UPSC Insta–DART (Daily Aptitude and Reasoning Test) 5 Oct 2024

Considering the alarming importance of CSAT in UPSC CSE Prelims exam and with enormous requests we received recently, InsightsIAS has started Daily CSAT Test to ensure students practice CSAT Questions on a daily basis. Regular Practice would help one overcome the fear of CSAT too.We are naming this initiative as Insta– DART – Daily Aptitude and Reasoning Test. We hope you will be able to use DART to hit bull’s eye in CSAT paper and comfortably score 100+ even in the most difficult question paper that UPSC can give you in CSP-2021. Your peace of mind after every step of this exam is very important for us.

Looking forward to your enthusiastic participation (both in sending us questions and solving them on daily basis on this portal).

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question In our society car sales work goes against the norms of trust in human relations. Customers are aware that salespersons are trained in impression management techniques based on empathy to win confidence or on aggressive intimidation to overcome resistance to high prices. In addition, the car business is unstable; the salesman and customers will probably never see each other again. This makes for transient relationships and an environment where the building of trust is problematic. In fact, throughout the whole social structure of sales interactions, there is little trust. Researchers find that persons who enter this occupation cope with dishonesty, distrust, and immoral dealings in various ways. One way is to concentrate on monetary goals as a measure of success and status. A second way is to suppress reflections on the unethical tasks they perform. A third way is to claim innocence through apparent unawareness of illicit doings. A fourth way is to claim, one merely followed orders. And lastly, workers blame the recipients or victims of their services for negative interactions. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: It is not possible for sales persons to fool car customers. Improved trust between the salesman and the customer can help boost the car business. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Answer: Option (d) Explanation: Assumption 1 is invalid. The lines, “Customers are aware that salespersons are trained in impression management techniques based on empathy to win confidence or on aggressive intimidation to overcome resistance to high prices” might seem to support the given assumption, but it is not correct as the assumption is regarding the possibility of fooling customers, which is always possible. To say that since customers are aware of the impression management techniques, they cannot be fooled, would be an extreme claim to make. So, this is not a correct assumption. Assumption 2 is invalid. The relation between trust and car sales is provided in the lines, “In addition, the car business is unstable; the salesman and customers will probably never see each other again. This makes for transient relationships and an environment where the building of trust is problematic.” However, to assume that improved trust will translate into more sales would not be correct because we do not know all the factors contributing towards the unstable car business. Incorrect Answer: Option (d) Explanation: Assumption 1 is invalid. The lines, “Customers are aware that salespersons are trained in impression management techniques based on empathy to win confidence or on aggressive intimidation to overcome resistance to high prices” might seem to support the given assumption, but it is not correct as the assumption is regarding the possibility of fooling customers, which is always possible. To say that since customers are aware of the impression management techniques, they cannot be fooled, would be an extreme claim to make. So, this is not a correct assumption. Assumption 2 is invalid. The relation between trust and car sales is provided in the lines, “In addition, the car business is unstable; the salesman and customers will probably never see each other again. This makes for transient relationships and an environment where the building of trust is problematic.” However, to assume that improved trust will translate into more sales would not be correct because we do not know all the factors contributing towards the unstable car business.

#### 1. Question

In our society car sales work goes against the norms of trust in human relations. Customers are aware that salespersons are trained in impression management techniques based on empathy to win confidence or on aggressive intimidation to overcome resistance to high prices. In addition, the car business is unstable; the salesman and customers will probably never see each other again. This makes for transient relationships and an environment where the building of trust is problematic. In fact, throughout the whole social structure of sales interactions, there is little trust. Researchers find that persons who enter this occupation cope with dishonesty, distrust, and immoral dealings in various ways. One way is to concentrate on monetary goals as a measure of success and status. A second way is to suppress reflections on the unethical tasks they perform. A third way is to claim innocence through apparent unawareness of illicit doings. A fourth way is to claim, one merely followed orders. And lastly, workers blame the recipients or victims of their services for negative interactions.

• Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

• It is not possible for sales persons to fool car customers.

• Improved trust between the salesman and the customer can help boost the car business.

Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

• c) Both 1 and 2

• d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: Option (d)

Explanation:

• Assumption 1 is invalid. The lines, “Customers are aware that salespersons are trained in impression management techniques based on empathy to win confidence or on aggressive intimidation to overcome resistance to high prices” might seem to support the given assumption, but it is not correct as the assumption is regarding the possibility of fooling customers, which is always possible. To say that since customers are aware of the impression management techniques, they cannot be fooled, would be an extreme claim to make. So, this is not a correct assumption.

Assumption 2 is invalid. The relation between trust and car sales is provided in the lines, “In addition, the car business is unstable; the salesman and customers will probably never see each other again. This makes for transient relationships and an environment where the building of trust is problematic.” However, to assume that improved trust will translate into more sales would not be correct because we do not know all the factors contributing towards the unstable car business.

Answer: Option (d)

Explanation:

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question Which of the following is/are the most rational and logical inference/inferences that can be drawn from the passage? It is not possible to perform well in sales via dishonesty and distrust. Some salesmen may prefer duty over morality. Select the correct answer from the code given below: a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Answer: Option (b) Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. The lines, “Researchers find that persons who enter this occupation cope with dishonesty, distrust, and immoral dealings in various ways”, support the argument that people are doing sales even with dishonesty and distrust, but they cope in different ways. However, we cannot infer from the information given in the passage that people cannot do sales with dishonesty and distrust. Statement 2 is correct. The given inference is based on the line “A fourth way is to claim, one merely followed orders.” It reflects the reasoning or coping ways adopted by salespeople, that they must do sales even with dishonesty or distrust. So, one can infer that some of them may value duty over morality and hence this inference is correct. Incorrect Answer: Option (b) Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. The lines, “Researchers find that persons who enter this occupation cope with dishonesty, distrust, and immoral dealings in various ways”, support the argument that people are doing sales even with dishonesty and distrust, but they cope in different ways. However, we cannot infer from the information given in the passage that people cannot do sales with dishonesty and distrust. Statement 2 is correct. The given inference is based on the line “A fourth way is to claim, one merely followed orders.” It reflects the reasoning or coping ways adopted by salespeople, that they must do sales even with dishonesty or distrust. So, one can infer that some of them may value duty over morality and hence this inference is correct.

#### 2. Question

Which of the following is/are the most rational and logical inference/inferences that can be drawn from the passage?

• It is not possible to perform well in sales via dishonesty and distrust.

• Some salesmen may prefer duty over morality.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

• c) Both 1 and 2

• d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: Option (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The lines, “Researchers find that persons who enter this occupation cope with dishonesty, distrust, and immoral dealings in various ways”, support the argument that people are doing sales even with dishonesty and distrust, but they cope in different ways. However, we cannot infer from the information given in the passage that people cannot do sales with dishonesty and distrust.

• Statement 2 is correct. The given inference is based on the line “A fourth way is to claim, one merely followed orders.” It reflects the reasoning or coping ways adopted by salespeople, that they must do sales even with dishonesty or distrust. So, one can infer that some of them may value duty over morality and hence this inference is correct.

Answer: Option (b)

Explanation:

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question In criminal cases, the availability of readable fingerprints is often critical in establishing evidence of a major crime. It is necessary, therefore, to follow proper procedures when taking fingerprints. In major cases, prints should be obtained from all persons who may have touched areas associated with a crime scene, for elimination purposes. The main idea of the paragraph is that a) because fingerprints are so important in many cases, it is important to follow the correct course in taking them. b) all fingerprints found at a crime scene should be taken and thoroughly investigated. c) if the incorrect procedure is followed in gathering fingerprints, the ones taken may be useless. d) the first step in investigating fingerprints is to eliminate those of non-suspects. Correct Answer: Option (a) Explanation: Option (a) is correct. This idea is expressed in two of the three sentences in the passage and sums up the overall meaning of the passage. Incorrect Answer: Option (a) Explanation: Option (a) is correct. This idea is expressed in two of the three sentences in the passage and sums up the overall meaning of the passage.

#### 3. Question

In criminal cases, the availability of readable fingerprints is often critical in establishing evidence of a major crime. It is necessary, therefore, to follow proper procedures when taking fingerprints. In major cases, prints should be obtained from all persons who may have touched areas associated with a crime scene, for elimination purposes.

The main idea of the paragraph is that

• a) because fingerprints are so important in many cases, it is important to follow the correct course in taking them.

• b) all fingerprints found at a crime scene should be taken and thoroughly investigated.

• c) if the incorrect procedure is followed in gathering fingerprints, the ones taken may be useless.

• d) the first step in investigating fingerprints is to eliminate those of non-suspects.

Answer: Option (a)

Explanation:

• Option (a) is correct. This idea is expressed in two of the three sentences in the passage and sums up the overall meaning of the passage.

Answer: Option (a)

Explanation:

• Option (a) is correct. This idea is expressed in two of the three sentences in the passage and sums up the overall meaning of the passage.

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question Most net-zero emission (NZE) routes for steel and cement production are not yet commercially available, according to a new report. This is despite a few companies in the automotive sector committing themselves to use ‘green steel’ — manufacturing of steel with technologies that limit emissions — from 2025. Solar and wind energy units require more steel, aluminium and in some cases, cement per unit of capacity than fossil fuel-based generating technologies, highlighted the Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 report. The document was released January 12, 2023, by the intergovernmental organisation International Energy Agency. In order to manufacture technologies for renewable energy production, the steel and cement industry must target around 130 megatonnes (Mt) of primary steel and 370 Mt of cement production by 2030, the report said. Among certain project assessments that the researchers consider likely to achieve near-zero emission production immediately, they found only 10 per cent preparation towards a decarbonising effort for primary steel and 3 per cent for cement. These projects are mainly in Europe and North America, but demand grows most in emerging markets and developing economies, pointing to the need for increased international cooperation, the document observed on net-zero scenario projections. Key technologies such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage for cement and steel industries and hydrogenbased steel manufacturing are still in prototype and demonstration stages. “Experience shows that the innovation process usually takes 20 to 70 years from prototype to commercialisation, with large-scale process technologies taking typically longer than small modular technologies,” the report said. The NZE Scenario requires a shortening of innovation cycles, which can be partially achieved by improving the commercial advantage of clean energy technologies. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the above passage? Steel and cement production must increase in order to manufacture technologies for renewable energy production. From prototype to commercialization, the innovation process can take decades. Select the correct answer using the codes given below. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Answer: Option (c) Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. The report released by the IEA highlights the manufacturing technologies for renewable energy production. The passage says, “Solar and wind energy units require more steel, aluminium and in some cases, cement per unit of capacity than fossil fuel-based generating technologies, highlighted the Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 report”. Statement 2 is correct. The passage says that technologies like carbon capture are still in demonstration stages and their prototypes are under assessment. From a prototype to making it a commercially viable business model will require decades. Incorrect Answer: Option (c) Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. The report released by the IEA highlights the manufacturing technologies for renewable energy production. The passage says, “Solar and wind energy units require more steel, aluminium and in some cases, cement per unit of capacity than fossil fuel-based generating technologies, highlighted the Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 report”. Statement 2 is correct. The passage says that technologies like carbon capture are still in demonstration stages and their prototypes are under assessment. From a prototype to making it a commercially viable business model will require decades.

#### 4. Question

Most net-zero emission (NZE) routes for steel and cement production are not yet commercially available, according to a new report. This is despite a few companies in the automotive sector committing themselves to use ‘green steel’ — manufacturing of steel with technologies that limit emissions — from 2025. Solar and wind energy units require more steel, aluminium and in some cases, cement per unit of capacity than fossil fuel-based generating technologies, highlighted the Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 report. The document was released January 12, 2023, by the intergovernmental organisation International Energy Agency. In order to manufacture technologies for renewable energy production, the steel and cement industry must target around 130 megatonnes (Mt) of primary steel and 370 Mt of cement production by 2030, the report said. Among certain project assessments that the researchers consider likely to achieve near-zero emission production immediately, they found only 10 per cent preparation towards a decarbonising effort for primary steel and 3 per cent for cement. These projects are mainly in Europe and North America, but demand grows most in emerging markets and developing economies, pointing to the need for increased international cooperation, the document observed on net-zero scenario projections. Key technologies such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage for cement and steel industries and hydrogenbased steel manufacturing are still in prototype and demonstration stages. “Experience shows that the innovation process usually takes 20 to 70 years from prototype to commercialisation, with large-scale process technologies taking typically longer than small modular technologies,” the report said. The NZE Scenario requires a shortening of innovation cycles, which can be partially achieved by improving the commercial advantage of clean energy technologies.

Which of the following statements can be inferred from the above passage?

• Steel and cement production must increase in order to manufacture technologies for renewable energy production.

• From prototype to commercialization, the innovation process can take decades.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

• c) Both 1 and 2

• d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: Option (c)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct. The report released by the IEA highlights the manufacturing technologies for renewable energy production. The passage says, “Solar and wind energy units require more steel, aluminium and in some cases, cement per unit of capacity than fossil fuel-based generating technologies, highlighted the Energy Technology Perspectives 2023 report”.

• Statement 2 is correct. The passage says that technologies like carbon capture are still in demonstration stages and their prototypes are under assessment. From a prototype to making it a commercially viable business model will require decades.

Answer: Option (c)

Explanation:

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question Since its introduction about 15 years ago, plant biotechnology has achieved very important milestones in increasing global crop productivity and in reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture. With the world turning to agricultural technologies for solutions, the twenty-first century will witness a major development of genetically improved bioenergy crops that help to mitigate climate change and contribute to the cost-effective production of biofuels. The sequencing of genomes from several plant species and advances made in plant genetics and other aspects of agricultural sciences have led to technological breakthroughs that will provide the building blocks for what is likely to be major industries, with profound implications for agriculture. Not only will humankind benefit from these innovative technologies, but the efforts that spawned them are contributing to the existing body of scientific knowledge and the development of global biotechnology industries. Which one of the following statements best reflects the crux of the passage? a) Plant biotechnology alone cannot be the solution for issues related to agriculture, science, the environment and economic growth. b) Genetically improved bioenergy crops are the future of agriculture technologies. c) The road travelled in plant biotechnology is praiseworthy, but there is still a long way to go. d) Plant biotechnology not only solves the issues of agriculture and the environment, but also contributes to scientific and economic growth. Correct Answer: Option (d) Explanation: Option (d) is correct. In increasing global crop productivity and in reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture (Agriculture) … help to mitigate climate change and contribute to the cost-effective production of biofuels (environment)” and “Not only will humankind benefit from these innovative technologies, but the efforts that spawned them are contributing to the existing body of scientific knowledge (science) and the development of global biotechnology industries (economic growth)” suitably capture the essence of the given statement. Incorrect Answer: Option (d) Explanation: Option (d) is correct. In increasing global crop productivity and in reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture (Agriculture) … help to mitigate climate change and contribute to the cost-effective production of biofuels (environment)” and “Not only will humankind benefit from these innovative technologies, but the efforts that spawned them are contributing to the existing body of scientific knowledge (science) and the development of global biotechnology industries (economic growth)” suitably capture the essence of the given statement.

#### 5. Question

Since its introduction about 15 years ago, plant biotechnology has achieved very important milestones in increasing global crop productivity and in reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture. With the world turning to agricultural technologies for solutions, the twenty-first century will witness a major development of genetically improved bioenergy crops that help to mitigate climate change and contribute to the cost-effective production of biofuels. The sequencing of genomes from several plant species and advances made in plant genetics and other aspects of agricultural sciences have led to technological breakthroughs that will provide the building blocks for what is likely to be major industries, with profound implications for agriculture. Not only will humankind benefit from these innovative technologies, but the efforts that spawned them are contributing to the existing body of scientific knowledge and the development of global biotechnology industries.

Which one of the following statements best reflects the crux of the passage?

• a) Plant biotechnology alone cannot be the solution for issues related to agriculture, science, the environment and economic growth.

• b) Genetically improved bioenergy crops are the future of agriculture technologies.

• c) The road travelled in plant biotechnology is praiseworthy, but there is still a long way to go.

• d) Plant biotechnology not only solves the issues of agriculture and the environment, but also contributes to scientific and economic growth.

Answer: Option (d)

Explanation:

• Option (d) is correct. In increasing global crop productivity and in reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture (Agriculture) … help to mitigate climate change and contribute to the cost-effective production of biofuels (environment)” and “Not only will humankind benefit from these innovative technologies, but the efforts that spawned them are contributing to the existing body of scientific knowledge (science) and the development of global biotechnology industries (economic growth)” suitably capture the essence of the given statement.

Answer: Option (d)

Explanation:

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