UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 26 JULY 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: National movement
Topic: National movement
Q1. Discuss the contributions of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in fostering a sense of national identity and mobilizing the public for political action during the Indian freedom struggle. 10M
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Print
Why the question: The Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has paid tributes to Lokmanya Tilak on his birth anniversary. Key Demand of the question: To discuss the ways in which Bal Gangadhar Tilak contributed to creating national consciousness and political awareness among the Indian masses during the national movement. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Introduce Bal Gangadhar Tilak, highlighting his significance as a leader in the Indian independence movement. Body: Firstly, discuss how he was instrumental in in fostering a sense of national identity. Next, mention how his actions were helpful in mobilizing the public for political action during the national movements. Conclusion: Conclude by acknowledging how Tilak’s efforts laid the groundwork for future leaders and movements in the quest for Indian independence.
Why the question:
The Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has paid tributes to Lokmanya Tilak on his birth anniversary.
Key Demand of the question:
To discuss the ways in which Bal Gangadhar Tilak contributed to creating national consciousness and political awareness among the Indian masses during the national movement.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Introduce Bal Gangadhar Tilak, highlighting his significance as a leader in the Indian independence movement.
• Firstly, discuss how he was instrumental in in fostering a sense of national identity.
• Next, mention how his actions were helpful in mobilizing the public for political action during the national movements.
Conclusion:
Conclude by acknowledging how Tilak’s efforts laid the groundwork for future leaders and movements in the quest for Indian independence.
Introduction
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, often referred to as the “Lokmanya” (accepted by the people), was a pivotal figure in the Indian freedom struggle. His contributions to fostering a sense of national identity and mobilizing the public for political action were profound and enduring. Tilak’s efforts laid the foundation for a mass nationalist movement in India, shaping the course of the freedom struggle.
Fostering a Sense of National Identity:
• Revival of Cultural and Historical Symbols: Tilak recognized the importance of cultural unity in building a national identity. He revived and popularized the Ganesh Chaturthi festival, transforming it from a private family celebration into a public event. Similarly, by promoting Shivaji Jayanti, Tilak instilled a sense of pride in India’s past and inspiring contemporary resistance against the British.
• Similarly, by promoting Shivaji Jayanti, Tilak instilled a sense of pride in India’s past and inspiring contemporary resistance against the British.
• Emphasis on Indigenous Heritage: Through his writings and speeches, Tilak emphasized the rich cultural and historical heritage of India. His works, such as “The Orion” and “The Arctic Home in the Vedas,” aimed to demonstrate the ancient and sophisticated nature of Indian civilization, countering British colonial narratives that often depicted India as backward and in need of Western guidance. This intellectual effort helped to foster a sense of national pride and identity among Indians.
• His works, such as “The Orion” and “The Arctic Home in the Vedas,” aimed to demonstrate the ancient and sophisticated nature of Indian civilization, countering British colonial narratives that often depicted India as backward and in need of Western guidance.
• This intellectual effort helped to foster a sense of national pride and identity among Indians.
• Promotion of Swadeshi and Cultural Nationalism: Tilak was a strong advocate of the Swadeshi movement, which encouraged the use of Indian-made goods and the boycott of British products. This economic strategy was not just about economic self-reliance; it was also a statement of cultural and national pride. The Swadeshi movement helped to create a unified identity among Indians, emphasizing self-reliance and resistance to colonial economic policies.
• This economic strategy was not just about economic self-reliance; it was also a statement of cultural and national pride.
• The Swadeshi movement helped to create a unified identity among Indians, emphasizing self-reliance and resistance to colonial economic policies.
Mobilizing the Public for Political Action:
• Journalism and Public Discourse: Tilak was a prolific journalist who used his newspapers, *Kesari* (in Marathi) and *Mahratta* (in English), to mobilize public opinion against British rule. Through these platforms, he educated the masses on issues such as the unjust nature of British economic policies, the need for self-rule, and the importance of civil rights.
• Through these platforms, he educated the masses on issues such as the unjust nature of British economic policies, the need for self-rule, and the importance of civil rights.
• Advocacy for Swaraj and Direct Action: Tilak was one of the first leaders to call for Swaraj (self-rule) as a fundamental right of every Indian. His slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it,” became a rallying cry for the nationalist movement. He advocated for more assertive forms of protest, including the Swadeshi and Boycott movements. These actions not only disrupted British economic interests but also united diverse groups within Indian society in a common cause.
• He advocated for more assertive forms of protest, including the Swadeshi and Boycott movements.
• These actions not only disrupted British economic interests but also united diverse groups within Indian society in a common cause.
• Organizing Public Gatherings and Political Campaigns: Tilak organized and led mass meetings, public speeches, and processions, which were instrumental in mobilizing the Indian populace. His leadership in events such as the Anti-Partition Movement of 1905, which opposed the partition of Bengal, demonstrated his ability to galvanize public support and direct collective action. The mass mobilizations he led helped to bridge regional, linguistic, and cultural divides, fostering a unified national movement.
• His leadership in events such as the Anti-Partition Movement of 1905, which opposed the partition of Bengal, demonstrated his ability to galvanize public support and direct collective action.
• The mass mobilizations he led helped to bridge regional, linguistic, and cultural divides, fostering a unified national movement.
• Legal Struggles and Symbolism: Tilak’s confrontations with the British authorities, including his trials for sedition in 1897 and 1908, made him a symbol of resistance and martyrdom. His imprisonment was widely publicized and served to galvanize public sentiment against British rule. During his incarceration, he continued to write and inspire, producing works like “Gita Rahasya,” which interpreted the Bhagavad Gita as a call to action rather than resignation.
• His imprisonment was widely publicized and served to galvanize public sentiment against British rule.
• During his incarceration, he continued to write and inspire, producing works like “Gita Rahasya,” which interpreted the Bhagavad Gita as a call to action rather than resignation.
Conclusion
Tilak laid the groundwork for a mass nationalist movement in India. His legacy continues to inspire and remind the nation of the importance of self-reliance, cultural pride, and unwavering commitment to justice and freedom.
Topic: Urbanisation
Topic: Urbanisation
Q2. Critically assess the impact of the Smart Cities Mission on urban development in India. How does the introduction of the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) reflect a shift in urban planning priorities? 15M
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The ever-growing pace of urbanisation in India calls for sustained investments, with a vision and determination. The maiden Budget of the new government has recognised cities as the growth hubs and offered many options and opportunities for the planned development and the growth of cities. Key Demand of the question: To critically comment on the challenges in translating policy recognition of offshore wind energy into actionable projects and to discuss the reasons behind these challenges. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the Smart Cities Mission and its objectives, and Mention the recent introduction of the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) and its intended purpose in urban planning. Body: Firstly, mention the impact of Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development – Infrastructure development, technology integration, green initiatives like sustainable practices, such as solar energy projects, waste management systems etc. In second part, mention the limitations of Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development – Implementation gaps, inclusivity concerns, funding etc. with examples At last, write about the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) and how it shift in urban planning priorities- data driven governance, inclusivity and accessibility etc. Conclusion: Conclude by suggesting the potential for these initiatives to complement each other, ensuring comprehensive urban development that is technologically advanced, inclusive, and sustainable.
Why the question:
The ever-growing pace of urbanisation in India calls for sustained investments, with a vision and determination. The maiden Budget of the new government has recognised cities as the growth hubs and offered many options and opportunities for the planned development and the growth of cities.
Key Demand of the question:
To critically comment on the challenges in translating policy recognition of offshore wind energy into actionable projects and to discuss the reasons behind these challenges.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce the Smart Cities Mission and its objectives, and Mention the recent introduction of the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) and its intended purpose in urban planning.
• Firstly, mention the impact of Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development – Infrastructure development, technology integration, green initiatives like sustainable practices, such as solar energy projects, waste management systems etc.
• In second part, mention the limitations of Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development – Implementation gaps, inclusivity concerns, funding etc. with examples
• At last, write about the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) and how it shift in urban planning priorities- data driven governance, inclusivity and accessibility etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by suggesting the potential for these initiatives to complement each other, ensuring comprehensive urban development that is technologically advanced, inclusive, and sustainable.
Introduction
Launched in 2015, the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) aimed to advance sustainable and inclusive urban development through smart solutions. It improved infrastructure and integrated technology in selected cities but faced challenges in implementation and inclusivity. The introduction of the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) shifts focus to data-driven governance, inclusivity, and accessibility in urban planning.
Impact of the Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development:
• Infrastructure Development: Integrated Command and Control Centres: Cities like Pune and Bhopal have developed integrated command and control centres that manage urban services such as traffic, public safety, and utilities more efficiently. E.g. Pune’s Smart City Operations Centre uses real-time data to monitor traffic, manage public transport, and respond to emergencies. Smart Roads and Public Spaces: In cities like Surat, smart road projects have improved urban mobility by incorporating features such as dedicated cycling lanes, intelligent lighting, and pedestrian-friendly spaces.
• Integrated Command and Control Centres: Cities like Pune and Bhopal have developed integrated command and control centres that manage urban services such as traffic, public safety, and utilities more efficiently. E.g. Pune’s Smart City Operations Centre uses real-time data to monitor traffic, manage public transport, and respond to emergencies.
• E.g. Pune’s Smart City Operations Centre uses real-time data to monitor traffic, manage public transport, and respond to emergencies.
• Smart Roads and Public Spaces: In cities like Surat, smart road projects have improved urban mobility by incorporating features such as dedicated cycling lanes, intelligent lighting, and pedestrian-friendly spaces.
• Technology Integration: Smart Traffic Management Systems: Ahmedabad implemented a smart traffic management system that uses sensors and cameras to monitor and manage traffic flow, reducing congestion and improving safety. The system also includes adaptive traffic signals that adjust in real-time based on traffic conditions. GIS-Based Mapping: Surat has utilized GIS-based mapping for utilities, which helps in the efficient management of water supply, sewage systems, and other essential services.
• Smart Traffic Management Systems: Ahmedabad implemented a smart traffic management system that uses sensors and cameras to monitor and manage traffic flow, reducing congestion and improving safety. The system also includes adaptive traffic signals that adjust in real-time based on traffic conditions.
• GIS-Based Mapping: Surat has utilized GIS-based mapping for utilities, which helps in the efficient management of water supply, sewage systems, and other essential services.
• Green Initiatives and Sustainable Practices: Solar Energy Projects: Cities like Jaipur have implemented solar energy projects, including the installation of solar panels on public buildings and street lighting systems. Advanced Waste Management Systems: Indore, often cited as a model city for cleanliness, has developed a comprehensive waste management system. This includes waste segregation at source, efficient collection and disposal systems, and a waste-to-energy plant that converts non-recyclable waste into electricity.
• Solar Energy Projects: Cities like Jaipur have implemented solar energy projects, including the installation of solar panels on public buildings and street lighting systems.
• Advanced Waste Management Systems: Indore, often cited as a model city for cleanliness, has developed a comprehensive waste management system. This includes waste segregation at source, efficient collection and disposal systems, and a waste-to-energy plant that converts non-recyclable waste into electricity.
Limitations of the Smart Cities Mission on Urban Development:
• Implementation Gaps: Project Delays and Bureaucratic Hurdles: In Chennai, the installation of smart poles, which include features like Wi-Fi hotspots and CCTV cameras, has been delayed due to bureaucratic red tape and technical challenges. Similar delays have been observed in other cities like Lucknow and Kanpur, affecting the timely implementation of smart city projects. Uneven Progress Across Cities: The progress of SCM projects has been uneven, with some cities advancing rapidly while others lag behind. E.g. while cities like Pune and Bhubaneswar have made significant strides, others like Agartala and Udaipur have struggled due to limited financial and technical resources.
• Project Delays and Bureaucratic Hurdles: In Chennai, the installation of smart poles, which include features like Wi-Fi hotspots and CCTV cameras, has been delayed due to bureaucratic red tape and technical challenges. Similar delays have been observed in other cities like Lucknow and Kanpur, affecting the timely implementation of smart city projects.
• Similar delays have been observed in other cities like Lucknow and Kanpur, affecting the timely implementation of smart city projects.
• Uneven Progress Across Cities: The progress of SCM projects has been uneven, with some cities advancing rapidly while others lag behind. E.g. while cities like Pune and Bhubaneswar have made significant strides, others like Agartala and Udaipur have struggled due to limited financial and technical resources.
• E.g. while cities like Pune and Bhubaneswar have made significant strides, others like Agartala and Udaipur have struggled due to limited financial and technical resources.
• Inclusivity Concerns: The SCM has often concentrated on developing central urban areas, sometimes neglecting the needs of peripheral and underdeveloped neighbourhoods. E.g. In Pune, smart city initiatives have primarily focused on the city centre, with less attention given to the suburban and rural areas.
• E.g. In Pune, smart city initiatives have primarily focused on the city centre, with less attention given to the suburban and rural areas.
• Funding and Resource Constraints: Dependence on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): The SCM heavily relies on PPPs for funding, which can be challenging for smaller cities that struggle to attract private investment. E.g. Shillong have faced difficulties in securing the necessary financial resources. Limited Municipal Budgets: Many municipalities have limited budgets, which restricts their ability to invest in and maintain smart infrastructure. In some cases, cities have had to prioritize certain projects over others, potentially neglecting critical areas like affordable housing and basic amenities.
• Dependence on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): The SCM heavily relies on PPPs for funding, which can be challenging for smaller cities that struggle to attract private investment. E.g. Shillong have faced difficulties in securing the necessary financial resources.
• E.g. Shillong have faced difficulties in securing the necessary financial resources.
• Limited Municipal Budgets: Many municipalities have limited budgets, which restricts their ability to invest in and maintain smart infrastructure. In some cases, cities have had to prioritize certain projects over others, potentially neglecting critical areas like affordable housing and basic amenities.
National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) and Shift in Urban Planning Priorities: Launched in 2021, the NUDM aims to establish a nationwide digital infrastructure that supports urban governance. This includes creating standardized urban data platforms and promoting the use of digital tools across all urban areas.
• Data Standardization and Interoperability: NUDM emphasizes the importance of data standardization, which allows for better integration and interoperability between different urban systems. This standardization facilitates seamless data sharing and enhances decision-making processes across multiple urban sectors, such as transportation, healthcare, and public safety.
• This standardization facilitates seamless data sharing and enhances decision-making processes across multiple urban sectors, such as transportation, healthcare, and public safety.
• Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: By promoting the use of open data, NUDM aims to increase transparency in urban governance. g. Cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad have begun using open data platforms to provide public access to information on urban services, budgets, and project progress.
• g. Cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad have begun using open data platforms to provide public access to information on urban services, budgets, and project progress.
• Inclusive Digital Infrastructure: Unlike the SCM, which sometimes focused primarily on larger and more developed cities, NUDM aims to provide digital infrastructure that is accessible to all urban areas, including smaller towns and peripheral regions.
• Smart Resource Management: Cities are encouraged to adopt technologies for monitoring energy consumption, water usage, and waste management, which can help in reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable practices. g. smart water management systems in cities like Pune.
• g. smart water management systems in cities like Pune.
• Disaster Preparedness and Response: The mission also focuses on building urban resilience by integrating digital solutions for disaster preparedness and response. g. cities like Visakhapatnam have developed early warning systems and disaster management platforms.
• g. cities like Visakhapatnam have developed early warning systems and disaster management platforms.
Conclusion
By focusing on comprehensive digital infrastructure and inclusive urban development, the NUDM aims to create a more equitable and sustainable urban future for all of India’s urban centres.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Issues and challenges pertaining to Federal structure.
Topic: Issues and challenges pertaining to Federal structure.
Q3. Analyze the current issues in fiscal federalism in India, with an emphasis on state’s taxation powers and financial autonomy. (10M)
- •*Difficulty level: Moderate
- •Reference: Live Law , Insights on India *
Why the question: While upholding the power of States to tax mineral rights and mineral-bearing lands, the Supreme Court (8:1 majority) emphasised the importance of safeguarding the principle of fiscal federalism. Key Demand of the question: Analyze the issues in fiscal federalism in India, focusing on the taxation powers and financial autonomy of states. Directive: Analyze – Break down the topic into its component parts and examine each part critically. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Define fiscal federalism. Briefly mention its significance and role of Finance commission in fiscal federalism. Body: First Part: Current Issues in Fiscal Federalism Centralization of Taxation Powers Revenue Sharing Disputes: Dependency on Central Grants Borrowing Limitations Uneven Development Second Part: Impact on State’s Taxation Powers and Financial Autonomy Reduced Fiscal Space Conditional Grants Erosion of Financial Independence Third part: Suggest measures Conclusion: Emphasize the need for reforms to enhance the financial autonomy and taxation powers of states to ensure balanced fiscal federalism.
Why the question:
While upholding the power of States to tax mineral rights and mineral-bearing lands, the Supreme Court (8:1 majority) emphasised the importance of safeguarding the principle of fiscal federalism.
Key Demand of the question:
Analyze the issues in fiscal federalism in India, focusing on the taxation powers and financial autonomy of states.
Directive:
Analyze – Break down the topic into its component parts and examine each part critically.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Define fiscal federalism. Briefly mention its significance and role of Finance commission in fiscal federalism.
First Part: Current Issues in Fiscal Federalism
Centralization of Taxation Powers
Revenue Sharing Disputes:
Dependency on Central Grants
Borrowing Limitations
Uneven Development
Second Part: Impact on State’s Taxation Powers and Financial Autonomy
Reduced Fiscal Space
Conditional Grants
Erosion of Financial Independence
Third part: Suggest measures
Conclusion:
Emphasize the need for reforms to enhance the financial autonomy and taxation powers of states to ensure balanced fiscal federalism.
Introduction:
Recently, while upholding the power of States to tax mineral rights and mineral-bearing lands, the Supreme Court emphasised the importance of safeguarding the principle of fiscal federalism.“Taxation is among the important sources of revenue for these States, impacting on their ability to deliver welfare schemes and services to the people.
Body:
Fiscal federalism in India deals with the distribution of financial powers between the central and state governments as outlined in the Constitution. It covers taxation authority, financial autonomy, and resource allocation.
Current Issues in Fiscal Federalism in India:
State Taxation Powers:
• Limited Taxing Authority:
• Article 246: Enumerates the distribution of legislative powers between Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Example: States have powers to levy taxes under List II (State List), but crucial areas like income tax are reserved for the centre under List I (Union List).
• Goods and Services Tax (GST):
• Article 246A: Empowers both the centre and states to levy GST, but it limits states’ control over tax rates and revenue colle
• Example: States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala have faced loss of income due to the central control over GST rates and the compensation mechanism, which affects their fiscal autonomy.
Financial Autonomy:
• Dependence on Central Transfers:
• Article 275: Provides for grants-in-aid to states from the central government based on the recommendations of the Finance Commission. This dependency impacts states’ financial autonomy.
• Example: States such as West Bengal experience financial strain due to delays in receiving central funds, affecting their development projects.
• Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act:
• While not a constitutional provision, the FRBM Act imposes fiscal discipline on states, restricting their borrowing capabilities and impacting financial flexibility.
• Limits State’s Borrowings:
• According to Article 293 of the Constitution, the State has to obtain the consent of the Centre to raise any loan, if any part of the previous loan extended by the Centre is outstanding.
• Parliament does not have the power to legislate upon the ‘Public Debt of the State’ as this finds place in the State List of the Constitution.
• Example: Kerala has moved the Supreme Court contending that the Centre’s imposition of a NBC on the State, violates Article 293 (borrowing by states) of the Constitution.
Recommendations of various committees:
• Rajamannar Committee: Residuary power of taxation should be vested with states.
• Sarkaria Commission: Recommended that the number of centrally-sponsored schemes should be kept to the minimum and that state governments should be involved in determining the contents and coverage of such schemes to cater to local variations.
• Punchhi Commission: It recommended a comprehensive review of all transfers to the states, particularly through centrally-sponsored schemes, with a view to minimising the component of discretionary transfers.
Conclusion:
Fiscal federalism issues underscore the need for a more equitable and balanced fiscal framework. Reassessing constitutional provisions like Article 246 and 7th schedule and enhancing cooperation between the central and state governments are essential for improving fiscal autonomy and addressing disparities in financial resources.
Topic: Indian Constitution: Features, Amendments
Topic: Indian Constitution: Features, Amendments
Q4. Assess the effectiveness of the anti-defection law in India in maintaining political stability. What are the key challenges in its implementation? Suggest reforms. (15M)
- •*Difficulty level: Moderate
- •Reference: The Hindu, Insights on India*
Why the question: On the eve of the six-day monsoon session, the Jharkhand Assembly Speaker’s Tribunal on Thursday disqualified two legislators under the anti-defection law. Key Demand of the question: Assess how effectively the anti-defection law maintains political stability, identify its implementation challenges, and suggest reforms. Directive: Assess – Provide a critical evaluation of the effectiveness, challenges, and suggest reforms. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Briefly explain the Anti-Defection law of 1985, 52nd constitutional amendment and its purpose. Body: First part: Effectiveness of the Anti-Defection Law Stabilizing Effect. Promoting Party Discipline Second part: Key Challenges in Implementation Loopholes and Evasion Inconsistent Enforcement Political Manipulation Third part: Reforms Strengthening Provisions Independent Tribunal Clear Guidelines Conclusion: Emphasize the need for reforms to enhance its effectiveness and ensure political stability.
- •*Why the question:
On the eve of the six-day monsoon session, the Jharkhand Assembly Speaker’s Tribunal on Thursday disqualified two legislators under the anti-defection law.
Key Demand of the question:
Assess how effectively the anti-defection law maintains political stability, identify its implementation challenges, and suggest reforms.
Directive:
Assess – Provide a critical evaluation of the effectiveness, challenges, and suggest reforms.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly explain the Anti-Defection law of 1985, 52nd constitutional amendment and its purpose.
Body:
First part: Effectiveness of the Anti-Defection Law
Stabilizing Effect.
Promoting Party Discipline
Second part: Key Challenges in Implementation
Loopholes and Evasion
Inconsistent Enforcement
Political Manipulation
Third part: Reforms
Strengthening Provisions
Independent Tribunal
Clear Guidelines
Conclusion:
Emphasize the need for reforms to enhance its effectiveness and ensure political stability.
Introduction:
The Tenth Schedule, also known as the Anti-Defection Act, was incorporated into the Indian Constitution through the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985. It outlines provisions for disqualifying elected members who defect to another political party.
Body:
Objectives of Anti defection law:
• 1. Preventing Instability: The Anti-Defection Law aimed to curb frequent party switching by legislators that destabilized governments.
• Reducing Opportunistic Politics: By deterring legislators from changing parties for personal gain, the law fostered a more stable political environment.
Several issues have emerged that have lessened the law’s effectiveness:
• Speaker’s Partisanship: The Speaker, often affiliated with the ruling party, may show bias in defection decisions, raising concerns about impartiality. Eg: Karnataka
• Delays in Decision-Making: Prolonged unresolved cases of defection have affected government stability and legislative efficiency. Eg: Manipur
• Exploitation of Loopholes: Provisions for defections in the event of party mergers have been misused, allowing large-scale defections without disqualification.Eg: Maharashtra Sena vs Sena Dispute.
• Undermining Legislatures: The primary role of MPs and MLAs is to scrutinize policies, bills, and budgets. The Anti-Defection Law reduces them to simple votes cast in line with party directives.
• Impacting Internal Party Democracy: The law can hinder the development of internal party democracy, as dissenting views may be stifled to avoid defections.
Comparative International Perspective:
Countries like the U.S. and the U.K. do not enforce stringent anti-defection laws. Instead, they rely on internal party discipline, allowing legislators to express dissent without legal consequences. This approach supports freedom of speech and expression, essential for a vibrant democracy.
Suggested Reforms:
• Relieving Chairman/Speaker from Adjudicating Powers: Transferring adjudication powers on defection to higher judicial bodies or the Election Commission, as recommended by the 2nd ARC report, can address concerns about the separation of powers and improve impartiality.
• Independent Adjudication: Establishing independent tribunals to handle defection cases could minimize partisan bias and ensure fair judgments.
• Time-Bound Resolutions: Introducing mechanisms to expedite decision-making in defection cases could improve the law’s effectiveness and avoid delays.
• Refining Merger Provisions: Regularly reviewing and refining the merger provisions can help prevent their misuse.
• Protection of Dissent: Amending the law to safeguard legislators expressing dissent on moral or public interest issues is important for balancing party discipline with individual expression.
• Strengthening Internal Party Democracy: Promoting internal democracy within parties, as suggested by the 170th Law Commission Report, could help reduce defections.
Conclusion:
While the Anti-Defection Law was a crucial step toward ensuring legislative stability and upholding the electoral mandate, its effectiveness has diminished due to various challenges. By adapting to the changing political landscape and considering international practices, India can reform its Anti-Defection Law to better balance legislative stability with democratic integrity.
General Studies – 3
Topic: India’s internal Security
Topic: India’s internal Security
Q5. Discuss the impact of the border dispute with China on India’s security and bilateral relations. Despite numerous efforts, why do the disputes remain unresolved? (250 words)
- •Source: The Hindu*
Why this question: In a recent meeting with his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi on the side-lines of ASEAN-related meetings, Mr. Jaishankar stresses significance of India and China as key economies of the world; both Ministers call for stronger guidance to officials to complete LAC disengagement Key demand of the question: To discuss the threat posed by the border dispute to India’s security and bilateral relations with China, identify reasons for the unresolved status of the disputes. Directive: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Introduce the significance of the India-China border dispute and its historical context. Body: Impact on Security and Bilateral Relations: Mention the security threats posed by the ongoing standoff, including military and strategic challenges. Mention the strain on diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. Reasons for Unresolved Disputes: Mention the major factors contributing to the persistence of the disputes, such as territorial claims, historical grievances, and geopolitical interests. Mention the role of miscommunication, lack of trust, and domestic political considerations. Efforts Taken by Both Countries: List the diplomatic, military, and political measures taken by India and China to resolve the disputes, such as bilateral talks, agreements, and confidence-building measures. Include specific instances like the Working Mechanism on Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) meetings, disengagement agreements, and high-level diplomatic engagements. Conclusion: Conclude with way forward.
Why this question:
In a recent meeting with his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi on the side-lines of ASEAN-related meetings, Mr. Jaishankar stresses significance of India and China as key economies of the world; both Ministers call for stronger guidance to officials to complete LAC disengagement
Key demand of the question:
To discuss the threat posed by the border dispute to India’s security and bilateral relations with China, identify reasons for the unresolved status of the disputes.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you have to debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You have to give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the significance of the India-China border dispute and its historical context.
• Impact on Security and Bilateral Relations:
• Mention the security threats posed by the ongoing standoff, including military and strategic challenges. Mention the strain on diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries.
• Mention the security threats posed by the ongoing standoff, including military and strategic challenges.
• Mention the strain on diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries.
• Reasons for Unresolved Disputes:
• Mention the major factors contributing to the persistence of the disputes, such as territorial claims, historical grievances, and geopolitical interests. Mention the role of miscommunication, lack of trust, and domestic political considerations.
• Mention the major factors contributing to the persistence of the disputes, such as territorial claims, historical grievances, and geopolitical interests.
• Mention the role of miscommunication, lack of trust, and domestic political considerations.
• Efforts Taken by Both Countries:
• List the diplomatic, military, and political measures taken by India and China to resolve the disputes, such as bilateral talks, agreements, and confidence-building measures. Include specific instances like the Working Mechanism on Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) meetings, disengagement agreements, and high-level diplomatic engagements.
• List the diplomatic, military, and political measures taken by India and China to resolve the disputes, such as bilateral talks, agreements, and confidence-building measures.
• Include specific instances like the Working Mechanism on Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) meetings, disengagement agreements, and high-level diplomatic engagements.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction:
The Indo-China border extends approximately 3,488 kilometers along the Himalayan region. Marked by its challenging terrain and the LAC, the border remains poorly demarcated and frequently contested. In a recent meeting, Beijing urged New Delhi to accept the status quo along the LAC in eastern Ladakh, while India stressed that peace is vital for improving bilateral relations
Impact on security and bilateral relations:
• Military: Five finger policy: China views Tibet as the palm and Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh as fingers, complicating border demarcation. Eg: Pangong area aggression in 2022. Salami slicing strategy: China uses incremental moves to gain territory, including building infrastructure in disputed areas. Eg: China’s claim on Arunachal Pradesh. Troop deployment: Both countries have significant military presence along the 3,488 km-long LAC, leading to frequent skirmishes. Eg: A recent report suggests China building infrastructure along the LAC region.
• Five finger policy: China views Tibet as the palm and Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh as fingers, complicating border demarcation. Eg: Pangong area aggression in 2022.
• Eg: Pangong area aggression in 2022.
• Salami slicing strategy: China uses incremental moves to gain territory, including building infrastructure in disputed areas. Eg: China’s claim on Arunachal Pradesh.
• Eg: China’s claim on Arunachal Pradesh.
• Troop deployment: Both countries have significant military presence along the 3,488 km-long LAC, leading to frequent skirmishes. Eg: A recent report suggests China building infrastructure along the LAC region.
• Eg: A recent report suggests China building infrastructure along the LAC region.
• Economic:
• Trade imbalance: India’s trade deficit with China reached USD 83.2 billion in 2022-23. India also relies on Chinese materials for its pharmaceutical industry.
• Debt trap diplomacy: China’s loans and investments in neighboring countries influence their stance and undermine India’s regional influence. Eg: China’s economic strategy was exposed during the Sri Lanka crisis in 2022.
• Eg: China’s economic strategy was exposed during the Sri Lanka crisis in 2022.
• Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): India opposes the BRI due to its impact on Indian sovereignty through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Eg: the CPEC infrastructure planned through Pakistan-occupied India region.
• Eg: the CPEC infrastructure planned through Pakistan-occupied India region.
• Diplomatic:
• Aggressive policies: China’s “String of Pearls” strategy involves building facilities that could encircle India and control key maritime routes. Eg: China in 2024 released new names for Arunachal Pradesh.
• Eg: China in 2024 released new names for Arunachal Pradesh.
• Water dispute: Lack of a formal treaty on Brahmaputra River water sharing strains relations. Eg: China’s proposal to build a dam on the Brahmaputra River.
• Eg: China’s proposal to build a dam on the Brahmaputra River.
• South China Sea: China’s claims and opposition to Indian investment in the South China Sea create diplomatic friction.
Efforts Taken by Both Countries:
• Agreement on the maintenance of peace and tranquility (1993): This agreement aimed to renounce the use of force, recognize the LAC and resolve border disputes through negotiations.
• Agreement on confidence-building measures in the military field (1996): It established protocols for non-aggression, required prior notification of large troop movements, and involved map exchanges to address LAC disagreements.
• Border Defense Co-operation Agreement (2013): Signed after the Depsang Valley incident, this agreement focuses on enhancing communication and coordination to prevent skirmishes and manage border tensions.
• Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC): established in 2012 as an institutional mechanism for consultation and coordination for the management of India–China border areas.
• Education Exchange Programme (EEP) (2006): This initiative promotes academic exchange by awarding scholarships to 25 students from each country for higher education in recognized institutions.
• Multilateral and Informal Diplomacy: India and China engage in high-level meetings through the SCO and BRICS, and have held informal summits in Wuhan and Chennai to advocate peaceful coexistence and resolve bilateral issues.
Reasons for unresolved disputes:
• Historical dispute on sovereignty: China argues that Tibet lacked sovereign authority to enter into agreements. Therefore, India’s recognition of the McMahon Line (LAC) based on Tibet’s past agreements is seen as undermining China’s sovereignty.
• Forward policy and border clashes: China’s forward policy in the western region has often led to border clashes, such as the Galwan Valley clash, 2020 and the Pangong aggression, 2022.
• Reluctance for concessions: As a major power, China has been unwilling to make unilateral or asymmetric concessions in border negotiations.
• Pakistan factor: India and China’s strategic approach includes a two-and-a-half front strategy, where China supports Pakistan to counterbalance India, adding complexity to India’s security concerns.
• Absence of joint declaration: The failure to publish a joint declaration on the LAC hinders the development of Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) between the two countries.
Conclusion:
China should shift its traditional assertive stance along the border to improve the implementation of bilateral agreements. Additionally, both countries should continue to engage in trade and commerce, maintaining these interactions even amid border tensions.
General Studies – 4
Q6. Krithi Kumari, a 24-year-old woman from Bihar, was the sole breadwinner for her family. Her parents, struggling with poverty, relied on her earnings to support the household. Despite the financial hardships, Krithi was a determined and hopeful individual, working diligently at a private company in Bangalore to secure a better future for her family. Krithi’s aspirations included securing a stable job and eventually getting married. She had recently started preparations for her marriage, having engaged in discussions with a prospective groom and his family. Her family was filled with hope and excitement for this new chapter in her life. Living in a paying guest (PG) facility in, Bangalore, Krithi was managing her responsibilities with resilience. The PG facility provided her with the necessary accommodation as she worked far from her hometown. Her presence in Bangalore was a symbol of hope for her family, who depended on her remittances to meet basic needs and sustain their modest lifestyle. On a fateful night, Krithi’s life was abruptly and violently cut short. The attacker, armed with a knife, entered the PG facility and committed a heinous crime. The attack was brutal, Krithi was stabbed multiple times and had her throat slit, horrifically ending her life. This occurred around 11:00 pm after Krithi had returned from her workplace. The attacker managed to gain entry into the building when the caretaker was absent and the main door was left open. The crime was discovered when other residents, disturbed by the commotion, raised an alarm. The attacker fled the scene, and Krithi’s tragic death was soon reported to the authorities. This tragic incident not only raises concerns about the specific case but also highlights broader issues related to women’s safety and societal attitudes towards gender-based violence.
In the given circumstances, address the following: [20M]
• Identify the key stakeholders and ethical issues involved in this case. How do societal attitudes and systemic issues contribute to incidents of violence against women? Being a responsible Civil Servant, what broader reforms would you recommend to improve women’s safety and address gender-based violence?
• Identify the key stakeholders and ethical issues involved in this case.
• How do societal attitudes and systemic issues contribute to incidents of violence against women?
• Being a responsible Civil Servant, what broader reforms would you recommend to improve women’s safety and address gender-based violence?
Reference: New Indian Express
- •Difficulty Level: Moderate*
Why the question: The Kirthi Kumari murder by her friend has been in the news lately. This issue raises several questions on women’s safety and the case study is part of ‘Case Study Fridays’. Key Demand of the question: To write about stakeholders, ethical issues, social attitudes leading to incidents, and measures that can be adopted. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context or start with NCRB data on women’s harassment. Body: First, identify stakeholders and list out the ethical issues involved in the case. Next, discuss what social and institutional factors lead to such crime on women. Lastly, explain the measures that you would propose to enhance women’s safety. Try to use ethical philosophy and quotes in case studies to fetch more marks. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.
Why the question: The Kirthi Kumari murder by her friend has been in the news lately. This issue raises several questions on women’s safety and the case study is part of ‘Case Study Fridays’.
Key Demand of the question: To write about stakeholders, ethical issues, social attitudes leading to incidents, and measures that can be adopted.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context or start with NCRB data on women’s harassment.
Body:
• First, identify stakeholders and list out the ethical issues involved in the case.
• Next, discuss what social and institutional factors lead to such crime on women.
• Lastly, explain the measures that you would propose to enhance women’s safety.
• Try to use ethical philosophy and quotes in case studies to fetch more marks.
Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.
Introduction:
According to NHFS-5, 29.3% of married Indian women experience domestic or sexual violence. Such recurring gender violence manifests the decline of public values this brings us to John F Kennedy’s quote which mentions that “Gender-based violence anywhere is a threat to peace and security everywhere”.
• a) Ethical issues involved in the case are:
• Negligence in security measures: Lack of proper security can lead to preventable tragedies and reflects poorly on the facility’s commitment to the well-being of its occupants.
• Community responsibility: Lack of community involvement or apathy toward addressing violence against women can contribute to a culture of indifference and inaction.
• Gender discrimination: In the context of the crime, systemic gender biases may have contributed to Krithi Kumari’s vulnerability.
• Normalization of violence: The normalization of violence against women, where violent behavior is seen as an acceptable response or is trivialized, contributes to a culture where such acts are tolerated or overlooked.
• Killing another person: The act of murder itself is a severe ethical violation, representing the ultimate disregard for human life and dignity.
• b) Societal attitudes leading to gender violence:
• Normalization of violence: Societal tolerance or normalization of gender-based violence, where such acts are either overlooked or deemed less serious.
E.g. WHO reports 1 in 3 women experience violence in a lifetime.
• Victim blaming: Attitudes that place undue responsibility on victims, potentially discouraging them from seeking help or reporting violence.
E.g. In the Porsche car accident case questions were raised regarding the women’s late night party.
• Gender inequality: Deep-rooted beliefs in gender roles and inequalities that perpetuate the marginalization and vulnerability of women.
E.g. Patriarchal mindset and masculine societal attitude.
Systemic issues leading to violence:
• Inadequate safety regulations: Lack of stringent safety measures and regulatory oversight for accommodation facilities, leading to vulnerabilities.
E.g. In 2022 women’s police force constituted only 11% of the total force.
• Poor law enforcement response: Inefficiencies in police response and investigation procedures, can impede timely justice and deterrence.
E.g. POCSO act loophole regarding different criteria to prove crime.
• Limited support services: Insufficient resources and support systems for survivors of violence, including legal aid, counseling, and emergency services.
• c) Being an honest and impartial civil servant I would recommend the following measures to ensure the security of women:
• Gender-based legislation: Enforce legislation and develop and implement policies that promote gender equality by ending discrimination against women in marriage, divorce and custody laws, inheritance laws, and ownership of assets.
Eg: Constitutional amendment 106th for women reservation.
• Capacity building and trainingto service providers and law enforcement officers to handle cases of violence against women.
Eg: Karnataka model of Pink Hoysala for dedicated women police.
• Promote egalitarian gender normsas part of life skills and comprehensive sexuality education curricula taught to young people.
Eg: “Selfie with daughter” campaign to promote egalitarianism.
• Foster collaboration and accountability: Encourage collaboration between government bodies, civil society organizations, and community stakeholders to create a coordinated approach to combating gender-based violence.
Eg: Mahila a chain of healthcare clinics for women by women.
• Seek social persuasion: Social influence on the people to curate and reform the orthodox attitude and nudge towards a gender-sensitive and egalitarian society.
Eg: Campaign to counter traditions like Hijab and triple talaq.
Conclusion:
As a responsible civil servant, implementing these reforms would contribute to a safer environment for women and address systemic issues that perpetuate gender-based violence. By focusing on ethical principles of justice, safety, and equality, we can foster a more secure and equitable society.
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