UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 7 December 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Q1. Examine the role of the Shillong Accord (1975) in the integration of Nagaland into the Indian Union. How successful was it in achieving long-term peace? (10 M)

Introduction

The Shillong Accord of 1975 marked an important attempt by the Indian government to bring an end to decades of insurgency in Nagaland, reaffirming the region’s constitutional status within the Indian Union. Despite its initial success, the accord remains controversial in achieving sustained peace.

Role of the Shillong Accord (1975) in the integration of Nagaland

• Reaffirmation of Indian sovereignty: It formalized the recognition of Nagaland as an integral part of India by bringing rebel groups under constitutional norms. Eg. Naga National Council (NNC) agreed to give up demands for sovereignty.

• Eg. Naga National Council (NNC) agreed to give up demands for sovereignty.

• Commitment to ceasefire: The Accord mandated an immediate halt to hostilities, providing a basis for peace talks. Eg. Temporary cessation of armed conflict reduced violence in the late 1970s.

• Eg. Temporary cessation of armed conflict reduced violence in the late 1970s.

• Political reconciliation: It facilitated the participation of Naga leaders in mainstream political frameworks, fostering dialogue. Eg. Some underground leaders moved to administrative and political roles post-accord.

• Eg. Some underground leaders moved to administrative and political roles post-accord.

• Initiation of demobilisation: Underground groups agreed to surrender arms and abandon violent methods. Eg. Surrender of arms by several factions symbolized a step toward stability.

• Eg. Surrender of arms by several factions symbolized a step toward stability.

• Strategic importance: It weakened external influences on insurgency by isolating groups that continued militancy. Eg. Reduced cross-border activities from Myanmar-based insurgent groups.

• Eg. Reduced cross-border activities from Myanmar-based insurgent groups.

Success and challenges of the Shillong Accord in achieving long term peace

Success | Challenges

Reduction in violence: The ceasefire led to a temporary drop in insurgent activity in Nagaland. | Factional divisions: Creation of the NSCN in 1980 split the insurgency into more violent factions.

Foundation for further agreements: It laid the groundwork for later peace efforts, such as the 1997 Ceasefire Agreement and the Framework Agreement (2015). | Exclusion of stakeholders: Key groups and regions were left out, increasing mistrust and discontent.

Focus on local development: The agreement allowed resources to be diverted to economic and infrastructure growth. | Unresolved core demands: The issues of a separate flag and constitution for Nagas remained unaddressed.

Integration of moderates: It brought certain moderate Naga leaders into mainstream politics. | Opposition from hardliners: The Accord was perceived as a betrayal by some, fueling continued insurgency.

Diplomatic success: India’s negotiation approach highlighted its commitment to non-violent conflict resolution. | Erosion of trust: The secrecy surrounding the Accord and its terms created long-lasting suspicion among the Naga population.

Conclusion

The Shillong Accord (1975) was instrumental in initiating a peace process in Nagaland but fell short of addressing core aspirations and inclusivity, leading to fragmentation and continued insurgency. A comprehensive, inclusive, and transparent dialogue remains essential for long-term peace in the region.

Q2. Discuss the increasing role of digital technology in both exacerbating and addressing mental health issues among children. How can its usage be effectively managed in schools to balance risks and benefits? (15 M)

Introduction

The proliferation of digital technology has transformed children’s lives, providing both opportunities and challenges for their mental health. While it connects and educates, it also contributes to stress, anxiety, and behavioural changes. Balancing its risks and benefits is critical in the current era of digital immersion.

Role of digital technology in exacerbating mental health issues among children

• Increased exposure to cyberbullying: Online platforms often become spaces for bullying and harassment, leading to anxiety and depression. Eg. A 2023 UNICEF survey revealed that 33% of teenagers worldwide have experienced online bullying.

• Eg. A 2023 UNICEF survey revealed that 33% of teenagers worldwide have experienced online bullying.

• Addiction to gaming and social media: Excessive screen time impacts physical health, disrupts sleep cycles, and fosters dependency. Eg. The WHO classified “Gaming Disorder” as a mental health condition in 2019.

• Eg. The WHO classified “Gaming Disorder” as a mental health condition in 2019.

• Comparison culture and body image issues: Unrealistic portrayals on social media trigger self-esteem issues and body dissatisfaction. Eg. Studies in 2022 (American Psychological Association) linked Instagram usage to increased body image concerns in teenage girls.

• Eg. Studies in 2022 (American Psychological Association) linked Instagram usage to increased body image concerns in teenage girls.

• Exposure to inappropriate content: Easy access to harmful content can lead to emotional trauma and unsafe behaviors. Eg. The Blue Whale Challenge (2017) caused a spate of self-harm cases among teenagers globally.

• Eg. The Blue Whale Challenge (2017) caused a spate of self-harm cases among teenagers globally.

• Reduced social interaction: Over-reliance on technology has diminished interpersonal connections, leading to social isolation. Eg. A 2021 Lancet report highlighted the link between excessive social media use and rising loneliness among adolescents.

• Eg. A 2021 Lancet report highlighted the link between excessive social media use and rising loneliness among adolescents.

Role of digital technology in addressing mental health issues among children

• Digital mental health interventions: Apps and online platforms provide access to therapy and mindfulness exercises. Eg. Apps like Wysa and BetterHelp offer accessible counseling for children and adolescents.

• Eg. Apps like Wysa and BetterHelp offer accessible counseling for children and adolescents.

• Awareness and education: Digital campaigns and tools promote awareness of mental health and encourage help-seeking behavior. Eg. The Poshan Abhiyaan app in India integrates digital awareness for adolescent health.

• Eg. The Poshan Abhiyaan app in India integrates digital awareness for adolescent health.

• Early detection through AI: Artificial intelligence tools analyze behavioral patterns for early signs of distress. Eg. The Wysa Chatbot, powered by AI, assists in identifying early symptoms of anxiety.

• Eg. The Wysa Chatbot, powered by AI, assists in identifying early symptoms of anxiety.

• Peer support platforms: Social media and forums provide avenues for emotional support among like-minded individuals. Eg. Platforms like 7 Cups connect users with trained listeners for mental health support.

• Eg. Platforms like 7 Cups connect users with trained listeners for mental health support.

• Gamified learning for coping skills: Digital platforms use gamification to teach resilience and emotional regulation. Eg. The SuperBetter app uses games to help users build mental resilience and reduce stress.

• Eg. The SuperBetter app uses games to help users build mental resilience and reduce stress.

How digital technology usage can be effectively managed to balance risks and benefits

• Promoting digital literacy: Teaching children critical thinking and responsible online behaviour to navigate digital spaces safely. Eg. Initiatives like the Be Internet Awesome program by Google educate children on safe internet use.

• Eg. Initiatives like the Be Internet Awesome program by Google educate children on safe internet use.

• Setting screen time limits: Governments and parents should regulate the duration and timing of children’s screen usage. Eg. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends a maximum of 2 hours of recreational screen time daily for teenagers.

• Eg. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends a maximum of 2 hours of recreational screen time daily for teenagers.

• Parental monitoring and engagement: Parents should actively engage in their children’s digital activities to ensure safety. Eg. Apps like Bark and Qustodio allow parents to monitor online content without intruding on privacy.

• Eg. Apps like Bark and Qustodio allow parents to monitor online content without intruding on privacy.

• Creating child-friendly content regulations: Governments should enforce stricter norms for content moderation and safety standards. Eg. The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2021 in India focus on child safety online.

• Eg. The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2021 in India focus on child safety online.

• Encouraging tech detox initiatives: Schools and communities should promote tech-free activities to reduce dependency. Eg. Programs like the No Phone Challenge in some U.S. schools encourage students to disconnect.

• Eg. Programs like the No Phone Challenge in some U.S. schools encourage students to disconnect.

• Leveraging EdTech responsibly: Integrating technology into education should balance screen exposure with physical and emotional well-being. Eg. Platforms like BYJU’s use interactive content but encourage offline exercises for balanced learning.

• Eg. Platforms like BYJU’s use interactive content but encourage offline exercises for balanced learning.

• Strengthening cyber laws: Robust laws to address cyberbullying, harassment, and exploitation can create safer digital environments. Eg. India’s Cyber Crime Prevention against Women and Children (CCPWC) scheme helps monitor online offenses.

• Eg. India’s Cyber Crime Prevention against Women and Children (CCPWC) scheme helps monitor online offenses.

Conclusion

Digital technology, while integral to modern childhood, must be navigated responsibly to harness its potential without compromising mental health. A collaborative approach involving governments, parents, educators, and tech companies can create a safer digital ecosystem for children, enabling them to thrive in the digital age.

Q3. Analyze the linkages between land degradation and global water crises. Suggest measures for integrated land and water management. (10 M)

Introduction Land degradation and global water crises are intertwined, with degraded lands worsening water scarcity and water crises accelerating land degradation. Addressing these issues together is vital for ensuring ecological and human sustainability.

Linkages between land degradation and global water crises

• Reduction in water infiltration and storage: Degraded land loses vegetation and soil porosity, reducing groundwater recharge and water availability. Eg: In Bundelkhand, India, soil erosion has significantly decreased groundwater recharge, worsening droughts.

• Eg: In Bundelkhand, India, soil erosion has significantly decreased groundwater recharge, worsening droughts.

• Increased surface runoff and erosion: Degraded lands lead to higher runoff, soil loss, and siltation of reservoirs and rivers, reducing water storage capacity. Eg: The Himalayan region experiences severe river siltation affecting major rivers like the Ganga.

• Eg: The Himalayan region experiences severe river siltation affecting major rivers like the Ganga.

• Decline in groundwater recharge: Deforestation and land degradation reduce aquifer replenishment in semi-arid areas. Eg: As per the UNCCD 2024 report, aquifers are being depleted 47% faster than replenishment rates.

• Eg: As per the UNCCD 2024 report, aquifers are being depleted 47% faster than replenishment rates.

• Contamination of water sources: Degraded lands allow pollutants, including agricultural runoff, to enter water bodies, degrading water quality. Eg: The Yamuna River is heavily polluted due to agricultural chemical runoff from degraded catchments.

• Eg: The Yamuna River is heavily polluted due to agricultural chemical runoff from degraded catchments.

• Desertification impacts: Desertified regions face reduced freshwater availability, affecting local ecosystems and communities. Eg: The Sahel region in Africa is experiencing declining water bodies due to desert expansion.

• Eg: The Sahel region in Africa is experiencing declining water bodies due to desert expansion.

Measures for integrated land and water management

• Adopting watershed management: Ensures soil and water conservation by improving vegetation and controlling runoff. Eg: The Sukhomajri Watershed Project (India) restored water tables and increased agricultural productivity.

• Eg: The Sukhomajri Watershed Project (India) restored water tables and increased agricultural productivity.

• Promoting agroforestry: Enhances soil moisture, reduces surface runoff, and prevents erosion. Eg: The National Agroforestry Policy 2014 (India) integrates trees into agricultural systems.

• Eg: The National Agroforestry Policy 2014 (India) integrates trees into agricultural systems.

• Sustainable farming practices: Reducing chemical fertilizers and practicing crop rotation improves soil and water quality. Eg: Zero Budget Natural Farming (Andhra Pradesh) has improved water retention and reduced runoff.

• Eg: Zero Budget Natural Farming (Andhra Pradesh) has improved water retention and reduced runoff.

• Reforestation and afforestation: Rebuilding degraded forests improves water infiltration and retention. Eg: The Bonn Challenge aims to restore 350 million hectares globally by 2030.

• Eg: The Bonn Challenge aims to restore 350 million hectares globally by 2030.

• Efficient irrigation practices: Techniques like drip irrigation reduce water wastage and prevent salinization of soils. Eg: Israel’s drip irrigation systems conserve water and enhance agricultural productivity.

• Eg: Israel’s drip irrigation systems conserve water and enhance agricultural productivity.

• Integrated river basin management: Balances water allocation for ecosystems and human use. Eg: The Murray-Darling Basin Plan (Australia) addresses water management across multiple stakeholders.

• Eg: The Murray-Darling Basin Plan (Australia) addresses water management across multiple stakeholders.

• Community-led conservation efforts: Local participation ensures effective implementation of land and water projects. Eg: MGNREGA supports water conservation and land development projects in rural India.

• Eg: MGNREGA supports water conservation and land development projects in rural India.

• Leveraging technology: Using GIS and satellite imagery helps monitor land degradation and plan water resource management. Eg: ISRO’s Bhuvan Geo-Portal supports data-driven watershed development projects.

• Eg: ISRO’s Bhuvan Geo-Portal supports data-driven watershed development projects.

Conclusion Land and water management are inseparable for ecological stability. Integrating best practices like agroforestry, reforestation, and watershed management with advanced technologies can help address these challenges sustainably, ensuring a balanced future for humanity and nature.

General Studies – 2

Q4. “The requirement of prior sanction for prosecuting public servants ensures protection against frivolous accusations but risks shielding the corrupt”. Discuss. (15 M)

Introduction

The provision for prior sanction under Section 197 of the CrPC seeks to safeguard public servants from frivolous or malicious prosecutions while performing their duties. However, it has faced criticism for potentially delaying or preventing action against corrupt officials, as highlighted in recent Supreme Court rulings involving public officials under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).

Significance of prior sanction for public servants

• Protection against harassment: Ensures that honest officials, especially those in decision-making roles, are not subject to undue accusations for actions undertaken in their official capacity. Eg. The Supreme Court in Devinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2016) emphasized that sanction provisions protect officials acting in good faith.

• Eg. The Supreme Court in Devinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2016) emphasized that sanction provisions protect officials acting in good faith.

• Preservation of administrative efficiency: Prevents fear of legal entanglements, enabling public servants to perform their duties without hesitation. Eg. The judiciary has reiterated that public officials must not be hindered in critical decision-making, especially in high-risk areas like procurement or national security.

• Eg. The judiciary has reiterated that public officials must not be hindered in critical decision-making, especially in high-risk areas like procurement or national security.

• Judicial oversight on frivolous claims: Serves as a filter mechanism to scrutinize whether the alleged misconduct occurred in the course of official duties. Eg. In P.K. Pradhan v. State of Sikkim (2001), the court clarified that sanction is not required if the act was not connected to official duties.

• Eg. In P.K. Pradhan v. State of Sikkim (2001), the court clarified that sanction is not required if the act was not connected to official duties.

• Scope under special laws: The recent Supreme Court judgment (November 6, 2024) extended the requirement for prior sanction under Section 197 CrPC to offenses under the PMLA, aligning with other criminal laws.

Challenges posed by prior sanction provisions

• Shielding the corrupt: Delays or denial of sanction can allow corrupt officials to exploit legal protections and avoid prosecution. Eg. The Aircel-Maxis case involving P. Chidambaram witnessed prolonged debates over sanction, delaying justice.

• Eg. The Aircel-Maxis case involving P. Chidambaram witnessed prolonged debates over sanction, delaying justice.

• Conflict of interest: The sanctioning authority is often the government, which may have vested interests in protecting certain officials. Eg. In George Masih v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2023), the delay in granting sanction raised concerns about impartiality.

• Eg. In George Masih v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2023), the delay in granting sanction raised concerns about impartiality.

• Impact on investigations: Investigative agencies like the ED and CBI face legal hurdles due to the prior sanction requirement, even when solid evidence exists. Eg. The Tamil Nadu case of ED officer Ankit Tiwari (2024) highlighted the conflict between State Police and Central agencies over jurisdiction in investigating public officials.

• Eg. The Tamil Nadu case of ED officer Ankit Tiwari (2024) highlighted the conflict between State Police and Central agencies over jurisdiction in investigating public officials.

• Erosion of public trust: Perceptions of selective application or misuse of sanction provisions damage the credibility of governance and justice systems.

Balancing protection and accountability

• Time-bound sanctioning process: Mandate a fixed timeline (e.g., 3-6 months) for deciding sanction requests to prevent unnecessary delays. Eg. The Vineet Narain judgment (1997) laid down guidelines for handling corruption cases promptly.

• Eg. The Vineet Narain judgment (1997) laid down guidelines for handling corruption cases promptly.

• Independent sanctioning authority: Establish a neutral body, independent of political influence, to decide on prior sanction requests. Eg. Recommendations by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007) suggest autonomous oversight committees.

• Eg. Recommendations by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007) suggest autonomous oversight committees.

• Clear distinction of duties: Limit sanction protection strictly to actions arising from official duties, excluding personal misconduct. Eg. The Supreme Court’s 2023 ruling clarified that acts unrelated to official duties do not qualify for prior sanction protection.

• Eg. The Supreme Court’s 2023 ruling clarified that acts unrelated to official duties do not qualify for prior sanction protection.

• Regular judicial review: Strengthen judicial oversight to ensure the sanction process is not misused to delay or shield corrupt officials.

• Enhanced whistleblower protections: Strengthen mechanisms like the Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014, to complement accountability measures and expose corruption effectively.

Conclusion

While the requirement for prior sanction is crucial for maintaining administrative efficiency and protecting honest officials, it must not be allowed to shield corruption. Reforms such as time-bound approvals, independent oversight bodies, and judicial scrutiny can strike the right balance between protection and accountability, ensuring public trust in governance and the rule of law.

Q5. Critically evaluate the role of BRICS in challenging the hegemony of the US dollar in international trade. How can India balance its strategic interests within the bloc while maintaining strong ties with the US. (15 M)

Introduction BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) has emerged as a significant bloc aiming to challenge the hegemony of the US dollar in global trade by promoting alternatives to the dollar-dominated financial system. For India, this shift presents both opportunities and challenges in balancing its strategic interests.

#### The role of BRICS in challenging the hegemony of the US dollar

• Promoting alternative currencies: BRICS nations are exploring a common currency and encouraging the use of national currencies for trade, reducing reliance on the dollar.

• Eg: Over 90% of Russia-China bilateral trade is now settled in local currencies (yuan and rouble).

• Diversifying global financial systems: Frameworks like the New Development Bank (NDB) provide alternatives to the US-led financial system.

• Eg: NDB approved loans worth USD 30 billion by 2023 in non-dollar denominations.

• Reducing vulnerabilities to sanctions: Minimizing dollar dependence helps countries evade the impact of US unilateral sanctions.

• Eg: Russia bypassed SWIFT sanctions through local currency trade with BRICS nations.

• Encouraging multipolarity: BRICS seeks to foster a balanced financial system, reducing the dominance of Western financial institutions.

• Eg: IMF data (2023) highlights an increase in non-traditional currencies in global reserves.

• Advancing digital currency frameworks: Nations like China promote CBDCs as alternatives to the dollar-dominated SWIFT system.

• Eg: China’s e-yuan pilot supports cross-border trade settlements.

#### Challenges for BRICS in challenging the US dollar

• Economic asymmetry within BRICS: China’s dominance risks overshadowing smaller economies like South Africa and Brazil.

• Eg: China accounts for nearly 70% of BRICS GDP, creating power imbalances.

• Dependence on the US dollar: BRICS nations still rely heavily on the dollar for global trade and reserves.

• Eg: The US dollar constitutes 88% of global forex turnover (BIS Triennial Survey, 2022).

• Geopolitical tensions: Diverging interests, such as the India-China border dispute, hinder policy coordination within BRICS.

• Eg: The 2020 Galwan Valley standoff strained India-China relations.

• Lack of institutional depth: Unlike the IMF or World Bank, BRICS lacks robust financial mechanisms to enforce its goals.

• Eg: NDB’s scale is limited compared to traditional institutions.

• Resistance from global systems: The US has threatened tariffs and trade restrictions against nations challenging the dollar.

• Eg: US President elect threat of 100% tariff threat to BRICS countries exploring a new currency.

#### How India can balance its strategic interests within BRICS while maintaining strong ties with the US

• Strengthening multipolarity: India can support BRICS initiatives aligned with its economic diversification goals without directly opposing the US.

• Eg: Promoting rupee internationalization under RBI’s guidelines for cross-border trade.

• Focusing on equitable frameworks: India must advocate for a balanced BRICS financial mechanism to avoid Chinese domination.

• Eg: Push for shared leadership in NDB decision-making.

• Leveraging digital platforms: India can use its strengths like UPI and CBDC to lead inclusive financial systems within BRICS.

• Eg: Collaborate on a digital payment network using India’s CBDC.

• Maintaining strategic autonomy: India should balance BRICS commitments with its defense and geopolitical ties with the US.

• Eg: QUAD cooperation reflects India’s dual alignment strategy.

• Engaging diplomatically: India should communicate its participation in BRICS financial reforms as a step toward economic stability, not confrontation.

• Eg: External Affairs Minister’s October 2024 statement emphasized India’s pragmatic approach to financial alternatives.

Conclusion The BRICS challenge to the US dollar represents an evolving multipolar financial order, offering opportunities for India to enhance its economic autonomy. By balancing its commitments within BRICS and its strong ties with the US, India can ensure geopolitical stability and economic resilience in the changing global landscape.

Q6. Discuss the mandate and jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). How effective has it been in resolving conflicts involving developing countries? (10 M)

Introduction The International Court of Justice (ICJ), established in 1945 under the UN Charter, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It adjudicates disputes between states and provides advisory opinions to promote the peaceful resolution of conflicts and uphold international law.

Mandate and jurisdiction of the ICJ

• Contentious jurisdiction: The ICJ resolves disputes between states that have consented to its jurisdiction, covering matters like territorial disputes, treaty interpretation, and maritime boundaries. Eg. The Kulbhushan Jadhav case (India v. Pakistan, 2019) involved violations of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.

• Eg. The Kulbhushan Jadhav case (India v. Pakistan, 2019) involved violations of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.

• Advisory jurisdiction: The ICJ provides non-binding advisory opinions on legal questions referred by the UN General Assembly, Security Council, or specialized agencies. Eg. The Advisory Opinion on Chagos Archipelago (2019) upheld Mauritius’ claim over the territory.

• Eg. The Advisory Opinion on Chagos Archipelago (2019) upheld Mauritius’ claim over the territory.

• Binding decisions: ICJ rulings are binding but lack enforcement mechanisms, relying on the UN Security Council for implementation.

• Exclusion of non-state actors: The ICJ does not address cases involving individuals, corporations, or organizations, focusing solely on inter-state matters.

• Optional clause declarations: States may voluntarily recognize the ICJ’s jurisdiction through declarations, which can be conditional or withdrawn. Eg. India modified its declaration in 1974, limiting jurisdiction in disputes with neighboring countries.

• Eg. India modified its declaration in 1974, limiting jurisdiction in disputes with neighboring countries.

Effectiveness of the ICJ in resolving conflicts involving developing countries

Successes | Challenges

1.Peaceful dispute resolution: Prevents military escalation and resolves disputes diplomatically. | 1. Lack of enforcement: ICJ cannot compel compliance, weakening its authority.

Eg. The Maritime Delimitation Case (Somalia v. Kenya, 2021) resolved conflicting maritime claims. | Eg. The Nicaragua v. USA (1986) ruling was ignored by the US, undermining the ICJ’s credibility.

1.Neutrality and impartiality: Provides a balanced forum for developing nations to challenge powerful states. | 2. Geopolitical influence: Major powers often disregard or manipulate ICJ decisions.

Eg. Nicaragua v. USA (1986) upheld Nicaragua’s sovereignty against the US. | Eg. The Iran v. USA (2018) ruling showed limitations in enforcing judgments against global powers.

1.Addressing human rights: Focuses on cases involving genocide and persecution, promoting global justice. | 3. Limited jurisdiction: Requires state consent, leaving many disputes unresolved.

Eg. Gambia v. Myanmar (2022) addressed genocide allegations against Rohingya Muslims. | Eg. China rejected ICJ’s jurisdiction in the South China Sea dispute (2016).

1.Low-cost accessibility: Offers a cost-effective legal platform for developing nations. | 4. Delays in resolution: Prolonged timelines weaken the impact of decisions.

Eg. Many African nations have relied on ICJ for resolving boundary disputes. | Eg. The Gabon v. Equatorial Guinea maritime case took over a decade to resolve.

1.Strengthening international law: Promotes global norms on legal accountability. | 5. Exclusion of non-state actors: Cannot address issues involving individuals or corporations.

Eg. The Bangladesh v. Myanmar maritime case (2012) improved bilateral cooperation. | Eg. Cases involving transnational terrorism or corporate accountability are beyond ICJ’s jurisdiction.

Conclusion The ICJ has been effective in resolving disputes for developing countries by providing impartiality and cost-effective legal recourse. However, addressing enforcement gaps, geopolitical biases, and delays through institutional reforms and UN support will enhance its global impact and credibility.

General Studies – 3

Q7. What are Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)? Discuss their role in enhancing global liquidity. (10 M)

Introduction

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are an international reserve asset created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to supplement member countries’ official reserves. As of 2023, they play a pivotal role in stabilizing global liquidity, especially during financial crises.

What are Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)?

• International Reserve Asset: SDRs are not a currency but a potential claim on freely usable currencies of IMF member countries. Eg. Currencies like USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, and CNY form the SDR basket.

• Eg. Currencies like USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, and CNY form the SDR basket.

• Allocated by IMF: SDRs are allocated to member nations based on their IMF quotas, reflecting their economic standing. Eg. In 2021, the IMF allocated $650 billion SDRs, the largest in its history, to address the economic fallout of COVID-19.

• Eg. In 2021, the IMF allocated $650 billion SDRs, the largest in its history, to address the economic fallout of COVID-19.

• Liquidity Without Conditionalities: Unlike IMF loans, SDRs provide liquidity without policy conditionalities, offering flexibility in usage. Eg. Nations like Sri Lanka have used SDRs to manage fiscal strain and stabilize their economies.

• Eg. Nations like Sri Lanka have used SDRs to manage fiscal strain and stabilize their economies.

• Valuation: The value of SDRs is determined daily based on a weighted basket of five major currencies. Source: IMF website, daily SDR valuation updates.

• Source: IMF website, daily SDR valuation updates.

Role in enhancing global liquidity

• Supplementing Foreign Reserves: SDRs boost a country’s reserves, enabling it to address balance of payments (BoP) issues without depleting national reserves. Eg. Post-COVID, low-income nations utilized SDR allocations to stabilize their economies without implementing austerity measures.

• Eg. Post-COVID, low-income nations utilized SDR allocations to stabilize their economies without implementing austerity measures.

• Reducing Dependency on Borrowings: SDRs provide cost-free liquidity to member countries, reducing reliance on high-interest loans. Eg. In 2021, African nations reduced their dependency on external debt by utilizing SDRs for critical imports.

• Eg. In 2021, African nations reduced their dependency on external debt by utilizing SDRs for critical imports.

• Addressing Financial Crises: SDRs act as a buffer during global shocks, stabilizing economies by ensuring liquidity flow. Eg. During the 2008 financial crisis, an allocation of $250 billion SDRs mitigated the liquidity crunch across developing economies.

• Eg. During the 2008 financial crisis, an allocation of $250 billion SDRs mitigated the liquidity crunch across developing economies.

• Strengthening Global Economic Stability: The use of SDRs in multilateral agreements promotes equitable distribution of financial resources globally. Recommendation: The Sharma Committee suggested leveraging SDRs to minimize global financial imbalances.

• Recommendation: The Sharma Committee suggested leveraging SDRs to minimize global financial imbalances.

• Facilitating Debt Relief: SDRs can be transferred between member countries or used to meet IMF obligations, easing fiscal stress in heavily indebted nations. Eg. Countries like Sri Lanka used SDRs for debt servicing and to stabilize public finances.

• Eg. Countries like Sri Lanka used SDRs for debt servicing and to stabilize public finances.

• Support for Green Financing: SDRs are increasingly advocated for financing climate resilience projects and sustainable development goals. Eg. The 2023 IMF discussions proposed expanded use of SDRs for green energy transitions and climate action.

• Eg. The 2023 IMF discussions proposed expanded use of SDRs for green energy transitions and climate action.

Conclusion

SDRs represent a multilateral mechanism for ensuring equitable access to global liquidity, supporting economic resilience and stability. With reforms in IMF governance and targeted allocations, SDRs can further drive inclusive global recovery and sustainable development.

Q8. Analyze the reasons behind persistent farm distress in India despite various government interventions. Suggest ways to address these structural issues. (15 M)

Introduction

India has implemented numerous initiatives to alleviate farm distress, including the PM-KISAN Scheme (2019) for income support, e-NAM (2016) for market integration, and the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) (2016) for crop insurance. Despite these, persistent structural issues continue to affect agricultural resilience.

Reasons behind persistent farm distress

• Low farm incomes: Small and marginal farmers, constituting 86% of holdings (Agricultural Census, 2015-16), struggle with insufficient income due to fragmented landholdings and low productivity. Eg: Average monthly farm household income in 2018-19 was only ₹10,218 (NABARD Report).

• Inefficient agricultural markets: Lack of robust infrastructure and monopoly of APMC markets lead to poor price realization for farmers. Eg: Only 10% of Indian farmers benefited from e-NAM by 2022 (PIB Report).

• Unbalanced input costs and returns: Rising costs of seeds, fertilizers, and labor, coupled with volatile crop prices, aggravate financial instability. Eg: The cost of fertilizers increased by 45-50% globally in 2022 (FAO Report).

• Water stress: Over-reliance on groundwater for irrigation (constituting 64% of total irrigation) leads to unsustainable farming in many regions. Eg: Punjab’s declining water table by 0.5-1 meter annually (Central Ground Water Board Report).

• Debt burden: High dependence on informal credit sources at exploitative interest rates exacerbates farmers’ financial woes. Eg: Over 52% of agricultural households were indebted as per the NSSO 77th Round (2019).

• Climate variability: Erratic rainfall, droughts, and unseasonal weather affect crops and increase risk. Eg: The 2023 unseasonal rains caused losses in wheat and mustard crops in several states (IMD Report).

• Policy inefficiencies: Schemes like PMFBY face operational challenges like delayed payments and low coverage due to complex processes. Eg: PMFBY covered only 23% of farmers in 2022-23 (Economic Survey 2023).

Ways to address structural issues

• Enhancing income security: Expanding direct income support schemes like PM-KISAN with inflation-indexed payments and inclusion of tenant farmers. Eg: Telangana’s Rythu Bandhu Scheme has shown success in reducing farmer dependency on loans.

• Reforming agricultural markets: Strengthen e-NAM integration with better infrastructure and expand coverage to include perishables. Eg: Madhya Pradesh’s seamless e-NAM adoption improved price realization for farmers in 2021.

• Rationalizing input subsidies: Promoting precision agriculture and balanced fertilizer use through incentives and digital tools. Eg: Karnataka’s Krishi Yantra Dhare Scheme provides affordable mechanization services to small farmers.

• Improving irrigation systems: Focus on micro-irrigation under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana to ensure efficient water use. Eg: Gujarat’s Sujalam Sufalam Yojana revitalized water bodies for sustainable farming practices.

• Strengthening institutional credit: Expanding formal credit networks and cooperative banks to reduce dependence on informal lenders. Eg: Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme disbursed ₹7 lakh crore in loans in FY 2022-23 (RBI Report).

• Climate-resilient farming: Promote crop diversification, agroforestry, and organic farming practices to mitigate climate risks. Eg: Kerala’s Subhiksha Keralam Project emphasizes localized and resilient farming models.

• Simplifying scheme delivery: Redesign complex policies like PMFBY with state-specific flexibility and faster grievance redressal mechanisms. Eg: Maharashtra’s digitized crop insurance grievance portal expedited claims in 2022.

Conclusion

Farm distress stems from deeply entrenched structural issues that require holistic and region-specific solutions. A multi-pronged strategy focusing on market reforms, sustainable practices, and robust social security is key to ensuring long-term agricultural resilience and prosperity.

General Studies – 4

Q9. “Corruption in public service can lead to systemic failures, particularly in critical areas like healthcare”. Discuss the ethical challenges posed by corruption and the measures needed to ensure integrity and accountability in public administration. (10 M)

Introduction

Corruption in public service compromises governance, leading to systemic failures that particularly impact critical sectors like healthcare. It erodes institutional integrity, diverts resources, and directly threatens human lives, undermining the principles of justice and equity enshrined in the Constitution.

Ethical challenges posed by corruption

• Misallocation of resources: Corruption diverts funds from intended purposes, resulting in inadequate infrastructure and services. Eg: NRHM Scam (2012): Misappropriation of ₹10,000 crore hindered rural healthcare delivery.

• Eg: NRHM Scam (2012): Misappropriation of ₹10,000 crore hindered rural healthcare delivery.

• Compromised quality and safety: Lapses in procurement due to corruption lead to substandard supplies, endangering lives. Eg: Ballari maternal deaths (2024): Substandard ringer lactate solution caused multiple fatalities.

• Eg: Ballari maternal deaths (2024): Substandard ringer lactate solution caused multiple fatalities.

• Erosion of trust: Persistent corruption reduces public faith in governance, leading to systemic inefficiencies. Eg: Transparency International CPI (2023): India ranked 85/180, reflecting governance challenges.

• Eg: Transparency International CPI (2023): India ranked 85/180, reflecting governance challenges.

• Worsening inequalities: Corruption disproportionately affects marginalized populations reliant on public healthcare. Eg: The COVID-19 oxygen black market (2021) saw profiteering at the expense of vulnerable groups.

• Eg: The COVID-19 oxygen black market (2021) saw profiteering at the expense of vulnerable groups.

• Institutional weakening: Corruption undermines the capacity of public institutions to enforce regulations and deliver services effectively. Eg: Medical Council of India (2010): Dissolved for systemic corruption, impacting healthcare governance.

• Eg: Medical Council of India (2010): Dissolved for systemic corruption, impacting healthcare governance.

Measures to ensure integrity and accountability

• Digitalization of processes: E-governance platforms like GeM (Government e-Marketplace) ensure transparency in procurement. Eg: GeM (2023) saved ₹40,000 crore and reduced human intervention in public procurement.

• Eg: GeM (2023) saved ₹40,000 crore and reduced human intervention in public procurement.

• Strengthening legal frameworks: Implement robust enforcement of anti-corruption laws such as Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. Eg: Lokayukta in Karnataka recently acted against corruption in healthcare procurement.

• Eg: Lokayukta in Karnataka recently acted against corruption in healthcare procurement.

• Whistleblower empowerment: Encourage reporting through protections under the Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014. Eg: Satyendra Dubey case (2003): Exposed corruption but underscored risks without adequate safeguards.

• Eg: Satyendra Dubey case (2003): Exposed corruption but underscored risks without adequate safeguards.

• Citizen involvement: Institutionalize social audits to monitor public schemes and ensure accountability. Eg: MGNREGA audits provide real-time checks on fund utilization at grassroots levels.

• Eg: MGNREGA audits provide real-time checks on fund utilization at grassroots levels.

• Judicial oversight and reforms: Use courts to ensure justice and independence in corruption investigations. Eg: Vineet Narain v. Union of India (1997): Strengthened CBI autonomy for corruption probes.

• Eg: Vineet Narain v. Union of India (1997): Strengthened CBI autonomy for corruption probes.

• Adopt the Second ARC Report on Ethics in Governance (2007) for transparency in public administration. Eg: Recommended ethical training and systemic reforms in procurement and oversight mechanisms.

• Eg: Recommended ethical training and systemic reforms in procurement and oversight mechanisms.

Conclusion

Corruption in critical sectors like healthcare is a betrayal of public trust and constitutional principles. Implementing robust safeguards, fostering transparency, and empowering citizens are essential to build a governance system rooted in integrity and accountability.

Q10. What role does empathy play in designing welfare policies for vulnerable populations? How can it prevent exclusion due to administrative decisions? (10 M)

Introduction

Empathy is the cornerstone of ethical governance, enabling policymakers to understand and address the real needs of vulnerable populations, thereby promoting social justice and inclusivity.

Role of empathy in designing welfare policies for vulnerable populations

• Promoting fairness and equality: Empathy ensures that welfare policies address the diverse needs of marginalized groups. Eg: The Right to Education Act (2009) mandates free education for underprivileged children, recognizing their socio-economic struggles.

• Encouraging participatory governance: Empathy involves stakeholders in the policymaking process, fostering inclusivity. Eg: Kerala’s People’s Plan Campaign integrates community participation in local development plans.

• Preventing discrimination: Policies shaped by empathy combat systemic biases that hinder social inclusion. Eg: The SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 reflects empathy toward historically marginalized communities.

• Balancing efficiency with compassion: Empathy helps avoid mechanistic approaches in governance by prioritizing human welfare. Eg: The PM Garib Kalyan Yojana (2020) provided direct financial aid during the COVID-19 crisis, addressing urgent needs.

• Strengthening social cohesion: Welfare policies rooted in empathy build trust between the state and citizens, reducing alienation. Eg: The Aspirational Districts Program identifies and addresses gaps in underdeveloped regions, promoting equity.

How empathy can prevent exclusion due to administrative decisions

• Tailored policy design: Empathy ensures that administrative frameworks are adaptable to the needs of diverse groups. Eg: The Supreme Court’s Puttaswamy judgment (2017) mandated Aadhaar usage be limited to avoid excluding beneficiaries.

• Humanizing bureaucracy: Training officials in empathy reduces apathy in service delivery. Eg: The Citizen’s Charter Initiative aims to instill accountability and empathetic behaviour in public servants.

• Eliminating procedural rigidity: Empathy advocates for simplified, inclusive procedures to reduce systemic exclusion. Eg: The MGNREGA Grievance Redressal Mechanism simplifies appeals for delayed or denied payments.

• Addressing digital divides: Empathy ensures access to technology without marginalizing digitally illiterate groups. Eg: Rajasthan’s Jan Soochna Portal ensures offline access to welfare information for rural areas.

• Proactive policy monitoring: Empathy encourages real-time monitoring to rectify exclusions promptly. Eg: The Social Audit Mechanism under MGNREGA allows communities to identify and address local administrative lapses.

Conclusion

Empathy bridges the gap between policy intent and social impact, ensuring inclusivity and fairness. Going forward, embedding empathy as a core principle in governance will enable ethical and sustainable development for all sections of society.

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