UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 7 March 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present significant events, personalities, issue
Topic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present significant events, personalities, issue
Q1. “The Indian Renaissance was more of a social awakening than a mere cultural or religious revival”. Comment. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question? The nature of the Indian Renaissance, emphasizing whether it was a social awakening rather than just a cultural or religious revival, making it relevant to the history of modern social reforms in India. Key demand of the question: The answer must analyze how the Indian Renaissance was primarily a social awakening, backed by social reform movements, legal changes, and modernization efforts, while also addressing why it was not merely a cultural or religious revival. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the Indian Renaissance as a transformative movement, highlighting its social reformist character over mere cultural revivalism. Body: Indian Renaissance as a social awakening: Explain how it challenged social evils, promoted women’s rights, caste reforms, modern education, and legal transformations. Why it was not just a cultural or religious revival? Show how it moved beyond traditional religious reforms, focused on rationalism, secularism, and democratic values, and influenced constitutional provisions. Conclusion: Conclude with its long-term impact on Indian society and governance, linking it to modern constitutional ideals and social justice principles.
Why the question? The nature of the Indian Renaissance, emphasizing whether it was a social awakening rather than just a cultural or religious revival, making it relevant to the history of modern social reforms in India.
Key demand of the question: The answer must analyze how the Indian Renaissance was primarily a social awakening, backed by social reform movements, legal changes, and modernization efforts, while also addressing why it was not merely a cultural or religious revival.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction: Briefly introduce the Indian Renaissance as a transformative movement, highlighting its social reformist character over mere cultural revivalism.
• Indian Renaissance as a social awakening: Explain how it challenged social evils, promoted women’s rights, caste reforms, modern education, and legal transformations.
• Why it was not just a cultural or religious revival? Show how it moved beyond traditional religious reforms, focused on rationalism, secularism, and democratic values, and influenced constitutional provisions.
Conclusion: Conclude with its long-term impact on Indian society and governance, linking it to modern constitutional ideals and social justice principles.
Introduction
The Indian Renaissance of the 19th century was driven by social reformers challenging regressive customs like caste discrimination, Sati, and untouchability, rather than merely reviving cultural or religious traditions.
Indian Renaissance as a social awakening
• Abolition of social evils: Reformers actively fought against Sati, child marriage, and widow remarriage restrictions. Eg: Raja Ram Mohan Roy played a key role in the abolition of Sati (1829) through his advocacy.
• Eg: Raja Ram Mohan Roy played a key role in the abolition of Sati (1829) through his advocacy.
• Women empowerment: The movement emphasized women’s education, widow remarriage, and property rights. Eg: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s efforts led to the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856.
• Eg: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s efforts led to the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856.
• Caste and untouchability reforms: Efforts were made to dismantle caste-based discrimination and uplift the lower castes. Eg: Jyotirao Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) to promote social equality.
• Eg: Jyotirao Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) to promote social equality.
• Modern education and rationalism: The movement popularized Western education, scientific temper, and rationalist thought. Eg: Macaulay’s Minute (1835) led to the promotion of English education in India.
• Eg: Macaulay’s Minute (1835) led to the promotion of English education in India.
• Press and public consciousness: Newspapers and journals played a key role in spreading reformist ideas. Eg: The Bengali Gazette (1818) and Kesari (1881) raised awareness on social injustices.
• Eg: The Bengali Gazette (1818) and Kesari (1881) raised awareness on social injustices.
• Legal reforms: Several laws were introduced to modernize Indian society and end regressive customs. Eg: The Age of Consent Act, 1891 raised the legal age of marriage for girls.
• Eg: The Age of Consent Act, 1891 raised the legal age of marriage for girls.
Why it was not just a cultural or religious revival?
• Beyond religious orthodoxy: It challenged traditional practices rather than reviving them. Eg: Brahmo Samaj (1828) rejected idol worship and caste-based hierarchy.
• Eg: Brahmo Samaj (1828) rejected idol worship and caste-based hierarchy.
• Focus on secular and democratic ideals: Inspired by liberal and enlightenment values rather than mere religious glorification. Eg: Dadabhai Naoroji linked social reforms to India’s economic and political future.
• Eg: Dadabhai Naoroji linked social reforms to India’s economic and political future.
• Legal and constitutional impact: Many progressive ideas later influenced the Indian Constitution. Eg: Article 17 (abolition of untouchability) echoes the reformist ideals of Jyotirao Phule.
• Eg: Article 17 (abolition of untouchability) echoes the reformist ideals of Jyotirao Phule.
Conclusion
The Indian Renaissance was a progressive movement that laid the foundation for social justice, legal reforms, and modern education in India. Its legacy continues to shape India’s constitutional and democratic values today.
Topic: Effects of globalization on Indian society
Topic: Effects of globalization on Indian society
Q2. How has globalization influenced the traditional knowledge systems and indigenous crafts of India? Discuss both the opportunities and challenges posed by global markets for India’s artisanal communities. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the Question: Globalization has had a profound impact on India’s traditional knowledge systems and indigenous crafts, making it crucial to analyze both its advantages and threats in the context of market expansion and cultural preservation. Key Demand of the Question: The answer must examine how globalization has influenced traditional knowledge and indigenous crafts, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges posed by global markets for artisanal communities. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce how globalization has integrated traditional knowledge and crafts into global supply chains, while also bringing challenges like commercialization and dilution of cultural identity. Body: Influence of globalization on traditional knowledge systems and indigenous crafts: Explain how increased exposure, technological interventions, and intellectual property rights have shaped these sectors. Opportunities posed by global markets: Discuss aspects such as rising exports, increased employment, government interventions, and the role of digital platforms in supporting artisans. Challenges posed by global markets: Address issues like mass production threats, cultural appropriation, exploitation by intermediaries, and loss of traditional knowledge due to commercialization. Conclusion: Suggest a balanced approach—leveraging globalization for economic growth while ensuring ethical trade, policy safeguards, and cultural preservation for artisans and traditional knowledge systems.
Why the Question: Globalization has had a profound impact on India’s traditional knowledge systems and indigenous crafts, making it crucial to analyze both its advantages and threats in the context of market expansion and cultural preservation.
Key Demand of the Question: The answer must examine how globalization has influenced traditional knowledge and indigenous crafts, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges posed by global markets for artisanal communities.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction: Briefly introduce how globalization has integrated traditional knowledge and crafts into global supply chains, while also bringing challenges like commercialization and dilution of cultural identity.
• Influence of globalization on traditional knowledge systems and indigenous crafts: Explain how increased exposure, technological interventions, and intellectual property rights have shaped these sectors.
• Opportunities posed by global markets: Discuss aspects such as rising exports, increased employment, government interventions, and the role of digital platforms in supporting artisans.
• Challenges posed by global markets: Address issues like mass production threats, cultural appropriation, exploitation by intermediaries, and loss of traditional knowledge due to commercialization.
Conclusion: Suggest a balanced approach—leveraging globalization for economic growth while ensuring ethical trade, policy safeguards, and cultural preservation for artisans and traditional knowledge systems.
Introduction
Globalization has opened new avenues for India’s traditional knowledge and indigenous crafts, yet it has also posed existential threats by disrupting local economies and cultural identities. Striking a balance between heritage conservation and economic growth remains crucial.
Influence of Globalization on Traditional Knowledge Systems and Indigenous Crafts
• Market expansion and global recognition: Increased exports and international demand have revived dying crafts and traditional medicine. Eg: Pashmina shawls from Kashmir now have a GI tag, boosting exports (Ministry of Textiles, 2023).
• Eg: Pashmina shawls from Kashmir now have a GI tag, boosting exports (Ministry of Textiles, 2023).
• Integration with modern technology: Digital platforms and AI-based interventions have enhanced productivity and design innovations. Eg: E-commerce platforms like Amazon Karigar and Government’s e-Santa portal for artisans.
• Eg: E-commerce platforms like Amazon Karigar and Government’s e-Santa portal for artisans.
• Policy and legal recognition: Global agreements like TRIPS (WTO) and India’s GI Act, 1999 have safeguarded traditional knowledge. Eg: Neem patent case (2005), where India successfully fought against biopiracy in the European Patent Office.
• Eg: Neem patent case (2005), where India successfully fought against biopiracy in the European Patent Office.
• Increased tourism-based demand: Heritage tourism has propelled the growth of indigenous handicrafts and traditional practices. Eg: The rise of Khadi and village industries, supported by KVIC (Khadi and Village Industries Commission).
• Eg: The rise of Khadi and village industries, supported by KVIC (Khadi and Village Industries Commission).
• Cultural hybridization and new product designs: Cross-cultural exchanges have led to fusion designs, increasing aesthetic appeal and marketability. Eg: Fusion sarees (Banarasi & Japanese embroidery) attracting global designers.
• Eg: Fusion sarees (Banarasi & Japanese embroidery) attracting global designers.
Opportunities Posed by Global Markets
• Rising exports and fair trade policies: International markets provide better pricing and direct access to global consumers. Eg: India’s handicraft exports reached $4.5 billion in 2023 (Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts).
• Eg: India’s handicraft exports reached $4.5 billion in 2023 (Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts).
• Government schemes and digital inclusion: Initiatives like One District One Product (ODOP) and Skill India promote sustainable artisan livelihoods. Eg: PM Vishwakarma Scheme (2023) supports 18 traditional crafts through training and financial aid.
• Eg: PM Vishwakarma Scheme (2023) supports 18 traditional crafts through training and financial aid.
• Revival of vanishing crafts: The demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products has rejuvenated dying crafts. Eg: Blue pottery of Rajasthan revived due to increased eco-conscious consumerism.
• Eg: Blue pottery of Rajasthan revived due to increased eco-conscious consumerism.
• Collaborations with global brands: Tie-ups with luxury and mainstream brands have enhanced earnings and visibility. Eg: Gucci’s collaboration with Madhubani artists, leading to international exposure.
• Eg: Gucci’s collaboration with Madhubani artists, leading to international exposure.
• Access to microfinance and global funding: Artisans now receive low-interest loans and international grants, fostering entrepreneurship. Eg: World Bank’s Rural Livelihoods Project (2022) provided direct market linkages to over 50,000 artisans.
• Eg: World Bank’s Rural Livelihoods Project (2022) provided direct market linkages to over 50,000 artisans.
Challenges Posed by Global Markets
• Mass production and machine competition: Mechanization and cheap mass-produced alternatives from China threaten hand-made crafts. Eg: Banarasi silk industry faces competition from machine-woven Varanasi silks.
• Eg: Banarasi silk industry faces competition from machine-woven Varanasi silks.
• Cultural appropriation and loss of authenticity: Traditional designs are often copied without credit or fair compensation. Eg: Western brands copying Warli and Madhubani designs without acknowledging the artisans.
• Eg: Western brands copying Warli and Madhubani designs without acknowledging the artisans.
• Exploitation in global supply chains: Middlemen and unfair trade practices reduce artisans’ earnings despite higher product pricing abroad. Eg: Handloom weavers in Andhra Pradesh receive less than 10% of the final selling price.
• Eg: Handloom weavers in Andhra Pradesh receive less than 10% of the final selling price.
• Erosion of indigenous knowledge: Western scientific validation often sidelines indigenous wisdom in medicine, textiles, and crafts. Eg: Traditional medicine (Ayurveda) struggles against patenting by foreign pharma companies.
• Eg: Traditional medicine (Ayurveda) struggles against patenting by foreign pharma companies.
• Lack of digital literacy and market accessibility: Many artisans lack knowledge of digital marketing, restricting their direct global reach. Eg: Only 5% of rural artisans use online platforms for selling their products (NITI Aayog, 2023).
• Eg: Only 5% of rural artisans use online platforms for selling their products (NITI Aayog, 2023).
Conclusion
While globalization has provided a global stage for India’s artisans, it has also created economic and cultural vulnerabilities. A balanced approach—strengthening legal protections, promoting ethical trade, and integrating digital solutions—can ensure that India’s traditional knowledge and crafts thrive in a modernized global economy.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary
Topic: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary
Q3. Examine the significance of speedy judicial hearings in matters concerning personal liberty. Analyze the impact of delayed bail hearings on constitutional rights. Suggest reforms to ensure time-bound judicial decisions in cases affecting personal freedom. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the Question A Bench of Justices B.R. Gavai and Augustine George Masih made the observation after being informed that the Punjab and Haryana High Court posted the hearing of a plea for temporary bail on medical grounds after two months. Key Demand of the Question The question demands an examination of the importance of speedy judicial hearings in protecting personal liberty, an analysis of how delayed bail hearings impact constitutional rights, and suggestions for reforms to ensure timely judicial decisions. Structure of the Answer Introduction Begin by emphasizing the constitutional guarantee of personal liberty under Article 21 and how judicial delays undermine the principle of timely justice. Briefly mention the Supreme Court’s stance on bail jurisprudence. Body Significance of speedy judicial hearings in matters concerning personal liberty: Discuss how timely bail hearings uphold constitutional rights, prevent wrongful detention, and ensure judicial efficiency. Mention key judicial pronouncements that reinforce the necessity of expeditious justice. Impact of delayed bail hearings on constitutional rights: Analyze how prolonged detention violates fundamental rights, causes psychological and economic distress, erodes trust in the judiciary, and allows for possible misuse of state power. Support with data, case laws, and committee recommendations. Reforms to ensure time-bound judicial decisions in cases affecting personal freedom: Suggest solutions such as fast-track bail courts, strict timelines for bail disposal, digitization, judicial accountability, and enhanced legal aid. Reference relevant reports and initiatives. Conclusion Conclude by stressing that delays in bail hearings undermine the core principles of justice and that structural, technological, and procedural reforms are essential to strengthen the rule of law and safeguard liberty.
Why the Question
A Bench of Justices B.R. Gavai and Augustine George Masih made the observation after being informed that the Punjab and Haryana High Court posted the hearing of a plea for temporary bail on medical grounds after two months.
Key Demand of the Question
The question demands an examination of the importance of speedy judicial hearings in protecting personal liberty, an analysis of how delayed bail hearings impact constitutional rights, and suggestions for reforms to ensure timely judicial decisions.
Structure of the Answer
Introduction Begin by emphasizing the constitutional guarantee of personal liberty under Article 21 and how judicial delays undermine the principle of timely justice. Briefly mention the Supreme Court’s stance on bail jurisprudence.
• Significance of speedy judicial hearings in matters concerning personal liberty: Discuss how timely bail hearings uphold constitutional rights, prevent wrongful detention, and ensure judicial efficiency. Mention key judicial pronouncements that reinforce the necessity of expeditious justice.
• Impact of delayed bail hearings on constitutional rights: Analyze how prolonged detention violates fundamental rights, causes psychological and economic distress, erodes trust in the judiciary, and allows for possible misuse of state power. Support with data, case laws, and committee recommendations.
• Reforms to ensure time-bound judicial decisions in cases affecting personal freedom: Suggest solutions such as fast-track bail courts, strict timelines for bail disposal, digitization, judicial accountability, and enhanced legal aid. Reference relevant reports and initiatives.
Conclusion Conclude by stressing that delays in bail hearings undermine the core principles of justice and that structural, technological, and procedural reforms are essential to strengthen the rule of law and safeguard liberty.
Introduction Timely judicial hearings are fundamental to protecting personal liberty, ensuring that justice is neither delayed nor denied. Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which is compromised when courts fail to address bail matters swiftly.
Significance of speedy judicial hearings in matters concerning personal liberty
• Upholding constitutional rights: Delays in hearings violate Article 21, which mandates protection against arbitrary detention. Eg: Hussainara Khatoon Case (1979) led to the recognition of speedy trials as a fundamental right.
• Eg: Hussainara Khatoon Case (1979) led to the recognition of speedy trials as a fundamental right.
• Prevention of wrongful detention: Prolonged incarceration, especially for undertrials, affects fundamental rights and social standing. Eg: Over 75% of India’s prison population consists of undertrials (NCRB, 2023), many of whom await bail hearings.
• Eg: Over 75% of India’s prison population consists of undertrials (NCRB, 2023), many of whom await bail hearings.
• Reducing judicial pendency: Delayed hearings contribute to case backlogs, further slowing the justice system. Eg: Over 4 crore cases pending in Indian courts (NJDG, 2024), with bail matters forming a significant portion.
• Eg: Over 4 crore cases pending in Indian courts (NJDG, 2024), with bail matters forming a significant portion.
• Ensuring justice in humanitarian cases: Delay in hearing bail pleas for medical or family emergencies causes undue hardship. Eg: Punjab & Haryana HC granted bail for surgery after 2 months, prompting SC intervention (2025).
• Eg: Punjab & Haryana HC granted bail for surgery after 2 months, prompting SC intervention (2025).
• Preventing misuse of state power: Delay in bail allows authorities to use detention as a tool for coercion or political vendetta. Eg: SC in Arnab Goswami Case (2020) reiterated that personal liberty cannot be curtailed indefinitely.
• Eg: SC in Arnab Goswami Case (2020) reiterated that personal liberty cannot be curtailed indefinitely.
Impact of delayed bail hearings on constitutional rights
• Violation of right to life and dignity: Prolonged incarceration denies the right to live with dignity, a core aspect of Article 21. Eg: Shabnam vs State of UP (2015) reaffirmed that dignity extends to prisoners.
• Eg: Shabnam vs State of UP (2015) reaffirmed that dignity extends to prisoners.
• Denial of access to justice: Delays create barriers to fair and timely legal recourse, especially for marginalized groups. Eg: Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah Committee (2000) emphasized fast-tracking bail hearings to improve access.
• Eg: Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah Committee (2000) emphasized fast-tracking bail hearings to improve access.
• Psychological and economic distress: Extended imprisonment destroys livelihoods and leads to mental trauma for detainees and their families. Eg: Over 40% of undertrials come from economically weaker sections (NCRB, 2023).
• Eg: Over 40% of undertrials come from economically weaker sections (NCRB, 2023).
• Erosion of public trust in judiciary: Delay in bail decisions creates perception of bias and judicial inefficiency. Eg: Law Commission Report (268th, 2017) highlighted delays in bail as a key reason for public distrust.
• Eg: Law Commission Report (268th, 2017) highlighted delays in bail as a key reason for public distrust.
• Undermining of judicial independence: Political and bureaucratic interference in bail matters leads to selective justice. Eg: Delhi Riots case (2021) saw selective and delayed bail approvals, raising concerns over fairness.
• Eg: Delhi Riots case (2021) saw selective and delayed bail approvals, raising concerns over fairness.
Reforms to ensure time-bound judicial decisions in cases affecting personal freedom
• Fast-track bail courts: Dedicated courts for bail matters can expedite hearings and reduce pendency. Eg: Madhya Pradesh HC (2024) proposed separate bail benches to clear pending cases faster.
• Eg: Madhya Pradesh HC (2024) proposed separate bail benches to clear pending cases faster.
• Mandatory timelines for bail hearings: Courts should set strict deadlines for disposing of bail petitions. Eg: Malimath Committee (2003) recommended 24-48 hours for hearing urgent bail pleas.
• Eg: Malimath Committee (2003) recommended 24-48 hours for hearing urgent bail pleas.
• Digitization and AI-based case management: Use of technology can ensure automatic flagging of urgent bail cases. Eg: E-Courts Mission Mode Project introduced AI tools for case prioritization.
• Eg: E-Courts Mission Mode Project introduced AI tools for case prioritization.
• Accountability mechanisms for judicial delays: Judges delaying bail matters without valid reasons must be held accountable. Eg: SC in Satender Kumar Antil Case (2022) directed courts to avoid unnecessary bail delays.
• Eg: SC in Satender Kumar Antil Case (2022) directed courts to avoid unnecessary bail delays.
• Strengthening legal aid for undertrials: Free and efficient legal aid services can prevent prolonged detention due to lack of representation. Eg: NALSA’s Legal Aid Defense Counsel System (2022) focuses on expediting bail for indigent undertrials.
• Eg: NALSA’s Legal Aid Defense Counsel System (2022) focuses on expediting bail for indigent undertrials.
Conclusion
Judicial efficiency in bail matters is crucial for upholding constitutional rights and restoring public faith in justice. Timely hearings, systemic reforms, and digital interventions are necessary to prevent liberty from becoming a casualty of delay.
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,
Q4. In a society where menstruation is still stigmatized, how can India balance cultural sensitivities with the need for progressive menstrual health policies? (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question Menstrual health remains a socially sensitive yet critical policy issue, requiring a balance between cultural norms and progressive health interventions. Recent discussions on menstrual leave policies and hygiene infrastructure make this question relevant. Key demand of the question The question demands an analysis of how menstrual stigma affects policy-making and the ways to ensure menstrual health policies align with cultural sensitivities while promoting inclusivity, awareness, and access to safe hygiene practices. Structure of the answer Introduction: Mention how menstrual health is both a public health and gender equity issue, often hindered by deep-seated social taboos. Briefly highlight the need for balancing sensitivity with progressive policy interventions. Body: Challenges posed by menstrual stigma: Discuss exclusion, misinformation, lack of access, and economic barriers, citing examples of social taboos and policy inaction. Strategies to balance cultural sensitivities and progressiveness: Suggest education campaigns, policy reforms, menstrual infrastructure, affordability measures, and corporate/social initiatives. Role of governance and legal frameworks: Discuss constitutional provisions, judicial interventions, government schemes, and the need for holistic menstrual health legislation. Conclusion: Emphasize that a culturally adaptive yet rights-based approach is necessary for menstrual equity. Highlight the need for inclusive policymaking that ensures menstrual health is a recognized and supported public health priority.
Why the question
Menstrual health remains a socially sensitive yet critical policy issue, requiring a balance between cultural norms and progressive health interventions. Recent discussions on menstrual leave policies and hygiene infrastructure make this question relevant.
Key demand of the question
The question demands an analysis of how menstrual stigma affects policy-making and the ways to ensure menstrual health policies align with cultural sensitivities while promoting inclusivity, awareness, and access to safe hygiene practices.
Structure of the answer
Introduction: Mention how menstrual health is both a public health and gender equity issue, often hindered by deep-seated social taboos. Briefly highlight the need for balancing sensitivity with progressive policy interventions.
• Challenges posed by menstrual stigma: Discuss exclusion, misinformation, lack of access, and economic barriers, citing examples of social taboos and policy inaction.
• Strategies to balance cultural sensitivities and progressiveness: Suggest education campaigns, policy reforms, menstrual infrastructure, affordability measures, and corporate/social initiatives.
• Role of governance and legal frameworks: Discuss constitutional provisions, judicial interventions, government schemes, and the need for holistic menstrual health legislation.
Conclusion: Emphasize that a culturally adaptive yet rights-based approach is necessary for menstrual equity. Highlight the need for inclusive policymaking that ensures menstrual health is a recognized and supported public health priority.
Introduction
Menstruation is often associated with deep-rooted cultural taboos in India, leading to exclusion, misinformation, and poor health outcomes. While progressive policies are emerging, aligning them with cultural sensitivities is crucial to ensure effective implementation.
Challenges in a society where menstruation is stigmatized
• Social exclusion and taboos: Women face restrictions in temples, kitchens, and social activities, reinforcing discrimination. Eg: The Sabarimala verdict (2018, Supreme Court) struck down the temple entry ban on women but faced strong opposition due to cultural beliefs.
• Eg: The Sabarimala verdict (2018, Supreme Court) struck down the temple entry ban on women but faced strong opposition due to cultural beliefs.
• Lack of awareness and misinformation: Menstruation is not openly discussed, leading to myths and health neglect. Eg: A 2022 NHFS report found that only 58% of young girls in rural India knew about menstruation before their first period.
• Eg: A 2022 NHFS report found that only 58% of young girls in rural India knew about menstruation before their first period.
• Inadequate infrastructure and affordability: Many lack access to toilets, hygiene products, and disposal mechanisms. Eg: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (2014) improved sanitation, but menstrual waste disposal remains a challenge.
• Eg: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (2014) improved sanitation, but menstrual waste disposal remains a challenge.
• Economic burden on underprivileged women: High cost of hygiene products forces many to use unsafe alternatives. Eg: The Rajasthan Free Sanitary Pad Scheme (2022) distributes free pads to reduce menstrual poverty.
• Eg: The Rajasthan Free Sanitary Pad Scheme (2022) distributes free pads to reduce menstrual poverty.
• Limited representation in policy-making: Menstrual health is not a political priority, delaying comprehensive reforms. Eg: The Menstrual Hygiene Policy (Draft 2022) is yet to be fully implemented nationwide.
• Eg: The Menstrual Hygiene Policy (Draft 2022) is yet to be fully implemented nationwide.
Balancing cultural sensitivities with progressive policies
• Education and awareness for behavioural change
• School-based menstrual education: Integrating menstruation awareness in NCERT and state curricula can normalize discussions. Eg: The Menstrual Hygiene Management Guidelines (2015, MoHFW) recommend menstrual education from primary school level.
• Eg: The Menstrual Hygiene Management Guidelines (2015, MoHFW) recommend menstrual education from primary school level.
• Community engagement with local influencers: Training anganwadi workers, teachers, and religious leaders can improve acceptance. Eg: Menstrual Health Alliance India (2020) works with grassroots organizations for awareness.
• Eg: Menstrual Health Alliance India (2020) works with grassroots organizations for awareness.
• Leveraging media and social campaigns: Public figures and mass media can challenge stigma through positive messaging. Eg: The “Break the Silence” campaign (2021, UNICEF India) used digital platforms for awareness.
• Eg: The “Break the Silence” campaign (2021, UNICEF India) used digital platforms for awareness.
• Strengthening menstrual health infrastructure
• Ensuring WASH (Water, Sanitation & Hygiene) facilities: More gender-friendly toilets with disposal facilities in schools and workplaces. Eg: Jal Jeevan Mission (2019) aims to provide tap water in rural schools and anganwadis.
• Eg: Jal Jeevan Mission (2019) aims to provide tap water in rural schools and anganwadis.
• Affordable and accessible menstrual products: Government subsidies and GST exemptions on all menstrual products can improve access. Eg: The removal of 12% GST on sanitary pads (2018) made them more affordable.
• Eg: The removal of 12% GST on sanitary pads (2018) made them more affordable.
• Sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives: Promoting biodegradable pads and menstrual cups respects both environmental and cultural concerns. Eg: The Sakhi Sanitary Napkin initiative (Odisha, 2021) promotes local production of biodegradable pads.
• Eg: The Sakhi Sanitary Napkin initiative (Odisha, 2021) promotes local production of biodegradable pads.
• Legislative and policy reforms
• Legal recognition of menstrual rights: Menstrual health should be included under Right to Health (Article 21) and covered in labor laws. Eg: The Menstruation Benefits Bill (2018, Private Member’s Bill) proposed paid menstrual leave but lacked government support.
• Eg: The Menstruation Benefits Bill (2018, Private Member’s Bill) proposed paid menstrual leave but lacked government support.
• Corporate responsibility in menstrual inclusion: Companies should provide paid menstrual leave and workplace hygiene support. Eg: Zomato introduced menstrual leave (2020), setting an example for private sector policies.
• Eg: Zomato introduced menstrual leave (2020), setting an example for private sector policies.
• Menstrual waste management policies: Enforcing EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) norms on sanitary product manufacturers can help waste reduction. Eg: The Plastic Waste Management Rules (2021) mandate disposal guidelines for menstrual products.
• Eg: The Plastic Waste Management Rules (2021) mandate disposal guidelines for menstrual products.
Conclusion
Menstrual health must be seen as a human rights and public health issue rather than a taboo. A multi-pronged approach combining education, infrastructure, and legal reforms can ensure dignity and equity, making menstruation an accepted and supported aspect of women’s health.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers
Topic: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers
Q5. The success of India’s AI ecosystem hinges on shared compute resources and indigenous datasets. Discuss the significance of pooled Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) access and localized datasets in building AI models. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question With the launch of the data platform, the government hopes to incorporate datasets to help Indian firms build AI solutions with locally sourced data Key demand of the question The answer must explain the importance of pooled GPU access in improving computational capacity for AI development and how localized datasets enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and applicability of AI models in India. Structure of the Answer Introduction: Briefly mention the significance of high-performance computing and indigenous datasets in AI development. Reference IndiaAI Mission or AI Kosha to establish relevance. Body: Significance of pooled GPU access: Discuss how shared GPUs reduce costs, support AI startups, and enhance research while reducing dependence on foreign infrastructure. Significance of localized datasets: Explain how India-specific datasets improve AI accuracy, address linguistic diversity, and ensure data sovereignty while fostering AI-driven governance. Conclusion: Conclude by emphasizing the need for scalable compute infrastructure and high-quality indigenous datasets to make India a global AI leader. Suggest policy measures or India’s long-term AI strategy as a way forward.
Why the question
With the launch of the data platform, the government hopes to incorporate datasets to help Indian firms build AI solutions with locally sourced data
Key demand of the question
The answer must explain the importance of pooled GPU access in improving computational capacity for AI development and how localized datasets enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and applicability of AI models in India.
Structure of the Answer
Introduction: Briefly mention the significance of high-performance computing and indigenous datasets in AI development. Reference IndiaAI Mission or AI Kosha to establish relevance.
• Significance of pooled GPU access: Discuss how shared GPUs reduce costs, support AI startups, and enhance research while reducing dependence on foreign infrastructure.
• Significance of localized datasets: Explain how India-specific datasets improve AI accuracy, address linguistic diversity, and ensure data sovereignty while fostering AI-driven governance.
Conclusion: Conclude by emphasizing the need for scalable compute infrastructure and high-quality indigenous datasets to make India a global AI leader. Suggest policy measures or India’s long-term AI strategy as a way forward.
Introduction
India’s AI ambitions require high-performance computing infrastructure and contextually relevant data to develop robust AI models. The AI Kosha platform and IndiaAI Mission aim to bridge these gaps by enhancing shared compute capacity and expanding indigenous datasets.
Significance of pooled Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) access
• Bridging compute infrastructure gap – GPUs are essential for AI training, but 85% of Indian startups lack access to high-end computational resources (NASSCOM, 2024). Eg: AI Kosha has commissioned 14,000 GPUs for shared access under IndiaAI Mission.
• Eg: AI Kosha has commissioned 14,000 GPUs for shared access under IndiaAI Mission.
• Cost-effective AI model training – Private GPU access costs ₹600-₹1000 per hour, making AI innovation costly for startups and academia. Eg: The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) has already reduced AI research costs by providing shared compute resources.
• Eg: The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) has already reduced AI research costs by providing shared compute resources.
• Enabling AI research and innovation – Shared GPU clusters support LLMs, generative AI, and deep learning models, fostering homegrown AI solutions. Eg: The Bhashini Mission uses pooled compute resources for Indian language AI models.
• Eg: The Bhashini Mission uses pooled compute resources for Indian language AI models.
• Reducing dependency on foreign AI infrastructure – Currently, Indian firms rely on Google’s TPUs, NVIDIA’s GPUs, and AWS cloud computing, leading to data security concerns. Eg: The Semiconductor Mission (₹76,000 crore outlay) aims to create India’s own AI chip ecosystem.
• Eg: The Semiconductor Mission (₹76,000 crore outlay) aims to create India’s own AI chip ecosystem.
• Supporting strategic sectors – AI-driven innovations in defense, healthcare, and climate modeling require high-performance GPUs for real-time processing. Eg: The National AI Portal supports AI applications in agriculture and weather forecasting.
• Eg: The National AI Portal supports AI applications in agriculture and weather forecasting.
Significance of localized datasets in building AI models
• Improving AI accuracy and bias reduction – AI models trained on foreign datasets struggle with Indian linguistic, cultural, and demographic diversity. Eg: IndicNLP Dataset helps fine-tune AI models for 22 Indian languages.
• Eg: IndicNLP Dataset helps fine-tune AI models for 22 Indian languages.
• Enhancing AI applications in governance – AI-driven policy insights, urban planning, and digital governance require datasets tailored to Indian socio-economic conditions. Eg: Aadhaar data analytics is used for direct benefit transfer (DBT) optimization.
• Eg: Aadhaar data analytics is used for direct benefit transfer (DBT) optimization.
• Strengthening data sovereignty – Dependence on Google’s Common Crawl or OpenAI datasets exposes India to data privacy risks. Eg: The 2023 Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act) emphasizes localized data processing.
• Eg: The 2023 Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act) emphasizes localized data processing.
• Boosting AI adoption in non-English speaking communities – Over 90% of Indians prefer non-English languages, requiring custom NLP models. Eg: The AI4Bharat initiative is developing Indian language translation tools using localized datasets.
• Eg: The AI4Bharat initiative is developing Indian language translation tools using localized datasets.
• Facilitating sectoral AI growth – AI in healthcare, education, and agriculture requires India-specific data for real-world applicability. Eg: The Telangana Open Data Initiative provides health and agriculture datasets for AI model development.
• Eg: The Telangana Open Data Initiative provides health and agriculture datasets for AI model development.
Conclusion
India’s AI future depends on scalable computing resources and high-quality indigenous datasets. The IndiaAI Mission’s focus on shared GPUs and localized data can accelerate AI innovation and enhance India’s global AI competitiveness.
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Q6. Coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to anthropogenic waste, impacting marine biodiversity and livelihoods. Discuss the ecological consequences of poor waste management along India’s coastlines and suggest sustainable clean-up models. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question The Australian Consulate-General, in collaboration with Urbaser Sumeet (Greater Chennai Corporation’s solid waste management concessionnaire serving in zones 9 to 15), organised a beach cleanup at Elliot’s Beach on Thursday. Key demand of the question The question demands an analysis of how anthropogenic waste affects coastal ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss, habitat destruction, and economic impacts, followed by viable, sustainable clean-up models to mitigate these issues. Structure of the answer Introduction: Mention the importance of coastal ecosystems for biodiversity, livelihoods, and climate resilience and how poor waste management is degrading them, necessitating sustainable interventions. Body: Vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to anthropogenic waste: Discuss biodiversity loss, fishery depletion, coastal erosion, and public health risks. Ecological consequences of poor waste management: Explain ocean acidification, dead zones, coral reef destruction, and food chain disruption. Sustainable clean-up models: Suggest EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility), AI-based waste tracking, community-led initiatives, regulatory enforcement, and circular economy approaches. Conclusion: Emphasize the need for multi-stakeholder action combining policy, technology, and community efforts to restore coastal health and ensure long-term sustainability.
Why the question
The Australian Consulate-General, in collaboration with Urbaser Sumeet (Greater Chennai Corporation’s solid waste management concessionnaire serving in zones 9 to 15), organised a beach cleanup at Elliot’s Beach on Thursday.
Key demand of the question
The question demands an analysis of how anthropogenic waste affects coastal ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss, habitat destruction, and economic impacts, followed by viable, sustainable clean-up models to mitigate these issues.
Structure of the answer
Introduction: Mention the importance of coastal ecosystems for biodiversity, livelihoods, and climate resilience and how poor waste management is degrading them, necessitating sustainable interventions.
• Vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to anthropogenic waste: Discuss biodiversity loss, fishery depletion, coastal erosion, and public health risks.
• Ecological consequences of poor waste management: Explain ocean acidification, dead zones, coral reef destruction, and food chain disruption.
• Sustainable clean-up models: Suggest EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility), AI-based waste tracking, community-led initiatives, regulatory enforcement, and circular economy approaches.
Conclusion: Emphasize the need for multi-stakeholder action combining policy, technology, and community efforts to restore coastal health and ensure long-term sustainability.
Introduction
India’s coastal ecosystems are critical for biodiversity, climate regulation, and livelihoods, but waste mismanagement has severely impacted their sustainability. Addressing this requires an integrated approach combining governance, community participation, and technological interventions.
Body
Coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to anthropogenic waste, impacting marine biodiversity and livelihoods
• Marine biodiversity degradation: Plastic, chemical waste, and oil spills destroy coral reefs, mangroves, and disrupt marine food chains, leading to species loss. Eg: Great Nicobar Coral Reefs (2023, NCSCM Study) reported coral bleaching due to microplastic and chemical pollutants.
• Eg: Great Nicobar Coral Reefs (2023, NCSCM Study) reported coral bleaching due to microplastic and chemical pollutants.
• Decline in fishery resources: Toxic waste and plastic ingestion reduce fish populations, threatening the livelihood of coastal communities. Eg: CMFRI Report (2023) found microplastic contamination in 76% of fish samples along Kerala’s coast.
• Eg: CMFRI Report (2023) found microplastic contamination in 76% of fish samples along Kerala’s coast.
• Coastal erosion and loss of protective barriers: Waste-induced sediment imbalance weakens mangroves and coastal dunes, increasing disaster vulnerability. Eg: Odisha’s coastline (2022, NCCR Report) recorded rapid mangrove degradation due to plastic entanglement.
• Eg: Odisha’s coastline (2022, NCCR Report) recorded rapid mangrove degradation due to plastic entanglement.
• Health hazards for coastal communities: Contaminated seafood and polluted water cause diseases like cholera, hepatitis, and heavy metal poisoning. Eg: Mithi River (Mumbai, 2024, NEERI Report) found high mercury levels in fish, posing carcinogenic risks.
• Eg: Mithi River (Mumbai, 2024, NEERI Report) found high mercury levels in fish, posing carcinogenic risks.
• Economic decline in coastal tourism: Polluted beaches and degraded ecosystems impact revenue from tourism, fisheries, and water sports. Eg: Goa’s beach cleanliness ranking (2023, NITI Aayog) declined due to plastic accumulation and untreated waste.
• Eg: Goa’s beach cleanliness ranking (2023, NITI Aayog) declined due to plastic accumulation and untreated waste.
Ecological consequences of poor waste management along India’s coastlines
• Ocean acidification and toxic leaching: Industrial waste and plastic debris release hazardous chemicals, altering seawater pH and harming marine life. Eg: Ennore Creek (Chennai, 2024, MoEFCC Study) found heavy metal contamination increasing ocean acidity.
• Eg: Ennore Creek (Chennai, 2024, MoEFCC Study) found heavy metal contamination increasing ocean acidity.
• Destruction of coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems: Waste-induced algal blooms block sunlight, disrupting marine breeding grounds. Eg: Gulf of Mannar (2023, ZSI Report) recorded a 30% decline in coral cover due to plastic accumulation.
• Eg: Gulf of Mannar (2023, ZSI Report) recorded a 30% decline in coral cover due to plastic accumulation.
• Bioaccumulation of toxic substances in food chains: Heavy metals and plastics enter smaller marine organisms, reaching humans through seafood consumption. Eg: Olive Ridley Turtles (2023, WWF India) were found ingesting plastic waste along Odisha’s coastline.
• Eg: Olive Ridley Turtles (2023, WWF India) were found ingesting plastic waste along Odisha’s coastline.
• Loss of mangrove resilience to climate disasters: Waste buildup reduces the carbon sequestration capacity of mangroves, weakening their role in flood prevention. Eg: Sundarbans Mangrove Loss (2023, ISRO Study) linked 28% degradation to plastic entanglement.
• Eg: Sundarbans Mangrove Loss (2023, ISRO Study) linked 28% degradation to plastic entanglement.
• Formation of marine dead zones: Eutrophication from sewage and industrial discharge creates oxygen-deprived regions, killing marine species. Eg: Chilika Lake (2022, Wetlands International) reported a sharp rise in hypoxic zones due to untreated sewage influx.
• Eg: Chilika Lake (2022, Wetlands International) reported a sharp rise in hypoxic zones due to untreated sewage influx.
Sustainable clean-up models for coastal waste management
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) implementation: Holding manufacturers accountable for waste collection, disposal, and recycling can curb plastic pollution. Eg: Plastic Waste Management Rules (2021, MoEFCC) mandate EPR compliance for FMCG and plastic-producing companies.
• Eg: Plastic Waste Management Rules (2021, MoEFCC) mandate EPR compliance for FMCG and plastic-producing companies.
• Community-driven beach clean-ups and citizen initiatives: Engaging local communities, fishermen, and volunteers ensures periodic waste collection and segregation. Eg: Versova Beach Cleanup (2016-2019) removed 5 million kg of waste, reviving marine biodiversity.
• Eg: Versova Beach Cleanup (2016-2019) removed 5 million kg of waste, reviving marine biodiversity.
• AI and tech-based waste monitoring: Using drones, floating booms, and AI-driven waste tracking can improve marine debris detection and removal. Eg: Kochi Smart Waste Project (2023) deployed AI sensors for real-time marine waste collection.
• Eg: Kochi Smart Waste Project (2023) deployed AI sensors for real-time marine waste collection.
• Stricter enforcement of coastal waste regulations: Strengthening CRZ norms, EPA guidelines, and Blue Flag certification ensures legal compliance in coastal waste management. Eg: Chandrabhaga Beach (Odisha, 2023) became India’s first Blue Flag-certified beach due to strict pollution control.
• Eg: Chandrabhaga Beach (Odisha, 2023) became India’s first Blue Flag-certified beach due to strict pollution control.
• Circular economy and eco-friendly product promotion: Encouraging biodegradable alternatives, recycling programs, and incentives for plastic-free packaging reduces waste generation. Eg: Meendum Manjapai Campaign (Tamil Nadu, 2022) reintroduced cloth bags to replace plastics, reducing coastal littering.
• Eg: Meendum Manjapai Campaign (Tamil Nadu, 2022) reintroduced cloth bags to replace plastics, reducing coastal littering.
Conclusion
Unregulated coastal waste is an ecological and economic disaster, necessitating urgent multi-stakeholder interventions. Strengthening policy frameworks, community participation, and technological solutions is key to achieving sustainable coastal waste management and preserving marine biodiversity for future generations.
General Studies – 4
Q7. Meena, a 16-year-old girl, had just completed her 10th standard. Due to poverty and financial constraints, her parents decided to marry her off to Prakash, a 32-year-old man. During discussions, Prakash’s family demanded a dowry of 10 lakh rupees. Unable to afford this amount, Meena’s father offered 2 hectares of land instead. Both families reached an agreement, and the engagement date was set. Three days before the marriage, a concerned citizen reported the illegal engagement to the Child Welfare Department. The department officials, acting swiftly, intervened to stop the engagement ceremony, citing the illegality under various child protection laws. They counseled both families about the legal and social implications of child marriage. The families agreed to cancel the engagement and postpone the marriage until Meena turned 18. However, hours after the engagement was stopped, Prakash attacked Meena’s parents, severely injuring them. He then forcibly dragged Meena out of her house and beheaded her before fleeing the scene with her severed head. (20 M)
Given the situation, answer the following:
• Identify the stakeholders in the case and the ethical issues involved in the case.
• Briefly describe at least four laws that have been enacted by the Government concerning the protection and empowerment of girls.
• In your opinion, what broader societal changes are needed to prevent such incidents of child marriage and dowry-related violence?
Difficulty Level: Medium
Why the question The grave issue of child marriage, dowry-related violence, and the failure of legal and societal mechanisms in preventing such crimes against girls. It tests ethical analysis, knowledge of protective laws, and perspectives on societal reforms. Key Demand of the Question The answer must identify stakeholders and ethical issues involved in the case, discuss relevant laws protecting girls, and suggest broader societal reforms needed to eliminate child marriage and dowry-related violence. Structure of the Answer Introduction Briefly introduce the case as a severe violation of child rights, linking it to legal and ethical concerns surrounding child marriage and gender-based violence. Body Identify major stakeholders, including the victim, families, authorities, and the community, and highlight ethical dilemmas such as patriarchy, rule of law, and gender violence. Briefly describe four key laws protecting girls from child marriage, sexual offenses, exploitation, and dowry-related crimes. Suggest broader societal measures such as gender sensitization, stricter law enforcement, community engagement, and economic empowerment of girls to prevent such incidents. Conclusion Emphasize the need for legal vigilance and attitudinal shifts to ensure gender justice, referencing data or initiatives showing progress while highlighting the need for continued efforts.
Why the question The grave issue of child marriage, dowry-related violence, and the failure of legal and societal mechanisms in preventing such crimes against girls. It tests ethical analysis, knowledge of protective laws, and perspectives on societal reforms.
Key Demand of the Question The answer must identify stakeholders and ethical issues involved in the case, discuss relevant laws protecting girls, and suggest broader societal reforms needed to eliminate child marriage and dowry-related violence.
Structure of the Answer
Introduction Briefly introduce the case as a severe violation of child rights, linking it to legal and ethical concerns surrounding child marriage and gender-based violence.
• Identify major stakeholders, including the victim, families, authorities, and the community, and highlight ethical dilemmas such as patriarchy, rule of law, and gender violence.
• Briefly describe four key laws protecting girls from child marriage, sexual offenses, exploitation, and dowry-related crimes.
• Suggest broader societal measures such as gender sensitization, stricter law enforcement, community engagement, and economic empowerment of girls to prevent such incidents.
Conclusion Emphasize the need for legal vigilance and attitudinal shifts to ensure gender justice, referencing data or initiatives showing progress while highlighting the need for continued efforts.
Introduction:
The tragic case of Meena highlights a severe violation of the Prevention of Child Marriage Act, which aims to protect minors from early marriage. Despite legal interventions, the persistence of such atrocities underscores the continued challenge of enforcing child protection laws.
• a) Stakeholders involved in the case are:
• Meena: The victim of child marriage and dowry-related violence.
• Meena parents: Initially involved in the engagement arrangement and later victims of violence.
• Prakash: The perpetrator of violence and the individual who demanded the dowry.
• Prakash’s family: Parties involved in the dowry negotiations and engagement arrangements.
• Child welfare department officials: Enforcers of child protection laws and interveners in the case.
• Concerned citizen: The whistleblower who reported the illegal engagement.
• Local community: Witnesses and potential influencers in changing societal norms.
Ethical issues involved in the case are:
• Patriarchal mindset: The decision to marry Meena off young reflects outdated patriarchal values prioritizing tradition over individual rights.
• Violence and retaliation: Prakash’s violent response and murder of Meena reveal the severe consequences of retaliation and gender-based violence.
• Rule of law: The engagement and dowry demands violate laws against child marriage, highlighting the need for strict legal enforcement.
• Official laxity: Delays or insufficient action by officials may have contributed to the escalation, emphasizing the need for prompt intervention.
• Child marriage: The attempt to marry Meena at a young age contravenes legal protections against child marriage.
• Bribery: The dowry negotiation reflects ethical issues in commodifying marriage and perpetuating gender inequality.
• b) Laws enacted for the protection and empowerment of girls are:
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: Prohibits the marriage of girls below 18 years and boys below 21 years, aiming to prevent child marriages and protect minors from exploitation.
• The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Provides a legal framework for the protection of children from sexual abuse and exploitation, ensuring stringent punishment for offenders.
• The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: Focuses on the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need, including those at risk of abuse and exploitation.
• The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: Outlaws the demand, payment, or acceptance of dowry, aiming to prevent dowry-related violence and ensure the dignity of women.
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme: This initiative aims to improve the welfare of girls through gender equality, enhancing their access to education, and addressing declining child-sex ratios.
• c) Broader societal changes are needed to prevent such incidents are:
• Challenging son preference and patriarchy: Efforts must address societal norms favoring sons and combat patriarchal attitudes to prevent gender discrimination.
E.g. #HeforShe campaign of the UN
• Promoting gender equality: Ensuring equal rights and opportunities for girls in education and employment is crucial for ending discrimination and improving their overall well-being.
E.g. #SelfiewithDaugther campaign.
• Community engagement: Encourage community leaders and organizations to advocate against child marriage and dowry-related violence, fostering a culture of zero tolerance toward such practices.
E.g. Citizenry vigilance
• Strengthening law enforcement: Ensure robust enforcement of child protection and anti-dowry laws, with swift action against violators.
E.g. Jaya Jaitley’s committee to increase the age bar for child marriage.
• Empowerment programs: Develop and support programs that empower girls and women economically and socially, providing alternatives to early marriage.
E.g. Smile Foundation program on girl empowerment.
Conclusion:
Although data from the NCRB shows a decline in child marriages from 49% in 1993 to 22% in 2021, incidents like Meena’s remind us that substantial efforts are still needed to uphold the rights of the girl child and effectively combat such heinous acts.
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