UPSC Insta–DART (Daily Aptitude and Reasoning Test) 28 Feb 2026

Considering the alarming importance of CSAT in UPSC CSE Prelims exam and with enormous requests we received recently, InsightsIAS has started Daily CSAT Test to ensure students practice CSAT Questions on a daily basis. Regular Practice would help one overcome the fear of CSAT too.We are naming this initiative as Insta– DART – Daily Aptitude and Reasoning Test. We hope you will be able to use DART to hit bull’s eye in CSAT paper and comfortably score 100+ even in the most difficult question paper that UPSC can give you in CSP-2021. Your peace of mind after every step of this exam is very important for us.

Looking forward to your enthusiastic participation (both in sending us questions and solving them on daily basis on this portal).

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question A. P, Q, R, S and T are members of the same family. There are two fathers, two sons, two wives, three males and two females. The teacher was the wife of a doctor who was the son of a lawyer. T is not a male. R is the youngest person in the family and S is the eldest. Q is a female. Q. How is P related to R? (a) Husband (b) Son (c) Father (d) Wife Correct Answer : (c) Explanation: Constructing the family per the clues: Grandfather – S – Lawyer (eldest) Grandmother – T (T is not a male) Father – P – Doctor (son of S) Mother – Q – Teacher (wife of P) Son – R – (youngest) Thus, P is the Father of R. Incorrect Answer : (c) Explanation: Constructing the family per the clues: Grandfather – S – Lawyer (eldest) Grandmother – T (T is not a male) Father – P – Doctor (son of S) Mother – Q – Teacher (wife of P) Son – R – (youngest) Thus, P is the Father of R.

#### 1. Question

A. P, Q, R, S and T are members of the same family. There are two fathers, two sons, two wives, three males and two females. The teacher was the wife of a doctor who was the son of a lawyer. T is not a male. R is the youngest person in the family and S is the eldest. Q is a female. Q. How is P related to R?

• (a) Husband

• (c) Father

Answer : (c) Explanation: Constructing the family per the clues:

• Grandfather – S – Lawyer (eldest)

• Grandmother – T (T is not a male)

• Father – P – Doctor (son of S)

• Mother – Q – Teacher (wife of P)

• Son – R – (youngest)

Thus, P is the Father of R.

Answer : (c) Explanation: Constructing the family per the clues:

• Grandfather – S – Lawyer (eldest)

• Grandmother – T (T is not a male)

• Father – P – Doctor (son of S)

• Mother – Q – Teacher (wife of P)

• Son – R – (youngest)

Thus, P is the Father of R.

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question A man pointing to a photograph says, “The boy in the photograph is the son of my mother’s brother.” How is the boy related to the man? (a) Nephew (b) Brother-in-law (c) Cousin (d) Uncle Correct Answer : (c) Explanation: Mother’s brother = maternal uncle. His son is the speaker’s cousin (male). Incorrect Answer : (c) Explanation: Mother’s brother = maternal uncle. His son is the speaker’s cousin (male).

#### 2. Question

A man pointing to a photograph says, “The boy in the photograph is the son of my mother’s brother.” How is the boy related to the man?

• (a) Nephew

• (b) Brother-in-law

• (c) Cousin

Answer : (c) Explanation: Mother’s brother = maternal uncle. His son is the speaker’s cousin (male).

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question A question is given followed by two Statements I and II. Question: How is M related to R? Statement I: M is the son of Q, who is the brother of R. Statement II: R is the sister of Q, and Q is the father of M. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Question and the Statements? (a) The Question can be answered by using one of the Statements alone, but cannot be answered using the other statement alone. (b) The Question can be answered by using either Statement alone. (c) The Question can be answered by using both the Statements together, but cannot be answered using either Statement alone. (d) The Question cannot be answered even using any of the Statements. Correct Answer: (b) Explanation: From Statement I: Q is the brother of R, and M is the son of Q. This makes M the nephew of R. From Statement II: Q is the father of M, and R is the sister of Q. This also makes M the nephew of R. Since each statement independently gives the same unique relationship (M is the nephew of R), either statement alone is sufficient. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. Incorrect Answer: (b) Explanation: From Statement I: Q is the brother of R, and M is the son of Q. This makes M the nephew of R. From Statement II: Q is the father of M, and R is the sister of Q. This also makes M the nephew of R. Since each statement independently gives the same unique relationship (M is the nephew of R), either statement alone is sufficient. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

#### 3. Question

A question is given followed by two Statements I and II.

Question: How is M related to R?

Statement I: M is the son of Q, who is the brother of R.

Statement II: R is the sister of Q, and Q is the father of M.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Question and the Statements?

• (a) The Question can be answered by using one of the Statements alone, but cannot be answered using the other statement alone.

• (b) The Question can be answered by using either Statement alone.

• (c) The Question can be answered by using both the Statements together, but cannot be answered using either Statement alone.

• (d) The Question cannot be answered even using any of the Statements.

Answer: (b)

Explanation:

• From Statement I: Q is the brother of R, and M is the son of Q. This makes M the nephew of R.

• From Statement II: Q is the father of M, and R is the sister of Q. This also makes M the nephew of R.

• Since each statement independently gives the same unique relationship (M is the nephew of R), either statement alone is sufficient.

• Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Answer: (b)

Explanation:

• From Statement I: Q is the brother of R, and M is the son of Q. This makes M the nephew of R.

• From Statement II: Q is the father of M, and R is the sister of Q. This also makes M the nephew of R.

• Since each statement independently gives the same unique relationship (M is the nephew of R), either statement alone is sufficient.

• Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question In a family, there are a couple, their two married sons, and four grandchildren. Each married son has two sons and no daughters. How many males are there in the family? (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 Correct Answer: (b) Solution: Break down the info: Father (from the couple) = 1 male Mother (from the couple) = 1 female Two married sons = 2 males Wives of the two sons = 2 females Grandsons (Each of the 2 sons has 2 sons) = 2 × 2 = 4 males Now count the total males: Father (1) + Two married sons (2) + Grandsons (4) = 7 males. Hence, the correct option is (b). Incorrect Answer: (b) Solution: Break down the info: Father (from the couple) = 1 male Mother (from the couple) = 1 female Two married sons = 2 males Wives of the two sons = 2 females Grandsons (Each of the 2 sons has 2 sons) = 2 × 2 = 4 males Now count the total males: Father (1) + Two married sons (2) + Grandsons (4) = 7 males. Hence, the correct option is (b).

#### 4. Question

In a family, there are a couple, their two married sons, and four grandchildren. Each married son has two sons and no daughters. How many males are there in the family?

Answer: (b)

Solution: Break down the info:

• Father (from the couple) = 1 male

• Mother (from the couple) = 1 female

• Two married sons = 2 males

• Wives of the two sons = 2 females

• Grandsons (Each of the 2 sons has 2 sons) = 2 × 2 = 4 males

Now count the total males:

• Father (1) + Two married sons (2) + Grandsons (4) = 7 males.

• Hence, the correct option is (b).

Answer: (b)

Solution: Break down the info:

• Father (from the couple) = 1 male

• Mother (from the couple) = 1 female

• Two married sons = 2 males

• Wives of the two sons = 2 females

• Grandsons (Each of the 2 sons has 2 sons) = 2 × 2 = 4 males

Now count the total males:

• Father (1) + Two married sons (2) + Grandsons (4) = 7 males.

• Hence, the correct option is (b).

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question The Nyāya system of philosophy, traditionally attributed to Rishi Gautama, begins from a practical concern rather than a speculative one: human beings suffer because they hold false notions about reality. Ignorance, in this view, is not merely the absence of information but the presence of mistaken understanding. Hence, Nyāya places extraordinary emphasis on valid knowledge (pramā), carefully distinguishing it from doubt, illusion, and error. It treats logic not as an intellectual game but as a discipline aimed at removing confusion and guiding the mind toward reliable judgment. What is noteworthy is that liberation, in this framework, is not achieved through mystical insight alone but through the systematic correction of cognition. In other words, freedom is presented not as an escape from reason, but as its fulfilment. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical and rational message conveyed by the author of the passage? (a) Nyāya philosophy reduces spiritual life to mere logical argumentation. (b) According to Nyāya, liberation is possible only through ritual practices and devotion. (c) The Nyāya system treats right knowledge and disciplined reasoning as essential means to overcoming human suffering. (d) Nyāya philosophy denies the role of error and illusion in human understanding. Correct Answer: (c) Explanation: Option (c) is correct. The passage consistently argues that Nyāya sees human suffering as rooted in false knowledge, and that liberation comes through the systematic correction of cognition using valid knowledge and reasoning. The concluding line — “freedom is presented not as an escape from reason, but as its fulfilment” — directly supports this interpretation. Option (a) is incorrect. The passage explicitly says Nyāya does not treat logic as a mere intellectual game, but as a practical tool for removing ignorance. Option (b) is incorrect. There is no mention of ritual or devotion as the primary means; the emphasis is on knowledge and reasoning. Option (d) is incorrect. The passage repeatedly highlights the role of error, illusion, and false notions as the central problem Nyāya seeks to address. Hence, (c) correctly captures the central philosophical message. Incorrect Answer: (c) Explanation: Option (c) is correct. The passage consistently argues that Nyāya sees human suffering as rooted in false knowledge, and that liberation comes through the systematic correction of cognition using valid knowledge and reasoning. The concluding line — “freedom is presented not as an escape from reason, but as its fulfilment” — directly supports this interpretation. Option (a) is incorrect. The passage explicitly says Nyāya does not treat logic as a mere intellectual game, but as a practical tool for removing ignorance. Option (b) is incorrect. There is no mention of ritual or devotion as the primary means; the emphasis is on knowledge and reasoning. Option (d) is incorrect. The passage repeatedly highlights the role of error, illusion, and false notions as the central problem Nyāya seeks to address. Hence, (c) correctly captures the central philosophical message.

#### 5. Question

The Nyāya system of philosophy, traditionally attributed to Rishi Gautama, begins from a practical concern rather than a speculative one: human beings suffer because they hold false notions about reality. Ignorance, in this view, is not merely the absence of information but the presence of mistaken understanding. Hence, Nyāya places extraordinary emphasis on valid knowledge (pramā), carefully distinguishing it from doubt, illusion, and error. It treats logic not as an intellectual game but as a discipline aimed at removing confusion and guiding the mind toward reliable judgment. What is noteworthy is that liberation, in this framework, is not achieved through mystical insight alone but through the systematic correction of cognition. In other words, freedom is presented not as an escape from reason, but as its fulfilment.

Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical and rational message conveyed by the author of the passage?

• (a) Nyāya philosophy reduces spiritual life to mere logical argumentation.

• (b) According to Nyāya, liberation is possible only through ritual practices and devotion.

• (c) The Nyāya system treats right knowledge and disciplined reasoning as essential means to overcoming human suffering.

• (d) Nyāya philosophy denies the role of error and illusion in human understanding.

Answer: (c)

Explanation:

• Option (c) is correct. The passage consistently argues that Nyāya sees human suffering as rooted in false knowledge, and that liberation comes through the systematic correction of cognition using valid knowledge and reasoning. The concluding line — “freedom is presented not as an escape from reason, but as its fulfilment” — directly supports this interpretation.

• Option (a) is incorrect. The passage explicitly says Nyāya does not treat logic as a mere intellectual game, but as a practical tool for removing ignorance.

• Option (b) is incorrect. There is no mention of ritual or devotion as the primary means; the emphasis is on knowledge and reasoning.

• Option (d) is incorrect. The passage repeatedly highlights the role of error, illusion, and false notions as the central problem Nyāya seeks to address.

Hence, (c) correctly captures the central philosophical message.

Answer: (c)

Explanation:

• Option (a) is incorrect. The passage explicitly says Nyāya does not treat logic as a mere intellectual game, but as a practical tool for removing ignorance.

• Option (b) is incorrect. There is no mention of ritual or devotion as the primary means; the emphasis is on knowledge and reasoning.

• Option (d) is incorrect. The passage repeatedly highlights the role of error, illusion, and false notions as the central problem Nyāya seeks to address.

Hence, (c) correctly captures the central philosophical message.

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