eg: Promises of land/housing before elections.

• Exclusion of vulnerable voices – Disregarding tribal and nomadic community consent violates ethical principles of justice and autonomy. Eg: Ignoring Gram Sabha approvals under Forest Rights Act.

• Poor enforcement and ethical compromise – Environmental regulations are often diluted, ignored, or influenced by vested interests. Eg: Compensatory afforestation often remains on paper.

• Utilise degraded and non-forest land – Geospatial mapping can identify barren government lands for housing. Eg: Wastelands in Rajasthan used for low-cost housing.

• Promote vertical, green urban housing – Reduces land pressure and integrates sustainable design. Eg: Eco-friendly apartments with solar power and rainwater harvesting.

• Adopt participatory and inclusive governance – Implement Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) with tribal and local communities. Eg: Gram Sabha-led housing planning in Scheduled Areas.

• Conduct robust social-environmental impact assessments – Not just procedural EIAs, but ethical impact assessments on livelihoods and biodiversity. Eg: Transparent public hearings and expert ecological review.

• Green compensatory housing policies – Make it mandatory to plant 10 trees per unit, use energy-efficient designs, and integrate green belts. Eg: Urban tree corridors and rooftop gardens in slum redevelopment.

• Utilitarianism (J.S. Mill): Advocates choosing policies that bring the greatest good for the greatest number—including future generations.

• Deontological Ethics (Kant): States have a duty to respect both human dignity and the intrinsic worth of nature, irrespective of outcomes.

• Rawls’ Theory of Justice: Emphasises that development must not worsen conditions for the least advantaged, including displaced tribals.

• Environmental Ethics (Deep Ecology): Nature has moral standing and must be preserved not only for utility but for its own sake.

• “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves.” – Mahatma Gandhi

• “The environment is where we all meet; it is the one thing all of us share.” – Lady Bird Johnson

Q9 Subash is Secretary, PWD in the State Government. He is a senior officer, known for his competence, integrity and dedication to work. He enjoys the trust and confidence of Minister in charge of PWD and Program Implementation. As a part of his job profile, he is responsible for policy formulation, execution of projects relating to infrastructure initiatives in the State. Besides, he oversees the technical and administrative aspects relating to planning, designing and construction etc. Subash’s Minister is an important Minister in the state and significant growth in urban infrastructure development and road network has been registered during his tenure. He is very keen for launching of ambitious road construction project in near future. Subash is in regular touch with the Minister and is working various modalities for the proposed construction project. Regular meetings, interactions and presentations are being held by the Minister before a formal public announcement of the project is made by the Minister. Subash’s only son Vikas is a real estate business. His son and his son’s sources are aware that a mega road project is on the anvil and furtherance in this regard is expected anytime. He is very keen to buy a vast land from his father that can touch location of the upcoming project. He knows that there would be quantum jump in the prices of land in the vicinity. Buying land at this stage will increase the fortune of his business. Vikas has already contacted land owners (his father) and any day to share him location of the proposed project. He assured him that he would help the matter discreetly and in return he would ensure that he would be made the director of the said project and part of his business. He feels pressurised because of constant push from his son. Another significant aspect of the matter pertained to the extra/undue interest of the above project by the Minister PWD. His nephew was also having big business interest in the real estate sector. In fact, the Minister has also introduced his nephew and indirectly indicated him to take care of his nephew’s issues with respect to the forthcoming project. The Minister encouraged him not to cast him the matter in any embarrassing and execution of mega road project will enhance his status in the party and public life. In the above backdrop, Subash is in a fix as to the future course of action. (a) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case. (b) Critically examine the options available to Subash in the above situation. (c) Which of the above would be most appropriate and why? (Answer in 250 words) 20

• Subash – Senior officer, facing a conflict between personal, professional, and political pressures

• Vikas (Subash’s son) – In real estate, seeking insider information for financial gain

• Minister of PWD – Trying to influence project implementation for personal/family benefit

• Minister’s nephew – Real estate interests tied to the project

• General public and taxpayers – Expect transparency and fair project execution

• Other civil servants and project team members – Affected by precedent and integrity standards

• Government institutions – Whose credibility depends on ethical governance

• Conflict of interest – Subash’s personal and professional boundaries are being compromised due to his son’s business interest. Eg: Sharing project details with his son for land purchase constitutes misuse of office.

• Abuse of public office for private gain – There is a risk of insider trading and corruption, breaching the Conduct Rules and public trust. Eg: Using confidential data for business gain violates Section 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act.

• Political pressure and undue influence – The Minister is trying to exploit the system for his nephew’s benefit, threatening administrative neutrality. Eg: Encouraging Subash to “not embarrass” him is implicit coercion.

• Compromise of professional integrity – Subash is entrusted with policy planning; his impartiality is at stake. Eg: Favouritism could lead to biased planning and contract allocation.

• Violation of fiduciary duty – Subash holds public office in trust; breaching that for familial gain is unethical. Eg: Public office must not serve private interests.

Option 1: Share project details with his son and minister’s nephew as requested Pros: 1. Keeps familial and political relations intact. 2. May lead to future personal/business benefits. Cons: 1. Violates public trust, integrity, and service rules. 2. Sets a precedent of corruption and nepotism. This option is not chosen because : It is clearly unethical, illegal, and violates the Code of Conduct for Civil Servants and constitutional morality. It would irreparably damage Subash’s integrity and the institution’s reputation.

Option 2: Maintain silence but proceed with project planning as per minister’s wishes Pros: 1. Avoids confrontation with the minister. 2. Keeps project on track without public fallout. Cons: 1. Passive complicity in unethical behaviour. 2. Integrity and autonomy compromised through inaction. This option is not chosen because : By remaining silent, Subash becomes a silent enabler, compromising on ethical courage and violating the principle of accountability.

Option 3: Take a firm ethical stand, report undue influence, and recuse from project if necessary Pros: 1. Upholds transparency, integrity, and professional neutrality. 2. Sends a strong message of ethical leadership. Cons: 1. May strain relations with family and political authority. 2. Potential administrative or career repercussions. The best option: This option reflects moral courage, safeguards institutional integrity, and ensures public interest is not sacrificed for private gain. Subash must document all influence attempts, alert higher authorities or ethics committees, and recuse himself if objectivity is threatened.

By taking this stand, Subash not only protects the sanctity of the office but also sets an ethical precedent for peers and subordinates.

• Deontology (Kant): Duty must be followed regardless of personal consequences – Subash is morally obligated to act ethically.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Subash must display moral courage, integrity, and fairness, especially under pressure.

• Consequentialism (Mill): Any action that benefits a few but harms public interest fails the ethical test.

• Rawlsian Justice: Unequal access to insider knowledge violates fairness and distributive justice.

• “It is not enough to be honest; one must also be seen to be honest.” – Justice Brandeis

• “The price of apathy toward public affairs is to be ruled by evil men.” – Plato

Q10 Rajesh is a Group A officer with nine years of service, He is posted as Administrative Officer in an Oil Public Sector undertaking. As an Administrative Officer he is responsible for managing and coordinating various administrative tasks to ensure smooth functioning of office. He also manages office supplies, equipment etc. Rajesh is now sufficient senior and is expecting his next promotion in JAG (Junior Administrative Grade) in the next one or two years. He knows that promotion is based on examination of ACRs/Performance Appraisal of last few years (5 years so on) of an officer by a DPC (Departmental Promotion Committee) and an officer lacking requisite grading of ACRs may not be found fit for promotion. Consequences of losing promotion may entail financial and reputational loss and setback for career progression. The above puts him under pressure of official discharge of his duties, yet he is under of assessment by his superior officer. He is now putting extra efforts so that he gets thumping report at the end of financial year. As Administrative Officer, Rajesh is regularly interacting with his immediate boss, who is his reporting officer for writing his ACR. One day as usual Rajesh and wants him to buy extra/extended stationary on priority from a particular vendor. Rajesh disallows this initiative at first instance. However, after repeated insistence, Rajesh, this time brings in the assistance of two Group Three Employees. Later, all stationary items from the same vendor are purchased as per delegated financial powers of the office in the GFR (General Financial Rules) at appropriate tendering. The reporting officer being present on the scene, remained silent but his facial expression suggested that he is not satisfied with his response and decision. Rajesh is now in fix and is apprehending adverse remarks in his ACR, Consequent upon his refusal. This practice is against the laid down office procedures. Rajesh is perturbed. He is unsure of taking decision in the matter. (a) What are the options available with Rajesh in the above situation? (b) What are the ethical issues involved in this case? (c) Which would be the most appropriate option for Rajesh and why? (Answer in 250 words) 20

• Rajesh – Administrative Officer under pressure to maintain integrity and secure his promotion

• Reporting Officer – Holds the power to influence Rajesh’s ACR and promotion prospects

• Vendor – May benefit from preferential procurement

• Group C employees – Involved in assisting the purchase

• PSU and its employees – Impacted by adherence to financial and procurement rules

• Public and taxpayers – Expect transparent and ethical use of public funds

• Departmental Promotion Committee (DPC) – Requires honest performance evaluations

Option 1: Follow the superior’s suggestion blindly to secure his ACR Pros: 1. Ensures smooth relations with the reporting officer, reducing chances of adverse remarks in ACR. 2. Short-term career gains as immediate promotion prospects remain unaffected. Cons: 1. Violates General Financial Rules (GFRs) and sets precedent of compromising ethics for personal benefit. 2. Encourages corruption and nepotism, damaging both institutional credibility and Rajesh’s own integrity.

Option 2: Refuse outright to entertain the vendor request, escalate the matter to higher authorities Pros: 1. Demonstrates ethical courage and commitment to rules, safeguarding transparency in procurement. 2. Upholds institutional integrity and sets an example for subordinates. Cons: 1. May antagonise the superior officer, leading to biased or vindictive ACR remarks. 2. Risks professional isolation or strained working relations, impacting efficiency and future assignments.

Option 3: Comply with rules, document decisions, and transparently involve others in procurement Pros: 1. Ensures decisions remain rule-based and defensible, reducing scope for allegations of bias. 2. Documentation and involving colleagues provide accountability and safeguard against vindictive reporting. Cons: 1. Superior officer may still feel dissatisfied, leading to possible subtle career consequences. 2. Process may slow down procurement, creating friction in the workplace.

• Conflict between personal interest and public duty – Rajesh faces a clash between securing a good ACR and following rules. Eg: Choosing to reject irregular suggestions may affect his promotion.

• Misuse of discretionary authority by the reporting officer – Coercion for personal interest violates the principle of fairness and probity. Eg: Pressuring Rajesh for vendor-specific procurement.

• Procedural integrity vs informal pressures – Adhering to General Financial Rules (GFR) requires resisting unofficial influence. Eg: Preferential procurement violates public trust.

• Fear of retaliation in performance appraisal – Ethical climate weakens when officers feel they cannot act without fear. Eg: ACR bias discourages upright officers from acting fairly.

• Responsibility to set precedent for juniors – Rajesh’s action signals acceptable norms for others. Eg: Compromise here could institutionalise unethical shortcuts.

• Deontology (Kant): Duty must be performed irrespective of outcomes—Rajesh must act in accordance with rules and procedure.

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Emphasises moral character, integrity, and courage in situations of ethical pressure.

• Ethics of Responsibility (Weber): Public officials are accountable not just for intentions, but for responsible execution of duty.

• “Do not be afraid to take a stand; integrity knows no fear.”

• “Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.” – Abraham Lincoln

Q11 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program, MGNREGA was earlier known as National Rural Employment Scheme, NREGA. It is an Indian Social Welfare Program that aimed at fulfilling the “Right to Work” provisions made in the Constitution. MGNREGA was launched in 2006 under Rural Employment Sector by the Ministry of Rural Development. Main objective of the program is to give legal guarantee of wage employment to the adult members of rural households who are willing to do unskilled manual labour work subject to a maximum of 100 days per year for every household. Every rural household has the right to register under the scheme, job card is issued to the registered. Job Card holder can seek employment. State Government shall pay 25% of minimum wage for the first 30 days as compensatory daily unemployment allowance to the willing families of wage for remaining period of 90 days. MGNREGA work was undertaken by various Gram Panchayats. You have been appointed as Administrator Incharge of the District. You have been given the responsibility of monitoring MGNREGA work undertaken by various Gram Panchayats. You are also given the authority to give technical sanctions to all MGNREGA works. In one of the Panchayats in your jurisdiction, you notice that your predecessor has mismanaged the Program in terms of: (i) Money not disbursed to actual job-seekers. (ii) Muster Rolls of the Labourers not properly maintained. (iii) Mismatch between the work done and payments made. (iv) Payments made to fictitious persons. (v) Job Cards were given without looking into the need of person. (vi) Mismanagement of funds and to the extent of siphoning of funds. (vii) Approved works that never existed. (a) What is your reaction to the above situation and how do you restore the proper functioning of MGNREGA Program in this regard? (b) What actions would you initiate to solve the various issues listed above? (c) How would you deal with the above situation? (Answer in 250 words) 20

• Rural poor/job seekers – entitled to work and wages under MGNREGA

• Gram Panchayats and local officials – executing the program

• Previous administrator – potentially responsible for mismanagement

• District-level officers and audit teams – accountable for oversight

• State and Central Governments – whose policy credibility is at stake

• Taxpayers and civil society – expecting transparency and efficient use of public funds

• Deep concern and moral responsibility – The situation indicates a gross ethical and administrative failure, especially towards the most vulnerable. Eg: Denial of rightful wages is denial of livelihood and dignity.

• Immediate suspension of fresh approvals – Until the existing situation is rectified, I would pause new technical sanctions in the panchayat. Eg: Prevents further misuse of public funds.

• Initiate a time-bound fact-finding enquiry – A transparent and evidence-backed assessment to determine the extent of mismanagement. Eg: Independent teams verifying muster rolls, job cards, and financial records.

• Engage directly with beneficiaries and whistleblowers – Setting up grievance redressal camps in affected areas to hear the people’s side. Eg: Builds trust and encourages truthful reporting.

• Collaborate with social audit units and NGOs – To ensure participatory and unbiased audits of MGNREGA implementation. Eg: Community-based verification prevents future manipulation.

• (i) & (iv) Payments to fictitious or non-existent persons – Freeze suspicious accounts, refer for criminal investigation, and recover siphoned funds. Eg: Involve vigilance and cyber audit teams.

• (ii) Improper muster rolls – Make biometric attendance mandatory and cross-verify with field-level photos of work sites. Eg: Technology-based monitoring reduces forgery.

• (iii) Mismatch between work and payments – Conduct ground-level physical verification and GPS-tagging of completed works. Eg: Use of GIS platforms to validate actual work.

• (v) Arbitrary issuance of job cards – Re-verify all job cards through household surveys and cancel ineligible ones. Eg: Aadhaar-based seeding and verification mechanisms.

• (vi) Siphoning and fund diversion – Involve District Treasury for audit trails, suspend officials under Rule 14 of CCS (CCA) Rules if needed. Eg: Legal and disciplinary action deters recurrence.

• (vii) Ghost projects – Cancel non-existent projects and recover paid amounts. Consider blacklisting contractors if involved. Eg: Example from Bihar, where fake toilets under Swachh Bharat were removed post audit.

• Follow rule of law and due process – While acting swiftly, I would ensure fair hearings and legal compliance to maintain institutional credibility. Eg: Use of departmental inquiry, not arbitrary dismissal.

• Institutionalise transparency mechanisms – Enforce real-time MIS reporting, geo-tagging, and public dashboards for MGNREGA. Eg: Rajasthan’s Jan Soochna Portal as a transparency model.

• Capacity-building of Gram Panchayat staff – Many errors arise from lack of training or awareness of rules. Eg: Conduct refresher training programs on GFR and scheme guidelines.

• Involve local community in monitoring – Promote social audits, vigilance committees, and Gram Sabha oversight. Eg: Andhra Pradesh’s social audit model recognised nationally.

• Demonstrate ethical leadership and accountability – Set the tone by being visible, accessible, and transparent in my actions. Eg: Publicly commit to restoring faith in the system through regular progress reports.

• Deontology (Kant): Moral duty to uphold the law and serve the poor honestly, regardless of cost.

• Utilitarianism (Mill): The action must promote the greatest good for the greatest number—especially vulnerable rural populations.

• Rawls’ Theory of Justice: Fairness demands prioritising the needs of the least advantaged.

• Gandhian Ethics: Trusteeship and service to the poorest must be the soul of public administration.

• “The soul of India lives in its villages.” – Mahatma Gandhi

• “Public service must be more than doing a job efficiently and honestly. It must be a complete dedication to the people.” – Margaret Chase Smith

Q12 Ashok is Divisional Commissioner of one of the border districts of the North East State. A few years back, Military has taken over the neighbouring country after overthrowing the elected civil government. Civil war situation is prevailing in the country especially in last two years. However, internal situation further deteriorated due to rebel groups taking over control of certain populated areas near own border. Due to intense fight between military and rebel groups, civilian causalities has increased manifold in recent past. In the meantime, in one night Ashok got information from the local police guarding the border check post that nearly about 200-250 people mainly women and children trying to cross over to our side about the border. There are also about 10 soldiers wearing their weapons in military uniform part of this group who also wants to cross over. Women and Children are also crying and begging for help. A few of them are injured and bleeding profusely and needed immediate medical attention. The Minister concerned of the State wanted immediate report. Ashok tried to contact Home Secretary of the State but failed to do so due to poor connectivity mainly due to inclement weather.

(a) What are the options available with Ashok to cope with the situation?

(b) What are the ethical and legal dilemmas being faced by Ashok?

(d) In the present situation, what are the extra precautionary measures to be taken by the Border Guarding Police in dealing with soldiers in uniform?

(Answer in 250 words) 20

• Refugees (women and children) – seeking safety and immediate medical help

• Injured civilians – requiring urgent medical attention

• Soldiers in uniform with weapons – potential combatants attempting to cross

• Border guarding police – responsible for first response and security

• Ashok (Divisional Commissioner) – bearing responsibility for humanitarian response and security balance

• State Government and Minister concerned – accountable for policy and political implications

• Central Government and MHA – responsible for border and refugee policy

• Local communities in India – whose safety, resources, and sentiments may be affected

Option 1: Allow all 200–250 people including soldiers to cross without conditions Pros: 1. Provides immediate humanitarian relief to women, children, and injured civilians. 2. Projects India as a compassionate and responsible neighbour committed to human rights. Cons: 1. Grave national security risk—armed soldiers could infiltrate, spy, or escalate conflict on Indian soil. 2. May set a dangerous precedent, encouraging more armed groups to cross borders under cover of civilians.

Option 2: Permit entry only to civilians (women, children, injured), deny armed soldiers entry Pros: 1. Balances humanitarian duty with national security, rescuing innocents while controlling risks. 2. Aligns with international refugee principles (non-refoulement) without compromising sovereignty. Cons: 1. May provoke confrontation with armed soldiers, creating tension or violence at the border. 2. Logistical challenge in screening and separating civilians from combatants under crisis conditions.

Option 3: Provide immediate humanitarian aid at the border itself, without formal entry Pros: 1. Ensures urgent medical help and moral assistance while awaiting higher instructions. 2. Maintains border sovereignty and legal compliance, avoiding hasty entry approvals. Cons: 1. Refugees’ plight remains unresolved as long-term safety and shelter are denied. 2. May attract criticism from humanitarian groups for not offering refuge despite visible suffering. 1. awaiting higher instructions, but may not fully resolve refugees’ plight.

• Humanitarian duty vs National security – Saving innocent lives clashes with safeguarding sovereignty. Eg: Children bleeding vs risk of militant infiltration.

• Legal framework vs Moral responsibility – International law (non-refoulement) suggests protecting refugees, but domestic law restricts uncontrolled entry. Eg: No clear refugee law in India adds ambiguity.

• Immediate action vs Procedural compliance – Urgency of aid contrasts with need for higher approval. Eg: Waiting for orders risks civilian deaths.

• Neutrality vs Political implications – Any decision may be seen as taking a side in a civil war. Eg: Allowing soldiers may signal favouring rebels/military.

• Compassion vs Rule of law – Ethical obligation to save lives must align with constitutional and legal mandates.

Option 2—Allow entry to civilians while detaining/disarming soldiers is the most appropriate:

• It safeguards human life by rescuing vulnerable women, children, and injured civilians.

• It upholds national security by preventing armed combatants from crossing unchecked.

• It balances humanitarian compassion with legal prudence, aligning with Article 21 (right to life).

• It reflects utilitarian ethics—saving the greatest number while containing risk.

• It demonstrates deontological duty of protecting both sovereignty and human dignity.

Ashok must ensure soldiers are disarmed, detained securely, and higher authorities informed immediately for further instructions.

• Immediate disarmament – Weapons must be confiscated to prevent misuse.

• Segregation from civilians – Keep soldiers separate to avoid influence/intimidation.

• Identity verification – Record names, ranks, and affiliations for intelligence purposes.

• Secure detention under watch – Place soldiers in temporary holding until higher instructions.

• Inform central agencies promptly – Coordinate with MHA, MEA, and intelligence agencies for lawful handling.

• Deontology (Kant): Duty-bound to protect sovereignty and innocent lives without compromise.

• Utilitarianism (Mill): Best outcome is saving maximum lives while minimising long-term risks.

• Ethics of Care (Gilligan): Compassion towards vulnerable refugees (women, children, injured).

• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle): Ashok must demonstrate prudence, courage, and balance.

• “You cannot protect human rights by violating national security, nor national security by ignoring human rights.”

• “The true measure of any society can be found in how it treats its most vulnerable members.” – Mahatma Gandhi

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