UPSC Insta–DART (Daily Aptitude and Reasoning Test) 12 Nov 2025

Considering the alarming importance of CSAT in UPSC CSE Prelims exam and with enormous requests we received recently, InsightsIAS has started Daily CSAT Test to ensure students practice CSAT Questions on a daily basis. Regular Practice would help one overcome the fear of CSAT too.We are naming this initiative as Insta– DART – Daily Aptitude and Reasoning Test. We hope you will be able to use DART to hit bull’s eye in CSAT paper and comfortably score 100+ even in the most difficult question paper that UPSC can give you in CSP-2021. Your peace of mind after every step of this exam is very important for us.

Looking forward to your enthusiastic participation (both in sending us questions and solving them on daily basis on this portal).

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question A recent report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) shows that developing countries, including India, will need at least US $310 billion annually by 2035 to adapt to climate change — nearly twelve times the current levels of international public finance. The report warns that the “adaptation gap” is widening just as climate risks intensify, threatening lives, livelihoods and public health in vulnerable regions. India, with its mass of rural population, monsoon-dependent agriculture, and varied geography, faces multiple challenges: coastal states must deal with sea-level rise; arid inland districts must cope with variable rainfall; Himalayan zones face glacial melt and landslides. At the same time, parts of peninsular and offshore India offer large renewable energy opportunities, such as wind power. Developing a coordinated national strategy which aligns resources, regional vulnerabilities and mitigation/ adaptation efforts is thus urgent and complex. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical and rational message conveyed by the passage? (a) Developing countries like India lack the will to raise the required climate adaptation finance. (b) The financial gap in adaptation is growing, and nation-states must urgently align resources with region-specific strategies. (c) India should concentrate only on exploiting its renewable energy potential rather than adaptation. (d) Climate risks in India are overstated; current finance is sufficient. Correct Answer: (b) Explanation: Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss lack of will but highlights the scale of financing needed versus what is available. Option (b) is correct: The passage emphasises that developing countries need vast adaptation finance (US$310 billion/year by 2035) and that India’s diverse vulnerabilities require region-specific strategies. Option (c) is incorrect because the passage calls for both adaptation and mitigation (renewables) but emphasises adaptation finance and regional vulnerabilities rather than focusing solely on renewables. Option (d) is incorrect: The passage says the adaptation gap is widening and current finance is insufficient. Incorrect Answer: (b) Explanation: Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss lack of will but highlights the scale of financing needed versus what is available. Option (b) is correct: The passage emphasises that developing countries need vast adaptation finance (US$310 billion/year by 2035) and that India’s diverse vulnerabilities require region-specific strategies. Option (c) is incorrect because the passage calls for both adaptation and mitigation (renewables) but emphasises adaptation finance and regional vulnerabilities rather than focusing solely on renewables. Option (d) is incorrect: The passage says the adaptation gap is widening and current finance is insufficient.

#### 1. Question

A recent report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) shows that developing countries, including India, will need at least US $310 billion annually by 2035 to adapt to climate change — nearly twelve times the current levels of international public finance. The report warns that the “adaptation gap” is widening just as climate risks intensify, threatening lives, livelihoods and public health in vulnerable regions. India, with its mass of rural population, monsoon-dependent agriculture, and varied geography, faces multiple challenges: coastal states must deal with sea-level rise; arid inland districts must cope with variable rainfall; Himalayan zones face glacial melt and landslides. At the same time, parts of peninsular and offshore India offer large renewable energy opportunities, such as wind power. Developing a coordinated national strategy which aligns resources, regional vulnerabilities and mitigation/ adaptation efforts is thus urgent and complex.

Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical and rational message conveyed by the passage?

• (a) Developing countries like India lack the will to raise the required climate adaptation finance.

• (b) The financial gap in adaptation is growing, and nation-states must urgently align resources with region-specific strategies.

• (c) India should concentrate only on exploiting its renewable energy potential rather than adaptation.

• (d) Climate risks in India are overstated; current finance is sufficient.

Answer: (b)

Explanation:

• Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss lack of will but highlights the scale of financing needed versus what is available.

• Option (b) is correct: The passage emphasises that developing countries need vast adaptation finance (US$310 billion/year by 2035) and that India’s diverse vulnerabilities require region-specific strategies.

• Option (c) is incorrect because the passage calls for both adaptation and mitigation (renewables) but emphasises adaptation finance and regional vulnerabilities rather than focusing solely on renewables.

• Option (d) is incorrect: The passage says the adaptation gap is widening and current finance is insufficient.

Answer: (b)

Explanation:

• Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss lack of will but highlights the scale of financing needed versus what is available.

• Option (d) is incorrect: The passage says the adaptation gap is widening and current finance is insufficient.

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made: I . Climate adaptation in India must be region-specific because vulnerabilities differ across states and zones. II. The required adaptation finance of US$310 billion annually by 2035 is feasible if the international community provides full support. III. Focusing only on mitigation (renewable energy) will not adequately address the climate challenges faced by India. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? (a) I only (b) II only (c) I and III only (d) All three Correct Answer: (c) Explanation: Assumption I is valid: The passage explicitly states that “coastal States… districts that are drier… Himalayan regions…” all face different challenges, so adaptation must recognise these regional differences. Assumption II is not valid: While the passage gives the figure (US$310 billion/year by 2035) and says current finance is far below, it does not assert that this finance is “feasible” or guarantee international community will fully support it. That is an unwarranted extension. Assumption III is valid: The passage highlights both adaptation needs and the opportunities in renewables, but implicitly suggests that focusing only on mitigation (renewables) is not enough — adaptation also matters. Incorrect Answer: (c) Explanation: Assumption I is valid: The passage explicitly states that “coastal States… districts that are drier… Himalayan regions…” all face different challenges, so adaptation must recognise these regional differences. Assumption II is not valid: While the passage gives the figure (US$310 billion/year by 2035) and says current finance is far below, it does not assert that this finance is “feasible” or guarantee international community will fully support it. That is an unwarranted extension. Assumption III is valid: The passage highlights both adaptation needs and the opportunities in renewables, but implicitly suggests that focusing only on mitigation (renewables) is not enough — adaptation also matters.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made:

I . Climate adaptation in India must be region-specific because vulnerabilities differ across states and zones. II. The required adaptation finance of US$310 billion annually by 2035 is feasible if the international community provides full support. III. Focusing only on mitigation (renewable energy) will not adequately address the climate challenges faced by India.

Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

• (a) I only

• (b) II only

• (c) I and III only

• (d) All three

Answer: (c)

Explanation:

• Assumption I is valid: The passage explicitly states that “coastal States… districts that are drier… Himalayan regions…” all face different challenges, so adaptation must recognise these regional differences.

• Assumption II is not valid: While the passage gives the figure (US$310 billion/year by 2035) and says current finance is far below, it does not assert that this finance is “feasible” or guarantee international community will fully support it. That is an unwarranted extension.

• Assumption III is valid: The passage highlights both adaptation needs and the opportunities in renewables, but implicitly suggests that focusing only on mitigation (renewables) is not enough — adaptation also matters.

Answer: (c)

Explanation:

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question A Statement is given followed by two Conclusions numbered I and II. Consider the Statement and the Conclusions. Statement: All schools in the district have been instructed to install CCTV cameras to enhance student safety. Conclusions: I. Students were unsafe before CCTV cameras were installed. II. CCTV cameras are considered useful for improving student safety. Which one of the following is correct? (a) Only Conclusion I follows (b) Only Conclusion II follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Neither I nor II follows Correct Answer: B Explanation: Conclusion I: Assumes a negative condition not stated in the original statement. It’s an assumption, not a conclusion. Conclusion II: Directly aligns with the stated intent of installing cameras. So, option B is correct here. Incorrect Answer: B Explanation: Conclusion I: Assumes a negative condition not stated in the original statement. It’s an assumption, not a conclusion. Conclusion II: Directly aligns with the stated intent of installing cameras. So, option B is correct here.

#### 3. Question

A Statement is given followed by two Conclusions numbered I and II. Consider the Statement and the Conclusions.

Statement: All schools in the district have been instructed to install CCTV cameras to enhance student safety.

Conclusions: I. Students were unsafe before CCTV cameras were installed. II. CCTV cameras are considered useful for improving student safety.

Which one of the following is correct?

• (a) Only Conclusion I follows

• (b) Only Conclusion II follows

• (c) Both I and II follow

• (d) Neither I nor II follows

Explanation:

• Conclusion I: Assumes a negative condition not stated in the original statement. It’s an assumption, not a conclusion.

• Conclusion II: Directly aligns with the stated intent of installing cameras.

So, option B is correct here.

Explanation:

• Conclusion I: Assumes a negative condition not stated in the original statement. It’s an assumption, not a conclusion.

• Conclusion II: Directly aligns with the stated intent of installing cameras.

So, option B is correct here.

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question At a literature festival, each next row had 5 more delegates than the previous. The first row had 15 delegates. If the total number of delegates was 20 times the number of rows, and VIP delegates were one-fourth of the total, find their number. (a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 20 Correct Answer: (b) Solution: Let number of rows = n. Total delegates = 20n. AP: 15, 20, 25, … where a = 15, d = 5. Sum = (n/2)[2a + (n – 1)d] = (n/2)[30 + 5(n – 1)] = (n/2)(5n + 25). Equating: (n/2)(5n + 25) = 20n → (1/2)(5n + 25) = 20 → 5n + 25 = 40 → n = 3. Total delegates = 20 × 3 = 60. VIP delegates = (1/4) × 60 = 15. Incorrect Answer: (b) Solution: Let number of rows = n. Total delegates = 20n. AP: 15, 20, 25, … where a = 15, d = 5. Sum = (n/2)[2a + (n – 1)d] = (n/2)[30 + 5(n – 1)] = (n/2)(5n + 25). Equating: (n/2)(5n + 25) = 20n → (1/2)(5n + 25) = 20 → 5n + 25 = 40 → n = 3. Total delegates = 20 × 3 = 60. VIP delegates = (1/4) × 60 = 15.

#### 4. Question

At a literature festival, each next row had 5 more delegates than the previous. The first row had 15 delegates. If the total number of delegates was 20 times the number of rows, and VIP delegates were one-fourth of the total, find their number.

Answer: (b)

Solution: Let number of rows = n. Total delegates = 20n. AP: 15, 20, 25, … where a = 15, d = 5. Sum = (n/2)[2a + (n – 1)d] = (n/2)[30 + 5(n – 1)] = (n/2)(5n + 25). Equating: (n/2)(5n + 25) = 20n → (1/2)(5n + 25) = 20 → 5n + 25 = 40 → n = 3. Total delegates = 20 × 3 = 60. VIP delegates = (1/4) × 60 = 15.

Answer: (b)

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question If n is a natural number, then what is the number of distinct remainders of (3ⁿ + 4ⁿ) when divided by 5? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 Correct Answer: (c) Solution Let’s find the number of distinct remainders when is divided by 5. compute the first few terms: For : , remainder = 2 For : , remainder = 0 For : , remainder = 1 For : , remainder = 2 The pattern now starts repeating because the powers of 3 and 4 repeat every 4 steps modulo 5. The sequence of remainders is therefore 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, … Hence, the distinct remainders possible are 0, 1, and 2. Therefore, three distinct remainders are possible. Incorrect Answer: (c) Solution Let’s find the number of distinct remainders when is divided by 5. compute the first few terms: For : , remainder = 2 For : , remainder = 0 For : , remainder = 1 For : , remainder = 2 The pattern now starts repeating because the powers of 3 and 4 repeat every 4 steps modulo 5. The sequence of remainders is therefore 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, … Hence, the distinct remainders possible are 0, 1, and 2. Therefore, three distinct remainders are possible.

#### 5. Question

If n is a natural number, then what is the number of distinct remainders of (3ⁿ + 4ⁿ) when divided by 5?

Answer: (c)

Solution Let’s find the number of distinct remainders when is divided by 5.

compute the first few terms:

For : , remainder = 2

For : , remainder = 0

For : , remainder = 1

For : , remainder = 2

The pattern now starts repeating because the powers of 3 and 4 repeat every 4 steps modulo 5. The sequence of remainders is therefore 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, …

Hence, the distinct remainders possible are 0, 1, and 2.

Therefore, three distinct remainders are possible.

Answer: (c)

Solution Let’s find the number of distinct remainders when is divided by 5.

compute the first few terms:

For : , remainder = 2

For : , remainder = 0

For : , remainder = 1

For : , remainder = 2

The pattern now starts repeating because the powers of 3 and 4 repeat every 4 steps modulo 5. The sequence of remainders is therefore 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, …

Hence, the distinct remainders possible are 0, 1, and 2.

Therefore, three distinct remainders are possible.

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