UPSC Mains 2025 General Studies (GS) Paper 3: Complete Question-wise Synopsis and Analysis

• Distinguish between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) with special reference to India. Why is the IHDI considered a better indicator of inclusive growth? (10 M) What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met? (10 M) Explain the factors influencing the decision of the farmers on the selection of high value crops in India. (10 M) Elaborate the scope and significance of supply chain management of agricultural commodities in India. (10 M) The fusion energy programme in India has steadily evolved over the past few decades. Mention India’s contributions to the international fusion energy project – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). What will be the implications of the success of this project for the future of global energy? (10 M) How can India achieve energy independence through clean technology by 2047? How can biotechnology play a crucial role in this endeavour? (10 M) What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? What is the potential role of CCUS in tackling climate change? (10 M) Seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers is a major concern in India. What are the causes of seawater intrusion and the remedial measures to combat this hazard? (10 M) Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain. (10 M) The Government of India recently stated that Left Wing Extremism (LWE) will be eliminated by 2026. What do you understand by LWE and how are the people affected by it? What measures have been taken by the government to eliminate LWE? (10 M) Explain how the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) can be used as a tool for assessing the fiscal performance of states in India. In what way would it encourage the states to adopt prudent and sustainable fiscal policies? (15 M) Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements? In what way can the functioning and outcomes of the scheme be improved? (15 M) Examine the factors responsible for depleting groundwater in India. What are the steps taken by the government to mitigate such depletion of groundwater? (15 M) Examine the scope of the food processing industries in India. Elaborate the measures taken by the government in the food processing industries for generating employment opportunities. (15 M) How does nanotechnology offer significant advancements in the field of agriculture? How can this technology help to uplift the socio-economic status of farmers? (15 M) India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission. (15 M) Mineral resources are fundamental to the country’s economy and these are exploited by mining. Why is mining considered an environmental hazard? Explain the remedial measures required to reduce the environmental hazard due to mining. (15 M) Write a review on India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022? (15 M) What are the major challenges to internal security and peace process in the North-Eastern States? Map the various peace accords and agreements initiated by the government in the past decade. (15 M) Why is maritime security vital to protect India’s sea trade? Discuss maritime and coastal security challenges and the way forward. (15 M)

• Distinguish between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) with special reference to India. Why is the IHDI considered a better indicator of inclusive growth? (10 M)

• What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met? (10 M)

• Explain the factors influencing the decision of the farmers on the selection of high value crops in India. (10 M)

• Elaborate the scope and significance of supply chain management of agricultural commodities in India. (10 M)

• The fusion energy programme in India has steadily evolved over the past few decades. Mention India’s contributions to the international fusion energy project – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). What will be the implications of the success of this project for the future of global energy? (10 M)

• How can India achieve energy independence through clean technology by 2047? How can biotechnology play a crucial role in this endeavour? (10 M)

• What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? What is the potential role of CCUS in tackling climate change? (10 M)

• Seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers is a major concern in India. What are the causes of seawater intrusion and the remedial measures to combat this hazard? (10 M)

• Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain. (10 M)

• The Government of India recently stated that Left Wing Extremism (LWE) will be eliminated by 2026. What do you understand by LWE and how are the people affected by it? What measures have been taken by the government to eliminate LWE? (10 M)

• Explain how the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) can be used as a tool for assessing the fiscal performance of states in India. In what way would it encourage the states to adopt prudent and sustainable fiscal policies? (15 M)

• Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements? In what way can the functioning and outcomes of the scheme be improved? (15 M)

• Examine the factors responsible for depleting groundwater in India. What are the steps taken by the government to mitigate such depletion of groundwater? (15 M)

• Examine the scope of the food processing industries in India. Elaborate the measures taken by the government in the food processing industries for generating employment opportunities. (15 M)

• How does nanotechnology offer significant advancements in the field of agriculture? How can this technology help to uplift the socio-economic status of farmers? (15 M)

• India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission. (15 M)

• Mineral resources are fundamental to the country’s economy and these are exploited by mining. Why is mining considered an environmental hazard? Explain the remedial measures required to reduce the environmental hazard due to mining. (15 M)

• Write a review on India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022? (15 M)

• What are the major challenges to internal security and peace process in the North-Eastern States? Map the various peace accords and agreements initiated by the government in the past decade. (15 M)

• Why is maritime security vital to protect India’s sea trade? Discuss maritime and coastal security challenges and the way forward. (15 M)

Q1. Distinguish between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) with special reference to India. Why is the IHDI considered a better indicator of inclusive growth? (10 M)

The Human Development Index (HDI), introduced by UNDP in 1990, measures a country’s achievements in health, education, and standard of living. However, it does not account for the distribution of these outcomes. To address this gap, the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) was introduced in 2010, incorporating the dimension of inequality.

Aspect | HDI | IHDI

Concept | Measures average achievements in life expectancy, education, and income | Adjusts HDI values for inequality in distribution across dimensions

Treatment of Inequality | Ignores inequality, assumes equal access for all | Penalises inequality; higher inequality leads to lower IHDI.

Interpretive Value | Shows potential human development under perfect equality | Shows actual human development after accounting for inequality

India’s Case | HDI 2025: 0.685 (medium category) | India loses about 25% of HDI value due to inequality (especially in income & education)

• Reveals hidden disparities : Captures gender, caste, regional, and rural–urban inequalities often masked by HDI averages. Eg: Kerala and Bihar may both report gains in schooling, but inequality-adjusted scores differ sharply. Focuses on distribution, not just growth : Highlights whether progress benefits the majority or remains concentrated. Aligns with SDGs : Reflects commitments to “leave no one behind” by factoring in equity and inclusivity. Better policy guidance: Helps governments identify dimensions (health, education, income) where inequality drags development the most. Closer link to welfare: Societies with high HDI but poor IHDI (e.g., India, Brazil, South Africa) face social unrest and exclusion despite growth.

• Reveals hidden disparities : Captures gender, caste, regional, and rural–urban inequalities often masked by HDI averages. Eg: Kerala and Bihar may both report gains in schooling, but inequality-adjusted scores differ sharply.

• Focuses on distribution, not just growth : Highlights whether progress benefits the majority or remains concentrated.

• Aligns with SDGs : Reflects commitments to “leave no one behind” by factoring in equity and inclusivity.

• Better policy guidance: Helps governments identify dimensions (health, education, income) where inequality drags development the most.

• Closer link to welfare: Societies with high HDI but poor IHDI (e.g., India, Brazil, South Africa) face social unrest and exclusion despite growth.

While HDI gives a broad snapshot of development achievements, it overlooks who actually benefits. IHDI, by incorporating inequality, provides a more realistic and policy-relevant measure of inclusive growth. For India—marked by deep socio-economic divides—IHDI is indispensable to ensure that human development is not just about averages but about equitable progress for all.

Q2. What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met? (10 M)

• Export vulnerability – Indian exports face higher tariffs, stricter standards, and non-tariff barriers in key markets. Eg. US withdrawal of GSP benefits and recent 50% tariff reduced competitiveness of Indian textiles and gems.

• Fragmentation of global value chains (GVCs) – Rising protectionism disrupts India’s integration into electronics, auto, and pharma supply chains. Eg. China+1 strategy often favours Vietnam or Bangladesh over India due to ease of doing business gaps.

• Weakening multilateral dispute resolution – Paralysis of WTO Appellate Body leaves India with limited recourse against unfair trade actions.

• Bilateral pressure and asymmetry – Bilateral trade deals often involve unequal bargaining power, compelling India to make concessions on tariffs, data, or investment. Eg. Negotiations with developed partners like the EU involve demands on labour, environment, and IPR.

• Risk to employment-intensive sectors – Protectionism hits textiles, leather, and agriculture where India enjoys comparative advantage, threatening jobs and rural incomes.

• Technology and standards protectionism – Digital trade rules, carbon border taxes, and supply-chain security norms limit India’s market access. Eg. EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) may raise costs for Indian steel and aluminium exports.

• Diversification of trade partners – Strengthen South–South trade and regional groupings like IPEF, BRICS, and BIMSTEC to reduce over-reliance on the West.

• Pursue strategic FTAs – Negotiate balanced agreements with major blocs (EU, GCC) focusing on tariff reduction, mutual standards recognition, and services mobility.

• Boost domestic competitiveness – Enhance logistics, power, and digital infrastructure to attract GVC relocation; leverage schemes like PLI for scale.

• Defensive and offensive trade policy – Use anti-dumping, safeguard duties, and calibrated tariffs while promoting exports of high-value products like electronics, pharma, and renewables.

• Strengthen WTO reforms advocacy – Build coalitions with developing nations to demand revival of dispute settlement and fairer agricultural trade rules.

• Technology and sustainability alignment – Invest in green technology, carbon accounting, and digital trade frameworks to pre-empt protectionist measures like CBAM.

Q3. Explain the factors influencing the decision of the farmers on the selection of high value crops in India. (10 M)

• Profitability and market price trends – Farmers shift to crops like vegetables, cotton, or flowers when relative price returns exceed cereals.

• Market access and demand patterns – Proximity to urban centres encourages perishable crops due to assured local demand. Eg. Tomato cultivation near Bengaluru or Nashik for metropolitan markets.

• Risk-return trade-off – Farmers assess whether higher returns justify risks of perishability and price volatility.

• Soil and climate suitability – Availability of fertile soil and favourable temperature determines choice of horticulture, spices, or plantation crops. Eg. Tea in Assam, cardamom in Kerala hills.

• Water availability – Perishables and cash crops often require assured irrigation. Eg. Sugarcane in western UP and Maharashtra thrives on canal and well irrigation.

• Farm size and labour availability – Smaller plots often favour intensive high-value crops, supported by family labour.

• Government incentives and MSP coverage – Lack of MSP for most HVCs discourages diversification.

• Extension services and crop insurance – Advisory services and risk coverage promote adoption of HVCs.

• Credit and input access – Farmers with access to timely credit and quality inputs are more willing to experiment.

• Cold storage and logistics – Adequate facilities encourage cultivation of perishable crops like fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

• Processing and value chains – Presence of agro-processing units raises demand for crops like mango, chilli, or cotton.

• Digital platforms and startups – Market-linkage apps provide confidence for smallholders to diversify into high-value crops.

Q4. Elaborate the scope and significance of supply chain management of agricultural commodities in India. (10 M)

• Farm input supply and procurement – Streamlining seed, fertiliser, and credit delivery through digital platforms and cooperatives. Eg. Kisan e-mart and FPO networks linking farmers with input suppliers.

• Aggregation and storage – Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), warehouses, and cold storages allow collective marketing and reduce wastage. Eg. WDRA-accredited warehouses enable negotiable warehouse receipts.

• Processing and value addition – Agro-processing industries convert raw produce into higher-value commodities, expanding markets. Eg. Mega Food Parks for processing fruits, vegetables, and cereals.

• Transportation and logistics – Efficient road, rail, and cold-chain logistics enable timely delivery of perishable goods. Eg. Kisan Rail connects distant markets for perishables like mangoes and bananas.

• Marketing and retail linkages – Digital and organised retail chains ensure farmers’ direct access to consumers. Eg. e-NAM, BigBasket, and Ninjacart connecting farmers to urban buyers.

• Export orientation – Specialised agri-export zones, traceability, and quality certification link Indian farmers to global value chains. Eg. APEDA initiatives for mango and basmati rice exports.

• Reduction of post-harvest losses – Efficient cold chains and logistics save 15–20% of annual fruit and vegetable output otherwise wasted.

• Enhancement of farmer income – By shortening intermediaries and improving price discovery, farmers secure higher returns. Eg. Direct procurement models like Amul or Safal benefit producers.

• Stabilisation of consumer prices – SCM ensures steady supply, reducing volatility and inflation in essentials like onions and tomatoes.

• Employment and rural development – Agro-logistics and processing create off-farm jobs, aiding rural diversification. Eg. ITC e-Choupal hubs generating rural employment.

• Promotion of diversification – Reliable supply chains encourage farmers to grow high-value crops, horticulture, and perishables. Eg. Safal promoting horticulture & vegetable cultivation.

• Global competitiveness – Adopting traceability, packaging, and certification aligns Indian agriculture with export standards. Eg. GI-tagged Darjeeling tea exported to EU markets.

Q5. The fusion energy programme in India has steadily evolved over the past few decades. Mention India’s contributions to the international fusion energy project – International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). What will be the implications of the success of this project for the future of global energy? (10 M)

• Cryostat fabrication – India is building the world’s largest stainless-steel cryostat, a crucial component housing the ITER reactor. Eg. Larsen & Toubro delivered lower cylinder sections to ITER site.

• Superconducting magnet systems – India is supplying in-wall shielding blocks and superconducting cables for the magnets that control plasma. Eg. In-wall shielding blocks fabricated by Avasarala Technologies.

• Diagnostics and heating systems – Contributions include port plugs, radio-frequency heating systems, and plasma diagnostics. Eg. Indian port plugs designed for ITER vacuum vessel.

• Power supplies – India is providing steady-state power supply systems for plasma operation. Eg. Power supply packages developed with BHEL support.

• Precision manufacturing – Indian industries (L&T, BHEL, Godrej) are fabricating ultra-high precision components meeting international standards. Eg. Godrej Aerospace manufactured cryoline components.

• Human resource and R&D – Indian scientists contribute to plasma modelling, materials research, and advanced control systems. Eg. IPR teams involved in plasma turbulence simulations.

• Virtually limitless clean energy – Fusion fuel (deuterium from seawater and lithium for tritium breeding) is abundant, ensuring long-term energy security.

• Decarbonisation of energy systems – Fusion releases no greenhouse gases, supporting global climate commitments. Eg. Supports Paris Climate Agreement targets.

• Safety advantage – Unlike fission, fusion has no runaway chain reactions and produces minimal long-lived radioactive waste. Eg. No Chernobyl-like chain reactions possible.

• Reduced geopolitical energy conflicts – Energy independence reduces global reliance on fossil fuel–rich regions. Eg. Lowers Europe’s dependence on Middle East oil.

• Catalyst for advanced technologies – Breakthroughs in superconductivity, materials science, and plasma physics will spill over into other sectors. Eg. High-temperature superconductors used in MRI machines.

• Global collaboration model – ITER demonstrates collective scientific progress, setting a template for future megaprojects in clean energy and climate action. Eg. 35 countries pooling expertise in France.

Q6. How can India achieve energy independence through clean technology by 2047? How can biotechnology play a crucial role in this endeavour? (10 M)

• Deep electrification powered by renewables – Scale solar, wind, hydro and firming via batteries/pumped hydro; modernise grids for flexibility and time-of-day tariffs. Eg. Pumped-storage peaking for evening demand.

• Green hydrogen and derivatives for industry – Deploy H₂ for refineries, fertilisers, steel; develop ammonia for shipping and storage; localise electrolyser manufacturing. Eg. Green hydrogen pilots in refineries.

• Transport transition and logistics overhaul – Electrify two/three-wheelers and buses, expand metro/rail freight, enable battery swapping; use SAF for aviation. Eg. State e-bus procurement programmes.

• Relentless efficiency and demand-side management – Super-efficient appliances, heat pumps, industrial retrofits, building codes, and smart meters to curb peak load. Eg. LEDs paving way for heat pumps.

• Domestic manufacturing and critical-materials security – Scale PV, cells, batteries, wind, electrolysers; enable recycling/urban mining for Li-Ni-Co; de-risk supply chains. Eg. Battery recycling parks announced.

• Biomass and waste circularity at scale – Aggregate residues for bioenergy, 2G ethanol, bio-CNG; co-fire biomass in thermal plants; eliminate stubble burning. Eg. City gas networks using CBG.

• Finance, markets, and governance – Green bonds, blended finance, carbon markets, contracts-for-difference; distribution reforms; state transition compacts. Eg. Sovereign green bond issuances.

• Advanced biofuels from residues (2G ethanol) – Lignocellulosic pretreatment and engineered enzymes turn agri-waste into transport fuels; lignin co-products add value. Eg. Paddy-straw 2G ethanol plants.

• Bio-CNG/biomethane via anaerobic digestion – Digest municipal and agri waste; upgrade to grid-quality fuel; use digestate as bio-fertiliser to cut urea imports. Eg. SATAT-linked CBG stations.

• Algae-based biorefineries – Cultivate microalgae using CO₂ and wastewater to produce diesel/jet precursors plus high-value nutraceuticals. Eg. Algal ponds near power plants.

• Biological hydrogen pathways – Dark/photo-fermentation microbes and engineered cyanobacteria generate H₂; hybridise with electrolysis for round-the-clock output. Eg. Pilot bio-H₂ digesters.

• Synthetic biology for green molecules – Microbial cell factories making SAF, biobutanol, methanol intermediates, and bioplastics (PHA/PLA) to substitute petro-chemicals. Eg. Biobutanol in sugar mills.

• BECCS and biochar for negative emissions – Biomass-to-power with carbon capture; biochar sequesters carbon while improving soils and yields. Eg. Bagasse CHP with biochar.

• Bio-mining of critical minerals – Bioleaching extracts Li-Ni-Co from ores and battery scrap, supporting indigenous battery supply chains with lower footprints. Eg. Fungal bioleaching pilots.

• Biofertilisers and biostimulants – Nitrogen-fixers and phosphate-solubilisers reduce fertiliser energy intensity; raise farm productivity to moderate energy demand. Eg. Rhizobium consortia in pulses.

Q7. What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? What is the potential role of CCUS in tackling climate change? (10 M)

• Carbon Capture – Separation of CO₂ from flue gases using solvents, membranes, or adsorption techniques.

• Transport – Movement of compressed CO₂ through pipelines, ships, or trucks to utilisation or storage sites.

• Utilization – CO₂ is repurposed in enhanced oil recovery, production of synthetic fuels, chemicals, or building materials.

• Storage – Long-term injection of CO₂ into depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers, or basalt formations.

• India’s progress – Pilot projects by NTPC, ONGC, and BHEL for flue-gas capture, and initiatives in cement and steel sectors exploring CCUS pathways.

• Mitigation of hard-to-abate sector emissions – Cement, steel, and fertiliser industries cannot fully decarbonise through renewables; CCUS offers viable pathways. Eg. Pilot capture at cement plants in Gujarat.

• Support to coal-dependent economies – India’s coal-heavy power system can reduce emissions without abrupt shutdowns, aiding just transition. Eg. NTPC exploring capture from coal-fired units.

• Negative emissions potential – When combined with bioenergy (BECCS), CCUS can actively remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. Eg. UK’s Drax power station piloting BECCS.

• Stabilisation of global carbon budgets – Helps meet Paris Agreement goals by reducing cumulative emissions, especially in the near to medium term. Eg. IEA projects 15% emission cuts by 2050 through CCUS.

• Co-benefits of utilisation – Conversion of CO₂ into fuels, plastics, and building materials promotes circular economy and new industrial value chains. Eg. LanzaTech converting CO₂ to ethanol in refineries.

• Strategic energy security – Enables continued use of domestic fossil resources while adhering to decarbonisation commitments. Eg. India’s National CCUS Policy under draft consideration.

Q8. Seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers is a major concern in India. What are the causes of seawater intrusion and the remedial measures to combat this hazard? (10 M)

• Excessive groundwater pumping – Over-extraction lowers water table, reducing hydraulic pressure that keeps seawater at bay. Eg. Coastal Gujarat and Chennai face severe saline ingress due to urban and industrial pumping.

• Urbanisation and industrialisation pressure – Rapid growth in coastal cities increases groundwater demand, disrupting natural balance. Eg. Vishakhapatnam’s industrial clusters face aquifer salinity.

• Reduced natural recharge – Encroachment of wetlands, deforestation, and concretisation reduce percolation, weakening freshwater lens. Eg. Mumbai mangrove encroachment weakens recharge.

• Sea-level rise due to climate change – Rising seas push saline fronts inland, particularly affecting low-lying deltas. Eg. Sundarbans and Kerala backwaters are highly vulnerable.

• Seasonal variation and drought – Weak monsoons reduce recharge, while continuous pumping accelerates salinity intrusion. Eg. Drought years in Tamil Nadu worsen intrusion.

• Tectonic and geomorphic factors – Coastal geomorphology, such as porous sedimentary formations, makes some aquifers more susceptible. Eg. Krishna–Godavari delta aquifers prone to salinity.

• Controlled groundwater extraction – Enforcing pumping limits, metering, and prioritisation of critical-use zones. Eg. Gujarat’s groundwater regulation in saline belts.

• Artificial recharge and freshwater barriers – Recharge wells, percolation ponds, and injection of freshwater to maintain hydraulic balance. Eg. Managed aquifer recharge projects in Gujarat’s Saurashtra region.

• Subsurface barriers and bunds – Underground cut-off walls and subsurface dams prevent inland migration of saline water. Eg. Saurashtra’s managed aquifer recharge projects.

• Use of alternative water sources – Promoting desalination plants, treated wastewater, and surface water use to reduce dependence on groundwater. Eg. Chennai’s desalination plants easing aquifer stress.

• Land-use and watershed management – Protection of wetlands, mangroves, and watershed restoration to aid natural recharge. Eg. Odisha’s mangrove restoration aiding aquifer balance.

• Community-based management and awareness – Coastal aquifer user associations for participatory regulation and sustainable practices. Eg. Pani Panchayats in coastal Andhra regulate pumping.

Q9. Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain. (10 M)

• Cross-border terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir – Sponsored infiltration, fidayeen attacks, and radicalisation networks. Eg. Pulwama suicide bombing (2019), Pahalgam attack (2025).

• Left Wing Extremism (LWE) – Maoist groups engage in IED attacks, ambushes, and extortion targeting security forces and civilians. Eg. Dantewada Naxal attack killing CRPF jawans (2023).

• Urban/Islamist terror networks – Radicalised modules inspired by global jihadist outfits exploit urban anonymity. Eg. Indian Mujahideen-linked Bengaluru blast case (2022).

• Ethno-nationalist militancy in Northeast – Groups like ULFA (I) and NSCN factions resort to targeted killings, extortion, and bombings. Eg. Nagaland ambush on security forces.

• Lone-wolf and online radicalisation threats – Propaganda from ISIS/Al-Qaeda finds traction among vulnerable youth online. Eg. Arrest of IS-inspired modules in Kerala and Tamil Nadu (2022–24).

• Narco-terrorism and drone threats – Drug trafficking and arms smuggling linked to terror funding. Eg. Punjab border seizures of drone-dropped arms and heroin (2022–23).

• Legislative framework – Strong anti-terror laws such as Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), NIA Act, and amendments enabling seizure of terror assets. Eg. UAPA amendments (2019) designating individuals as terrorists.

• Institutional architecture – Establishment of NIA, Multi-Agency Centre (MAC), and NATGRID for intelligence sharing and coordinated investigation. Eg. NIA-led crackdown on ISIS cells (2023).

• Operational measures – Strengthened border fencing, drone surveillance, counter-infiltration grids, and use of technology in counter-terror ops. Eg. Operation Sindoor (2025) demonstrated India’s proactive deterrence posture.

• Capacity building of forces – Specialised counter-terror units like NSG, COBRA (for LWE), and counter-insurgency schools for training. Eg. COBRA battalion successes in Bastar region.

• Community outreach and de-radicalisation – Engagement with civil society, counselling of youth, and rehabilitation packages for surrendered militants. Eg. Surrender and rehab packages in J&K.

• International cooperation – Collaboration with FATF, Interpol, Quad, and bilateral agreements for intelligence exchange, terror financing crackdown, and extradition of fugitives. Eg. Extradition of Dawood aide from UAE (2023).

Q10. The Government of India recently stated that Left Wing Extremism (LWE) will be eliminated by 2026. What do you understand by LWE and how are the people affected by it? What measures have been taken by the government to eliminate LWE? (10 M)

• Ideological basis – Inspired by Marxist-Leninist-Maoist ideology aiming at revolution through armed struggle.

• Geographic spread – Active in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Madhya Pradesh. Eg. Bastar division remains a hotspot.

• Organisational structure – Operates through the CPI (Maoist) and affiliated armed cadres under a central leadership.

• Tactics used – Ambushes, IED blasts, extortion, targeted killings of security personnel and civilians. Eg. Sukma–Bijapur ambush (2021).

• Loss of life and insecurity – Civilians often caught between Maoist violence and counter-insurgency operations. Eg. Villagers in Dantewada and Gadchiroli face frequent ambush threats.

• Disruption of livelihoods – Destruction of schools, roads, and railways hampers economic activity. Eg. Blowing up railway tracks in Jharkhand-Odisha border (2025).

• Exploitation of tribals – Maoists claim to champion tribal rights but often extort resources and use locals as human shields. Eg. Recruitment of minors in Gadchiroli forests.

• Denial of governance and development – Absence of healthcare, education, and welfare in LWE-dominated regions perpetuates poverty. Eg. Lack of healthcare in Sukma interiors.

• Psychological trauma – Persistent fear and coercion erode community trust and disempower local governance institutions like panchayats. Eg. Panchayat leaders threatened in affected regions.

• Security-oriented measures – Deployment of Central Armed Police Forces (CRPF, CoBRA units), strengthening state police, and joint operations like Operation Prahar.

• Developmental initiatives – Launch of Aspirational Districts Programme, Integrated Action Plan, and special schemes for road, telecom, and banking penetration in affected areas.

• Surrender and rehabilitation policies – Incentives for Maoist cadres to surrender, offering financial aid, vocational training, and reintegration.

• Modernisation of forces and technology – Use of UAVs, satellite imagery, and mine-resistant vehicles to counter IED threats.

• Improved inter-state coordination – Unified command structures and intelligence-sharing mechanisms between centre and state governments.

• Community outreach and governance restoration – Gram Sabha empowerment, forest rights recognition, and welfare programmes to win local trust.

Q11. Explain how the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) can be used as a tool for assessing the fiscal performance of states in India. In what way would it encourage the states to adopt prudent and sustainable fiscal policies? (15 M)

• Standardized benchmarking: By using uniform metrics such as tax buoyancy, debt-to-GSDP, and fiscal deficit ratios, the Index enables cross-state comparison and objective ranking of fiscal health. Eg: Odisha topping FHI 2025 with a score of 67.8 reflects robust debt management and high capital outlay, setting a benchmark for peer states.

• Data-driven transparency: Since the Index is based on CAG audited data (FY 2022-23), it builds accountability by linking financial outcomes with statutory reporting under constitutional oversight. Eg: Under Article 149, the CAG ensures accuracy of fiscal accounts, making the FHI evidence-based rather than perception-based.

• Identification of strengths and weaknesses: The index highlights leaders in fiscal prudence and exposes states struggling with unsustainable debt, poor expenditure quality, or high deficits. Eg: Punjab’s debt-to-GSDP ratio crossing 45% (RBI 2024) reveals vulnerabilities, contrasting sharply with Odisha’s strong debt index of 99.0.

• Comprehensive framework: Unlike isolated indicators, the Index integrates revenue mobilization, expenditure prioritization, debt management, and fiscal deficit into one composite score. Eg: Five categories under FHI — including tax buoyancy and capital expenditure prioritization — provide a holistic picture of fiscal health.

• Facilitating cooperative federalism: States can learn from best practices of top performers, encouraging convergence towards efficient fiscal models without central coercion. Eg: Chhattisgarh’s coal auction revenue strategy is now being studied by other resource-rich states like Jharkhand for replication.

• Incentive for reform: Rankings act as reputational incentives, pushing states to strengthen tax collection systems and diversify non-tax revenue sources for fiscal stability. Eg: Odisha’s mining premium policy significantly raised its non-tax revenues to 21% of TRR, inspiring replication in Jharkhand.

• Promotes capital expenditure: States with higher capital outlay are ranked better, encouraging redirection of funds towards long-term developmental projects over populist revenue expenditure. Eg: Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka allocating 27% of DE to capital projects align with 15th Finance Commission’s recommendation to prioritize infrastructure.

• Adherence to FRBM discipline: FHI reinforces compliance with state-level FRBM Acts and borrowing restrictions under Article 293, discouraging fiscal profligacy. Eg: Kerala’s repeated FRBM breaches reflected in poor FHI ranking illustrate how deviation from statutory norms undermines fiscal credibility.

• Discourages populist schemes: By spotlighting fiscal deficits and debt burdens, the Index discourages politically driven but unsustainable freebies. Eg: Punjab’s high deficit due to farm loan waivers is flagged, while Gujarat’s restraint on subsidies strengthens its ranking.

• Peer learning and competition: Interstate competition ensures states experiment with innovative fiscal tools while aligning with prudent practices. Eg: Goa’s improved revenue mobilization after FHI 2025 rankings demonstrates the role of reputational incentives in driving reforms.

• Data quality and timeliness: Reliance on lagged CAG datasets may fail to capture real-time fiscal stress, limiting the Index’s immediate policy utility. Eg: The Covid-19 borrowing surge of 2020-21 was reflected with a time lag, diluting early warning signals for policymakers.

• Ignoring structural heterogeneity: Applying the same benchmarks to mineral-rich and agrarian states overlooks contextual differences in fiscal capacity. Eg: Bihar’s agrarian base cannot generate mining-linked revenues like Odisha, yet both are ranked by the same framework.

• Political resistance: States often contest rankings, citing federal autonomy and accusing the Centre of fiscal bias, limiting willingness to adopt reforms. Eg: Similar tensions were visible during the GST compensation dispute in 2020, where states opposed central evaluation of their fiscal stress.

• Limited enforcement power: As the Index is advisory and non-binding, poorly performing states face little compulsion to act on its findings beyond reputational concerns. Eg: West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, despite poor fiscal performance, have not significantly altered expenditure patterns.

• Real-time fiscal dashboards: Integrating FHI with RBI’s state finance database can provide live fiscal monitoring to supplement static annual rankings. Eg: Use of Treasury Single Account systems in some states can be linked with the FHI for better real-time assessment.

• Incentivized transfers: Finance Commissions can tie a portion of central transfers or performance grants to FHI rankings, creating direct fiscal incentives. Eg: The 15th Finance Commission’s tied grants for health and education can be extended to cover fiscal prudence scores.

• Context-sensitive evaluation: Designing differentiated benchmarks for low-income, resource-rich, and highly indebted states would make comparisons more equitable. Eg: Tailored yardsticks similar to NITI Aayog’s SDG Index regionalization can be adopted for fiscal health evaluation.

• Strengthened institutional oversight: State Public Accounts Committees under Article 151 should be empowered to deliberate on FHI findings and hold executives accountable. Eg: The Kerala PAC’s scrutiny of fiscal deficit breaches shows how legislative oversight can reinforce fiscal responsibility.

Q12. Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements? In what way can the functioning and outcomes of the scheme be improved? (15 M)

• Reducing import dependence: By targeting sectors like electronics, APIs, and solar PV, the scheme directly seeks to reduce India’s vulnerability to foreign suppliers. Eg: Mobile phone imports fell sharply with India turning into a net exporter in 2023-24, producing 33 crore units, strengthening strategic self-reliance.

• Attracting investment and technology: The scheme incentivises production-linked outcomes to bring global majors and domestic firms into advanced manufacturing. Eg: FDI inflows in manufacturing rose 69% from USD 98 bn (2004–14) to USD 165 bn (2014–24) after reforms and PLIs – DPIIT.

• Employment and ecosystem creation: By linking subsidies with expanded production, it fosters job creation across supply chains and strengthens ancillary industries. Eg: 9.5 lakh direct and indirect jobs were created by Aug 2024, projected to rise to 12 lakh by 2025.

• Constitutional alignment with self-reliance: PLI reflects Art. 39(b) and Art. 43 by ensuring equitable distribution of resources and supporting domestic industries. Eg: Drone sector PLIs boosted MSMEs and start-ups, demonstrating inclusivity in sunrise sectors (DPIIT, 2023).

• Enhancing export competitiveness: By lowering costs and expanding scale, Indian goods gain stronger foothold in global markets. Eg: PLI-driven exports crossed ₹4 lakh crore by 2024, led by electronics and pharma, improving India’s global brand (Economic Survey 2024).

• Electronics manufacturing scale-up: India emerged as a net exporter of mobile phones, reversing a decade-long deficit and expanding global presence. Eg: Exports hit 5 crore units in 2023-24 with 254% rise in FDI inflows in electronics, showing PLI’s catalytic role (MeitY, 2024).

• Pharma and medical devices: The sector strengthened global dominance, reducing import reliance on key APIs and boosting export-oriented growth. Eg: India now contributes 6% of global pharma trade, with 50% of domestic production exported, while local API units revived Penicillin G – MoHFW.

• Automotive transformation: With high incentives, India attracted investment far beyond targets, bolstering EVs and high-tech auto components. Eg: Investments worth ₹67,690 crore under Auto PLI exceeded projections, positioning India as a global EV supply hub.

• Renewable energy and solar PV: The scheme accelerated energy transition by creating massive domestic solar capacity and reducing import reliance on China. Eg: Phase-II PLI targeted 65 GW capacity with ₹19,500 crore outlay, helping India emerge as a renewable energy leader – MNRE.

• Drone manufacturing boom: MSMEs and start-ups achieved exponential growth, placing India among global leaders in new-age tech. Eg: Turnover of the drone industry rose 7-fold under PLI, generating jobs and domestic IP – DPIIT (2024).

• Rationalising sector selection: Several sectors were chosen without clear logic, diluting policy focus; sharper targeting of sunrise and strategic sectors is essential. Eg: Miheer Karandikar’s Jan 2025 study showed only 4 of 13 sectors met targets, highlighting mismatched interventions.

• Linking with R&D and innovation: Current design rewards output, not innovation, limiting long-term competitiveness in tech-intensive industries. Eg: Unlike DARPA in the US, India’s PLI lacks strong R&D procurement models, making firms scale producers but not global innovators.

• Tackling import dependence at roots: Structural issues like weak supplier ecosystems and technology gaps remain unaddressed by simple sales-linked incentives. Eg: Telecom PLI achieved 60% import substitution but only shallow local value addition, limiting real independence (TRAI, 2024).

• MSME-specific interventions: Uniform incentives do not suit small, unorganised sectors; cluster-based approaches would boost quality and integration. Eg: Thailand’s food innovation hubs integrated SMEs into supply chains, a model India could replicate for food processing PLIs.

• Deeper global value chain integration: PLI must be complemented by trade agreements, logistics reforms, and FDI attraction to lock India into global networks. Eg: Vietnam’s FTA-driven electronics sector outperformed India, showing that PLI must be backed by GVC strategies (UNCTAD).

Q13. Examine the factors responsible for depleting groundwater in India. What are the steps taken by the government to mitigate such depletion of groundwater? (15 M)

• Water-intensive cropping in semi-arid areas: Crops like paddy and sugarcane are cultivated in Punjab, Haryana, and Maharashtra despite low rainfall, placing unsustainable pressure on aquifers. Eg: Punjab uses nearly 5000 litres of water for 1 kg rice, pushing annual withdrawals to 150% of recharge (CGWB, 2023).

• Subsidised and unmetered power supply: Free or flat-rate electricity encourages farmers to operate pumps endlessly, leading to reckless groundwater extraction without cost accountability. Eg: Jyotigram Scheme in Gujarat, though designed for rural electrification, inadvertently deepened aquifer stress by enabling round-the-clock pumping (Chindarkar & Grafton, 2019).

• Urbanisation and industrial expansion: Rapid growth of cities reduces recharge through concretisation and increases demand for drinking water and industries. Eg: Bengaluru’s entire urban district is classified as over-exploited by CGWB (2024), reflecting unregulated borewell drilling and shrinking lake recharge zones.

• Climate change and erratic rainfall: Frequent droughts and rising summer temperatures force farmers to intensify irrigation demand, aggravating aquifer stress. Eg: University of Michigan study (2023) projects groundwater depletion may triple by 2080 as hotter monsoons push farmers towards pumping instead of relying on erratic rains.

• Weak regulation and fragmented governance: Groundwater is a State subject under List II, leading to fragmented laws, poor enforcement, and political reluctance to regulate farmers. Eg: Tamil Nadu’s groundwater law exempts shallow wells, creating loopholes and leaving aquifer exploitation largely unchecked.

• Shift from canals to tube wells post-Green Revolution: The expansion of private borewells replaced traditional canal irrigation, raising extraction beyond natural recharge levels. Eg: Punjab and Haryana, the Green Revolution hubs, now withdraw over 100% of their annual recharge, leading to aquifer collapse (CGWB, 2023).

• Inefficient irrigation practices: Flood irrigation remains dominant, wasting huge quantities of water through evaporation and seepage, instead of conserving through micro-irrigation. Eg: Over 70% of India’s irrigated land still relies on flood irrigation, causing high inefficiency compared to global best practices (FAO, 2021).

• State-level legislation to regulate cropping: Punjab and Haryana passed the Preservation of Sub-Soil Water Acts (2009) delaying paddy transplantation to mid-June, reducing peak-season water draw. Eg: Punjab saved nearly 2 bcm of groundwater annually after enforcing transplanting restrictions, supported by penalties for violations .

• Centrally sponsored aquifer schemes: The Atal Bhujal Yojana (2019) promotes Participatory Groundwater Management, while NAQUIM (2012 onwards) maps aquifers for informed extraction. Eg: Atal Bhujal Yojana has prepared Water Security Plans in 8,000 gram panchayats, integrating hydrogeological monitoring with community inputs (MoJS, 2023).

• Rainwater harvesting mandates: States like Delhi (2001) and Tamil Nadu (2003) mandated rooftop harvesting for new constructions, improving aquifer recharge. Eg: Tamil Nadu’s compulsory rainwater harvesting raised Chennai’s water table by up to 6 metres within five years, as per CAG’s 2008 report.

• Micro-irrigation promotion through subsidies: The PMKSY scheme encourages drip and sprinkler irrigation to improve water-use efficiency in agriculture. Eg: Maharashtra adopted drip irrigation in nearly 20% of its sugarcane farms by 2023, reducing demand and saving nearly 30-40% of water use (DACFW, 2023).

• Community-driven recharge models: Gujarat’s Sardar Patel Participatory Water Conservation Project (2000) saw farmers and NGOs build check dams with state support, boosting aquifer recharge. Eg: Over 70,000 check dams were built across Saurashtra and Kachchh by 2012, significantly improving local water tables and reducing drought distress.

• Agricultural diversification and RCTs: States incentivise shifting away from paddy to maize/cotton, and promote resource conservation technologies like laser land levelling and zero tillage. Eg: Punjab provided subsidies for short-duration rice cultivars and laser land levellers, cutting irrigation demand and enhancing water-use efficiency (Punjab PWRDA, 2020)

• Artificial recharge and watershed projects: Percolation tanks, injection wells, and watershed management have been promoted in semi-arid zones to replenish aquifers. Eg: Maharashtra’s percolation tanks in the Sina basin and Gujarat’s recharge basins in Mehsana showed measurable rises in water levels after systematic recharge.

Q14. Examine the scope of the food processing industries in India. Elaborate the measures taken by the government in the food processing industries for generating employment opportunities. (15 M)

• Agricultural value addition: India’s dominance in fruits, vegetables, milk, and cereals offers a vast raw material base to minimise post-harvest losses and expand value chains. Eg: Mango and banana processing in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra reduces wastage and supports exports.

• Contribution to GDP and industry: The sector contributes 12% to manufacturing GDP and nearly 32% of the national food market, underlining its industrial significance. Eg: Valued at US $336.4 billion, India’s food processing industry is the sixth largest globally (MoFPI 2024).

• Employment potential: Food processing is labour-intensive, employing 2.23 million in registered and 4.68 million in unregistered units, generating rural and semi-urban livelihoods. Eg: It accounts for 12.4% of organised manufacturing employment, making it a key driver of inclusive growth .

• Export growth: Processed food accounted for 20.4% of India’s agri-exports worth $49.4 billion in FY 2024–25, enhancing competitiveness in global markets. Eg: Processed marine products and rice formed the bulk of exports, boosting forex inflows (APEDA 2025).

• MSME and entrepreneurship support: About 75% of units are in the unorganised sector, enabling rural entrepreneurship and women-led enterprises. Eg: The PMFME scheme supported over 2 lakh MSMEs through credit and capacity-building (IBEF 2025).

• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY): Strengthened with an allocation of ₹6,520 crore, it supports infrastructure like Mega Food Parks, cold chains, and agro-processing clusters. Eg: 1,134 projects, including 41 Mega Food Parks and 395 cold chains, are expected to benefit 3.5 lakh farmers and create 57,000 jobs.

• PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME): Provides 35% credit-linked subsidy to micro units for formalisation and scaling. Eg: As of June 2025, 1.44 lakh proposals approved, with Bihar topping implementation by supporting 6,589 units.

• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: With an outlay of ₹10,900 crore, it promotes global-scale manufacturing and job creation (~2.5 lakh by 2026–27). Eg: Millet-based product incentives under PLISMBP (₹800 crore) strengthen employment and value-addition in nutri-cereals (MoFPI 2024).

• Skill development and R&D: NIFTEM-K and NIFTEM-T have been given Institute of National Importance status to foster research, innovation, and workforce training. Eg: These institutions trained thousands of youth in food safety and technology modules under PMKVY (MoFPI 2024).

• State-level initiatives: States are designing food processing clusters, GI-linked value chains, and fast-track approvals to attract investors. Eg: Tamil Nadu’s agro-processing clusters with PepsiCo and Dabur aim to boost farmer incomes; Punjab’s industrial approval reforms are expected to accelerate job-creating projects.

• Inadequate infrastructure: Lack of cold chains, logistics, and warehousing results in post-harvest losses of ~₹92,000 crore annually (NITI). Eg: In states like Uttar Pradesh, poor cold storage hampers potato and perishable vegetable exports.

• Fragmented supply chains: Small and marginal farmers dominate agriculture, making it difficult to aggregate produce for processing at scale. Eg: Shanta Kumar Committee highlighted inefficiencies in procurement and aggregation models.

• Regulatory and compliance hurdles: Complex FSSAI standards, GST classifications, and state-level clearances increase compliance costs for MSMEs. Eg: Small enterprises face delays in GI-based food approvals, affecting competitiveness.

• Skill and technology gaps: Limited R&D adoption, low automation, and shortage of skilled technicians hinder global competitiveness. Eg: A FICCI 2023 report flagged inadequate trained manpower in food packaging and safety testing.

Q15. How does nanotechnology offer significant advancements in the field of agriculture? How can this technology help to uplift the socio-economic status of farmers? (15 M)

• Nano-fertilisers for nutrient efficiency: Nano-urea ensures higher nitrogen use efficiency, reducing wastage and improving yields sustainably. Eg: IFFCO Nano Urea achieved 20–30% fertiliser saving with yield gains, cutting chemical burden .

• Nano-pesticides for eco-friendly protection: Nano-formulations enable controlled release, reducing overuse, residue, and pest resistance. Eg: ICAR-CICR Nagpur trials showed lower pesticide load in cotton fields with higher productivity.

• Nano-sensors for smart farming: Soil- and plant-based nanosensors allow real-time detection of nutrient deficiencies, water stress, or diseases. Eg: IIT Kanpur’s nano-biosensors (2023) monitor urea levels in soil, aiding precision input use.

• Post-harvest preservation: Nano-coatings on fruits and vegetables extend shelf life, reducing post-harvest losses. Eg: ICAR-CIPHET developed edible nano-coating, extending mango and tomato freshness by over a week.

• Water purification and stress resilience: Nanofilters and nano-particles enable cheap water purification, salinity reduction, and drought mitigation. Eg: TIFR nano-membranes purify brackish water at low cost, crucial for arid-region farmers.

• Higher incomes from input savings: Nano-urea reduces cost of cultivation while maintaining yields, enhancing smallholder profitability. Eg: One 500 ml Nano Urea bottle (₹240) replaces a conventional urea bag (₹3,000), saving input costs (Ministry of Chemicals, 2022).

• Better profitability and energy efficiency: Integrated use of nano-urea with NPK reduces fertiliser use while sustaining yields, improving net returns. Eg: Maize farmers using N75PK + nano-urea achieved same yields with 25% less nitrogen, boosting profits (ICAR, 2024).

• Improved market access through quality produce: Nano-coatings ensure longer shelf life and export readiness of perishables. Eg: Maharashtra’s mango exports to the Middle East (2023) succeeded with nano-coating technology, reducing spoilage.

• Inclusive access to technology: Affordable nano inputs and drone-based spraying democratise precision farming. Eg: UP’s 2025 drone spraying pilots covered 3–12 acres/hour with nano urea, helping small farmers save time and labour.

• Environmental sustainability and long-term livelihoods: Reduced chemical usage lowers soil degradation and health risks, improving resilience of farm households. Eg: NITI Aayog’s Technology Vision 2035 highlighted nano-pesticides’ role in reducing toxic exposure for rural families.

• Mixed yield results: Studies like Punjab Agricultural University (2024) showed wheat and paddy yields fell by 13–21% when relying solely on nano urea.

• Adoption barriers: Despite 365 lakh bottles sold in FY 24-25 (47% YoY rise), overall adoption remains modest, reflecting farmer hesitation.

• Regulatory and equity concerns: Safety, affordability, and training need attention to avoid widening rural disparities.

Q16. India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission. (15 M)

• High capital intensity: Semiconductor fabs require $8–10 billion upfront investment, making them risky without assured demand and partners. Eg: The Vedanta–Foxconn and Adani–Tower projects stalled in 2023–25 due to financing and technology tie-up issues .

• Incomplete supply chain: India depends on imports for silicon wafers, specialty gases, photomasks, and EUV tools, limiting strategic autonomy. Eg: Jefferies (2025) noted that despite chemical hubs in Dahej, India lacks semiconductor-grade supply chains, making fabs reliant on imports.

• Talent shortage in manufacturing: While India has 20% of global chip design engineers, it lacks fabrication-ready skills in material science and nanotechnology. Eg: NASSCOM (2023) flagged a shortage of 250,000 professionals for chip design and manufacturing roles.

• Resource and infrastructure constraints: Fabs require uninterrupted power and millions of litres of ultra-pure water per day, challenging India’s utilities. Eg: India’s Mysuru fab (2022 policy projection) estimated water needs of 10–15 million litres daily, similar to Taiwan’s 2021 drought-hit fabs.

• Global strategic headwinds: Export controls restrict access to EUV lithography machines and advanced process nodes. Eg: ASML, under US-EU export curbs, cannot supply EUV machines to India or China (ASML, 2024).

• Policy execution delays: Despite incentives, long approval cycles, land acquisition hurdles, and shifting policies slow investor confidence. Eg: Kelkar Committee earlier flagged policy uncertainty as a barrier for high-tech industries in India.

• Geopolitical dependence on demand centres: India accounts for only 6.5% of global semiconductor consumption, limiting economies of scale compared to China or the US. Eg: Global demand concentration makes India’s fabs heavily dependent on export linkages .

• Fiscal support for fabs and OSATs: ISM (2021) provides up to 50% of project cost for semiconductor fabs, display fabs, and ATMP/OSAT facilities. Eg: Micron’s ₹22,500 crore ATMP facility in Sanand, Gujarat, approved in 2023, is under construction.

• Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme: Offers financial support for chip design, EDA tools, and prototyping, aimed at startups and MSMEs. Eg: DLI provides up to ₹15 crore per company, nurturing domestic chip design ecosystem.

• Cluster-based infrastructure: ISM promotes semiconductor hubs with common testing, packaging, and R&D labs to reduce costs. Eg: The Dholera Special Investment Region in Gujarat was chosen for Tata’s ₹91,000 crore fab project.

• Strategic partnerships: ISM pushes for global alliances while ensuring Indian participation for value addition. Eg: CG Power with Renesas (Japan) and Stars Microelectronics (Thailand) is setting up a ₹7,600 crore ATMP unit in Sanand .

• Next-gen focus (ISM 2.0): The government is prioritising Silicon Carbide (SiC) wafer manufacturing for EVs, 5G, and renewable energy. Eg: Chip Mission 2.0 to emphasise SiC wafer fabs as announced in August 2025.

• Skilling and R&D ecosystem: The Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre (BSRC) at IIT Madras will anchor R&D and talent development. Eg: BSRC, modelled on IMEC (Belgium), aims to make India a hub for semiconductor research .

• Wider pipeline of approved units: As of 2025, 10 semiconductor projects across six states have been approved, covering fabs, ATMP, display units, and compound semiconductor plants. Eg: Tata’s ₹27,000 crore TSAT facility in Assam, Micron’s ATMP in Gujarat, and Kaynes’ OSAT in Karnataka are already under implementation.

Q17. Mineral resources are fundamental to the country’s economy and these are exploited by mining. Why is mining considered an environmental hazard? Explain the remedial measures required to reduce the environmental hazard due to mining. (15 M)

• Industrial backbone: Minerals power steel, cement, power generation, and EV manufacturing, ensuring economic resilience. Eg: Coal supplies 55% of India’s energy (CEA 2024), sustaining power security.

• Strategic minerals: New reserves of lithium, vanadium, and rare earths are vital for India’s clean energy transition. Eg: 5.9 million tonnes of lithium reserves found in J&K (GSI, 2023) enhance India’s EV and battery security.

• Employment generator: Mining directly and indirectly sustains millions, particularly in tribal belts. Eg: Mining equipment sector could add 20 million jobs by 2030 (IBEF 2024).

• Regional development: Mining spurs infrastructure and social amenities in backward regions. Eg: Chhattisgarh derives 9.38% of its GSDP from mining, while also leading in forest cover gains (TOI 2025).

• Export and forex: Mineral exports contribute significantly to India’s trade balance. Eg: Odisha and Goa’s iron ore exports remain critical for forex earnings.

• Deforestation and biodiversity loss: Open-cast mining causes forest diversion and habitat fragmentation. Eg: Hasdeo Arand coal blocks in Chhattisgarh threaten elephant corridors despite ecological sensitivity.

• Land degradation and displacement: Overburden dumps erode soil and displace tribal communities. Eg: Samatha vs State of Andhra Pradesh (1997 SC) upheld Scheduled Tribe land rights against indiscriminate mining.

• Water pollution: Acid mine drainage and heavy metals pollute rivers and aquifers. Eg: Goa’s Mandovi and Zuari rivers suffered severe iron ore contamination (Shah Commission, 2012).

• Air pollution and health risks: Dust, particulates, and toxic gases increase respiratory diseases. Eg: ICMR 2023 study found high pneumoconiosis prevalence in Jharkhand’s Jharia coal belt.

• Climate change impact: Coal and lignite mining emits methane, worsening global warming. Eg: IEA 2023 estimates Indian coal mines emit ~1.1 Mt methane annually.

• Regulatory enforcement: Strict adherence to EIA 2006, NGT directions, and Article 21’s “right to clean environment”. Eg: NGT 2023 suspended illegal sand mining in Yamuna riverbeds, citing Article 21 violations.

• Sustainable mining practices: Backfilling, eco-restoration, and circular economy methods reduce ecological footprint. Eg: NMDC Donimalai iron ore mines restored degraded land through afforestation.

• Community benefit funds: Strengthen District Mineral Foundation (DMF) to ensure welfare in mining districts. Eg: Odisha DMF 2024 allocated ₹12,000 crore for tribal health, education, and environment restoration.

• Monitoring and reforms: Adopt Kasturirangan Committee (2018) proposals for transparent auctions and strict compliance. Eg: Goa resumed iron ore mining with production caps post-Shah Commission reforms.

• Technological innovation: Drone surveillance, IoT-based safety devices, and low-emission beneficiation improve sustainability. Eg: Coal India’s 2023 drone monitoring curbed illegal mining and tracked land reclamation.

Q18. Write a review on India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022? (15 M)

• Emissions intensity reduction: India pledged to reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33–35% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels, balancing growth with mitigation. Eg: By 2016, India achieved a 24% reduction, as per MoEFCC’s Biennial Update Report (2021), showing early progress.

• Non-fossil energy target: Committed to achieving 40% of installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030, signalling a renewable transition. Eg: According to CEA (2021), India met this goal nine years early, with renewable + nuclear crossing 40%.

• Carbon sink creation: Targeted 2.5–3 billion tonnes CO₂ equivalent additional carbon sink by 2030, mainly through afforestation. Eg: By 2019, India’s forests and tree cover sequestered about 1.97 billion tonnes CO₂ eq., highlighting steady gains.

• Net zero by 2070: India declared a net zero target for 2070, asserting equity and CBDR principles. Eg: PM Modi’s Glasgow announcement (2021) marked a historic shift, gaining global recognition.

• Renewable capacity expansion: Pledged to reach 500 GW of non-fossil capacity by 2030, ensuring 50% of electricity capacity from renewables. Eg: As per MNRE (2024), India already has 180 GW renewables, showing strong momentum.

• Enhanced emissions intensity target: Increased ambition to reduce GDP emissions intensity by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels. Eg: Formalised in the UNFCCC submission (2022) as part of the updated NDC.

• Carbon reduction pledge: India committed to cut 1 billion tonnes of projected CO₂ emissions by 2030, reshaping its trajectory. Eg: IEA (2023) acknowledged this as a critical step in global decarbonisation pathways.

• LiFE initiative: Introduced Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) to promote citizen-driven sustainable behaviour. Eg: Endorsed at COP27 (2022, Egypt) as a replicable global model.

• Higher emissions intensity reduction: Updated target to 45% reduction by 2030 (2005 baseline), raising ambition from Paris commitments. Eg: Notified to UNFCCC in Aug 2022.

• Non-fossil share expansion: Committed that 50% of installed power capacity will come from non-fossil sources by 2030, up from 40%. Eg: Already at 43% by 2024, as per CEA data, showing steady progress.

• Afforestation goal reaffirmed: Retained pledge of 2.5–3 billion tonnes CO₂ sink by 2030. Eg: Linked with Bonn Challenge pledge to restore 26 million ha of degraded land by 2030.

• Adaptation and resilience emphasis: Prioritised climate-resilient agriculture, water, and health systems, alongside mitigation. Eg: Supported by National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (2022).

• Finance and technology needs: Reiterated demand for climate finance, tech transfer, and capacity building, linked to global equity. Eg: Standing Committee on Finance (2021) supported India’s push for its fair share of the $100 billion annual climate fund.

• Energy dependence on coal: Over 55% of power generation in 2024 still comes from coal, making transition to 500 GW renewables a huge challenge. Eg: CEA reports highlight rising electricity demand, locking India into coal for reliability.

• Climate finance gaps: India needs over $10 trillion till 2070 for net zero transition, but promised international finance of $100 billion annually has not materialised. Eg: OECD (2022) reported climate finance mobilisation at only $83 billion globally, short of target.

• Implementation bottlenecks: Afforestation, EV adoption, and renewable integration face delays due to land availability, grid capacity, and state-level governance challenges. Eg: CAG report (2022) flagged underutilisation of CAMPA funds meant for afforestation programmes.

Q19. What are the major challenges to internal security and peace process in the North-Eastern States? Map the various peace accords and agreements initiated by the government in the past decade. (15 M)

• Multiplicity of insurgent groups: Presence of groups like NSCN (IM), ULFA (I), Meitei insurgents, and Kuki armed groups creates fragmented negotiations. Eg: Over 400 active insurgent cadres arrested in NE in 2023 (MHA 2024), reflecting persisting militancy.

• Ethnic and communal conflicts: Deep-rooted ethnic rivalries and territorial claims destabilise peace. Eg: Kuki–Meitei conflict in Manipur (2023) displaced 60,000 people and exposed fault lines of ethnic federalism.

• Cross-border militancy and porous borders: Proximity to Myanmar, Bangladesh, and China facilitates arms trafficking, drug smuggling, and safe havens for rebels. Eg: Sagaing region of Myanmar shelters NE insurgent camps, complicating peace processes.

• AFSPA and militarisation: Prolonged imposition of AFSPA has caused alienation and human rights concerns. Eg: AFSPA partially withdrawn in 2022 from Assam, Nagaland, and Manipur, but still covers parts of Arunachal Pradesh.

• Illegal migration and demographic pressures: Unregulated inflows from Bangladesh alter demographics, sparking social tensions. Eg: Assam NRC and CAA debates (2019–2020) reignited ethnic insecurity among indigenous groups.

• Development deficit and governance failure: Poor infrastructure, unemployment, and corruption alienate youth. Eg: Second ARC Report on Public Order (2008) highlighted governance vacuum as a key driver of insurgency.

• Narcotics and arms trade: Golden Triangle proximity fuels narco-terrorism, financing militant groups. Eg: Manipur seizures of heroin worth ₹3,000 crore (2024, NCB) underline the link between drugs and insurgency.

• Bodo Peace Accord (2020): Signed with NDFB factions, Bodo organisations, and Assam govt, providing more autonomy under the Sixth Schedule BTC and rehabilitation of cadres. Eg: 1,550 cadres surrendered arms, strengthening Bodoland Territorial Council .

• Bru–Reang Agreement (2020): Tripartite pact to resettle 37,000 displaced Brus permanently in Tripura with ₹600 crore package. Eg: Ended a 23-year refugee crisis, ensuring housing, schools, and healthcare.

• Karbi Anglong Accord (2021): Accord with six Karbi armed outfits for surrender of 1,040 militants and creation of an empowered Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council. Eg: ₹1,000 crore development package announced.

• NLFT Tripura Accord (2019): Ensured surrender of 88 NLFT cadres with rehabilitation and economic support measures. Eg: Marked return of NLFT to mainstream democratic politics.

• NSCN (IM) Framework Agreement (2015): Historic pact to settle Naga insurgency, recognising “unique history of Nagas.” Still under negotiation with NNPGs. Eg: 2023–24 saw renewed talks mediated by interlocutor A.K. Mishra, though final accord is pending.

• Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreements: Temporary ceasefires with Kuki and Zomi armed groups in Manipur to prevent escalation while dialogue continues. Eg: 25 Kuki insurgent groups under SoO since 2008, renewed periodically (MHA 2024).

• Assam Peace Initiatives (2022–23): Surrender of ULFA(I) cadres, Dimasa National Liberation Army, and Adivasi armed groups under tripartite agreements. Eg: 1,100 Adivasi cadres laid down arms in Guwahati, 2022, securing rehabilitation packages.

Q20. Why is maritime security vital to protect India’s sea trade? Discuss maritime and coastal security challenges and the way forward. (15 M)

• Protection of critical sea lanes: India’s trade, including energy imports, moves through chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz and Malacca Strait, making secure passage essential. Eg: Around 80% of India’s crude oil imports transit through the Strait of Hormuz (MoPNG, 2023).

• Safeguarding blue economy potential: Fisheries, offshore energy, and shipping together form the core of India’s blue economy strategy, dependent on secure maritime zones. Eg: The Blue Economy Policy Framework 2021 estimated a contribution of 4% to GDP from coastal and ocean resources.

• Ensuring energy security: India imports over 85% of its crude oil, most of which arrives via maritime routes, making naval security critical. Eg: Disruptions in the Red Sea (2024) raised India’s freight costs by over 40%, underlining vulnerabilities in sea trade routes (DG Shipping report, 2024).

• Supporting global supply chains: India’s participation in global value chains requires reliable shipping security to avoid trade disruptions. Eg: The Houthi attacks on vessels in the Red Sea in early 2024 disrupted Indian exports to Europe, forcing rerouting around Africa.

• Strategic autonomy in IOR: Securing sea trade strengthens India’s claim as the “net security provider” in the IOR, consistent with the doctrine of SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region). Eg: Indian Navy’s Mission SAGAR deployments to Maldives and East Africa (2020–22) showcased its role in regional stability.

• Piracy and armed robbery at sea: Despite decline in Somali piracy, incidents persist near Gulf of Aden and West Africa, threatening Indian shipping. Eg: Indian warship INS Sumitra foiled two piracy attempts in Gulf of Aden in January 2024.

• Terrorism and infiltration threats: Coastal areas remain vulnerable after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, with risks of infiltration by sea. Eg: The Pradhan Committee (2009) highlighted lapses in multi-agency coordination during 26/11.

• Smuggling and trafficking: India’s porous coastline is exploited for gold, narcotics, and human trafficking networks. Eg: In 2023, DRI seized drugs worth ₹21,000 crore from a vessel off Gujarat coast.

• Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing: Overfishing by foreign trawlers threatens India’s marine resources and livelihood security. Eg: The FAO (2022) flagged Indian Ocean as one of the most vulnerable zones to IUU fishing.

• Geopolitical tensions and Chinese naval presence: China’s expanding PLA Navy footprint in IOR and “String of Pearls” bases threatens Indian maritime dominance. Eg: Chinese surveillance vessel Yuan Wang docked in Sri Lanka in 2022 despite Indian objections.

• Climate and environmental risks: Rising sea levels and cyclones endanger coastal infrastructure, ports, and naval facilities. Eg: Cyclone Michaung (2023) disrupted port operations at Chennai and Krishnapatnam for over a week.

• Coordination and governance gaps: Multiple agencies like Navy, Coast Guard, Customs, and Marine Police often face duplication of roles and weak intelligence sharing. Eg: The 2011 Naresh Chandra Committee recommended creation of a National Maritime Authority for better coordination.

• Institutional strengthening: Establish a National Maritime Security Coordinator under the NSA for unified command, as recommended by the Group of Ministers (2001). Eg: In 2021, GoI appointed the first National Maritime Security Coordinator to streamline coordination across 16 ministries.

• Technological upgrades: Expand the Coastal Radar Chain Network, use AI-enabled satellite surveillance, and improve Automatic Identification Systems. Eg: Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in Gurugram, operational since 2014, provides real-time monitoring.

• Capacity building of coastal states: Strengthen Marine Police under the Coastal Security Scheme with better training and equipment. Eg: Phase III of the scheme (2022–25) allocated ₹1,500 crore to upgrade coastal security infrastructure (MHA, 2022).

• International cooperation: Deepen ties with QUAD, IORA, and Indian Ocean Naval Symposium for joint patrols and intelligence sharing. Eg: India-US Malabar Exercises (2023) included Australia and Japan, strengthening interoperability in Indo-Pacific waters.

• Blue economy integration: Link maritime security with Sagarmala and PM Gati Shakti for safe, sustainable port-led development. Eg: India’s Port-led Development Vision under Sagarmala has invested ₹6.5 lakh crore in 802 projects (MoPSW).

• Legal reforms: Update the Maritime Zones of India Act (1976) and Coastal Regulation Zone rules to address new threats like cyberattacks on ports. Eg: The 2021 Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 roadmap proposed new frameworks for port cyber resilience. Community participation: Integrate coastal communities as “force multipliers” through schemes like Sagar Suraksha Dal. Eg: Kerala’s participatory fisherfolk watch programme post-2018 floods strengthened coastal disaster resilience.

• Community participation: Integrate coastal communities as “force multipliers” through schemes like Sagar Suraksha Dal. Eg: Kerala’s participatory fisherfolk watch programme post-2018 floods strengthened coastal disaster resilience.

All Question Papers & Analysis

For a complete set of UPSC Mains 2025 Question Papers – including Essay, General Studies (GS 1–4), Optional Subjects, and Language Papers – along with detailed analysis, visit the consolidated article here:

🔗 Click Here – All UPSC Mains 2025 Papers & Analysis

Get instant updates on UPSC Mains 2025 Question Papers, Answer Keys, Analysis, and Toppers’ Guidance directly on your phone. Join our Telegram community of serious aspirants and never miss an update.

• Our Official Facebook Page HERE

• Follow our Instagram Account HERE