UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 5 JUNE 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

Topic: History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.

Topic: History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.

1. The Cold War was a multifaceted conflict that extended far beyond military confrontations, shaping the global landscape across various fields and having a profound impact in the process. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about different arenas (Korea, Vietnam, etc.) of the cold war. Apart from these different arenas, mention the different fields (ex: space race, sports) in which the cold war played out. Directive: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin your answer by writing briefly what the primary cause of the cold war was. Body: First write about the “hot” aspects of the war, the different places where the two superpowers technically battled each other (Korea, Vietnam etc.). Proceed to write about the different fields in which the cold war ended up playing out – sports, space race, weapons race etc. Write about the impact of the above. Conclusion: You can conclude by summarising.

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about different arenas (Korea, Vietnam, etc.) of the cold war. Apart from these different arenas, mention the different fields (ex: space race, sports) in which the cold war played out.

Directive:

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin your answer by writing briefly what the primary cause of the cold war was.

First write about the “hot” aspects of the war, the different places where the two superpowers technically battled each other (Korea, Vietnam etc.). Proceed to write about the different fields in which the cold war ended up playing out – sports, space race, weapons race etc.

Write about the impact of the above.

Conclusion:

You can conclude by summarising.

Introduction

Cold war was a sequence of events after the World War II (1939-45) till the disintegration of the USSR in 1991, whereby the two super powers, USA and USSR, competed for hegemony in domains of economy, science and technology, politics and military. Each side adopted policies to strengthen itself and weaken the other falling short of an actual war.

Various domains of cold war

• Ideologies: Nations in theSoviet and Chinese spheres were governed by They also featured command economies, in which production and distribution is rigidly controlled by the government. US-led block was the capitalist block which stood for liberal values of democracy and freedom. They saw communism as a threat to the liberal world.

• US-led block was the capitalist block which stood for liberal values of democracy and freedom. They saw communism as a threat to the liberal world.

• NATO vs Warsaw Pact:US formed NATO (1949) after the West Berlin Blockade because the capitalist bloc found itself unprepared for a military conflict. Warsaw pact (1955) was initiated by USSR in response to NATOadmitting West Germany. It was signed by USSR and all satellite states except Yugoslavia. Under Warsaw Pact, the members promised to defend each other against any attack from outside and the armies of all members came under overall control of Moscow.

• Warsaw pact (1955) was initiated by USSR in response to NATOadmitting West Germany.

• It was signed by USSR and all satellite states except Yugoslavia.

• Under Warsaw Pact, the members promised to defend each other against any attack from outside and the armies of all members came under overall control of Moscow.

• Arms race began in earnest when USSR developed the Atomic Bomb in 1949. Thereafter, US planned and produced the much more powerful Hydrogen Bomb. By 1953, USSR also caught up and developed the Hydrogen Bomb.

• Thereafter, US planned and produced the much more powerful Hydrogen Bomb.

• By 1953, USSR also caught up and developed the Hydrogen Bomb.

• Space race:Space exploration served as another dramatic arena for Cold War competition. Russia launched its first satellite in 1957, called Sputnik. In 1959, the Soviet space program took another step forward with the launch of Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the moon. In April 1961, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit Earth, traveling in the capsule-like spacecraft Vostok 1. December 1968 saw the launch of Apollo 8, thefirst manned space mission to orbit the moon. By landing on the moon, the United States effectively “won” the space race that had begun with Sputnik’s launch in 1957.

• In 1959, the Soviet space program took another step forward with the launch of Luna 2, the first space probe to hit the moon.

• In April 1961, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit Earth, traveling in the capsule-like spacecraft Vostok 1.

• December 1968 saw the launch of Apollo 8, thefirst manned space mission to orbit the moon. By landing on the moon, the United States effectively “won” the space race that had begun with Sputnik’s launch in 1957.

Cold War manifestation across the world

• Berlin Wall erection and blockade: After WWII, Germany wasdivided into the Soviet-occupied, communist East and the Ally-occupied, democratic West. Though this division was initially administrative, the nation split into separate states (West Germany and East Germany) in 1949. Immediately preceding the division of Germany was the year-longBerlin blockade. The aim of the blockade was to starve the West Germans, but this was overcome by Allies through airlifting supplies. Berlin Wall was erected, which was called the descent of the iron curtain and start of cold war.

• Though this division was initially administrative, the nation split into separate states (West Germany and East Germany) in 1949.

• Immediately preceding the division of Germany was the year-longBerlin blockade. The aim of the blockade was to starve the West Germans, but this was overcome by Allies through airlifting supplies.

• Berlin Wall was erected, which was called the descent of the iron curtain and start of cold war.

• Korean War of 1950- 1953: After World War II, Korea was divided into the Soviet-backed North and US-backed South. A Northern invasion of the South sparked the Korean War (1950-53), in which the South was supported by a US-led UN coalition. Just when this coalition had taken most of the Korean Peninsula, China joined the USSR in support of the North, driving the Americans back southward to the 38th parallel;this line has served as the boundary between the two Koreas ever since.

• A Northern invasion of the South sparked the Korean War (1950-53), in which the South was supported by a US-led UN coalition.

• Just when this coalition had taken most of the Korean Peninsula, China joined the USSR in support of the North, driving the Americans back southward to the 38th parallel;this line has served as the boundary between the two Koreas ever since.

• Vietnam War:The most prolonged and destructive Cold War conflict was the Vietnam War (1954-75). Post war the nation was divided into the communist, USSR/China-backed North and non-communist, US-backed South. The US resorted to brutal campaigns ofcarpet bombing (area bombing) and defoliation (destruction of foliage, typically with napalm or herbicides). Yet even these extreme measures failed. The US ultimately withdrew, NorthVietnam invaded the South, and the nation was Millions had been killed

• The US resorted to brutal campaigns ofcarpet bombing (area bombing) and defoliation (destruction of foliage, typically with napalm or herbicides).

• Yet even these extreme measures failed.

• The US ultimately withdrew, NorthVietnam invaded the South, and the nation was Millions had been killed

• Cuban Missile Crisis:The apex of Cold War tension was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, when the US discovered that Russia was building nuclear launch sites in Cuba. President Kennedy ordered anaval blockade of the island, and for a few days nuclear war seemed imminent. reunited under communist An agreement was reached, however, in which Khrushchev removed the weapons from Cubain exchange for the American removal of warheads in Turkey, as well as a guarantee against future American invasion of Cuba

• President Kennedy ordered anaval blockade of the island, and for a few days nuclear war seemed imminent. reunited under communist

• An agreement was reached, however, in which Khrushchev removed the weapons from Cubain exchange for the American removal of warheads in Turkey, as well as a guarantee against future American invasion of Cuba

• Afghan invasion by Soviet: The foremost conflict of the late Cold War was the Soviet War in Afghanistan (1979-89), in which Soviet forces attempted to defend the reigning communist government of Afghanistan from anti-communist guerrillas. The guerrillas, furnished with weapons and funding provided by the USand sympathetic Muslim nations, maintained a bloody stalemate throughout the conflict (such that this war has been dubbed the “Soviet Vietnam”). The guerrillas toppled the communist government a few years after the Soviet withdrawal.

• The guerrillas, furnished with weapons and funding provided by the USand sympathetic Muslim nations, maintained a bloody stalemate throughout the conflict (such that this war has been dubbed the “Soviet Vietnam”).

• The guerrillas toppled the communist government a few years after the Soviet withdrawal.

Conclusion

The cold war was a period of hostilities between nations who were aligned with the two blocs. Post-cold-war American supremacy remained for a long time, making it a unipolar world. Today Russia is no longer a major threat to USA. China’s rise in the past two decades is a simmering conflict in the waiting. The friction between USA and China has been touted as the Cold war 2.0.

Topic: urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

Topic: urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

2. India’s steady decline in freshwater resources presents a significant challenge for urban centres. However, treated and reused wastewater can serve as a highly valuable resource, mitigating pressure on existing freshwater resources and enhancing the quality of rivers and aquifers. Analyse. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Print , Insights on India

Why the question: A prolonged and record-breaking heatwave has led to a water crisis in Delhi, forcing authorities to crack down on water wastage and impose fines. This is not the first Indian city this year to face water scarcity; Bengaluru and Pune have already borne the brunt of it. Key Demand of the question: To write about the measures needed to overcome water stress in the country and role of treated and reused wastewater in the above. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining and giving the status of water stress in India. Cite a statistic of show the level of water stress in the country, Body: First, write about the impact of water stress on the quantitative as well as qualitative aspect of fresh water and how it will impact us. Next, write about role of treated and reused wastewater – reduces pressure on freshwater sources, improves river and aquifer quality, and brings economic and environmental benefits. Next, write about the limitations of treated and reused wastewater – nfrastructure development, public acceptance, and technical considerations etc. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.

Why the question:

A prolonged and record-breaking heatwave has led to a water crisis in Delhi, forcing authorities to crack down on water wastage and impose fines. This is not the first Indian city this year to face water scarcity; Bengaluru and Pune have already borne the brunt of it.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the measures needed to overcome water stress in the country and role of treated and reused wastewater in the above.

Directive word:

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining and giving the status of water stress in India. Cite a statistic of show the level of water stress in the country,

First, write about the impact of water stress on the quantitative as well as qualitative aspect of fresh water and how it will impact us.

Next, write about role of treated and reused wastewater – reduces pressure on freshwater sources, improves river and aquifer quality, and brings economic and environmental benefits.

Next, write about the limitations of treated and reused wastewater – nfrastructure development, public acceptance, and technical considerations etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

India, with 18% of the world’s population, faces significant water stress due to limited water resources. Only 4% of the world’s freshwater is available within its borders. The country heavily relies on an erratic monsoon for water supply, exacerbating the challenge. Climate change further strains water resources, leading to more frequent floods and droughts.

A prolonged and record-breaking heatwave has led to a water crisis in Delhi, forcing authorities to crack down on water wastage and impose fines. This is not the first Indian city this year to face water scarcity; Bengaluru and Pune have already borne the brunt of it.

Impact of Water Stress:

• Quantitative Impact: Depletion of freshwater sources due to overexploitation affects availability for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. Groundwater levels decline, impacting irrigation and rural water supply.

• Depletion of freshwater sources due to overexploitation affects availability for agriculture, industry, and domestic use.

• Groundwater levels decline, impacting irrigation and rural water supply.

• Qualitative Impact: Water stress leads to poor water quality, affecting human health and ecosystems. Pollutants from untreated wastewater degrade water quality, making it unsafe for consumption.

• Water stress leads to poor water quality, affecting human health and ecosystems.

• Pollutants from untreated wastewater degrade water quality, making it unsafe for consumption.

Role of Treated and Reused Wastewater:

• Pressure Reduction on Freshwater Sources: Treated wastewater can replace freshwater for non-potable purposes like agriculture, irrigation, and industrial processes. It reduces the strain on rivers, lakes, and aquifers, preserving these vital resources.

• Treated wastewater can replace freshwater for non-potable purposes like agriculture, irrigation, and industrial processes.

• It reduces the strain on rivers, lakes, and aquifers, preserving these vital resources.

• Improved River and Aquifer Quality: Properly treated wastewater can enhance soil fertility and replenish aquifers. Nutrients in treated wastewater benefit crops, improving agricultural productivity. Reusing wastewater reduces pollution load in rivers and prevents contamination.

• Properly treated wastewater can enhance soil fertility and replenish aquifers.

• Nutrients in treated wastewater benefit crops, improving agricultural productivity.

• Reusing wastewater reduces pollution load in rivers and prevents contamination.

• Economic and Environmental Benefits: Cost-effective: Using treated wastewater reduces the need for expensive freshwater supply infrastructure. Environmental conservation: Reuse minimizes the environmental impact of wastewater discharge.

• Cost-effective: Using treated wastewater reduces the need for expensive freshwater supply infrastructure.

• Environmental conservation: Reuse minimizes the environmental impact of wastewater discharge.

Limitations of Treated and Reused Wastewater:

• Infrastructure Development: Establishing treatment plants and distribution networks requires substantial investment. Maintenance and operation costs are ongoing challenges.

• Establishing treatment plants and distribution networks requires substantial investment.

• Maintenance and operation costs are ongoing challenges.

• Public Acceptance: Overcoming social stigma associated with wastewater reuse is crucial. Public awareness campaigns are necessary to promote acceptance.

• Overcoming social stigma associated with wastewater reuse is crucial.

• Public awareness campaigns are necessary to promote acceptance.

• Technical Considerations: Ensuring proper treatment to meet quality standards is essential. Balancing nutrient content (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) to prevent soil degradation. Addressing potential health risks from pathogens and contaminants.

• Ensuring proper treatment to meet quality standards is essential.

• Balancing nutrient content (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) to prevent soil degradation.

• Addressing potential health risks from pathogens and contaminants.

Way Forward:

• Integrated Approach: Combine treated wastewater with rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation techniques. Encourage decentralized wastewater treatment systems.

• Combine treated wastewater with rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation techniques.

• Encourage decentralized wastewater treatment systems.

• Policy and Regulation: Strengthen regulations for wastewater treatment and reuse. Incentivize industries and agriculture to adopt sustainable practices.

• Strengthen regulations for wastewater treatment and reuse.

• Incentivize industries and agriculture to adopt sustainable practices.

• Community Participation: Involve local communities in water management and decision-making. Educate farmers and consumers about the benefits of treated wastewater.

• Involve local communities in water management and decision-making.

• Educate farmers and consumers about the benefits of treated wastewater.

• Research and Innovation: Invest in research to improve treatment technologies and address limitations. Explore innovative solutions for safe and efficient wastewater reuse.

• Invest in research to improve treatment technologies and address limitations.

• Explore innovative solutions for safe and efficient wastewater reuse.

Conclusion

Addressing water stress in India requires a holistic approach, involving technology, policy, and community engagement. By embracing treated wastewater as a valuable resource, we can mitigate water scarcity and build a sustainable future

Topic: Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

Topic: Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

3. In the context of India, both coalition governments and single-party majority governments have their own sets of advantages and disadvantages. Which type of government do you believe is more suited for India in the present day? State your own opinion.

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: The Hindu , Live Mint

Why the question: The 2024 Lok Sabha election result, which has left the BJP with less than a majority of seats, will likely lead to changes — not just in terms of how the coalition, if it fructifies in governmental terms, is run, but also in the internal dynamics of the BJP. Key Demand of the question: To write about pros and cons of coalition governments and single-party majority governments and your opinion of better suited government for India. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: In the first part, discuss the pros and cons of single-party majority governments – offer stability, efficient decision-making, and clear accountability, but they risk authoritarianism, lack diverse representation, and can lead to political polarization etc. Next, discuss the pros and cons of coalition governments – more inclusive, representing a wide range of interests, and ensure checks and balances, but they often suffer from instability and slow decision-making. Conclusion: Based on above arguments give a fair and balanced view as conclusion.

Why the question:

The 2024 Lok Sabha election result, which has left the BJP with less than a majority of seats, will likely lead to changes — not just in terms of how the coalition, if it fructifies in governmental terms, is run, but also in the internal dynamics of the BJP.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about pros and cons of coalition governments and single-party majority governments and your opinion of better suited government for India.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by giving context.

In the first part, discuss the pros and cons of single-party majority governments – offer stability, efficient decision-making, and clear accountability, but they risk authoritarianism, lack diverse representation, and can lead to political polarization etc.

Next, discuss the pros and cons of coalition governments – more inclusive, representing a wide range of interests, and ensure checks and balances, but they often suffer from instability and slow decision-making.

Conclusion:

Based on above arguments give a fair and balanced view as conclusion.

Introduction

Recently, for the first time since 1962, a government has returned for a third term after completing two consecutive terms spanning a decade. However, the result signifies the end of single-party dominance and heralds the return of a true coalition government at the Centre.

Coalition government and Single-party majority government

• Coalition government is defined as when several political parties join hands to form a government and exercise political power based on a common agreed programme. Coalitions usually occur in modern parliaments when no single political party gets clear majority. If several parties with a majority of elected members can agree on a shared plan without compromising too much with their policies, they can form a government.

• Coalitions usually occur in modern parliaments when no single political party gets clear majority.

• If several parties with a majority of elected members can agree on a shared plan without compromising too much with their policies, they can form a government.

• Coalition politics is not a static but a dynamic affair as coalition players and groups dissolve and form new ones.

• A coalition government works based on a minimum programme, which may not satisfy aspirations of all the members of the coalition government.

Critical Analysis of coalition government

Merits

• A coalition government brings together different parties to make decisions that are balanced and satisfy interests of various stakeholders.

• India’s diverse cultures, languages, and groups make coalition governments more representative and reflective of popular opinion than single-party governments.

• Coalition politics strengthens India’s federal system by being more attentive to regional needs than a single-party government.

Demerits:

• They are unstable because disagreements on policy issues among coalition partners can cause the government to collapse.

• In a coalition government, the Prime Minister’s authority is restricted as they must consult with coalition partners before making significant decisions.

• The Steering Committee, like a ‘Super-Cabinet’ for coalition partners, diminishes the authority of the cabinet in governing.

• Smaller parties in a coalition government might have significant influence by demanding more than their fair share of power in Parliament.

• Leaders of regional parties influence national decisions by advocating for issues specific to their regions, exerting pressure on the central government to align with their interests under the threat of coalition withdrawal.

• In a coalition government, the Council of Ministers tends to be larger due to the interests of all major parties in the coalition.

• In coalition governments, members often avoid taking responsibility for mistakes by blaming each other, thus avoiding both collective and individual accountability.

Critical Analysis of single party majority government

• Risk of Centralization: A single-party majority can lead to the centralization of power, reducing the checks and balances that are essential in a democratic system. This can result in the marginalization of minority groups and regions not aligned with the ruling party.

• Policy Rigidity: While a single-party majority can lead to stable governance, it can also result in the imposition of a rigid policy agenda that might not be in sync with the diverse needs of the country. Such governments might prioritize the party’s interests over broader national interests.

• Reduced Accountability: When a single party dominates, accountability can diminish as there are fewer political forces to challenge or question the government. This can lead to complacency and a lack of responsiveness to public concerns.

Suitable type of government for India

A coalition government, while potentially more cumbersome and slower in decision-making, ensures that multiple viewpoints are considered, leading to more balanced and representative governance. This inclusivity can foster a sense of participation and ownership among various groups, strengthening national unity.

In the present-day context, India’s political landscape is marked by significant regional disparities and diverse socio-economic challenges. The pluralistic fabric of the nation, with its myriad of languages, cultures, and local issues, requires a form of governance that can accommodate and address this diversity effectively.

Conclusion

Given India’s complexity and diversity, a coalition government appears more suited for the present day. It promotes inclusive representation, ensures checks and balances, and pays attention to regional autonomy, which are essential for the holistic development of a country as vast and varied as India.

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

4. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) remains high in certain parts of India, posing a significant public health challenge. Examine. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: A The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2. Key Demand of the question: To write about the high MMR in certain parts and measures needed to tackle it. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving statistic regarding MMR in India and how it is relatively high in certain parts of the country. Body: Frist, write about the various measures against MMR – LaQshya, Poshan Abhiyan, Janani Suraksha Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan Initiative (SUMAN) etc. Next, write the reasons why there are high trends of MMR in India despite above measures. Next, write about the measures that are needed to reduce mortality rates in low performing states. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

A The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 2.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the high MMR in certain parts and measures needed to tackle it.

Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Start by giving statistic regarding MMR in India and how it is relatively high in certain parts of the country.

Frist, write about the various measures against MMR – LaQshya, Poshan Abhiyan, Janani Suraksha Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan Initiative (SUMAN) etc.

Next, write the reasons why there are high trends of MMR in India despite above measures.

Next, write about the measures that are needed to reduce mortality rates in low performing states.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

India’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has improved to 103 in 2017-19, from 113 in 2016-18. This is according to the special bulletin on MMR released by the Registrar General of India March 14, 2022.

As per the World Health Organisation, maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.

According to a recent report, the progress made by countries towards reducing maternal and newborn deaths has stagnated since 2015. The report, released by the United Nations, revealed that more than 2.5 million newborns and 260,000 women die annually, mostly due to preventable causes.

MMR in states: Findings

• Researchers from the International Institute for Population Sciences triangulated data from routine records of maternal deaths under the Health Management Information System, with Census data and the Sample Registration System (SRS) to provide the MMR for all States and districts of India.

• The analysis suggests that 70% of districts (448 out of 640 districts) in India have reported MMR above 70 deaths — a target under the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

• The number of States that have achieved the SDG target has now risen from five to seven — Kerala(30), Maharashtra (38), Telangana (56), Tamil Nadu (58), Andhra Pradesh (58), Jharkhand (61), and Gujarat (70). Keralahas recorded the lowest MMR which puts Kerala way ahead of the national MMR of 103. Kerala’s Maternal MMR has dropped by 12 points. The last SRS bulletin (2015-17) had put the State’s MMR at 42(later adjusting it to 43).

• Keralahas recorded the lowest MMR which puts Kerala way ahead of the national MMR of 103.

• Kerala’s Maternal MMR has dropped by 12 points. The last SRS bulletin (2015-17) had put the State’s MMR at 42(later adjusting it to 43).

• There are now nine States that have achieved the MMR target set by the NHP, which include the above seven and Karnataka (83) and Haryana (96).

• Uttarakhand(101), West Bengal (109), Punjab (114), Bihar (130), Odisha (136) and Rajasthan (141) — have the MMR in between 100-150, while Chhattisgarh (160), Madhya Pradesh (163), Uttar Pradesh (167) and Assam (205) have the MMR above 150.

Measures undertaken to tackle MMR

Under the National Health Mission (NHM), some of the important steps taken to reduce maternal deaths in the country are as follows:

• Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a demand promotion and conditional cash transfer scheme is implemented with the objective of reducing Maternal and Infant Mortality by encouraging institutional deliveries.

• Under Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK), every pregnant woman is entitled to free delivery, including caesarean section in public health institutions. This also includes free transport, diagnostics, medicines, other consumables, food and blood, if required.

• Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) has been launched to provide fixed-day assured comprehensive and quality antenatal care universally to all pregnant women on the 9thof every month. While antenatal care is routinely provided to pregnant women, special ANC services are provided by OBGY specialists/ Radiologist/ Physicians at government health facilities under PMSMA.

• Surakshit Matratva Ashwasan (SUMAN) 2019 aspires to provide every mother and a newborn who visits a public health institution with guaranteed, dignified, respectful, and high-quality healthcare at no cost.

• ‘LaQshya – Labor room Quality improvement Initiative’ has been launched on 11thDec 2017.

• Special provision of birth waiting homes under NHM in tribal areas.

• Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) is implemented to take corrective action for averting maternal deaths.

• Funds are provided for strengthening of ‘Delivery Points’ for provision of comprehensive Reproductive, Maternal, New Born Child Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A)services. Placing quality emergency obstetric care services at “Delivery Points” is a priority area.

• Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Wings are established at high caseload facilities.

Causes for high MMR

• According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the major causes for maternal mortality are severe bleeding, infections, high blood pressure during pregnancy, anaemia, complications from delivery, and unsafe abortions.

• A large number of these issues can be alleviated with proper medical support, which is sometimes not easy to access. These complications are a result of compounded social, cultural and medical factors.

• Early pregnancy between 15 and 19 years of age, when the adolescent girls are themselves growing, can lead to numerous complications that often result in the death of the mother.

• Child marriage, still followed in some parts of India even though it has been declared illegal, aggravates cases of pregnancy-related complications in young girls.

• Other causes that result in maternal deaths are lack of necessary medical care during childbirth or financial constraints to access medical care.

Conclusion and way forward

• In conclusion, women deserve the right to safe maternity services. This includes physical and emotional safety for the mother and baby.

• Hence, a well-managed system that allows pregnant women to access maternal health care with minimum exposure risk is essential during the outbreak.

• Simultaneously, task sharing with community health workers under regulatory and legal provisions must be explored.

• E-training mechanisms and capacity building exercises must be undertaken for the additionally requisitioned health workforce to reduce the workload of time-sensitive commitments and non-health work.

• Importantly, the health workers must also be trained to reduce the risk, stigma and sensitization of pregnant women on COVID-19 symptoms, prevention and hygiene.

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

5. Increased capital expenditure is vital for India’s economic development. Critically examine. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: moneycontrol.com

Why the question: The NDA winning the 2024 elections with a slimmer majority raises a pertinent question whether government outlay on infrastructure will continue with the same fervour as seen in the past. Key Demand of the question: To write about the impact of increased capital expenditure on the economy of India. Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining a capital expenditure. Body: First, write about the positive impact the increased capital expenditure will have on the economy of India – speedy and sustainable revival, crowding in private investment, boost to investment activity and support economic growth in the next year etc. Next, write the downside of increased capital expenditure – higher inflation, higher fiscal deficit etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward to have a prudent increase in capital expenditure whilst adhering to fiscal limits of borrowing.

Why the question:

The NDA winning the 2024 elections with a slimmer majority raises a pertinent question whether government outlay on infrastructure will continue with the same fervour as seen in the past.

Key Demand of the question:

To write about the impact of increased capital expenditure on the economy of India.

Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining a capital expenditure.

First, write about the positive impact the increased capital expenditure will have on the economy of India – speedy and sustainable revival, crowding in private investment, boost to investment activity and support economic growth in the next year etc.

Next, write the downside of increased capital expenditure – higher inflation, higher fiscal deficit etc.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward to have a prudent increase in capital expenditure whilst adhering to fiscal limits of borrowing.

Introduction

Increased capital expenditure (capex) is crucial for India’s economic development, particularly in the context of the 2024-2025 budget. The Indian government has significantly increased its capex allocation to ₹11.11 lakh crore for FY25, which is an 11.1% increase from the previous year and represents 3.4% of GDP.

Importance of increased capital expenditure

• Infrastructure Development: Capital expenditure on infrastructure, such as roads, railways, ports, and airports, is essential for improving connectivity and reducing transportation costs. This facilitates trade, enhances accessibility, and boosts economic productivity by linking remote areas with economic hubs.

• Economic Growth: Investment in infrastructure and industrial projects stimulates economic activity. Improved infrastructure attracts both domestic and foreign investments, leading to job creation, increased production capacities, and enhanced competitiveness.

• Employment Generation: Large-scale infrastructure projects create substantial employment opportunities, both directly and indirectly. This not only reduces unemployment but also stimulates demand in the economy as workers spend their earnings, further driving economic growth.

• Long-term Development: Capital expenditure leads to the creation of long-term assets that provide ongoing benefits. For instance, investments in energy infrastructure can ensure a stable power supply, which is crucial for industrial growth and overall economic stability.

• Enhanced Public Services: Investments in sectors like healthcare, education, and public transportation improve the quality of life. Better public services contribute to a healthier, more educated workforce, which is essential for sustained economic growth.

Challenges

• Efficient Utilization: The effectiveness of capital expenditure is highly dependent on efficient project implementation. Delays, cost overruns, and corruption can significantly reduce the anticipated benefits. Effective governance, transparency, and accountability are crucial to ensure that funds are used efficiently.

• Fiscal Responsibility: While capital expenditure is essential, it must be balanced with fiscal responsibility. Excessive borrowing to finance large projects can lead to high debt levels and fiscal deficits. This can result in higher interest rates and inflation, potentially destabilizing the economy.

• Regional Disparities: There is a risk that increased capital expenditure could exacerbate regional disparities if investments are concentrated in already developed areas. Equitable distribution of investment across various regions is essential to ensure balanced regional development and social cohesion.

• Environmental and Social Impact: Large-scale infrastructure projects can have significant environmental and social impacts. Ensuring sustainable development practices and addressing the concerns of displaced communities are critical. Environmental degradation and social discontent can undermine the long-term benefits of capital investments.

• Complementary Reforms: Capital expenditure alone is not sufficient for sustainable economic development. Complementary reforms, such as improving the ease of doing business, labor market reforms, and enhancing the education and skills of the workforce, are essential to maximize the benefits of increased investment.

Conclusion

Increased capital expenditure is vital for India’s economic development, offering numerous benefits such as improved infrastructure, economic growth, employment generation, and enhanced public services. However, its success depends on efficient utilization, fiscal discipline, balanced regional development, and sustainable practices. By addressing these challenges, India can ensure that increased capital expenditure leads to sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

Introduction

Civil servants are the pivot between state and people. They are accountable to both the political executive and the citizen. Upholding the highest ethical standard is paramount for civil servants because the state machinery rests upon their shoulders; they have to maintain ideals and lead by example to sustain the system’s trust.

Civil service is the steel frame on which the edifice of public administration is based upon. If this steel frame is corroded through corruption and low moral standards, the state machinery implementing policies and welfare measures and addressing grievances will collapse.

Adherence to foundational values such as integrity, objectivity, non-partisanship, tolerance, compassion, dedication to public service, etc., serve as guiding principles for civil servants in the discharge of public service duties. Moreover, they provide normative consensus about the rights and benefits to which citizens are entitled to.

Qualities of a responsive civil servant

• Selflessness: Decisions should only be made in the public interest by those holding public office. For the sake of obtaining money or other material advantages for themselves, their families, or other friends, they shouldn’t do this.

• Integrity: Holders of public office shouldn’t obligate themselves in any way, whether financially or otherwise, to outside parties who could have an impact on how they carry out their official obligations.

• Objectivity: Public officials should base their decisions on merit while doing public business, including public appointments, contract awards, and recommendations for incentives and perks.

• Impartiality: Impartiality is a kind of characteristic or quality of making decisions without bias and prejudice. An instance of impartiality is one in which there is no favoritism. It rejects granting an undue advantage to any individual, societal group, or organization. Being impartial means that all choices should only be based on merit.

• Non-partisanship: Non-partisanship is known by its act of not supporting any political party, even if one strongly agrees with its ideals. Non-partisanship is the absence of adherence to ideals of any political party, organization, or group.

• Accountability: Civil servants are subject to the scrutiny that is appropriate to their position and must answer to the public for their choices and conduct.

• Openness: All choices and acts that public office holders do should be as transparent as possible. When the larger public interest plainly requires it, they should provide justification for their choices and only restrict information when necessary.

• Honesty: Public officials have a responsibility to declare any private interests that may conflict with their official obligations and to handle such conflicts in a way that protects the public interest.

• Leadership: Leadership should be used by public authorities to promote and support these ideas.

• Dedication to public service: Dedication is the quality of being motivated in one’s profession, purpose, vision, or actions. Dedicated public servants strive to accomplish the goals set by the administration. An inner drive or excitement for working in the greater good of the public is implied by dedication to public service. Without any external formal technique to drive that desire, it is the commitment, passion, and sincere desire to achieve something that counts.

Conclusion

In a diverse country like India, the civil servants often face complex and often contrasting socio-economic objectives and challenges often creating a deep sense of moral/ethical dilemma in them about their own duties and functions. This demands an inherent aptitude to prevail over contradictions, solve dilemmas and keep up the spirit to perform in spite of adverse circumstances.

• Fortitude is a fundamental attribute that empowers individuals to navigate life’s challenges with courage, resilience, and integrity. Discuss. (150 words)

Introduction

Fortitude is firmness of spirit, especially in difficulty. It provides for constancy in the pursuit of virtue. Fortitude is a willingness to freely go beyond the call of duty, to make sacrifices, to act on your convictions. Fortitude includes the courage to confront our personal weaknesses and attraction to vice.

Any individual engaged in public service will face multiple challenges in the fulfilment of their goals.

Fortitude is a display of courage in a difficult situation. E.g.: A situation where a disaster like an earthquake has taken place requires immense fortitude. This attitude ensures peace and attracts positivity. It leads to courageous people coming out to face the truth.

Civil service involves decision-making in the public sphere. They have to deal with many matters that are anonymous and discrete. Due to this, fortitude is an eminent desirable quality in civil servants.

E.g.: Kiran Bedi, IPS officer sent a traffic challan to the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as the latter’s vehicle was parked wrongly.

A person with fortitude will not give up easily, and despite disappointing results or setbacks, will continually fight to improve the system. adversities could be in form of “dilemmas”, “conflicts of interests”, “sound decision making”, “to face fake cases against an honest officer”, “time management”, “striking a balance between personal and professional life”, “to fight corruption”.

E.g: Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer undertook case against business mafia head-on despite the fear to his life and limb.

Conclusion

All the virtues exist as forms of balance, and so must be carefully distinguished from the various excesses which threaten to substitute for virtue. This is especially true in the case of fortitude, with can easily degenerate into extremes of brashness or cowardice.

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