UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 29 August 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Non-cooperation Movement
Topic: Non-cooperation Movement
Q1. Examine how the Non-Cooperation movement, with its successes and shortcomings, altered the trajectory of the freedom struggle and laid the foundation for more radical movements to emerge later. 15M
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights Ias
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2025 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To explore the influence of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the freedom struggle, focusing on its achievements and limitations, and how it set the stage for the emergence of more radical movements in India’s fight for independence. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Introduce the Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 as a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Rowlatt Act, and in support of the Khilafat Movement. Body: Firstly, write Successes of the Non-Cooperation Movement: – Mass Mobilization and Participation, Boycott of British Institutions, Rise of Indigenous Institutions, International Attention and Moral Pressure on the British etc. Next mention the Shortcomings of the Non-Cooperation Movement – Premature Withdrawal, Limited impact in some parts of southern India and princely states, Variations in the intensity and organization of the movement, Economic disruption due to the boycott of British goods and institutions. Next write how NCM led to Alteration of the Trajectory of the Freedom Struggle – Shift from Elite to Mass-Based Movement, Emergence of More Radical Leaders and Ideas, Influence on Future Movements, etc. Conclusion: Conclude by reflecting on the legacy of the NCM, which demonstrated the power of non-cooperation and set the stage for the eventual achievement of independence.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2025 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To explore the influence of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the freedom struggle, focusing on its achievements and limitations, and how it set the stage for the emergence of more radical movements in India’s fight for independence.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 as a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Rowlatt Act, and in support of the Khilafat Movement.
• Firstly, write Successes of the Non-Cooperation Movement: – Mass Mobilization and Participation, Boycott of British Institutions, Rise of Indigenous Institutions, International Attention and Moral Pressure on the British etc.
• Next mention the Shortcomings of the Non-Cooperation Movement – Premature Withdrawal, Limited impact in some parts of southern India and princely states, Variations in the intensity and organization of the movement, Economic disruption due to the boycott of British goods and institutions.
• Next write how NCM led to Alteration of the Trajectory of the Freedom Struggle – Shift from Elite to Mass-Based Movement, Emergence of More Radical Leaders and Ideas, Influence on Future Movements, etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by reflecting on the legacy of the NCM, which demonstrated the power of non-cooperation and set the stage for the eventual achievement of independence.
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction
The Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), launched in 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, was a peaceful anti-colonial mass movement aimed at achieving independence (Swaraj) by urging the Indian populace to cease cooperation with the British government and its economic system. Although the movement was abruptly called off in 1922 following the violent Chauri Chaura incident, its impact on the Indian freedom struggle was profound.
Achievements of the Non-Cooperation Movement
• Transformation into a Mass Movement: The NCM succeeded in transforming the anti-British struggle into a truly Pan-Indian mass movement. Unlike earlier agitations such as the Swadeshi (1905-07) and Home Rule Movement (1916), which were largely confined to urban centres, the NCM reached into the rural heartland, galvanizing new sections of society.
• Expansion of the Social Base: The movement expanded the social base of the nationalist struggle to include various segments of society, such as middle-class professionals, lawyers, students, women, peasants, and workers. This broad participation marked a departure from the elitist nature of previous nationalist efforts.
• This broad participation marked a departure from the elitist nature of previous nationalist efforts.
• Reorganization of the Congress: The Indian National Congress (INC) underwent significant organizational changes during the NCM. The movement led to the creation of a Working Committee of 15 members, an All India Congress Committee with 350 members, and the establishment of Provincial Congress Committees along linguistic lines. These changes helped transform the Congress into a mass-based political party.
• Hindu-Muslim Unity: The NCM was launched from the Khilafat platform, which aimed to forge Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle against colonial rule. Despite the initial reservations of leaders like M.A. Jinnah and B.G. Tilak, the movement briefly succeeded in bringing the two communities together.
• Despite the initial reservations of leaders like M.A. Jinnah and B.G. Tilak, the movement briefly succeeded in bringing the two communities together.
• Promotion of Swadeshi: The boycott of foreign goods during the NCM provided a significant boost to Swadeshi industries, particularly the production of Khadi. The movement helped lay the groundwork for economic self-reliance.
Limitations of the Non-Cooperation Movement
• Resignation of Key Leaders: Several prominent leaders, including M.A. Jinnah, Annie Besant, and B.C. Pal, resigned from the Congress due to their disagreement with the non-cooperation strategy, which they viewed as unconstitutional and ineffective.
• Disillusionment and Division within the Congress: The sudden withdrawal of the NCM before achieving its goal of Swaraj led to disillusionment among some Congress leaders, including Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru. This dissatisfaction resulted in the formation of the Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, which advocated for participation in legislative councils as a means to achieve self-rule.
• This dissatisfaction resulted in the formation of the Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, which advocated for participation in legislative councils as a means to achieve self-rule.
• Limited Middle-Class Participation: Although the movement initially attracted middle-class support, this segment did not sustain its participation throughout the movement, limiting its overall impact.
• Rise of Communalism: Despite the initial success in fostering Hindu-Muslim unity, the NCM’s aftermath saw a resurgence of communal tensions, with several instances of communal riots occurring *between 1922 and 1924. This period marked the beginning of the communalization of Indian politics*.
• This period marked the beginning of the communalization of Indian politics.
Impact on the Trajectory of the Freedom Struggle
• Politicization of New Sections of Society: The NCM politicized previously unengaged sections of society, including women, peasants, and workers, adding a revolutionary streak to the movement. Women’s participation in picketing, processions, and other forms of protest contributed to changing societal attitudes and set the stage for greater involvement of women in future movements.
• Women’s participation in picketing, processions, and other forms of protest contributed to changing societal attitudes and set the stage for greater involvement of women in future movements.
• Shift in Congress Goals: The NCM marked a significant shift in the Congress’s goals, from seeking self-government through constitutional means to demanding complete independence (Swaraj) through peaceful and legitimate methods. This change in objectives solidified the INC’s role as the leader of the freedom struggle.
• This change in objectives solidified the INC’s role as the leader of the freedom struggle.
• Emergence of Gandhian Leadership: The NCM established Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress as the undisputed leaders of the masses. Gandhi’s methods of Satyagraha and Ahimsa were tested on a national scale, proving their effectiveness in mobilizing large sections of the population.
• Integration of Local Grievances: The NCM integrated local grievances into the broader nationalist movement, setting a precedent for linking regional issues with national concerns. E.g. Movements like the Awadh Kisan movement, Eka movement, and Akali movement became part of the wider struggle against colonial rule.
• E.g. Movements like the Awadh Kisan movement, Eka movement, and Akali movement became part of the wider struggle against colonial rule.
• Challenge to British Authority: The NCM challenged the myth of British invincibility, shaking Indians out of their fear of colonial power and undermining the British aura of invulnerability.
• Paving the Way for Radical Movements: The NCM laid the groundwork for more radical movements, such as the Civil Disobedience Movement, where people willingly broke civil laws as part of their resistance. The movement also inspired a section of the youth, disillusioned with non-violence, to adopt more extreme measures, leading to the rise of revolutionary leaders like Bhagat Singh.
• The movement also inspired a section of the youth, disillusioned with non-violence, to adopt more extreme measures, leading to the rise of revolutionary leaders like Bhagat Singh.
Conclusion
Thus, the movement altered the trajectory of the freedom struggle by demonstrating the power of mass nonviolent resistance and laying the foundation for more assertive and radical actions in the fight for independence.
Topic: Issue of Khilafat
Topic: Issue of Khilafat
Q2. Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat Movement was a strategic move to forge Hindu-Muslim unity. Discuss. 10M
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights ias
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2025 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To discuss Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat Movement as a deliberate strategy aimed at fostering Hindu-Muslim unity and to evaluate the impact and outcomes of this approach. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Introduce the Khilafat Movement in the context of post-World War I India. Body: In first part, mention the Background of the Khilafat Movement. Secondly, write the Gandhi’s Decision to Support the Khilafat movement for – Forging Hindu-Muslim Unity, Integration with the Non-Cooperation Movement, Joint Hindu-Muslim participation in protests, strikes, and boycotts, etc. Next, mention the outcomes – Initial Successes in Fostering Unity, Emergence of Communal Tensions, gradual alienation of Muslim leaders from the Congress. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of Mission-2025 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
To discuss Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat Movement as a deliberate strategy aimed at fostering Hindu-Muslim unity and to evaluate the impact and outcomes of this approach.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the Khilafat Movement in the context of post-World War I India.
• In first part, mention the Background of the Khilafat Movement.
• Secondly, write the Gandhi’s Decision to Support the Khilafat movement for – Forging Hindu-Muslim Unity, Integration with the Non-Cooperation Movement, Joint Hindu-Muslim participation in protests, strikes, and boycotts, etc.
• Next, mention the outcomes – Initial Successes in Fostering Unity, Emergence of Communal Tensions, gradual alienation of Muslim leaders from the Congress.
Conclusion:
Conclude accordingly.
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction
The Khilafat Movement, which was primarily concerned with the preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate, resonated deeply with the Indian Muslim community. Gandhi saw in this movement an opportunity to bring Muslims into the broader nationalist struggle, thereby forging Hindu-Muslim unity, which he believed was essential for achieving Indian independence.
Strategic Objectives Behind Gandhi’s Support for the Khilafat movement:
• Broadening the Base of the National Movement: By supporting the Khilafat Movement, Gandhi aimed to bring Muslims, who had been largely peripheral to the nationalist movement, into the mainstream struggle for independence.
• Strengthening Hindu-Muslim Unity: Gandhi viewed Hindu-Muslim unity as crucial for the success of the freedom struggle. By aligning the Congress with the Khilafat cause, he sought to demonstrate that the nationalist movement was not limited to Hindu interests but was a collective struggle for all Indians, regardless of religion.
• Creating a Mass Movement: The Khilafat Movement provided an opportunity to transform the nationalist struggle into a mass movement. Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat cause, combined with the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement, galvanized widespread participation from both Hindus and Muslims. This mass mobilization was unprecedented and marked a significant escalation in the scale and intensity of the struggle against British rule.
• Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat cause, combined with the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement, galvanized widespread participation from both Hindus and Muslims.
• This mass mobilization was unprecedented and marked a significant escalation in the scale and intensity of the struggle against British rule.
• Leveraging Religious Sentiment for Nationalism: Gandhi recognized the potential of religious sentiments as a mobilizing force in Indian society. By supporting the Khilafat cause, which was deeply rooted in Islamic concerns, he aimed to harness these sentiments to strengthen the nationalist movement. This approach was part of his broader strategy of using non-violent civil disobedience to unite Indians across religious lines.
• By supporting the Khilafat cause, which was deeply rooted in Islamic concerns, he aimed to harness these sentiments to strengthen the nationalist movement.
• This approach was part of his broader strategy of using non-violent civil disobedience to unite Indians across religious lines.
• Challenging British Divide-and-Rule Tactics: The British had long employed a policy of divide and rule to weaken the nationalist movement by exacerbating communal divisions. Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat Movement was a direct challenge to this policy, as it sought to bridge communal divides and present a united front against colonial rule.
• Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat Movement was a direct challenge to this policy, as it sought to bridge communal divides and present a united front against colonial rule.
Limitations of the Khilafat movement:
• Temporary Unity: Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat Movement did result in temporary Hindu-Muslim unity, as both communities participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement. This unity was symbolized by joint protests, boycotts, and the promotion of swadeshi, demonstrating the potential for a united struggle against British rule.
• This unity was symbolized by joint protests, boycotts, and the promotion of swadeshi, demonstrating the potential for a united struggle against British rule.
• Political Empowerment of Muslims: The Khilafat Movement provided a platform for Muslims to assert their political identity within the broader nationalist movement. This empowerment helped to integrate Muslims into the Indian National Congress and the larger struggle for independence.
• This empowerment helped to integrate Muslims into the Indian National Congress and the larger struggle for independence.
• Reinforcement of Communal Identities: While Gandhi’s intentions were to forge unity, the emphasis on religious symbols and issues in the Khilafat Movement also reinforced communal identities. The movement’s focus on an Islamic cause made it difficult to sustain Hindu-Muslim unity in the long term, particularly as the movement’s objectives were not directly related to Indian nationalism.
• The movement’s focus on an Islamic cause made it difficult to sustain Hindu-Muslim unity in the long term, particularly as the movement’s objectives were not directly related to Indian nationalism.
• Decline of the Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat Movement lost momentum after the abolition of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey in 1924. This decline weakened the alliance between the Khilafat leaders and the Congress, leading to a resurgence of communal tensions.
• This decline weakened the alliance between the Khilafat leaders and the Congress, leading to a resurgence of communal tensions.
• Long-Term Communal Consequences: Despite Gandhi’s efforts, the Khilafat Movement did not result in lasting Hindu-Muslim unity. The communal tensions that resurfaced after the movement’s decline foreshadowed the eventual partition of India.
Conclusion
The movement highlighted both the potential and the challenges of using religious issues to build political unity in a diverse society like India. Although the Khilafat Movement ultimately failed to achieve lasting communal harmony, it underscored the complexity of managing religious identities within the broader nationalist framework and provided important lessons for future struggles.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Statutory and Quasi-Judicial Bodies
Topic: Statutory and Quasi-Judicial Bodies
Q3. Examine the mandate of the National Investigation Agency (NIA). Highlight the challenges faced by the agency in ensuring its effective functioning. (150 words)
- •*Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: National Investigation Agency (NIA) probing the 2021 Visakhapatnam espionage case took into custody two contract workers at Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL). Key Demand of the Question: Examine the mandate of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in the context of its role and responsibilities, and highlight the challenges it faces in ensuring effective functioning. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the NIA, mentioning its formation under the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, as India’s primary counter-terrorism law enforcement agency. Body: First part; Mandate of the NIA: Investigation of Terrorism-Related Offenses, National Security, Jurisdiction: Second part: Challenges Faced by the NIA Interference and Jurisdictional Conflicts, Resource Constraints, Political Pressures, International Cooperation Issues Conclusion: Emphasise on addressing the need for transparency, resources, and inter-agency cooperation to overcome challenges.
Why the question:
National Investigation Agency (NIA) probing the 2021 Visakhapatnam espionage case took into custody two contract workers at Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL).
Key Demand of the Question:
Examine the mandate of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in the context of its role and responsibilities, and highlight the challenges it faces in ensuring effective functioning.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce the NIA, mentioning its formation under the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, as India’s primary counter-terrorism law enforcement agency.
Body:
First part; Mandate of the NIA:
Investigation of Terrorism-Related Offenses, National Security, Jurisdiction:
Second part: Challenges Faced by the NIA
Interference and Jurisdictional Conflicts, Resource Constraints, Political Pressures, International Cooperation Issues
Conclusion:
Emphasise on addressing the need for transparency, resources, and inter-agency cooperation to overcome challenges.
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction:
NIA was established under the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, to investigate and prosecute offenses affecting national security, particularly terrorism.
Mandate of the National Investigation Agency (NIA):
• Counter-Terrorism Investigations: It is empowered to investigate offenses under acts such as:
• the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA),
• the Anti-Hijacking Act,
• the Atomic Energy Act, and
• the Weapons of Mass Destruction Act.
• It investigates and prosecutes offenses that affect:
• the sovereignty and integrity of India;
• the security of our country;
• friendly relations with foreign countries; and
• our implementation of international treaties, agreements, etc. of the United Nations and other international organizations.
• Jurisdiction Across India: Unlike state police forces, NIA has jurisdiction across India, and can take up cases without the consent of the states, ensuring a centralized and coordinated response to terrorism.
• Investigative Powers Beyond Borders: The NIA can conduct investigations related to Indian citizens or interests outside India with special permissions, enhancing India’s ability to tackle cross-border terrorism.
• Maintenance of Data on Terrorism: NIA maintains a national database of terrorists, crimes, and related information to facilitate swift sharing of intelligence and coordination among different security agencies.
• Special Courts: Every offense investigated by the NIA is tried by the Special Court, which has authority in the local area where the offense was committed.
Challenges Faced by the NIA in Ensuring Effective Functioning:
• Jurisdictional Conflicts with State Police: The NIA’s ability to take over investigations without state consent has led to jurisdictional conflicts with state police forces, impacting its coordination and functioning.
• Resource and Manpower Constraints: With only about 900 sanctioned personnel, the agency is under-staffed to handle the growing number of cases and the rising complexity of cyber and digital crimes linked to terrorism.
• Political Interference: Allegations of political misuse of the NIA have surfaced, where investigations might be influenced by the ruling party’s interests, which can undermine the agency’s credibility and autonomy.
• Legal and Procedural Delays: Cases taken up by the NIA often face delays due to legal hurdles, limited special courts, and procedural complexities, leading to prolonged investigations and trials.
• Need for Enhanced Cyber Capabilities: In a digital age, there is a critical need for the NIA to upgrade its cyber capabilities to effectively track and counter online radicalization, cyber-terrorism, and terror financing.
Conclusion:
To ensure its effective functioning, the NIA requires strengthening in terms of manpower, resources, and cyber capabilities, along with enhanced coordination with state and international agencies.
Topic: International institutions and fora.
Topic: International institutions and fora.
Q4. Analyze the role of global institutions like the World Health Organization (WHO) in managing international health crises and discuss the implications for India’s interests. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Hindustan Times
Why the question: The WHO recommended vector control and protection against the bites of sandflies, mosquitoes and ticks to prevent the further spread of Chandipura virus. Key Demand of the Question: Analyze the role of global institutions like the World Health Organization (WHO) in managing international health crises and discuss the implications for India’s interests. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the WHO’s mandate in global health governance, including coordination during international health crises. Body: First part: Role of WHO in Managing International Health Crises Surveillance and Monitoring, Guidelines and Standards, Coordination of Response, Capacity Building Second part: Implications for India’s Interests Enhanced Preparedness, Collaboration Opportunities, Addressing Domestic Challenges Third part: Criticism of WHO in handling pandemics Conclusion: Emphasize the importance of WHO in managing health crises and how active engagement with it can safeguard India’s health interests.
Why the question:
The WHO recommended vector control and protection against the bites of sandflies, mosquitoes and ticks to prevent the further spread of Chandipura virus.
Key Demand of the Question:
Analyze the role of global institutions like the World Health Organization (WHO) in managing international health crises and discuss the implications for India’s interests.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce the WHO’s mandate in global health governance, including coordination during international health crises.
Body:
First part: Role of WHO in Managing International Health Crises
Surveillance and Monitoring, Guidelines and Standards, Coordination of Response, Capacity Building
Second part: Implications for India’s Interests
Enhanced Preparedness, Collaboration Opportunities, Addressing Domestic Challenges
Third part: Criticism of WHO in handling pandemics
Conclusion:
Emphasize the importance of WHO in managing health crises and how active engagement with it can safeguard India’s health interests.
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction:
The World Health Organization (WHO), established in 1948, is a specialized agency of the United Nations that connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health.
Body:
Role of Global Institutions like WHO in Managing International Health Crises:
• Coordinating Global Response: The WHO coordinates international efforts during health crises by providing guidelines, technical support, and mobilizing resources.
• For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO launched the COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan to guide global action.
• Setting International Health Standards: WHO establishes standards and protocols for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
• Data Collection and Surveillance: WHO collects, analyzes, and disseminates data on disease outbreaks to enable early warning systems.
• For example, it maintains the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) to track influenza trends and emerging viruses.
• Providing Technical and Financial Assistance: WHO offers technical expertise and financial aid to countries facing health emergencies.
• Example; It supports capacity building in low and middle-income countries through initiatives like the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework.
• Facilitating Research and Development: WHO fosters global collaboration in research for vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
• Example: It coordinated the Solidarity Trials for COVID-19 treatments, bringing together over 100 countries to test promising drugs quickly.
Criticisms faced by WHO:
Inefficiency and bureaucracy: WHO is slow to respond to health crises due to its bureaucratic structure and lack of resources.
• Example: During the 2014-16 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the WHO was criticized for delayed response and underestimation of the outbreak.
• Political interference: The alleged China’s influence over WHO came to limelight during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Lack of transparency: The WHO has been criticised for lack of transparency in its decision-making and operations.
• Example: WHO handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and for not being forthcoming about the origins of the virus.
• Inadequate representation: WHO does not adequately represent the interests of all member states, particularly developing countries.
Implications for India’s Interests:
• Strengthening Health Systems: As a member state, India benefits from WHO’s guidelines and support for improving its healthcare infrastructure and response systems, aiding its fight against health crises like the Nipah virus and COVID-19.
• For example, WHO trained doctors, nurses, and paramedics from the Indo-Tibetan Border Police and other paramilitary forces on facility-level management of COVID-19.
• Promoting Vaccine Development and Distribution: India’s role as a major vaccine manufacturer aligns with WHO’s efforts in equitable vaccine distribution.
• The COVAX facility, co-led by WHO, provided a platform for India to supply vaccines to over 95 countries, enhancing its global health diplomacy.
• Enhancing Surveillance and Early Warning Systems: WHO’s data-sharing mechanisms and early warning systems help India monitor global disease outbreaks and prepare timely responses.
• WHO’s International Health Regulations (IHR) framework aids India in maintaining surveillance and containment measures.
• Influencing Global Health Policies: Participation in WHO allows India to contribute to global health policy formulation, aligning it with national interests.
• India co-chaired the WHO Executive Board in 2021, influencing discussions on equitable vaccine access and strengthening health systems.
• Addressing Health Equity and Access: WHO’s focus on health equity aligns with India’s interests in ensuring affordable healthcare and universal health coverage.
• India’s Ayushman Bharat program benefits from WHO’s guidelines on health equity and best practices.
• Traditional Medicine: WHO is working with India to promote the safe and effective use of traditional medicine.
• Example: WHO signed an agreement with the government of India to establish WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in Jamnagar, Gujarat.
Conclusion:
Global institutions like the WHO play a critical role in managing international health crises by coordinating responses, setting standards, and facilitating research. There is a need to create Global Framework for Management of Infectious Diseases & Pandemics, Improved focus on prevention and preparedness and enhanced transparency in data reporting to increase the effectiveness of WHO.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Inclusive growth: Financial Inclusion through Government Schemes
Topic: Inclusive growth: Financial Inclusion through Government Schemes
Q5. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing the unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for the financial inclusion of the poorer section of Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express, Insights on India
Why the Question: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was launched as a flagship financial inclusion initiative aimed at integrating the unbanked population into the formal financial system. The scheme’s achievements in providing banking services, especially to marginalized communities, form the foundation of India’s efforts toward financial inclusion. Key Demand of the Question: To critically evaluate how PMJDY has contributed to financial inclusion, particularly for poorer sections of society, and to justify its necessity in ensuring access to institutional finance. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce PMJDY as a key initiative for financial inclusion and the goals it aimed to achieve, including universal access to banking facilities and financial services. Body: First part: Achievements of PMJDY in Financial Inclusion: Discuss how PMJDY has opened over half a billion bank accounts, providing access to banking facilities for millions of unbanked individuals, particularly women and rural populations. Second part: Benefits for the Poorer Sections: Highlight how access to savings accounts, insurance, direct benefit transfers (DBT), and credit opportunities has uplifted economically vulnerable sections. Third part: Challenges and Criticisms: Address any criticisms such as low usage rates or account dormancy, and mention the need for further steps like financial literacy and support mechanisms to sustain inclusion. Conclusion: Reaffirm the importance of PMJDY in promoting financial inclusion for the poorer sections and suggest that further policy support and innovations can help overcome existing challenges.
Why the Question:
The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was launched as a flagship financial inclusion initiative aimed at integrating the unbanked population into the formal financial system. The scheme’s achievements in providing banking services, especially to marginalized communities, form the foundation of India’s efforts toward financial inclusion.
Key Demand of the Question: To critically evaluate how PMJDY has contributed to financial inclusion, particularly for poorer sections of society, and to justify its necessity in ensuring access to institutional finance.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction: Briefly introduce PMJDY as a key initiative for financial inclusion and the goals it aimed to achieve, including universal access to banking facilities and financial services.
First part:
• Achievements of PMJDY in Financial Inclusion: Discuss how PMJDY has opened over half a billion bank accounts, providing access to banking facilities for millions of unbanked individuals, particularly women and rural populations.
Second part:
• Benefits for the Poorer Sections: Highlight how access to savings accounts, insurance, direct benefit transfers (DBT), and credit opportunities has uplifted economically vulnerable sections.
Third part:
• Challenges and Criticisms: Address any criticisms such as low usage rates or account dormancy, and mention the need for further steps like financial literacy and support mechanisms to sustain inclusion.
Conclusion: Reaffirm the importance of PMJDY in promoting financial inclusion for the poorer sections and suggest that further policy support and innovations can help overcome existing challenges.
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction
The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was launched in 2014 with the primary objective of ensuring access to financial services, including banking, credit, insurance, and pensions, for the unbanked sections of Indian society. Financial inclusion is crucial for economic empowerment and poverty alleviation, particularly for the poorer sections of society. PMJDY plays a significant role in achieving these goals by bringing the unbanked population into the fold of institutional finance.
• Importance of PMJDY for Financial Inclusion:
• Access to Banking Services: PMJDY has enabled millions of unbanked individuals to open bank accounts with zero balance, providing them with access to formal banking services. This has allowed them to save securely, receive direct benefit transfers (DBTs), and access credit facilities, which were previously out of reach.
• Financial Empowerment: The scheme empowers the poor by offering them a safe and secure way to manage their money. It also facilitates financial literacy by encouraging the use of banking services, which is essential for long-term financial stability and growth.
• Direct Benefit Transfers (DBTs): By linking bank accounts to Aadhaar, PMJDY ensures that government subsidies and benefits reach the intended beneficiaries directly, minimizing leakages and corruption. This direct transfer mechanism is particularly beneficial for the poorer sections, ensuring they receive the full benefits they are entitled to.
• Insurance and Credit Access: PMJDY accounts come with accidental insurance and life cover, providing a safety net for the poor. Additionally, these accounts enable access to micro-credit and other financial products, which can help in income generation and improving livelihoods.
• Challenges and Limitations:
• Dormant Accounts: A significant number of PMJDY accounts remain dormant, indicating that merely opening an account is not sufficient. There is a need for continuous engagement and education to ensure active usage of these accounts.
• Limited Financial Literacy: While PMJDY has made banking accessible, financial literacy among the poor remains low. Without understanding how to effectively use financial services, the full benefits of financial inclusion cannot be realized.
• Connectivity and Infrastructure Issues: In rural and remote areas, inadequate banking infrastructure and connectivity issues hinder the effective implementation of PMJDY, limiting its reach and impact.
• Complementary Measures for Effective Financial Inclusion:
• Financial Literacy Campaigns: To ensure the success of PMJDY, the government should focus on financial literacy programs that educate the poor on how to effectively manage their finances, use banking services, and understand the benefits of saving and insurance.
• Strengthening Banking Infrastructure: Enhancing banking infrastructure in rural and underserved areas, including mobile banking units and digital banking solutions, can improve the accessibility and usability of PMJDY accounts.
• Encouraging Active Usage: Incentivizing the active use of PMJDY accounts through government schemes, subsidies, and interest-bearing savings can encourage account holders to engage with formal banking channels regularly.
Conclusion
PMJDY is a critical initiative for bringing the unbanked population, particularly the poorer sections of Indian society, into the institutional finance fold. While it has made significant strides in promoting financial inclusion, addressing challenges such as financial literacy, infrastructure, and account dormancy is essential for maximizing its impact. With complementary measures, PMJDY can be a powerful tool for economic empowerment and poverty alleviation, driving inclusive growth in India.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Technology and ethics.
Topic: Technology and ethics.
Q6. “An AI ethics council is very critical for the success of the AI projects in the longer term which require leaders to address strategies and methods related to the ethical development of AI”. Discuss [10M]
Difficulty level: Medium
Reference: Economic Times
Why the question: IBM’s AI Ethics Board is co-chaired by Francesca Rossi, an IBM fellow and AI ethics global leader, along with Christina Montgomery, the company’s chief privacy and trust officer. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context or writing an introduction on AI ethics. Body: First, write about the role of the AI ethics council in the development of AI. Then write about the limitations. Lastly recommend some suggestions. Conclusion: Write a quote on AI ethics and conclude.
Why the question:
IBM’s AI Ethics Board is co-chaired by Francesca Rossi, an IBM fellow and AI ethics global leader, along with Christina Montgomery, the company’s chief privacy and trust officer.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction: Begin by giving context or writing an introduction on AI ethics.
Body:
• First, write about the role of the AI ethics council in the development of AI.
• Then write about the limitations.
• Lastly recommend some suggestions.
Conclusion:
Write a quote on AI ethics and conclude.
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction:
AI technologies are rapidly advancing, and their integration into various aspects of life raises ethical concerns. An AI ethics council plays a pivotal role in guiding the ethical development and deployment of AI systems, ensuring that these technologies benefit society while minimizing potential harm.
Role of the AI ethics council:
• Guiding ethical frameworks: The council provides ethical guidelines that help developers create AI systems that align with societal values and respect human rights.
E.g. Code of ethics and code of conduct.
• Ensuring accountability: It promotes transparency and accountability in AI development, ensuring that AI systems are fair, and unbiased, and do not discriminate.
E.g. Hiroshima pact, 2023.
• Risk mitigation: The council identifies potential risks associated with AI, such as data privacy issues, and proposes strategies to mitigate these risks.
E.g. Google cars and risk mitigation strategy.
• Promoting inclusive development: It advocates for the inclusion of diverse perspectives in AI development, ensuring that AI systems consider the needs and values of different communities.
Limitations of the AI ethics council:
• Lack of enforcement power: The council often lacks the authority to enforce ethical guidelines, relying on voluntary compliance from AI developers and organizations.
E.g. Lack of international institutional mechanism.
• Dynamic nature of AI: The rapid evolution of AI technologies can outpace the council’s ability to keep up with new ethical challenges, leading to gaps in guidance.
E.g. Google Gemini biased information issue.
• Conflict of interest: There may be conflicts between ethical guidelines and the commercial interests of AI developers, making it difficult to implement.
E.g. Profit vs ethics issue.
• Global variation: Ethical standards and cultural values vary globally, making it challenging to establish universally accepted ethical guidelines for AI.
Suggestions for improvement:
• Strengthen regulatory frameworks: Establish legal frameworks that give the AI ethics council the power to enforce ethical guidelines.
• Continuous education: Provide ongoing training and education for AI developers on ethical considerations, ensuring they are aware of the latest ethical standards.
• International collaboration: Foster global collaboration to create harmonized ethical standards that can be applied across different countries and cultures.
• Public engagement: Involve the public in discussions about AI ethics, ensuring that the development of AI systems aligns with the broader societal interest.
Conclusion:
The AI ethics council is vital for ensuring that AI technologies develop in a way that benefits society while minimizing harm. As AI continues to evolve, it is crucial that ethical considerations remain at the forefront of its development. As stated by Wendell Wallach, “Ethics will be the key determinant of the success of AI.”
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