UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 27 JULY 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Q1. Analyze the impact of modernization and globalization on the preservation of traditional folk arts in India. What measures can be taken to protect these art forms from decline? 15M
Introduction
India, a land of rich cultural heritage and diverse traditions, has long been celebrated for its vibrant folk arts. These art forms, passed down through generations, serve as a living testament to the country’s historical and cultural legacy. However, in recent decades, the forces of modernization and globalization have begun to reshape India’s social and economic landscape, posing both challenges and opportunities for traditional folk arts.
Impact of Modernization on Traditional Folk Arts
• Changing Lifestyles and Preferences: Modernization has altered lifestyle preferences, leading to a decline in traditional cultural practices.
• g. the craft of making traditional Pattachitra paintings in Odisha is seeing fewer young artisans.
• Technological Advancements Leading to Mass Production: The rise of technology and mechanization has enabled mass production of goods, which adversely affects traditional artisans.
• g. Traditional embroidery arts such as Phulkari (Punjab) and Kantha (West Bengal) face competition from machine-made textiles.
• Economic Impact on Traditional Artists: Artisans practicing crafts like pottery, beadwork, and folk painting often face financial hardships due to lack of market access and competition from cheaper, mass-produced alternatives.
• g. artisans of Kutch embroidery (Gujarat) and Chikankari (Uttar Pradesh) often find it difficult to compete with mass-produced items that mimic traditional designs at lower costs.
Impact of Globalization on Traditional Folk Arts
• Cultural Homogenization: Globalization often leads to the dominance of Western cultural norms and values, which can overshadow local traditions.
• g. declining visibility of traditional art forms like Warli painting (Maharashtra) and Kalamkari (Andhra Pradesh)
• Commercialization and Competition: The global market has commercialized many traditional art forms, sometimes leading to their dilution.
• g. The commercialization of Rajasthani miniature paintings, has resulted in the use of cheaper materials and simplified designs to cater to tourist markets, compromising the quality and authenticity of the art.
• Loss of cultural identity: The homogenizing effect of globalization can lead to the loss of distinct cultural identities.
• g. The traditional art of Tholu Bommalata, the shadow puppet theatre of Andhra Pradesh, is at risk of being overshadowed by global entertainment
Positive Impacts of Globalization on Traditional Folk Arts
• Opportunities to Reach a Global Audience: Globalization provides traditional artists with platforms to reach international audiences.
• g. Indian folk arts like Madhubani painting and Rogan art (Gujarat) have gained international recognition
• International Recognition and Fusion: Global exposure has led to the fusion and revival of traditional arts in innovative forms.
• g. Indian traditional arts have been incorporated into global fashion, such as the use of Indian textiles and embroidery in international designer collections.
Measures to Protect Traditional Folk Arts
• Government Support and Policy Framework: The government can play a crucial role in preserving folk arts through policies that provide financial support, grants, and subsidies to traditional artists.
• g. Initiatives like the ‘Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Diverse Cultural Traditions of India’ can be expanded to cover a broader range of art forms.
• Education and Awareness: Integrating folk arts into educational curricula can help raise awareness among the youth.
• g. schools could organize workshops on Warli painting and Phulkari embroidery.
• Promotion through Media and Technology: Leveraging media and digital platforms can help promote folk arts to wider audiences.
• Documentaries, social media campaigns, and online exhibitions can showcase arts like the Baul music tradition of Bengal or the Yakshagana theatre from Karnataka, attracting interest from both national and international audiences.
• Community Involvement and Participation: Community-based initiatives can encourage local participation and ensure that traditional knowledge is passed down through generations.
• g. Festivals like the Surajkund Mela in Haryana and the Jaipur Literature Festival often include sections dedicated to folk arts.
• International Recognition and Exchange: Promoting Indian folk arts on international platforms can enhance their recognition and value.
• g. The International Folk Art Market in Santa Fe, USA, has featured Indian crafts like Kutchi embroidery and Rajasthani puppetry, providing traditional artists with new opportunities and markets.
Conclusion
Through concerted efforts involving government support, education, media promotion, community participation, and international collaboration, traditional folk arts can not only survive but thrive in the modern world. This balanced approach ensures the continuation of India’s rich cultural heritage, fostering a sense of identity and pride among its people.
Q2. Cultural and linguistic diversity is largely driven by migration. Comment. 10M
Introduction
Migration has always played a pivotal role in shaping cultural and linguistic diversity. When people migrate, they bring with them their languages, traditions, and cultural practices, which then blend with those of the indigenous population. This process leads to the creation of new, hybrid cultures and languages, enriching the cultural tapestry of the host region.
Historical perspectives of migration:
• Ancient Migrations: Historical migrations, such as the movement of the Indo-Europeans into India around 3,800 years ago, introduced new languages like Sanskrit, which significantly influenced the linguistic landscape of the region. Similarly, the migration of Iranian farmers around 10,000 years ago brought agricultural practices and cultural elements that blended with local traditions.
• Similarly, the migration of Iranian farmers around 10,000 years ago brought agricultural practices and cultural elements that blended with local traditions.
• Medieval Migrations: The influx of various groups such as the Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, and Kushanas between 300 BC and 300 AD, and later the Turks and Afghans, introduced new cultural and linguistic elements to India. These migrations led to significant shifts in art, architecture, language, and administrative practices.
• These migrations led to significant shifts in art, architecture, language, and administrative practices.
Impact of migration on Cultural diversity:
• Cultural Exchange: Migration facilitates the exchange of cultural practices, beliefs, and technologies. The introduction of wet-rice farming by the Austro-Asiatic ‘Munda’ people from Southeast Asia is a prime example of how migration can lead to significant changes in local agricultural practices and cuisine. Similarly, influence of Portuguese culture in Goa due to their long rule. This brought architectural changes like Baroque style churches and introduced Western music, thereby modifying the local Goan culture significantly.
• Similarly, influence of Portuguese culture in Goa due to their long rule. This brought architectural changes like Baroque style churches and introduced Western music, thereby modifying the local Goan culture significantly.
• Cultural Synthesis: Migratory movements often result in a synthesis of cultures, creating new, enriched cultural forms. The spread of the Harappan civilization in a Z-pattern across India led to the blending of local and Harappan cultural elements, contributing to the development of a diverse cultural heritage.
• The spread of the Harappan civilization in a Z-pattern across India led to the blending of local and Harappan cultural elements, contributing to the development of a diverse cultural heritage.
Linguistic Impact of Migration:
• Language Evolution: Migratory movements often result in the introduction of new languages or dialects. For example, the influence of Persian during the Mughal era transformed the administrative and literary language of India. The presence of Prakrit, Sanskrit, Persian, and later English as court and official languages over different periods highlights how migration and conquest shape linguistic evolution.
• For example, the influence of Persian during the Mughal era transformed the administrative and literary language of India.
• The presence of Prakrit, Sanskrit, Persian, and later English as court and official languages over different periods highlights how migration and conquest shape linguistic evolution.
• Language Hybridization: Languages evolve and hybridize as migrants interact with local populations. This can be seen in the development of regional languages that incorporate elements from the languages of both the migrants and the indigenous people. For instance, the presence of retroflex sounds in Indian languages, which are thought to have been used by early human migrants, showcases how ancient migrations have left a lasting impact on language.
• For instance, the presence of retroflex sounds in Indian languages, which are thought to have been used by early human migrants, showcases how ancient migrations have left a lasting impact on language.
Contemporary relevance:
• Modern-Day Migration: In contemporary times, migration continues to drive cultural and linguistic diversity. Globalization and increased mobility have led to multicultural societies where different languages and cultural practices coexist and interact, leading to dynamic cultural landscapes. g. the IT hubs of Bengaluru and Hyderabad attract professionals from across the country and the world, contributing to cultural and linguistic diversity. Similarly, rural-to-urban migration within India, driven by economic opportunities, has brought diverse cultural practices to cities, seen in the variety of regional festivals, cuisines, and languages spoken.
• g. the IT hubs of Bengaluru and Hyderabad attract professionals from across the country and the world, contributing to cultural and linguistic diversity.
• Similarly, rural-to-urban migration within India, driven by economic opportunities, has brought diverse cultural practices to cities, seen in the variety of regional festivals, cuisines, and languages spoken.
Conclusion
Migration is a fundamental force in shaping cultural and linguistic diversity. Recognizing and embracing this diversity is key to building harmonious and dynamic societies in an increasingly interconnected world.
Q3. Critically assess the impact of the Smart Cities Mission on urban development in India. How does the introduction of the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) reflect a shift in urban planning priorities? 15M
Introduction
Launched in 2015, the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) aimed to advance sustainable and inclusive urban development through smart solutions. It improved infrastructure and integrated technology in selected cities but faced challenges in implementation and inclusivity. The introduction of the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) shifts focus to data-driven governance, inclusivity, and accessibility in urban planning.
Impact of the Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development:
• Infrastructure Development:
• Integrated Command and Control Centres: Cities like Pune and Bhopal have developed integrated command and control centres that manage urban services such as traffic, public safety, and utilities more efficiently. g. Pune’s Smart City Operations Centre uses real-time data to monitor traffic, manage public transport, and respond to emergencies.
• g. Pune’s Smart City Operations Centre uses real-time data to monitor traffic, manage public transport, and respond to emergencies.
• Smart Roads and Public Spaces: In cities like Surat, smart road projects have improved urban mobility by incorporating features such as dedicated cycling lanes, intelligent lighting, and pedestrian-friendly spaces.
• Technology Integration:
• Smart Traffic Management Systems: Ahmedabad implemented a smart traffic management system that uses sensors and cameras to monitor and manage traffic flow, reducing congestion and improving safety. The system also includes adaptive traffic signals that adjust in real-time based on traffic conditions.
• GIS-Based Mapping: Surat has utilized GIS-based mapping for utilities, which helps in the efficient management of water supply, sewage systems, and other essential service
• Green Initiatives and Sustainable Practices:
• Solar Energy Projects: Cities like Jaipur have implemented solar energy projects, including the installation of solar panels on public buildings and street lighting systems.
• Advanced Waste Management Systems: Indore, often cited as a model city for cleanliness, has developed a comprehensive waste management system. This includes waste segregation at source, efficient collection and disposal systems, and a waste-to-energy plant that converts non-recyclable waste into electricity.
Limitations of the Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development:
• Implementation Gaps:
• Project Delays and Bureaucratic Hurdles: In Chennai, the installation of smart poles, which include features like Wi-Fi hotspots and CCTV cameras, has been delayed due to bureaucratic red tape and technical challenges. Similar delays have been observed in other cities like Lucknow and Kanpur, affecting the timely implementation of smart city projects.
• Similar delays have been observed in other cities like Lucknow and Kanpur, affecting the timely implementation of smart city projects.
• Uneven Progress Across Cities: The progress of SCM projects has been uneven, with some cities advancing rapidly while others lag behind. g. while cities like Pune and Bhubaneswar have made significant strides, others like Agartala and Udaipur have struggled due to limited financial and technical resources.
• g. while cities like Pune and Bhubaneswar have made significant strides, others like Agartala and Udaipur have struggled due to limited financial and technical resources.
• Inclusivity Concerns: The SCM has often concentrated on developing central urban areas, sometimes neglecting the needs of peripheral and underdeveloped neighbourhoods.
• g. In Pune, smart city initiatives have primarily focused on the city centre, with less attention given to the suburban and rural areas.
• Funding and Resource Constraints:
• Dependence on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): The SCM heavily relies on PPPs for funding, which can be challenging for smaller cities that struggle to attract private investment. g. Shillong have faced difficulties in securing the necessary financial resources.
• g. Shillong have faced difficulties in securing the necessary financial resources.
• Limited Municipal Budgets: Many municipalities have limited budgets, which restricts their ability to invest in and maintain smart infrastructure. In some cases, cities have had to prioritize certain projects over others, potentially neglecting critical areas like affordable housing and basic amenities.
National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) and Shift in Urban Planning Priorities: Launched in 2021, the NUDM aims to establish a nationwide digital infrastructure that supports urban governance. This includes creating standardized urban data platforms and promoting the use of digital tools across all urban areas.
• Data Standardization and Interoperability: NUDM emphasizes the importance of data standardization, which allows for better integration and interoperability between different urban systems. This standardization facilitates seamless data sharing and enhances decision-making processes across multiple urban sectors, such as transportation, healthcare, and public safety.
• This standardization facilitates seamless data sharing and enhances decision-making processes across multiple urban sectors, such as transportation, healthcare, and public safety.
• Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: By promoting the use of open data, NUDM aims to increase transparency in urban governance. g. Cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad have begun using open data platforms to provide public access to information on urban services, budgets, and project progress.
• g. Cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad have begun using open data platforms to provide public access to information on urban services, budgets, and project progress.
• Inclusive Digital Infrastructure: Unlike the SCM, which sometimes focused primarily on larger and more developed cities, NUDM aims to provide digital infrastructure that is accessible to all urban areas, including smaller towns and peripheral regions.
• Smart Resource Management: Cities are encouraged to adopt technologies for monitoring energy consumption, water usage, and waste management, which can help in reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable practices. g. smart water management systems in cities like Pune.
• g. smart water management systems in cities like Pune.
• Disaster Preparedness and Response: The mission also focuses on building urban resilience by integrating digital solutions for disaster preparedness and response. g. cities like Visakhapatnam have developed early warning systems and disaster management platforms.
• g. cities like Visakhapatnam have developed early warning systems and disaster management platforms.
Conclusion
By focusing on comprehensive digital infrastructure and inclusive urban development, the NUDM aims to create a more equitable and sustainable urban future for all of India’s urban centres.
General Studies – 2
Q4. Analyze the current issues in fiscal federalism in India, with an emphasis on state’s taxation powers and financial autonomy. (10M)
Introduction:
Recently, while upholding the power of States to tax mineral rights and mineral-bearing lands, the Supreme Court emphasised the importance of safeguarding the principle of fiscal federalism.“Taxation is among the important sources of revenue for these States, impacting on their ability to deliver welfare schemes and services to the people.
Body:
Fiscal federalism in India deals with the distribution of financial powers between the central and state governments as outlined in the Constitution. It covers taxation authority, financial autonomy, and resource allocation.
Current Issues in Fiscal Federalism in India:
State Taxation Powers:
• Limited Taxing Authority:
• Article 246: Enumerates the distribution of legislative powers between Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Example: States have powers to levy taxes under List II (State List), but crucial areas like income tax are reserved for the centre under List I (Union List).
• Goods and Services Tax (GST):
• Article 246A: Empowers both the centre and states to levy GST, but it limits states’ control over tax rates and revenue collection.
• Example: States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have faced loss of income due to the central control over GST rates and the compensation mechanism, which affects their fiscal autonomy.
Financial Autonomy:
• Dependence on Central Transfers:
• Article 275: Provides for grants-in-aid to states from the central government based on the recommendations of the Finance Commission. This dependency impacts states’ financial autonomy.
• Example: States such as West Bengal experience financial strain due to delays in receiving central funds, affecting their development projects.
• Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act:
• While not a constitutional provision, the FRBM Act imposes fiscal discipline on states, restricting their borrowing capabilities and impacting financial flexibility.
• Limits State’s Borrowings:
• According to Article 293 of the Constitution, the State has to obtain the consent of the Centre to raise any loan, if any part of the previous loan extended by the Centre is outstanding.
• Parliament does not have the power to legislate upon the ‘Public Debt of the State’ as this finds place in the State List of the Constitution.
• Example: Kerala has moved the Supreme Court contending that the Centre’s imposition of a NBC on the State, violates Article 293 (borrowing by states) of the Constitution.
Recommendations of various committees:
• Rajamannar Committee: Residuary power of taxation should be vested with states.
• Sarkaria Commission: Recommended that the number of centrally-sponsored schemes should be kept to the minimum and that state governments should be involved in determining the contents and coverage of such schemes to cater to local variations.
• Punchhi Commission: It recommended a comprehensive review of all transfers to the states, particularly through centrally-sponsored schemes, with a view to minimising the component of discretionary transfers.
Conclusion:
Fiscal federalism issues underscore the need for a more equitable and balanced fiscal framework. Reassessing constitutional provisions like Article 246 and 7th schedule and enhancing cooperation between the central and state governments are essential for improving fiscal autonomy and addressing disparities in financial resources.
Q5. India is a member of many plurilateral groups on both sides of the “geo-strategic divide”, which presents contrasting dilemmas. Analyse. (10M)
Introduction:
India’s membership in numerous plurilateral groups across different geopolitical alignments such as QUAD and BRICS underscores its strategic efforts to balance relationships globally. These alignments, however, often present contrasting dilemmas.
Body:
Geostrategic divide and Contrasting Dilemmas:
• Economic Partnerships vs. Strategic Autonomy:
• Example: India is a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), dominated by China and Russia, which seeks to enhance economic and security cooperation in Eurasia. Simultaneously, India is part of the Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) with the U.S., Japan, and Australia, aimed at countering China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific.
• Dilemma: Balancing economic cooperation with strategic rivals like China while maintaining strategic autonomy is ch While SCO membership facilitates economic ties with Central Asia, Quad participation is crucial for India’s maritime security strategy.
• Technology Cooperation vs. Sovereignty Concerns:
• Example: India’s involvement in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) grouping provides access to the New Development Bank (NDB) and opportunities for economic On the other hand, the U.S.-India bilateral relationship emphasises technological collaboration, particularly in the defence and digital sectors.
• Dilemma: Aligning with BRICS may conflict with India’s digital sovereignty goals, especially concerning technology standards and data privacy, while deeper technology ties with the U.S. could lead to dependency concerns.
• Energy Security vs. Environmental Commitments:
• Example: India’s participation in the International Solar Alliance (ISA) aligns with its commitment to renewable energy and combating climate change. Concurrently, its membership in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as an observer aligns with its energy security interests.
• Dilemma: Striking a balance between increasing renewable energy commitments and ensuring immediate energy security through traditional energy sources presents a complex policy challenge.
Diplomatic Strategies adopted by India:
• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Principles: India continues to uphold the principles of non-alignment, maintaining strategic autonomy without aligning exclusively with any major power bloc.
• Multi-Engagement Policy: India pursues a policy of multi-engagement, fostering relationships with diverse countries and groups to maximise benefits.
• Example: Simultaneous engagement with the U.S., Russia, China, and EU reflects this strategy.
• Issue-Based Alignment: India aligns with different countries and groups based on specific issues rather than overarching alliances.
• Example: Collaborating with the U.S. on defence and technology and Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), while working with Russia and China on regional security and economic matters.
• Economic Diplomacy: India negotiates bilateral and regional trade agreements to enhance economic ties while protecting its strategic interests.
• Example: India’s trade agreements with ASEAN countries and ongoing negotiations with the EU for a Free Trade Agreement.
• Cultural Diplomacy: India leverages its cultural and historical ties to build goodwill and strengthen diplomatic relations.
• Example: Initiatives like the International Day of Yoga and the Indian diaspora’s influence globally.
Conclusion:
“Diplomacy is the art of balancing among conflicting interests.” As India continues to engage in these plurilateral groups, it must address these dilemmas dynamic foreign policy strategies in an ever changing geopolitical landscape.
General Studies – 3
Q6. The need of the hour is to move from basic food security to nutritional security. Elucidate.
Introduction:
Food security focuses on ensuring ample, safe, and nutritious food, as demonstrated by the production of 315.72 million tonnes of food grains in 2022-23. However, nutritional security, which emphasizes a balanced and diverse diet with essential nutrients, remains a challenge. The recent NFHS (2019-21) data reveals that 35.5% of children are stunted, indicating gaps in achieving nutritional goals.
Current food security status of India:
• Coverage: NFSA provides coverage for nearly 2/3rd of the country’s total population, basis Census 2011 population estimates. A total of 75% of the Rural and 50% of the Urban population is entitled to receive highly subsidized food grains.
• Food stock: FCI in March 2024 has 97 lakh tonnes of wheat and 270 lakh tonnes of rice in storage.
• The food affordability index of India was over 59 in 2022. India was rated 73.2 for the food safety net programs.
• Nutrition status: Prevalence of Malnutrition:5% of children under age five years are stunted, 19.3% are wasted, 32.1% are underweight and 3% are overweight. In 2023, the Global Hunger Index ranked India at 111th out of 125 countries. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2023:Around 74% of India’s population could not afford a healthy diet, and 39% fell short of a nutrient-adequate one.
• Prevalence of Malnutrition:5% of children under age five years are stunted, 19.3% are wasted, 32.1% are underweight and 3% are overweight.
• In 2023, the Global Hunger Index ranked India at 111th out of 125 countries.
• The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2023:Around 74% of India’s population could not afford a healthy diet, and 39% fell short of a nutrient-adequate one.
Limitations of focusing solely on basic food security are:
• Nutrient deficiency: Ensuring food availability does not guarantee adequate nutrition. Populations may still suffer from mineral deficiencies despite sufficient calorie intake. Eg: NHFS-5 reports malnutrition among women aged 15-49 years is 18.7%.
• Eg: NHFS-5 reports malnutrition among women aged 15-49 years is 18.7%.
• Economic productivity: Poor nutrition impacts cognitive and physical development, leading to lower productivity and economic output over the long term. Eg: India population within range of 15-64yrs age account to 68%.
• Eg: India population within range of 15-64yrs age account to 68%.
• Food wastage and losses:According to estimates, approximately 40% of India’s food production is wasted. These losses reduce the availability of nutritious food for consumption.
• Healthcare costs: Inadequate nutrition leads to higher healthcare costs due to increased incidence of malnutrition-related diseases and conditions. Eg: National Health Account estimates India’s out-of-pocket expenditure is at 47% in 2019-20.
• Eg: National Health Account estimates India’s out-of-pocket expenditure is at 47% in 2019-20.
• Equity issues: Basic food security might not address disparities in dietary quality, leaving marginalized groups with insufficient access to diverse, nutrient-rich foods. Eg: National Institute of Health data shows 59.8% of tribes in Assam have anemia.
• Eg: National Institute of Health data shows 59.8% of tribes in Assam have anemia.
• Climatic Vulnerabilities: India’s agriculture relies heavily on the monsoon. Deviations, like the 2019 unseasonal rains, can devastate crops, causing shortages and price inflation, Eg: 2023 as seen with onions and tomatoes inflation in Maharashtra and Karnataka.
• Eg: 2023 as seen with onions and tomatoes inflation in Maharashtra and Karnataka.
The importance of nutritional security in addressing malnutrition, and other health issues are:
• Preventing malnutrition: Nutritional security ensures a balanced diet with essential nutrients, preventing deficiencies and malnutrition.
• Combating stunting: Proper nutrition, especially in early childhood, is crucial for physical and cognitive development, reducing stunting and its long-term impacts. Eg:5% of children under age five years are stunted in India.
• Eg:5% of children under age five years are stunted in India.
• Improving health outcomes: Adequate nutrition supports overall health, lowering the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Eg: NHFS -5 report India has 78 million diabetics in 2021.
• Eg: NHFS -5 report India has 78 million diabetics in 2021.
• Enhancing cognitive function: A balanced diet promotes brain development and cognitive function, improving educational outcomes and economic productivity.
• Reducing health care costs: Investing in nutritional security can lower long-term health care expenses by decreasing the prevalence of diet-related diseases.
Steps taken by the government to improve the situation:
• National Food Security Act (NFSA):It includes provisions such as subsidized food grains through the Public Distribution System (PDS). Eg: in Bihar, the NFSA has significantly reduced the prevalence of food insecurity.
• Eg: in Bihar, the NFSA has significantly reduced the prevalence of food insecurity.
• ICDS:Provides supplementary nutrition, health check-ups, and immunization to children under the age of six and pregnant and lactating women. Eg: Uttar Pradesh, has reached over 20 million beneficiaries under ICDS.
• Eg: Uttar Pradesh, has reached over 20 million beneficiaries under ICDS.
• Poshan Abhiyan:Launched in 2017, this mission aims to reduce malnutrition and stunting in children, anemia among women, and low birth weight through a multi-sectoral approach.
• Fortification of Food:Encouraging the fortification of staple foods with essential nutrients. Eg: in Karnataka, the government mandated the fortification of edible oils, wheat flour, and salt to improve the nutritional status of the population.
• Eg: in Karnataka, the government mandated the fortification of edible oils, wheat flour, and salt to improve the nutritional status of the population.
• National Horticulture Mission:To increase the production and consumption of fruits and vegetables which improve nutrition and income generation. Eg: Himachal Pradesh has seen improvement in nutrition due to an increase in horticulture production.
• Eg: Himachal Pradesh has seen improvement in nutrition due to an increase in horticulture production.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):Such as the Akshaya Patra Foundation partners with the government in various states to provide nutritious mid-day meals to schoolchildren, addressing both hunger and malnutrition.
Conclusion:
Further, there is a need for investments in agriculture, improved infrastructure, education and awareness campaigns, and effective implementation of nutritional initiatives. Such efforts will help combat malnutrition, and enhance food accessibility to ensure long-term nutritional security for all Indians.
Q7. The increasing female labour force participation rate (LFPR) in rural India presents an untapped opportunity for employment generation. Discuss the potential benefits and strategies for enhancing female employment. (250 words)
Introduction
The India Employment Report (IER) 2024, published by the Institute for Human Development and the International Labour Organization, shows that there was a steep and steady upward trend of female LFPR from 24.6% in 2018 to 36.6% in 2022 in rural India. It also increased by around 3.5% from 20.4% in 2018 in urban areas.
Female labor force participation in India: Current Status
• Long-term decline: Female labor force participation (LFP) in India has dropped from 28% in 1990 to 24% in 2022, reflecting a broader trend of reduced labor engagement.
• Short-term increase: The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2021-22 shows a recent rise in female LFPR, increasing from 30.0% in 2019-20 to 32.8% in 2021-22.
The reasons behind such a rise in rural female employment are:
• Government programs: Initiatives like DAY-NRLM and MGNREGS have enhanced rural women’s economic opportunities through skilling and credit support. Eg: The FLFP rate in rural India rose from 18.2% in 2017-18 to 30.5% in 2022-23, partly due to these programs.
• Eg: The FLFP rate in rural India rose from 18.2% in 2017-18 to 30.5% in 2022-23, partly due to these programs.
• Self-employment growth: More women are engaged in self-employment and running their businesses, as seen across agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Eg: Self-employed women rose by around 13% between 2017-18 and 2022-23 as per the PLFS report.
• Eg: Self-employed women rose by around 13% between 2017-18 and 2022-23 as per the PLFS report.
• Pandemic impact: The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased female labor participation as women stepped into various economic roles to support household income.
• Education effects: Female labor force participation has risen among both low- and high-education levels, reflecting a U-shaped trend. Eg: the FLFP rate for illiterate women rose from 29.1% to 48.1% between 2017-18 and 2022-23.
• Eg: the FLFP rate for illiterate women rose from 29.1% to 48.1% between 2017-18 and 2022-23.
• Caste and income effects: The increase is notable among ST women and wealthier expenditure classes, with significant growth in self-employment among the richest. Eg: the FLFP rate among ST women increased significantly from 27.6% in 2017-18 to 45.2% in 2022-23.
• Eg: the FLFP rate among ST women increased significantly from 27.6% in 2017-18 to 45.2% in 2022-23.
Opportunities and benefits due to the increase in women’s participation are:
• Empowerment and independence: Market access boosts women’s empowerment by challenging traditional gender norms, enhancing economic independence, and improving decision-making.
• Bypassing gender constraints: Access to markets helps women overcome restrictive gender norms, allowing them to use hired services and technology that were previously unavailable.
• Economic and family benefits: Increased income-generating activities for women enhance family income and welfare, improving their position and reducing economic vulnerability.
• Reduced migration: Economic opportunities close to home reduce reliance on male family members and minimize migration, fostering family stability and welfare.
Challenges to female labor participation in India are:
• Urban LFPR issues: The slow rise in urban female LFPR (2018-2022) reflects limited opportunities and barriers like restricted access to capital and societal norms.
• Business barriers: Women face difficulties in starting businesses due to limited capital and gender norms, especially in male-dominated fields. Eg: Glass ceiling on women in higher-level positions.
• Eg: Glass ceiling on women in higher-level positions.
• Traditional occupations: Women stick to traditional jobs like bandhani and embroidery due to alignment with gender norms, despite lower income potential.
• Gendered work restrictions: Local norms prevent women from engaging in certain activities, such as ploughing or fishing, limiting their economic opportunities. Eg: Women in agriculture amount to 67% as per ICAR
• Eg: Women in agriculture amount to 67% as per ICAR
Way forward:
• Enhance external work opportunities: Focus on creating more opportunities for women to work outside the home to boost their empowerment.
• Implement long-term strategies: Develop and execute long-term plans to improve workplace conditions for women, including safety and basic amenities.
• Mandate essential facilities: Ensure public policies require essential facilities like toilets and crèches in small- and medium-sized businesses.
• Boost female labor force participation: Increase female LFPR to improve overall employment rates and family income.
Conclusion:
Unlocking the potential of women requires an increase and shift in the composition of overall employment opportunities as well as the questioning of societal strictures. As the country commends itself on world-leading economic growth and aspires towards a trillion economy, it becomes necessary to take women along to make this goal a reality.
Q8. Discuss the impact of the border dispute with China on India’s security and bilateral relations. Despite numerous efforts, why do the disputes remain unresolved? (250 words)
Introduction:
The Indo-China border extends approximately 3,488 kilometers along the Himalayan region. Marked by its challenging terrain and the LAC, the border remains poorly demarcated and frequently contested. In a recent meeting, Beijing urged New Delhi to accept the status quo along the LAC in eastern Ladakh, while India stressed that peace is vital for improving bilateral relations
Impact on security and bilateral relations:
• Military: Five finger policy: China views Tibet as the palm and Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh as fingers, complicating border demarcation. Eg: Pangong area aggression in 2022. Salami slicing strategy: China uses incremental moves to gain territory, including building infrastructure in disputed areas. Eg: China’s claim on Arunachal Pradesh. Troop deployment: Both countries have significant military presence along the 3,488 km-long LAC, leading to frequent skirmishes. Eg: A recent report suggests China building infrastructure along the LAC region.
• Five finger policy: China views Tibet as the palm and Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh as fingers, complicating border demarcation. Eg: Pangong area aggression in 2022.
• Eg: Pangong area aggression in 2022.
• Salami slicing strategy: China uses incremental moves to gain territory, including building infrastructure in disputed areas. Eg: China’s claim on Arunachal Pradesh.
• Eg: China’s claim on Arunachal Pradesh.
• Troop deployment: Both countries have significant military presence along the 3,488 km-long LAC, leading to frequent skirmishes. Eg: A recent report suggests China building infrastructure along the LAC region.
• Eg: A recent report suggests China building infrastructure along the LAC region.
• Economic:
• Trade imbalance: India’s trade deficit with China reached USD 83.2 billion in 2022-23. India also relies on Chinese materials for its pharmaceutical industry.
• Debt trap diplomacy: China’s loans and investments in neighboring countries influence their stance and undermine India’s regional influence. Eg: China’s economic strategy was exposed during the Sri Lanka crisis in 2022.
• Eg: China’s economic strategy was exposed during the Sri Lanka crisis in 2022.
• Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): India opposes the BRI due to its impact on Indian sovereignty through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Eg: the CPEC infrastructure planned through Pakistan-occupied India region.
• Eg: the CPEC infrastructure planned through Pakistan-occupied India region.
• Diplomatic:
• Aggressive policies: China’s “String of Pearls” strategy involves building facilities that could encircle India and control key maritime routes. Eg: China in 2024 released new names for Arunachal Pradesh.
• Eg: China in 2024 released new names for Arunachal Pradesh.
• Water dispute: Lack of a formal treaty on Brahmaputra River water sharing strains relations. Eg: China’s proposal to build a dam on the Brahmaputra River.
• Eg: China’s proposal to build a dam on the Brahmaputra River.
• South China Sea: China’s claims and opposition to Indian investment in the South China Sea create diplomatic friction.
Efforts Taken by Both Countries:
• Agreement on the maintenance of peace and tranquility (1993): This agreement aimed to renounce the use of force, recognize the LAC and resolve border disputes through negotiations.
• Agreement on confidence-building measures in the military field (1996): It established protocols for non-aggression, required prior notification of large troop movements, and involved map exchanges to address LAC disagreements.
• Border Defense Co-operation Agreement (2013): Signed after the Depsang Valley incident, this agreement focuses on enhancing communication and coordination to prevent skirmishes and manage border tensions.
• Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC): established in 2012 as an institutional mechanism for consultation and coordination for the management of India–China border areas.
• Education Exchange Programme (EEP) (2006): This initiative promotes academic exchange by awarding scholarships to 25 students from each country for higher education in recognized institutions.
• Multilateral and Informal Diplomacy: India and China engage in high-level meetings through the SCO and BRICS, and have held informal summits in Wuhan and Chennai to advocate peaceful coexistence and resolve bilateral issues.
Reasons for unresolved disputes:
• Historical dispute on sovereignty: China argues that Tibet lacked sovereign authority to enter into agreements. Therefore, India’s recognition of the McMahon Line (LAC) based on Tibet’s past agreements is seen as undermining China’s sovereignty.
• Forward policy and border clashes: China’s forward policy in the western region has often led to border clashes, such as the Galwan Valley clash, 2020 and the Pangong aggression, 2022.
• Reluctance for concessions: As a major power, China has been unwilling to make unilateral or asymmetric concessions in border negotiations.
• Pakistan factor: India and China’s strategic approach includes a two-and-a-half front strategy, where China supports Pakistan to counterbalance India, adding complexity to India’s security concerns.
• Absence of joint declaration: The failure to publish a joint declaration on the LAC hinders the development of Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) between the two countries.
Conclusion:
China should shift its traditional assertive stance along the border to improve the implementation of bilateral agreements. Additionally, both countries should continue to engage in trade and commerce, maintaining these interactions even amid border tensions.
General Studies – 4
Q9. What ethical concerns arise from paper leaks and exam scams? Do you believe that anti-cheating bills are adequate to address these issues? Justify your answer. [10M]
Introduction:
Against the backdrop of the NEET exam scam and other various states’ PSC scams Bihar has legislated new anti-cheating bills to counter issues such as paper leaks and exam scams.
Ethical concerns surrounding paper leaks and exam scams are:
• Corruption and malpractice: Corruption within exam bodies and educational institutions often leads to paper leaks, with officials sometimes colluding with outsiders for financial gain. Eg: Karnataka PSI exam scam in 2022.
• Eg: Karnataka PSI exam scam in 2022.
• Integrity violations: When exam papers are leaked, the integrity of the entire testing system is undermined, eroding trust in educational qualifications and meritocracy. Eg: Chhattisgarh PSC scam where ex-chief secretary used undue influence.
• Eg: Chhattisgarh PSC scam where ex-chief secretary used undue influence.
• Moral responsibility: Institutions and individuals’ failure to uphold ethical standards reflects a disregard for principles such as honesty, fairness, and accountability. Eg: Unfair means of selection led to unfair behaviours as seen in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Eg: Unfair means of selection led to unfair behaviours as seen in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Unfair advantage: Leaked papers provide an unfair advantage to some candidates over others, violating principles of fairness and equal opportunity. Eg: Violate article 14 and 19 of the constitution.
• Eg: Violate article 14 and 19 of the constitution.
• Cultural and social pressures: Societal and parental pressure to perform well academically encourages individuals to seek unfair advantages, including leaked exam materials
To counter such instances several governments have enacted laws such as the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, Bill anti-cheating bill, etc.
Such legislation counters the scams and paper leaks:
• It states that all offenses shall be cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable which can create the fear complex who indulge in such practice.
• Section 3 of the act lists at least 15 actions that amount to using unfair means in public examinations for monetary or wrongful gain. Such holistic coverage brings objectivity in law.
• The act also serves as a model draft for states to adopt at their discretion, to assist states in preventing criminal elements from disrupting the conduct of exams. This provides for ethical leadership from center to state.
However along with legislative measures more ethical reform are also needed such as:
• Ethical training: Provide comprehensive training on ethical standards and practices for all exam personnel, including proctors, administrators, and examiners. Eg: My iGOT platform to deliver training to officers.
• Eg: My iGOT platform to deliver training to officers.
• Honor codes: Implement honor codes that students must pledge to uphold, emphasizing the value of honesty in their academic pursuits. Eg: Gujarat Bhagvatgita module for children value enrichment.
• Eg: Gujarat Bhagvatgita module for children value enrichment.
• Transparent processes: Establish transparent and standardized processes for all stages of the exam cycle, from question setting to result declaration. Eg: IBPS exam model is famed as quick and highly transparent.
• Eg: IBPS exam model is famed as quick and highly transparent.
• Independent oversight: Create an independent oversight body to regularly audit and review exam processes and procedures. Eg: Improved horizontal accountability among officials.
• Eg: Improved horizontal accountability among officials.
• Promoting a growth mindset: Foster a growth mindset by emphasizing learning and improvement over grades, encouraging students to see challenges as opportunities for growth. Eg: NEP,2020 new approach with dual exam for 10th and 12th.
• Eg: NEP,2020 new approach with dual exam for 10th and 12th.
Conclusion:
By fostering a culture of integrity at every level through enhanced surveillance, robust governance frameworks, and comprehensive stakeholder engagement we can safeguard the sanctity of examinations.
Q10. Krithi Kumari, a 24-year-old woman from Bihar, was the sole breadwinner for her family. Her parents, struggling with poverty, relied on her earnings to support the household. Despite the financial hardships, Krithi was a determined and hopeful individual, working diligently at a private company in Bangalore to secure a better future for her family. Krithi’s aspirations included securing a stable job and eventually getting married. She had recently started preparations for her marriage, having engaged in discussions with a prospective groom and his family. Her family was filled with hope and excitement for this new chapter in her life. Living in a paying guest (PG) facility in, Bangalore, Krithi was managing her responsibilities with resilience. The PG facility provided her with the necessary accommodation as she worked far from her hometown. Her presence in Bangalore was a symbol of hope for her family, who depended on her remittances to meet basic needs and sustain their modest lifestyle. On a fateful night, Krithi’s life was abruptly and violently cut short. The attacker, armed with a knife, entered the PG facility and committed a heinous crime. The attack was brutal, Krithi was stabbed multiple times and had her throat slit, horrifically ending her life. This occurred around 11:00 pm after Krithi had returned from her workplace. The attacker managed to gain entry into the building when the caretaker was absent and the main door was left open. The crime was discovered when other residents, disturbed by the commotion, raised an alarm. The attacker fled the scene, and Krithi’s tragic death was soon reported to the authorities. This tragic incident not only raises concerns about the specific case but also highlights broader issues related to women’s safety and societal attitudes towards gender-based violence.
In the given circumstances, address the following: [20M]
Identify the key stakeholders and ethical issues involved in this case.
How do societal attitudes and systemic issues contribute to incidents of violence against women?
Being a responsible Civil Servant, what broader reforms would you recommend to improve women’s safety and address gender-based violence?
Introduction:
According to NHFS-5, 29.3% of married Indian women experience domestic or sexual violence. Such recurring gender violence manifests the decline of public values this brings us to John F Kennedy’s quote which mentions that “Gender-based violence anywhere is a threat to peace and security everywhere”.
• a) Ethical issues involved in the case are:
• Negligence in security measures: Lack of proper security can lead to preventable tragedies and reflects poorly on the facility’s commitment to the well-being of its occupants.
• Community responsibility: Lack of community involvement or apathy toward addressing violence against women can contribute to a culture of indifference and inaction.
• Gender discrimination: In the context of the crime, systemic gender biases may have contributed to Krithi Kumari’s vulnerability.
• Normalization of violence: The normalization of violence against women, where violent behavior is seen as an acceptable response or is trivialized, contributes to a culture where such acts are tolerated or overlooked.
• Killing another person: The act of murder itself is a severe ethical violation, representing the ultimate disregard for human life and dignity.
• b) Societal attitudes leading to gender violence:
• Normalization of violence: Societal tolerance or normalization of gender-based violence, where such acts are either overlooked or deemed less serious.
E.g. WHO reports 1 in 3 women experience violence in a lifetime.
• Victim blaming: Attitudes that place undue responsibility on victims, potentially discouraging them from seeking help or reporting violence.
E.g. In the Porsche car accident case questions were raised regarding the women’s late night party.
• Gender inequality: Deep-rooted beliefs in gender roles and inequalities that perpetuate the marginalization and vulnerability of women.
E.g. Patriarchal mindset and masculine societal attitude.
Systemic issues leading to violence:
• Inadequate safety regulations: Lack of stringent safety measures and regulatory oversight for accommodation facilities, leading to vulnerabilities.
E.g. In 2022 women’s police force constituted only 11% of the total force.
• Poor law enforcement response: Inefficiencies in police response and investigation procedures, can impede timely justice and deterrence.
E.g. POCSO act loophole regarding different criteria to prove crime.
• Limited support services: Insufficient resources and support systems for survivors of violence, including legal aid, counseling, and emergency services.
• c) Being an honest and impartial civil servant I would recommend the following measures to ensure the security of women:
• Gender-based legislation: Enforce legislation and develop and implement policies that promote gender equality by ending discrimination against women in marriage, divorce and custody laws, inheritance laws, and ownership of assets.
Eg: Constitutional amendment 106th for women reservation.
• Capacity building and trainingto service providers and law enforcement officers to handle cases of violence against women.
Eg: Karnataka model of Pink Hoysala for dedicated women police.
• Promote egalitarian gender normsas part of life skills and comprehensive sexuality education curricula taught to young people.
Eg: “Selfie with daughter” campaign to promote egalitarianism.
• Foster collaboration and accountability: Encourage collaboration between government bodies, civil society organizations, and community stakeholders to create a coordinated approach to combating gender-based violence.
Eg: Mahila a chain of healthcare clinics for women by women.
• Seek social persuasion: Social influence on the people to curate and reform the orthodox attitude and nudge towards a gender-sensitive and egalitarian society.
Eg: Campaign to counter traditions like Hijab and triple talaq.
Conclusion:
As a responsible civil servant, implementing these reforms would contribute to a safer environment for women and address systemic issues that perpetuate gender-based violence. By focusing on ethical principles of justice, safety, and equality, we can foster a more secure and equitable society.
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