UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 26 July 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Q1. Why is it important to preserve and promote vernacular languages in a globalised world? Analyse their role in sustaining social cohesion. What challenges exist in balancing local pride with global aspirations? (15 M)
Introduction
India’s multilingual identity is a civilisational legacy and a democratic necessity. In an era of global connectivity, promoting vernacular languages is essential to ensure equity, identity, and inclusive participation in national life.
Importance of preserving and promoting vernacular languages
• Cultural preservation and civilisational continuity: Vernaculars encode centuries of local wisdom, folklore, and rituals.
• Eg: The UNESCO Atlas (2023) lists over 190 Indian languages as endangered, marking a severe cultural loss.
• Democratisation of education: Learning in the mother tongue enhances understanding, retention, and classroom equity.
• Eg: The National Education Policy 2020 recommends mother-tongue-based education till Grade 5 to improve learning outcomes (MoE).
• Linguistic decolonisation and self-respect: Promoting Indian languages weakens colonial hierarchies and builds national pride.
• Eg: Mahatma Gandhi (1921) warned in Young India that “English-medium education enslaves the Indian mind.”
• Inclusive and effective governance: Local language use ensures greater administrative reach and citizen participation.
• Eg: 73rd and 74th Amendments are more effective when Gram Sabhas operate in regional languages.
• Preservation of indigenous knowledge systems: Vernaculars preserve folk science, oral traditions, and ecological knowledge
• Eg: The Bhasha Research Centre, Gujarat, has documented tribal knowledge in over 1,000 endangered languages.
Role of vernacular languages in sustaining social cohesion
• Bridging caste and class divides: Common regional languages foster social cohesion across hierarchies.
• Eg: The Bhakti movement used vernacular poetry (e.g. in Marathi, Tamil) to transcend caste divisions.
• Enabling inclusive political discourse: Local language media expands access to political awareness and engagement.
• Eg: According to IRS 2023, Hindi and regional newspapers like Dainik Bhaskar have greater reach than English dailies.
• Reinforcing federal diversity and unity: Linguistic plurality is central to India’s unity-in-diversity model.
• Eg: The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution protects 22 languages, reflecting federal inclusivity.
• Sustaining intergenerational cultural memory: Mother tongues ensure the continuity of cultural values across generations.
• Eg: Languages like Tulu, Konkani, and Maithili are integral to festivals, folklore, and family rituals.
• Promoting mutual respect and coexistence: Multilingualism nurtures respect among diverse communities.
• Eg: Assam’s bilingual policy (Assamese and Bodo) has fostered harmony in multi-ethnic districts.
Challenges in balancing local pride with global aspirations
• English as a socio-economic gatekeeper: English dominates in jobs, law, and higher education.
• Eg: Census 2011 reported only 6% English speakers, excluding a large rural majority from upward mobility.
• Institutional neglect of vernacular languages: Lack of infrastructure and content in Indian languages.
• Eg: Few IITs/NITs offer engineering or law courses in Indian languages despite NEP directives.
• Social perception of inferiority: English is often seen as aspirational, Indian languages as inferior.
• Eg: A 2022 Azim Premji University study showed rural parents prefer English education despite comprehension gaps.
• Technological underdevelopment: Indian languages lag in digital tools, content, and NLP applications.
• Eg: Languages like Dogri, Santali, and Khandeshi lack robust online translation tools or AI models.
• Urban disconnect from native roots: Global exposure often leads to cultural detachment among urban youth.
• Eg: English-medium schooling in cities causes first-generation children to lose fluency in their mother tongue.
Conclusion
India’s future lies in embracing its linguistic diversity, not replacing it. A digitally enabled, inclusive language policy can ensure that India remains both globally aspirational and locally rooted.
Q2. The stigma attached to women who speak out reflects not just societal apathy but systemic denial. Discuss how character assassination and disbelief obstruct justice for sexual harassment survivors. Evaluate how this impacts broader gender empowerment. (10 M)
Introduction The backlash faced by women who report sexual harassment reflects an entrenched patriarchy where victims are interrogated and perpetrators shielded. This institutionalised disbelief corrodes both justice and empowerment.
Character assassination and disbelief as barriers to justice
• Social prejudice against vocal women: Women who report are often labelled as attention-seeking or morally suspect. Eg: In the Balasore case (2025), the student was accused of “netagiri” by her HOD and was vilified rather than supported, despite repeated complaints.
• Eg: In the Balasore case (2025), the student was accused of “netagiri” by her HOD and was vilified rather than supported, despite repeated complaints.
• Victim-blaming in institutional inquiries: ICCs often question the victim’s intent, conduct, or credibility, violating natural justice. Eg: The JNU ICC (2019) was criticised for asking intrusive questions to a complainant. The NCW later issued an advisory urging all institutions to follow sensitive inquiry norms.
• Eg: The JNU ICC (2019) was criticised for asking intrusive questions to a complainant. The NCW later issued an advisory urging all institutions to follow sensitive inquiry norms.
• Erosion of evidentiary standards: Survivors face an unfair burden of proof even though PoSH Act mandates fair procedure. Eg: The PoSH Act, 2013 (Sections 4–6) mandates ICC formation, but several institutions, including reputed colleges, fail to follow due process or have inactive ICCs
• Eg: The PoSH Act, 2013 (Sections 4–6) mandates ICC formation, but several institutions, including reputed colleges, fail to follow due process or have inactive ICCs
• Lack of institutional follow-up: Even after complaints are filed, many institutions exhibit apathy or delay. Eg: In the Kalakshetra harassment case (2023), complainants withdrew after facing intimidation and the administration’s unwillingness to take timely action.
• Eg: In the Kalakshetra harassment case (2023), complainants withdrew after facing intimidation and the administration’s unwillingness to take timely action.
• Political or social clout of the accused: Accused persons often misuse influence to escape scrutiny, targeting the survivor instead. Eg: In the allegations against former CJI Gogoi (2019), the in-house panel gave a clean chit, triggering debates about transparency and judicial accountability.
• Eg: In the allegations against former CJI Gogoi (2019), the in-house panel gave a clean chit, triggering debates about transparency and judicial accountability.
Impact on broader gender empowerment
• Silencing of other survivors: Fear of retaliation discourages others from reporting, fuelling a cycle of silence. Eg: After India’s #MeToo wave (2018), many survivors faced defamation suits, weakening momentum and deterring others.
• Eg: After India’s #MeToo wave (2018), many survivors faced defamation suits, weakening momentum and deterring others.
• Entrenchment of fear and insecurity: Women internalise fear, affecting participation in education, jobs, and public spaces. Eg: As per NFHS-5 (2021), 45% of women who experienced sexual violence never reported it, citing fear of disbelief and shame.
• Eg: As per NFHS-5 (2021), 45% of women who experienced sexual violence never reported it, citing fear of disbelief and shame.
• Distortion of empowerment narratives: Tokenistic empowerment tools like self-defence fall short in absence of institutional backing. Eg: The Balasore student, despite being a self-defence instructor, was left unsupported by the ICC and administration when she filed her harassment complaint.
• Eg: The Balasore student, despite being a self-defence instructor, was left unsupported by the ICC and administration when she filed her harassment complaint.
• Breakdown of trust in legal frameworks: Repeated injustice breeds distrust in constitutional and legal protections. Eg: The Justice Verma Committee (2013) had recommended fast-track procedures and accountability mechanisms, yet many remain unimplemented, especially in educational institutions.
• Eg: The Justice Verma Committee (2013) had recommended fast-track procedures and accountability mechanisms, yet many remain unimplemented, especially in educational institutions.
• Hampering inter-generational progress: Young girls may begin to accept injustice as normal, slowing social transformation. Eg: A UNESCO (2022) study showed that school-based harassment is a leading cause for dropouts among adolescent girls in India, especially in rural areas.
• Eg: A UNESCO (2022) study showed that school-based harassment is a leading cause for dropouts among adolescent girls in India, especially in rural areas.
Conclusion Empowerment is not the freedom to speak but the assurance of being heard without fear. Unless institutions are sensitised and held accountable, systemic silence will continue to betray those who dare to demand justice.
Q3. Pricing natural resources like groundwater is necessary, but insufficient for sustainability”. Do you agree? Evaluate the challenges and benefits of using economic instruments for groundwater management. (10 M)
Introduction: India is the world’s largest extractor of groundwater, but over 60% of monitored wells show declining levels. While economic valuation adds accountability, sustainability demands a more integrated framework.
Limitations of pricing groundwater for sustainability
• Weak regulatory and monitoring mechanisms: Pricing fails if metering and compliance frameworks are ineffective. Eg: CAG 2023 report flagged poor metering and enforcement in Haryana and Punjab, leading to unregulated extraction despite tariff provisions.
• Eg: CAG 2023 report flagged poor metering and enforcement in Haryana and Punjab, leading to unregulated extraction despite tariff provisions.
• Equity and affordability concerns: Uniform pricing can disproportionately affect small farmers and low-income users. Eg: In Maharashtra, the 2021 proposal for volumetric groundwater pricing was withdrawn after farmer protests citing livelihood risks.
• Eg: In Maharashtra, the 2021 proposal for volumetric groundwater pricing was withdrawn after farmer protests citing livelihood risks.
• Lack of awareness and behavioural inertia: Pricing alone doesn’t alter usage patterns without public engagement. Eg: Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019) had limited success in water-stressed districts, highlighting that cost disincentives must be backed by education.
• Eg: Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019) had limited success in water-stressed districts, highlighting that cost disincentives must be backed by education.
• Absence of ecological pricing: Current tariffs do not reflect environmental costs or aquifer stress. Eg: The National Water Policy 2012 recommended aquifer-specific pricing to reflect recharge potential, but remains unimplemented in most states.
• Eg: The National Water Policy 2012 recommended aquifer-specific pricing to reflect recharge potential, but remains unimplemented in most states.
Benefits of economic instruments in groundwater governance
• Promotes resource efficiency and demand moderation: Charges encourage conservation and reduce wastage. Eg: Israel’s groundwater pricing policy reduced per capita usage by 25% within a decade through tiered pricing and enforcement.
• Eg: Israel’s groundwater pricing policy reduced per capita usage by 25% within a decade through tiered pricing and enforcement.
• Encourages technological adoption: Cost pressures motivate users to shift to efficient methods. Eg: In Gujarat, pricing reforms led to a 40% increase in drip irrigation usage among cotton farmers.
• Eg: In Gujarat, pricing reforms led to a 40% increase in drip irrigation usage among cotton farmers.
• Mobilises funds for recharge and monitoring: Revenue from charges can fund sustainability efforts. Eg: Karnataka’s 2025 groundwater policy directs extraction charges to aquifer recharge and conservation.
• Eg: Karnataka’s 2025 groundwater policy directs extraction charges to aquifer recharge and conservation.
Challenges in implementing economic instruments
• Fragmented institutional architecture: Overlapping mandates lead to poor implementation. Eg: The Planning Commission (2011) noted that the CGWB, state boards, and ULBs lack coordinated governance in groundwater regulation.
• Eg: The Planning Commission (2011) noted that the CGWB, state boards, and ULBs lack coordinated governance in groundwater regulation.
• Lack of real-time data and digital infrastructure: Metering and telemetry systems remain poorly deployed. Eg: Only 2% of borewells in Uttar Pradesh had functional meters, per the Jal Jeevan Mission dashboard.
• Eg: Only 2% of borewells in Uttar Pradesh had functional meters, per the Jal Jeevan Mission dashboard.
• Resistance from political economy and vested interests: Pricing is politically sensitive and often diluted. Eg: The 11th Five-Year Plan MTA observed that many states rolled back water tariffs due to pressure from voter lobbies and industries.
• Eg: The 11th Five-Year Plan MTA observed that many states rolled back water tariffs due to pressure from voter lobbies and industries.
Conclusion: Economic tools can trigger behavioural shifts, but sustainability hinges on holistic reforms, stakeholder trust, and institutional synergy. The future lies in combining pricing with regulation, equity, and ecological restoration.
General Studies – 2
Q4. How does the Opposition’s role in parliamentary agenda-setting enhance executive accountability? Explain the tools available to the Opposition to scrutinise and influence the executive. Outline measures to enhance the effectiveness of the Opposition in Parliament. (15 M)
Introduction A vibrant Opposition is the cornerstone of any deliberative democracy, acting as a counterbalance that sharpens executive accountability and keeps power in check.
How Opposition agenda-setting enhances executive accountability
• Forces executive transparency on national issues: The Opposition can compel the government to explain policies and actions on the floor of the House. Eg: Debate on Operation Sindoor to compel the government to respond on national security strategy under Rule 193.
• Eg: Debate on Operation Sindoor to compel the government to respond on national security strategy under Rule 193.
• Enables democratic prioritisation of neglected issues: By placing public-centric or politically sensitive issues on the agenda, the Opposition influences policymaking. Eg: Opposition-led debates on electoral roll revisions in Bihar (2025) raised concerns on voter disenfranchisement.
• Eg: Opposition-led debates on electoral roll revisions in Bihar (2025) raised concerns on voter disenfranchisement.
• Activates constitutional checks on executive power: The agenda-setting role ensures that the legislature remains a platform of scrutiny and not merely an extension of the executive. Eg: Debates on CAG reports and public expenditure irregularities have previously exposed lapses in flagship schemes.
• Eg: Debates on CAG reports and public expenditure irregularities have previously exposed lapses in flagship schemes.
• Enhances deliberative quality of governance: Opposition-led discussions promote constructive dissent and policy alternatives. Eg: Parliamentary debates on Agnipath Scheme (2022) led to reconsideration of implementation timelines.
• Eg: Parliamentary debates on Agnipath Scheme (2022) led to reconsideration of implementation timelines.
• Encourages inter-party and committee-based accountability: Opposition-driven agenda formation strengthens oversight through committees and bipartisan discussions. Eg: Opposition push for JPC on Adani-Hindenburg row (2023) raised serious questions on regulatory oversight.
• Eg: Opposition push for JPC on Adani-Hindenburg row (2023) raised serious questions on regulatory oversight.
Tools available to the Opposition to scrutinise and influence the executive
• Question Hour and Zero Hour: These allow the Opposition to demand immediate answers from ministers on public issues. Eg: Daily questioning on Manipur violence (2023) forced repeated executive clarifications.
• Eg: Daily questioning on Manipur violence (2023) forced repeated executive clarifications.
• Adjournment and Calling Attention Motions: These provide emergency debate mechanisms on urgent public matters. Eg: Adjournment motion moved after Pahalgam terror attack (2025) brought focus on cross-border security.
• Eg: Adjournment motion moved after Pahalgam terror attack (2025) brought focus on cross-border security.
• Debates under Rule 193 and Rule 267 (Rajya Sabha): Allow discussions without formal vote but ensure issue visibility. Eg: Rule 193 debate on NEET irregularities (2023) increased public pressure on the Ministry of Education.
• Eg: Rule 193 debate on NEET irregularities (2023) increased public pressure on the Ministry of Education.
• Parliamentary Committees and CAG Reports: Opposition members in committees scrutinise policy, spending, and execution. Eg: PAC chaired by an Opposition MP flagged lapses in MGNREGA fund allocation (2022-23).
• Eg: PAC chaired by an Opposition MP flagged lapses in MGNREGA fund allocation (2022-23).
• No-confidence motions and privilege motions: These create direct accountability moments for the executive. Eg: No-confidence motion (2023) over alleged misuse of central agencies triggered a comprehensive debate.
• Eg: No-confidence motion (2023) over alleged misuse of central agencies triggered a comprehensive debate.
Measures to enhance Opposition effectiveness in Parliament
• Statutory recognition of the Leader of Opposition (LoP): Ensure LoP status even without 10% seat norm for institutional participation. Eg: Salaries and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 needs re-interpretation by convention.
• Eg: Salaries and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 needs re-interpretation by convention.
• Strengthening committee powers and Opposition representation: Broaden scope of committees and ensure Opposition chairs key panels. Eg: UK House of Commons model allows Opposition to head Public Accounts Committee and Intelligence Committees.
• Eg: UK House of Commons model allows Opposition to head Public Accounts Committee and Intelligence Committees.
• Agenda prioritisation and BAC reforms: Allocate structured time for Opposition-led debates in every session. Eg: Germany’s Bundestag reserves fixed debate slots for Opposition-proposed issues.
• Eg: Germany’s Bundestag reserves fixed debate slots for Opposition-proposed issues.
• Legally binding rules for question and debate acceptance: Prevent Speaker/Chair discretion from diluting Opposition questions. Eg: Repeated rejection of Rule 267 notices in Rajya Sabha erodes genuine deliberation.
• Eg: Repeated rejection of Rule 267 notices in Rajya Sabha erodes genuine deliberation.
• Capacity building and research support to MPs: Equip Opposition MPs with legislative data and policy research. Eg: PRS Legislative Research and Lok Sabha Secretariat’s LARRDIS can be better institutionalised.
• Eg: PRS Legislative Research and Lok Sabha Secretariat’s LARRDIS can be better institutionalised.
Conclusion A strong Opposition is not a threat but a prerequisite for executive accountability in a constitutional democracy. Institutionalising its role through reforms ensures a more balanced, responsive, and credible governance architecture.
Q5. Examine the strategic evolution of India–Nepal relations in the 21st century. What are the major drivers of convergence and causes of divergence? Suggest a framework for long-term bilateral stability. (15 M)
Introduction
The India–Nepal relationship, bound by history, culture, and geography, has undergone phases of strategic recalibration in the 21st century, influenced by changing regional dynamics and internal political transformations in both countries.
Strategic evolution of India–Nepal relations in the 21st century
• Shift from historical to pragmatic diplomacy: India’s traditional ‘special relationship’ approach has moved towards pragmatic engagement post-2008.
• Eg: 2005–08 India-backed peace process led to the end of monarchy in Nepal and establishment of a federal democratic republic.
• Rise of structured institutional engagement: Bilateral mechanisms such as the Joint Commission and Eminent Persons’ Group (EPG) have emerged.
• Eg: India–Nepal Joint Commission (revived in 2014) now oversees cooperation in energy, trade, and security.
• Connectivity as a strategic tool: India has used physical and digital connectivity to deepen bilateral stakes and counter external influence.
• Eg: Janakpur–Jayanagar railway (2022) and cross-border petroleum pipeline (2019) enhanced strategic interdependence.
• Strategic balancing amid China’s rise: Nepal’s engagement with China has pushed India to revisit its neighbourhood strategy.
• Eg: India opposed Nepal joining BRI in 2017, raising concerns over strategic encroachment in its buffer zone.
• From aid-driven to partnership-based model: India’s development cooperation has moved from charity to capacity-building orientation.
• Eg: Under GoI’s Line of Credit, over 500 projects in infrastructure and education have been implemented in Nepal (MEA, 2024).
Major drivers of convergence
• Civilisational and cultural ties: Shared religion, language, and social kinship build soft power convergence.
• Eg: Ramayan circuit tourism initiative links Ayodhya and Janakpur, promoting spiritual diplomacy.
• Economic interdependence and trade: India remains Nepal’s largest trade partner and transit route for third-country trade.
• Eg: Over 60% of Nepal’s trade is with India, and India supplies over 90% of its petroleum needs (Dept. of Commerce, 2024).
• Open border and people-to-people links: Movement of people without visas ensures economic and emotional proximity.
• Eg: Over 8 million Nepali citizens live or work in India, and over 1.3 lakh Gorkha soldiers serve in Indian security forces.
• Hydropower diplomacy: India and Nepal share rivers and collaborate on energy generation and export.
• Eg: India signed PPA in 2023 to buy 10,000 MW of power from Nepal over 10 years (CEA, 2023).
• Security cooperation: Coordinated action against terrorism, smuggling, and border crimes remains a shared goal.
• Eg: India–Nepal Home Secretary talks (2025) finalised Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty to combat trans-border crime.
Causes of divergence
• Territorial and boundary disputes: Issues like Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Susta trigger periodic diplomatic friction.
• Eg: In 2020, Nepal issued a new political map claiming Kalapani–Limpiyadhura–Lipulekh region, straining ties.
• Perception of Indian interference: Nepal’s domestic actors often perceive Indian policy as hegemonic.
• Eg: Blockade in 2015 post-Nepal Constitution led to anti-India sentiments and protests across Nepal.
• China’s strategic inroads: Nepal’s increasing alignment with China has added to India’s strategic anxiety.
• Eg: Nepal joined China’s BRI in 2017 and signed Transport & Transit Agreement with China bypassing Indian routes.
• Delayed project execution by India: Project delays reduce India’s credibility and open space for other powers.
• Eg: Post-earthquake housing projects in Gorkha & Nuwakot faced criticism due to slow Indian execution.
• Nepal’s internal political instability: Frequent government changes disrupt continuity in foreign policy.
• Eg: Since 2008, Nepal has had over 12 Prime Ministers, impacting strategic consistency with India.
Framework for long-term bilateral stability
• Institutionalise dispute resolution: Create a permanent bilateral mechanism to address boundary and political issues.
• Eg: Revive the Eminent Persons Group (EPG) with a binding implementation mandate on its final report.
• Adopt a principles-based partnership model: Shift from reactive to value-driven diplomacy anchored in mutual respect.
• Eg: India’s Neighbourhood First Policy must be guided by equal sovereignty, per UN Charter norms.
• Strategic decoupling from China-centric anxieties: Focus on trust-building without zero-sum strategic competition.
• Eg: Enhance multi-modal infrastructure that serves mutual benefit, not just counterbalance.
• Build subnational cooperation platforms: Engage border states (Bihar, UP, Sikkim) with Nepal provinces for decentralised diplomacy.
• Eg: BIMSTEC can be leveraged for border trade and transit corridor development with Nepal.
• People-first connectivity and mobility frameworks: Formalise open-border migration and border-area development.
• Eg: Launch of India–Nepal Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) has improved border facilitation and transparency.
Conclusion
India–Nepal ties must move beyond the shadows of the past and rivalries of the present. A stable future lies in building institutions of trust, engaging with mutual dignity, and fostering development through genuine strategic empathy.
General Studies – 3
Q6. Peninsular Indian states risk a middle-income trap due to unequal participation in growth. Examine its causes. Analyse the fiscal and social impacts. Also suggest inclusive growth strategies. (15 M)
Introduction
Despite achieving high per capita income and human development, several peninsular states are facing a structural hurdle—a middle-income trap driven by uneven economic participation and over-reliance on redistributive policies.
Causes of the middle-income trap in peninsular states
• Skewed regional concentration of growth: GDP is concentrated in a few urban districts, sidelining rural and backward regions. Eg: Bengaluru urban contributes ~38% of Karnataka’s GSDP; Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy account for over 50% of Telangana’s GSDP
• Eg: Bengaluru urban contributes ~38% of Karnataka’s GSDP; Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy account for over 50% of Telangana’s GSDP
• Informal and low-productivity employment: Persistent informality restricts wage growth and reduces upward mobility. Eg: Despite high PCI, Tamil Nadu has a large informal sector with low-paid jobs in manufacturing
• Eg: Despite high PCI, Tamil Nadu has a large informal sector with low-paid jobs in manufacturing
• Limited participation of women and youth: Underutilisation of human capital in high-growth sectors exacerbates inequality. Eg: Kerala’s female labour force participation fell to 23% in 2024, despite high education levels
• Eg: Kerala’s female labour force participation fell to 23% in 2024, despite high education levels
• Stagnant wage growth despite FDI-led manufacturing: Foreign investment does not translate into broad-based income gains. Eg: Workers in Foxconn and Samsung units in Tamil Nadu earn below income tax threshold
• Eg: Workers in Foxconn and Samsung units in Tamil Nadu earn below income tax threshold
• Inequitable access to skill and job ecosystems: Urban-rural skill divide restricts access to high-value employment. Eg: The India Skills Report (2024) flagged a rural-urban employability gap of 18%.
• Eg: The India Skills Report (2024) flagged a rural-urban employability gap of 18%.
Fiscal and social consequences
• Rising fiscal pressure on redistribution: States are compelled to compensate with subsidies, straining public finances. Eg: Kerala and TN spend a large share of budget on meals, pensions, and income support, limiting capital investment
• Eg: Kerala and TN spend a large share of budget on meals, pensions, and income support, limiting capital investment
• Underinvestment in growth-enabling sectors: Capital allocations to education, infrastructure, and skilling are reduced. Eg: TN’s capital expenditure-to-GSDP ratio fell below 1.5% in 2024
• Eg: TN’s capital expenditure-to-GSDP ratio fell below 1.5% in 2024
• Rising intra-state inequality and social discontent: Uneven development can fuel migration stress and social alienation. Eg: Migration from northern Karnataka to Bengaluru due to regional underdevelopment and wage gaps.
• Eg: Migration from northern Karnataka to Bengaluru due to regional underdevelopment and wage gaps.
• Erosion of tax base due to informality and hidden wealth: Limits fiscal buoyancy and promotes unaccounted wealth accumulation. Eg: Surge in cash transactions in real estate in Chennai, Bengaluru, causing tax evasion and asset price inflation
• Eg: Surge in cash transactions in real estate in Chennai, Bengaluru, causing tax evasion and asset price inflation
Inclusive growth strategies
• Regionally balanced industrial corridors: Promote industrial hubs beyond metros using incentives and infrastructure. Eg: Tamil Nadu’s SIPCOT Phase-3 in backward districts to decentralise manufacturing.
• Eg: Tamil Nadu’s SIPCOT Phase-3 in backward districts to decentralise manufacturing.
• Targeted formalisation of informal work: Simplify registration, provide social security, and enforce labour codes. Eg: E-Shram portal for gig/informal workers has enrolled over 28 crore workers nationally
• Eg: E-Shram portal for gig/informal workers has enrolled over 28 crore workers nationally
• Reforming FDI-linked job contracts: Mandate skill development and fair wages through state-FDI conditionalities. Eg: Maharashtra’s MoUs under Make in India 2.0 include clauses on local hiring and wage benchmarking.
• Eg: Maharashtra’s MoUs under Make in India 2.0 include clauses on local hiring and wage benchmarking.
• Investment in skill alignment and mobility: Create rural-urban training linkages tied to local job ecosystems. Eg: Kerala Knowledge Economy Mission (2024) targets remote upskilling with job matching tools.
• Eg: Kerala Knowledge Economy Mission (2024) targets remote upskilling with job matching tools.
• Enhancing female workforce participation: Ensure safety, flexible work, and incentives for women in services and tech. Eg: Telangana’s WE-Hub platform connects women entrepreneurs with investors and mentors.
• Eg: Telangana’s WE-Hub platform connects women entrepreneurs with investors and mentors.
• Curbing black money in real estate: Digitise transactions and mandate clean money disclosures in property markets. Eg: Tamil Nadu’s 2024 move to link property registration with PAN and Aadhaar.
• Eg: Tamil Nadu’s 2024 move to link property registration with PAN and Aadhaar.
Conclusion
India’s southern states stand at a turning point: without deep reforms toward participatory prosperity, they risk stalling progress. A shift from compensatory redistribution to inclusive transformation is not just desirable—it is imperative.
Q7. Corporate tax cuts aimed at stimulating growth often entail substantial fiscal trade-offs. Examine the rationale behind recent corporate tax reductions. Assess their impact on public revenue mobilisation. (10 M)
Introduction India’s corporate tax reforms since 2016 have aimed at improving competitiveness and attracting investment, but their fiscal impact has drawn scrutiny amid rising welfare and infrastructure demands.
Rationale behind recent corporate tax reductions
• Boosting private investment and growth: Lower taxes enhance post-tax profits, encouraging capital formation.
• Eg:– In September 2019, the base corporate tax rate was cut from 30% to 22%, and for new manufacturing firms to 15%, to revive private investment.
• Simplifying the tax structure: Transitioning to a low-rate, no-exemption regime improves transparency and reduces litigation.
• Eg:– The CBDT (2020) reported a decline in litigation due to companies opting for new concessional tax regimes under Sections 115BAA and 115BAB.
• Enhancing global competitiveness: Competitive tax rates attract FDI and prevent tax base erosion.
• Eg:– Post-reform, India’s effective corporate tax rate of 17% became more attractive than China (25%), supporting the Make in India initiative.
• Supporting MSMEs and formalisation: Lowering tax rates encourages small businesses to incorporate formally.
• Eg:– In FY 2017-18, tax was reduced to 25% for firms with turnover up to ₹50 crore, benefiting around 96% of corporate taxpayers (MoF data).
• Attracting foreign companies and jobs: Foreign companies gain from reduced rates, improving India’s investment climate.
• Eg:– The Finance Act, 2024 cut the tax rate on foreign companies (excluding special rate incomes) from 40% to 35% to attract global investment.
Impact on public revenue mobilisation
• Significant revenue foregone: Tax incentives have led to considerable loss in direct tax revenue.
• Eg:– Around ₹98,999 crore was foregone in FY 2023–24 alone due to corporate tax deductions.
• Strain on fiscal consolidation: Lower revenues restrict fiscal space for developmental spending.
• Eg:– The CAG (2023) flagged growing fiscal stress due to stagnant tax-to-GDP ratio post tax cuts.
• Skewed benefit distribution: Larger corporates disproportionately benefit compared to smaller firms.
• Eg:– As per Oxfam India (2022), the top 1% of firms accounted for over 70% of the total tax foregone.
• Mixed evidence on growth linkage: Private investment hasn’t shown proportionate rise despite tax relief.
• Eg:– The Economic Survey 2021–22 acknowledged weak private sector response even after significant tax rate cuts.
• Reduced fiscal space for states: Decrease in divisible pool reduces states’ share under fiscal federalism.
• Eg:– The 15th Finance Commission Report cautioned that reduced central tax collections shrink vertical devolution to states.
Conclusion Corporate tax rationalisation must be aligned with empirical outcome tracking and fiscal sustainability. A calibrated approach involving sunset clauses, impact audits, and targeted incentives is critical for equitable and growth-driven tax policy.
Q8. India’s EV success may turn into an environmental paradox unless charging is decarbonized. Assess the systemic challenges of grid decarbonization. Outline key reforms needed to enable clean EV charging. (10 M)
Introduction India’s electric mobility growth is undercut by a fossil-dominant grid, threatening climate gains from zero tailpipe emissions. The challenge is not adoption, but integration of renewables into EV infrastructure.
Systemic challenges of grid decarbonization
• Fossil-dependent energy mix: Over 77% of electricity for EV charging comes from coal-fired sources (Amber Report, July 2025). Eg: India’s CO₂ emission intensity is 727 g/kWh, nullifying potential net-zero tailpipe benefits from EVs.
• Eg: India’s CO₂ emission intensity is 727 g/kWh, nullifying potential net-zero tailpipe benefits from EVs.
• Grid inflexibility and peak load mismatch: Most EV charging occurs at night, while solar output peaks during the day, creating a temporal mismatch. Eg: Time-of-Day tariffs (10 am–4 pm) have limited uptake due to user preference for nighttime home charging.
• Eg: Time-of-Day tariffs (10 am–4 pm) have limited uptake due to user preference for nighttime home charging.
• Low penetration of public charging infrastructure: Only 26,367 public charging stations exist, pushing users to rely on home charging from conventional grid. Eg: The CAG Report (2023) flagged severe public infrastructure deficits in states like Bihar and Assam despite rising EV numbers.
• Eg: The CAG Report (2023) flagged severe public infrastructure deficits in states like Bihar and Assam despite rising EV numbers.
• Uneven state-wise renewable integration: Renewable-rich states like Gujarat (12.3%) and Tamil Nadu (12.8%) have low clean EV charging due to hydropower limitations and poor grid synchronization. Eg: In contrast, Karnataka (37.6%) and Odisha (29.8%) have outperformed due to proactive renewable-grid integration.
• Eg: In contrast, Karnataka (37.6%) and Odisha (29.8%) have outperformed due to proactive renewable-grid integration.
• Data invisibility for grid planners: Absence of real-time EV charging data prevents demand response and grid balancing. Eg: DISCOMs currently lack access to time-of-use and location data for residential EV charging patterns.
• Eg: DISCOMs currently lack access to time-of-use and location data for residential EV charging patterns.
Reforms to enable clean EV charging
• Mandate renewable-linked EV charging: Link EV incentives (FAME-III) with green power sourcing targets for OEMs and charging operators. Eg: The PM e-Drive Scheme (2024) can embed clean energy sourcing norms for public and fleet-based chargers.
• Eg: The PM e-Drive Scheme (2024) can embed clean energy sourcing norms for public and fleet-based chargers.
• Expand green tariff access: Remove the 100 kW minimum load requirement to allow households to opt for 100% renewable electricity. Eg: Delhi’s BSES Green Tariff model enables residential access to green power with digital tracking and lower premiums.
• Eg: Delhi’s BSES Green Tariff model enables residential access to green power with digital tracking and lower premiums.
• Promote battery swapping and workplace charging: Encourage daytime charging hubs in commercial zones to align with solar generation hours. Eg: The Delhi EV Policy (2023) incentivized such daytime hubs for e-rickshaws and corporate fleets.
• Eg: The Delhi EV Policy (2023) incentivized such daytime hubs for e-rickshaws and corporate fleets.
• Smart charging with demand response: Integrate smart meters and IoT-based chargers for dynamic peak load management and flexible consumption. Eg: EESL’s smart charger pilot in Bengaluru demonstrated improved grid responsiveness and load stability.
• Eg: EESL’s smart charger pilot in Bengaluru demonstrated improved grid responsiveness and load stability.
• National integrated EV data platform: Create a Unified Charging Pattern Dashboard under MoP/CEA to aid DISCOMs in real-time demand forecasting. Eg: A similar model under the National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) successfully tracks distributed energy consumption patterns.
• Eg: A similar model under the National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) successfully tracks distributed energy consumption patterns.
Conclusion India’s EV push must not just move wheels, but also the grid. Charging green is the real engine of sustainable mobility—requiring reforms that democratize access, digitize monitoring, and decentralize infrastructure.
General Studies – 4
Q9. Define abuse of power in the context of public administration. What ethical safeguards can prevent such abuse in public service? (10 M)
Introduction
Abuse of power in public administration occurs when an official misuses their authority for personal gain or to harm others, thereby violating ethical principles and eroding public trust.
Abuse of power in public administration
• Violation of public duty: Misusing discretionary powers for private interest breaches the principle of public accountability. Eg: 2023 Bengaluru BBMP contract scam involved senior officials allegedly diverting civic funds for private contractors by manipulating procurement rules.
• Eg: 2023 Bengaluru BBMP contract scam involved senior officials allegedly diverting civic funds for private contractors by manipulating procurement rules.
• Arbitrary decision-making: Exercising authority without due process undermines constitutional values like equality and fairness. Eg: Suspension of school teachers in UP (2022) without inquiry was later reversed by the court, citing abuse of executive discretion.
• Eg: Suspension of school teachers in UP (2022) without inquiry was later reversed by the court, citing abuse of executive discretion.
• Harassment and intimidation: Using position to silence complainants or manipulate outcomes violates administrative ethics. Eg: Puducherry police inspector case where a woman alleged criminal intimidation and exploitation by an officer, prompting an internal probe.
• Eg: Puducherry police inspector case where a woman alleged criminal intimidation and exploitation by an officer, prompting an internal probe.
Ethical safeguards to prevent abuse
• Strong code of conduct: Clear ethical guidelines define boundaries of acceptable behaviour. Eg: Second ARC (2007) recommended mandatory ethical codes for all civil servants with enforceable penalties.
• Eg: Second ARC (2007) recommended mandatory ethical codes for all civil servants with enforceable penalties.
• Whistleblower protection mechanisms: Encouraging internal reporting helps detect misconduct early. Eg: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014, provides safeguards for public servants exposing wrongdoing in government bodies.
• Eg: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014, provides safeguards for public servants exposing wrongdoing in government bodies.
• Mandatory ethics training: Periodic training builds value-oriented decision-making in administration. Eg: LBSNAA Ethics Module, updated in 2022, includes real-life dilemmas and integrity-building exercises for IAS officers.
• Eg: LBSNAA Ethics Module, updated in 2022, includes real-life dilemmas and integrity-building exercises for IAS officers.
• Independent oversight bodies: Vigilant institutions act as checks on arbitrary power. Eg: Lokayuktas in states like Karnataka have taken suo motu action against senior officials for disproportionate assets.
• Eg: Lokayuktas in states like Karnataka have taken suo motu action against senior officials for disproportionate assets.
• Transparent grievance redressal: Accessible complaint systems reduce space for coercion and ensure corrective action. Eg: CPGRAMS portal, revamped in 2023, allows public to directly register complaints against misuse of power by officials.
• Eg: CPGRAMS portal, revamped in 2023, allows public to directly register complaints against misuse of power by officials.
Conclusion
In a democracy, power is a public trust, not a private entitlement. Ethical leadership, transparency, and institutional vigilance are key to preventing its misuse and restoring faith in governance.
Q10. “Ethics in public service is not just about rule-following, but about the courage to act rightly under pressure”. Comment. (10 M)
Introduction In public service, moral courage often determines whether rules serve their true purpose or become tools for passive compliance under pressure.
Limitations of mere rule-following in ethical governance
• Rules can be selectively applied or manipulated: Codified norms often allow room for discretion, leading to ethical breaches. Eg: In the IRCTC scam, rules were reportedly tweaked to benefit Sujata Hotels, revealing systemic manipulation despite formal procedures.
• Eg: In the IRCTC scam, rules were reportedly tweaked to benefit Sujata Hotels, revealing systemic manipulation despite formal procedures.
• Rule compliance without moral judgment leads to moral disengagement: A blind following of rules may legitimize unethical outcomes. Eg: The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) revealed how individuals justify unethical acts under procedural authority.
• Eg: The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) revealed how individuals justify unethical acts under procedural authority.
• Rules often lag behind ethical expectations: Not all moral dilemmas are addressed by existing norms or laws. Eg: Data privacy concerns in Aadhaar usage emerged much before the 2017 Puttaswamy judgment, which declared privacy a fundamental right.
• Eg: Data privacy concerns in Aadhaar usage emerged much before the 2017 Puttaswamy judgment, which declared privacy a fundamental right.
• Rules may serve political or institutional interest over public good: Bureaucrats may hide behind procedure to avoid responsibility. Eg: In the Bhopal gas tragedy (1984), excessive bureaucratic delays and red tape led to disastrous inaction, despite legal provisions.
• Eg: In the Bhopal gas tragedy (1984), excessive bureaucratic delays and red tape led to disastrous inaction, despite legal provisions.
Need for moral courage in public service
• Upholding constitutional values over personal gain: Courage enables civil servants to prioritise duty even at career risk. Eg: Durga Shakti Nagpal, IAS, acted against illegal sand mining and faced suspension under political pressure, showing moral grit.
• Eg: Durga Shakti Nagpal, IAS, acted against illegal sand mining and faced suspension under political pressure, showing moral grit.
• Protecting vulnerable populations in conflict or crisis: Moral courage safeguards justice when the system fails. Eg: Satyendra Dubey, an NHAI engineer, exposed corruption in road contracts and was killed, highlighting the price of integrity.
• Eg: Satyendra Dubey, an NHAI engineer, exposed corruption in road contracts and was killed, highlighting the price of integrity.
• Ensuring fairness in face of populist demands: Courage helps balance public pressure with long-term public interest. Eg: T.N. Seshan, as CEC, enforced the Model Code of Conduct strictly despite resistance, reforming electoral ethics.
• Eg: T.N. Seshan, as CEC, enforced the Model Code of Conduct strictly despite resistance, reforming electoral ethics.
• Raising voice within institutions: Moral courage can correct internal institutional lapses. Eg: Justice H.R. Khanna’s dissent in ADM Jabalpur (1976) defended civil liberties during Emergency, showing rare judicial courage.
• Eg: Justice H.R. Khanna’s dissent in ADM Jabalpur (1976) defended civil liberties during Emergency, showing rare judicial courage.
Way forward
• Institutional protection mechanisms: Strengthen whistleblower protection laws and insulate civil servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
• Value-based training: Integrate ethics, empathy, and emotional intelligence in foundation courses as recommended by the Second ARC.
• Peer reinforcement: Encourage ethical peer culture within services through structured dialogues and internal ethics committees.
• Ethics-linked incentives: Include ethical conduct indicators in annual performance appraisal systems to reward moral behaviour.
Conclusion Ethical governance is sustained not by rulebooks alone, but by the moral courage to do what is right under pressure. India’s public service must evolve into a space where integrity is not a risk, but a norm.
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