UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 25 JULY 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Art and Culture
Topic: Art and Culture
Q1. Buddhism originated as a non-ritualistic faith that rejected the elaborate animal sacrifices of Vedic religion, offering a more accessible spiritual path for the general public. Discuss. 15M
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Indian Express
Why the question: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced during her Union Budget speech on Tuesday (July 23) that corridor projects will be built for the Vishnupad Temple at Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. Key Demand of the question: To discuss how Buddhism emerged as a non-ritualistic faith compared to the Vedic religion, focusing on its rejection of animal sacrifices and its appeal to the general public. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce Buddhism and Vedic religion, noting their historical and cultural context in ancient India. Body: Firstly, mention Vedic religion and ritualistic practices: focus on rituals, hymns, and sacrifices to appease deities and maintain cosmic order, practice of animal sacrifices in Vedic rituals, which were believed to ensure prosperity, divine favour, and social order, Ritual Complexity, exclusivity nature of rituals. In second part, mention the emergence of Buddhism as a non-Ritualistic faith: mention founding principle of Buddhism, rejection of animal sacrifices, inclusivity and accessibility of Buddhism, etc. At last, discuss the impact of Buddhism on society and religion at large. Conclusion: Emphasize the significance of Buddhism’s non-ritualistic approach in providing a spiritual path that was accessible to the broader public, contributing to its widespread appeal and influence.
Why the question:
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced during her Union Budget speech on Tuesday (July 23) that corridor projects will be built for the Vishnupad Temple at Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar.
Key Demand of the question:
To discuss how Buddhism emerged as a non-ritualistic faith compared to the Vedic religion, focusing on its rejection of animal sacrifices and its appeal to the general public.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce Buddhism and Vedic religion, noting their historical and cultural context in ancient India.
• Firstly, mention Vedic religion and ritualistic practices: focus on rituals, hymns, and sacrifices to appease deities and maintain cosmic order, practice of animal sacrifices in Vedic rituals, which were believed to ensure prosperity, divine favour, and social order, Ritual Complexity, exclusivity nature of rituals.
• In second part, mention the emergence of Buddhism as a non-Ritualistic faith: mention founding principle of Buddhism, rejection of animal sacrifices, inclusivity and accessibility of Buddhism, etc.
• At last, discuss the impact of Buddhism on society and religion at large.
Conclusion:
Emphasize the significance of Buddhism’s non-ritualistic approach in providing a spiritual path that was accessible to the broader public, contributing to its widespread appeal and influence.
Introduction
Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BCE in the Indian subcontinent, during a period marked by significant religious and philosophical activity. This period, known as the time of the Śramaṇa movement, saw a wave of new religious and philosophical ideas challenging the orthodox Vedic tradition.
Vedic Religion and Ritualistic Practices:
• Rituals, Hymns, and Sacrifices: The Vedic religion, as articulated in ancient texts like the Rigveda, emphasized rituals, hymns (mantras), and sacrifices as essential for maintaining cosmic order (Rita) and appeasing the deities. g. Agnihotra (fire sacrifice) and the Soma sacrifice, involved precise ceremonial acts believed to secure prosperity, divine favour, and social order.
• g. Agnihotra (fire sacrifice) and the Soma sacrifice, involved precise ceremonial acts believed to secure prosperity, divine favour, and social order.
• Animal Sacrifices: Among these rituals were various forms of animal sacrifices, such as the Ashvamedha and the Agnistoma, which were believed to bestow power and blessings upon the sacrificers. These rituals were often grand, involving the participation of numerous priests and requiring significant resources.
• These rituals were often grand, involving the participation of numerous priests and requiring significant resources.
• Ritual Complexity and Exclusivity: The complexity of Vedic rituals meant they were often inaccessible to the general populace, as they required the mediation of Brahmin priests who possessed the specialized knowledge to perform them. This exclusivity entrenched a hierarchical social structure, reinforcing the supremacy of the Brahmins and marginalizing other social classes.
• This exclusivity entrenched a hierarchical social structure, reinforcing the supremacy of the Brahmins and marginalizing other social classes.
Emergence of Buddhism as a Non-Ritualistic Faith:
• Founding Principles of Buddhism: Buddhism arose as a reaction to the ritualism and the materialism associated with the Vedic practices. The Buddha’s teachings, as encapsulated in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, focused on understanding the nature of suffering and the cessation of suffering through ethical conduct, meditation, and wisdom.
• The Buddha’s teachings, as encapsulated in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, focused on understanding the nature of suffering and the cessation of suffering through ethical conduct, meditation, and wisdom.
• Rejection of Animal Sacrifices: One of the fundamental aspects of Buddhism was its rejection of animal sacrifices. The Buddha emphasized Ahimsa, or non-violence, as a core ethical principle, which led to a condemnation of the ritual slaughter of animals. This principle is evident in various Buddhist texts, such as the Dhammapada, which advocates compassion for all living beings.
• This principle is evident in various Buddhist texts, such as the Dhammapada, which advocates compassion for all living beings.
• Inclusivity and Accessibility: Buddhism promoted an inclusive and accessible approach to spiritual practice, emphasizing that enlightenment was attainable by anyone, regardless of caste or social status. The Buddhist monastic community (Sangha) was open to all, including women and those from lower castes, such as the famous conversion of Angulimala, a feared bandit, who became a monk after encountering the Buddha.
• The Buddhist monastic community (Sangha) was open to all, including women and those from lower castes, such as the famous conversion of Angulimala, a feared bandit, who became a monk after encountering the Buddha.
Impact of Buddhism on Society and Religion:
• Social Reform and Ethical Emphasis: Buddhism’s ethical teachings challenged the existing social norms and the hierarchical caste system. By promoting values such as non-violence, compassion, and equality, Buddhism provided a platform for social reform. This can be seen in the efforts of Emperor Ashoka, a major patron of Buddhism, who propagated non-violence and welfare policies throughout his empire.
• This can be seen in the efforts of Emperor Ashoka, a major patron of Buddhism, who propagated non-violence and welfare policies throughout his empire.
• Cultural and Religious Influence: The spread of Buddhism across Asia facilitated cultural and religious exchange, influencing art, architecture, and literature. Buddhist stupas, such as the Great Stupa at Sanchi, and monasteries, like Nalanda, became centres of learning and pilgrimage, attracting scholars and monks from across the continent.
• Buddhist stupas, such as the Great Stupa at Sanchi, and monasteries, like Nalanda, became centres of learning and pilgrimage, attracting scholars and monks from across the continent.
• Decline of Ritualistic Practices: The rise of Buddhism contributed to a gradual decline in the prominence of Vedic rituals, particularly those involving animal sacrifices. Buddhism’s focus on personal spiritual development and ethical living shifted the religious landscape towards a more introspective and compassionate form of spirituality.
• Buddhism’s focus on personal spiritual development and ethical living shifted the religious landscape towards a more introspective and compassionate form of spirituality.
Conclusion
The enduring appeal of Buddhist principles, such as non-violence and compassion, continues to resonate globally, underscoring the transformative power of the Buddha’s teachings.
Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,
Topic: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,
Q2. While landslides are primarily triggered by natural factors, the rising influence of human activities in exacerbating landslide risks is becoming increasingly concerning. Analyze. 15M
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The New Indian Express
Why the question: Shirur landslide: Karnataka govt confirms location of truck in Gangavali River; search to resume soon. Key Demand of the question: To analyse the anthropogenic causes of landslides and to account for their increase in the recent past. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce landslide by defining them. Give examples of some major landslides in the recent past. Body: Mention the natural factors behind the causes of landslides in India with a few examples. Mention the areas which are most prone to landslides. Draw a small illustrative map showing the same. Next bring in the instances of human activity induced landslides. Bring forth the anthropogenic factors responsible for causing Landslides. Substantiate with facts and figures regarding the incidence of landslides. Reason as to why the increase in anthropogenic induced landslides is alarming and cause of concern. Give solutions to overcome the same. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.
Why the question:
Shirur landslide: Karnataka govt confirms location of truck in Gangavali River; search to resume soon.
Key Demand of the question:
To analyse the anthropogenic causes of landslides and to account for their increase in the recent past.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce landslide by defining them. Give examples of some major landslides in the recent past.
• Mention the natural factors behind the causes of landslides in India with a few examples. Mention the areas which are most prone to landslides. Draw a small illustrative map showing the same.
• Next bring in the instances of human activity induced landslides. Bring forth the anthropogenic factors responsible for causing Landslides. Substantiate with facts and figures regarding the incidence of landslides.
• Reason as to why the increase in anthropogenic induced landslides is alarming and cause of concern. Give solutions to overcome the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction
Landslides, a type of mass wasting that involves the downward movement of rock, earth, or debris, are primarily triggered by natural factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the inherent geological properties of the land. However, human activities are increasingly exacerbating landslide risks, leading to more frequent and severe incidents.
Natural Factors Triggering Landslides:
• Heavy Rainfall: One of the most common natural triggers of landslides is intense or prolonged rainfall. Water infiltrates the soil, increasing pore water pressure, reducing friction, and causing the slope to fail. This is particularly evident in monsoon-prone regions, such as the Western Ghats in India, where heavy rains often lead to landslides.
• This is particularly evident in monsoon-prone regions, such as the Western Ghats in India, where heavy rains often lead to landslides.
• Earthquakes: Seismic activity can destabilize slopes, causing landslides. The shaking can reduce the cohesive strength of the soil and rock, leading to slope failure. For example, the 2015 Nepal earthquake triggered numerous landslides in the Himalayan region.
• For example, the 2015 Nepal earthquake triggered numerous landslides in the Himalayan region.
• Volcanic Activity: Volcanic eruptions can lead to landslides through the accumulation of volcanic ash and debris on slopes, which, when saturated with water, can become unstable and flow downslope as lahars.
Human Activities Exacerbating Landslide Risks:
• Deforestation and Land Use Changes: Human-induced deforestation, often driven by agricultural expansion, urbanization, and logging, removes vegetation that stabilizes soil. E.g. the removal of trees in the Himalayas for agricultural purposes has increased the region’s susceptibility to landslides.
• E.g. the removal of trees in the Himalayas for agricultural purposes has increased the region’s susceptibility to landslides.
• Construction and Infrastructure Development: The construction of roads, buildings, and dams can destabilize slopes by altering their natural drainage patterns and loading them with additional weight. In hilly regions, road cuts can undercut slopes, increasing the risk of landslides. The construction of dams can also create landslide-prone conditions by saturating the ground upstream. E.g. Chardham project in Uttarakhand
• In hilly regions, road cuts can undercut slopes, increasing the risk of landslides. The construction of dams can also create landslide-prone conditions by saturating the ground upstream.
• E.g. Chardham project in Uttarakhand
• Mining Activities: Mining operations, particularly open-pit mining, involve the removal of large volumes of earth and rock, which can destabilize slopes. The dumping of mining waste on unstable slopes further increases the risk of landslides. E.g. illegal mining activities in states like Uttarakhand have been linked to increased landslide incidents.
• E.g. illegal mining activities in states like Uttarakhand have been linked to increased landslide incidents.
• Unplanned Urbanization: Rapid and unplanned urbanization, especially in hilly and mountainous regions, exacerbates landslide risks. The construction of settlements on steep slopes, often without proper engineering measures, increases vulnerability. E.g. The 2013 Kedarnath disaster
• E.g. The 2013 Kedarnath disaster
Way forward:
• NHAI’s Landslip Detection System: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) plans to install a landslip detection system on the Kochi-Dhanushkodi National Highway in Munnar. The system, developed by IIT-Mandi, the Indian Army, and DRDO, aims to provide early warnings about landslips.
• The system, developed by IIT-Mandi, the Indian Army, and DRDO, aims to provide early warnings about landslips.
• Landslide Hazard Maps: Generation of reliable landslide hazard maps using advanced tools like UAVs, Terrestrial Laser Scanners, and high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) data.
• International Best Practices: Learning from Brazil’s SNAKE System, a Landslide Early Warning System (LEWS), to incorporate digital monitoring, forecasting, and alert mechanisms.
• Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for Landslide Management: Formation of an expert professional group at the national level to study and decide on risk mitigation strategies to recommend permanent fixes for identified landslide hotspots.
• Awareness Programmes: Initiatives aimed at creating a culture of awareness, alertness and preparedness among the public.
• Monitoring Construction and Development Implementing: strict monitoring of construction and developmental activities, such as roads and dams, in landslide-prone areas.
• Limiting Agriculture and Settlements: Restricting agriculture to valleys and areas with moderate slopes, controlling large settlements in high vulnerability zones.
Conclusion
Understanding the causes and effects of landslides is essential for disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts. Moreover, international cooperation and sharing of knowledge and best practices are crucial in addressing the challenges posed.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Topic: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Q3. Examine the current state of India-UK relations, highlighting key areas of cooperation and recent challenges. (10M)
- •*Difficulty level: Moderate
- •Reference: NDTV, Insights on India *
Why the question: The India-UK relationship has enormous possibilities and realising them meaningfully is the task at hand, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar said. Key Demand of the question: Examine the state of India-UK relations, focusing on areas of cooperation and recent challenges. Directive: Examine – Investigate thoroughly and present a detailed analysis of the current state, cooperation, and challenges in India-UK relations. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the historical context of India-UK relations. Mention the strategic importance of the bilateral relationship. Body: First part: Key Areas of Cooperation: Trade and investment. Defense and security collaboration. Education and research partnerships. Climate change and sustainable development. Cultural and people-to-people ties. Second part: Recent Challenges: Trade negotiations and market access issues. Immigration and visa policies. Differences on geopolitical and strategic matters. Historical and cultural sensitivities. Impact of Brexit on bilateral relations. Conclusion: Emphasise the potential for strengthening the partnership through diplomatic engagement and mutual respect.
Why the question:
The India-UK relationship has enormous possibilities and realising them meaningfully is the task at hand, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar said.
Key Demand of the question:
Examine the state of India-UK relations, focusing on areas of cooperation and recent challenges.
Directive:
Examine – Investigate thoroughly and present a detailed analysis of the current state, cooperation, and challenges in India-UK relations.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce the historical context of India-UK relations. Mention the strategic importance of the bilateral relationship.
Body:
First part: Key Areas of Cooperation:
Trade and investment.
Defense and security collaboration.
Education and research partnerships.
Climate change and sustainable development.
Cultural and people-to-people ties.
Second part: Recent Challenges:
Trade negotiations and market access issues.
Immigration and visa policies.
Differences on geopolitical and strategic matters.
Historical and cultural sensitivities.
Impact of Brexit on bilateral relations.
Conclusion:
Emphasise the potential for strengthening the partnership through diplomatic engagement and mutual respect.
Introduction:
Today, India and the UK enjoy a modern partnership bound by strong historical ties and a shared membership in the Commonwealth. The two countries collaborate extensively across a wide range of areas and are working to establish a comprehensive strategic partnership by 2030.
Body:
Areas of Cooperation Between India and the UK:
• Geopolitical Cooperation: The UK supports India’s UNSC permanent membership bid and is a key partner in global forums like G20. Cooperation includes dialogues on disarmament, counter-terrorism, and foreign office consultations.
• Economic Cooperation: The Joint Economic and Trade Committee (JETCO) was established in 2005, significantly boosting trade, which reached USD 20.36 billion in 2022-23.
• Defense and Security: The 2015 Defence and International Security Partnership (DISP) outlines strategic defense cooperation. The UK supplies various defense equipment to India, including for aircraft.
• Nuclear Cooperation: The 2010 Civil Nuclear Cooperation Declaration and 2015 Nuclear Collaboration Agreement facilitate nuclear energy cooperation.
• Climate and Environment: The India-UK Green Growth Equity Fund supports investments in renewable energy and environmental sectors in India.
• Diaspora Collaboration: The significant Indian diaspora in the UK contributes to British society and politics, including representation in the British Parliament.
Challenges in Relations:
• FTAs Delays: Prolonged negotiations on the India-UK FTA have missed deadlines.
• Different Stands on Russia-Ukraine: Divergent positions on Russia’s invasion may strain relations.
• UK’s Ties with Pakistan and China: UK’s relationships with Pakistan and engagement with China’s Belt and Road Initiative complicate defense cooperation.
• Khalistan Issue: UK’s alleged support for Khalistan and Sikh separatism affects relations.
• Extradition Issues: Delays in extraditing Indian fugitives like Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi.
• Illegal Migration: The issue of Indian illegal immigrants in the UK remains unresolved.
• Anti-Colonial Sentiments: Historical grievances from the colonial era, such as the Kashmir issue, impact relations.
Way Forward:
• Finalize the FTA:– Accelerate FTA negotiations to enhance trade and investment.
• Revive Multilateralism: Address differences in global institutions and support developing countries.
• Migration and Mobility Agreement: Explore agreements to facilitate legal migration.
• Streamline Extradition: Ensure timely extradition of fugitives.
• Enhance Defense Engagement: Increase defence cooperation and infrastructure project standards in the Indian Ocean.
Conclusion:
In 2021, India and the UK adopted the 10-year roadmap to expand ties in the key areas of trade and economy, defence and security, climate change and people-to-people connections among others. As both nations attempt to carve roles for themselves in a volatile emerging order, now is the moment to harness synergies and convergences in favour of the bigger picture.
Topic: Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate.
Topic: Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate.
Q4. Assess the need for reforms in the United Nations, focusing on the structure and functioning of the Security Council. What opportunities do these reforms present for India and global governance? (15M)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu, Insights on India
Why the question: Despite consistent efforts by India and other countries, the move for United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reform and expansion has made “no progress” so far, two former Indian Ambassadors to the United Nations has said. Key Demand of the question: Evaluate the necessity for United Nations reforms, specifically the Security Council, and identify opportunities these reforms offer for India and global governance. Directive: Assess – Provide a detailed analysis and evaluation of the need for reforms, including the potential benefits and challenges. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Introduce the United Nations and its role in global governance. Briefly mention the current structure of the Security Council. Body: First part: Need for Reforms: Lack of representation and inclusivity. Veto power and its misuse. Inefficiency in addressing contemporary global challenges. Calls for democratisation and transparency. Second part: Opportunities for India: Potential permanent seat in the Security Council. Enhanced influence in global decision-making. Ability to better advocate for developing countries. Strengthening India’s role in peacekeeping and global security. Third part: Opportunities for Global Governance: More balanced and representative Security Council. Improved legitimacy and effectiveness of the UN. Better conflict resolution and crisis management. Enhanced cooperation on global issues like climate change and terrorism. Conclusion: Emphasise the importance of collective international effort to realize these reforms.
Why the question:
Despite consistent efforts by India and other countries, the move for United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reform and expansion has made “no progress” so far, two former Indian Ambassadors to the United Nations has said.
Key Demand of the question:
Evaluate the necessity for United Nations reforms, specifically the Security Council, and identify opportunities these reforms offer for India and global governance.
Directive:
Assess – Provide a detailed analysis and evaluation of the need for reforms, including the potential benefits and challenges.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the United Nations and its role in global governance. Briefly mention the current structure of the Security Council.
First part: Need for Reforms:
Lack of representation and inclusivity.
Veto power and its misuse.
Inefficiency in addressing contemporary global challenges.
Calls for democratisation and transparency.
Second part: Opportunities for India:
Potential permanent seat in the Security Council.
Enhanced influence in global decision-making.
Ability to better advocate for developing countries.
Strengthening India’s role in peacekeeping and global security.
Third part: Opportunities for Global Governance:
More balanced and representative Security Council.
Improved legitimacy and effectiveness of the UN.
Better conflict resolution and crisis management.
Enhanced cooperation on global issues like climate change and terrorism.
Conclusion:
Emphasise the importance of collective international effort to realize these reforms.
Introduction:
The United Nations (UN) is a key institution in global governance, aimed at maintaining international peace and security. The UN Security Council (UNSC) is crucial for this mission, holding primary responsibility for addressing global conflicts and crises. However, the current structure of the UNSC, established in 1945, has been increasingly criticized for its lack of representation and inefficiencies.
Need for Reforms:
• Lack of Representation and Inclusivity: The UNSC’s permanent members (P5: USA, UK, France, Russia, China) reflect the post-World War II power dynamics, which are no longer representative of the current global order.
• Example: Major emerging powers, such as India, Brazil, and African countries, are underrepresented.
• Veto Power and Its Misuse: The P5’s veto power allows any one of them to block resolutions, leading to gridlock and inaction on critical issues.This power is often used for national interests rather than global good.
• Example: USA blocking actions against Israel and Russia blocking actions against Iran.
• Inefficiency in Addressing Contemporary Global Challenges: The UNSC has struggled to effectively address modern threats like terrorism, climate change, and pandemics due to its outdated structure.
• Calls for Democratisation and Transparency: There is a growing demand for a more democratic and transparent UNSC, where decisions reflect a broader range of global voices and interests.
Opportunities for India:
• Potential Permanent Seat in the Security Council: Reforms could lead to India being granted a permanent seat, aligning its significant global stature with its role in global governance.
• Enhanced Influence in Global Decision-Making: As a permanent member, India would have greater influence over international peace and security decisions, aligning with its strategic interests.
• Ability to Better Advocate for Developing Countries: India could use its position to push for greater representation and support for developing countries, enhancing its role as a global advocate.
• Strengthening India’s Role in Peacekeeping and Global Security: Increased influence in the UNSC would bolster India’s contributions to peacekeeping and global security efforts.
Opportunities for Global Governance:
• More Balanced and Representative Security Council: Reforms could result in a UNSC that better reflects current geopolitical realities, making it more representative and legitimate.
• Improved Legitimacy and Effectiveness of the UN: A reformed UNSC would enhance the overall effectiveness of the UN, making it more capable of addressing global challenges.
• Better Conflict Resolution and Crisis Management: With a more inclusive and efficient UNSC, conflict resolution and crisis management would be more effective and timely.
• Enhanced Cooperation on Global Issues: Reforms could foster greater cooperation on pressing issues such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, reflecting a more unified global approach.
Conclusion:
Reforming the UNSC is essential to address its structural and functional limitations and to adapt to contemporary global realities. Collective international efforts are crucial to achieving these reforms and strengthening the UN’s role in maintaining global peace and security.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Economy: Infrastructure
Topic: Economy: Infrastructure
Q5. Discuss the role of Industrial Parks sanctioned under the National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP) in promoting economic growth and attracting investment. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: PIB, Insights on India
Why the question: TWELVE INVESTMENT-READY “PLUG AND PLAY” INDUSTRIAL PARKS TO BE CREATED UNDER NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME: UNION BUDGET 2024-25 Key Demand of the question: To explain the significance of industrial parks and the National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP) in fostering economic growth, creating employment opportunities, and attracting foreign direct investment. Directive word: Discuss – This directive requires an examination of the role and impact of industrial parks under NICDP, considering various aspects and implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining industrial parks and briefly introducing the National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP). Body: About Industrial Parks: Define industrial parks as economic zones developed for industrial activities. Provide examples like Andhra Pradesh’s Sri City Special Economic Zone. Significance of Industrial Parks: Creation of employment opportunities. Shared infrastructure to enhance productivity and competitiveness. Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and expansion of manufacturing activities. Next, write few challenges in the implementation of Industrial park. Mentions way forward to overcome these challenges. Conclusion: Summarize the benefits of industrial parks and NICDP, emphasizing their potential to transform India’s industrial landscape and drive economic growth.
Why the question:
TWELVE INVESTMENT-READY “PLUG AND PLAY” INDUSTRIAL PARKS TO BE CREATED UNDER NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME: UNION BUDGET 2024-25
Key Demand of the question: To explain the significance of industrial parks and the National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP) in fostering economic growth, creating employment opportunities, and attracting foreign direct investment.
Directive word: Discuss – This directive requires an examination of the role and impact of industrial parks under NICDP, considering various aspects and implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining industrial parks and briefly introducing the National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP).
• About Industrial Parks: Define industrial parks as economic zones developed for industrial activities. Provide examples like Andhra Pradesh’s Sri City Special Economic Zone.
• Define industrial parks as economic zones developed for industrial activities.
• Provide examples like Andhra Pradesh’s Sri City Special Economic Zone.
• Significance of Industrial Parks: Creation of employment opportunities. Shared infrastructure to enhance productivity and competitiveness. Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and expansion of manufacturing activities.
• Creation of employment opportunities.
• Shared infrastructure to enhance productivity and competitiveness.
• Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and expansion of manufacturing activities.
Next, write few challenges in the implementation of Industrial park.
Mentions way forward to overcome these challenges.
Conclusion:
Summarize the benefits of industrial parks and NICDP, emphasizing their potential to transform India’s industrial landscape and drive economic growth.
Introduction:
Union Budget 2024-25 announced 12 investment-ready “plug and play” industrial parks to be created under the national industrial corridor development programme. Industrial parks are economic zones that are expressly developed to accommodate a cluster of industrial activity.
• g: Andhra Pradesh’s Sri City Special Economic Zone.
About National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP):
• Aim: Development of industrial corridor projects aimed at developing futuristic industrial cities which can compete with the best manufacturing and investment destinations in the world.
• Projects:11 industrial corridors are envisaged consisting of 32 projects to be developed in 4 phases. The development of the first Industrial Corridor – Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor was approved in 2007.
• Implementation:Implemented by the National Industrial Corridor Development and Implementation Trust (NICDIT) and National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited (NICDC).
Significance of Industrial Parks and NICDP:
• Localized economic growth: Industrial parks stimulate regional economic development by concentrating businesses in a specific area, fostering local job creation and supporting local suppliers.
• Infrastructure development: They provide essential infrastructure such as roads, utilities, and telecommunications, which enhances operational efficiency and attracts further investment. Eg: Bangalore – Hyderabad corridor NH40 road development.
• Eg: Bangalore – Hyderabad corridor NH40 road development.
• Employment generation: Establishing industrial corridors creates significant job opportunities by attracting industries and facilitating the growth of ancillary sectors. Eg: In FY23 manufacturing employed nearly 35 million people in India.
• Eg: In FY23 manufacturing employed nearly 35 million people in India.
• Increased export potential: The development of infrastructure and industrial facilities enhances production capabilities, leading to higher export surpluses and improved competitiveness in global markets Eg: India’s Merchandise export is valued at 335 billion as per MoCI.
• Eg: India’s Merchandise export is valued at 335 billion as per MoCI.
• FDI Encouragement: It attracts FDI by offering improved infrastructure, and a conducive business environment, thus boosting foreign investment and contributing to economic growth. Eg: ADB has injected 250$ million to boost NICDP.
• Eg: ADB has injected 250$ million to boost NICDP.
However, it faces several challenges too such as:
• Economic disparities: Some regions may struggle to keep pace with industrial growth. Ensuring equitable development remains a constant challenge. Eg: Wide development gap between Southern and northern India.
• Eg: Wide development gap between Southern and northern India.
• Environmental sustainability: The industrial sector can place a strain on the environment through resource consumption and emissions. Eg: CSE data reveal India contributes around 4 GtCO2e GHG per year.
• Eg: CSE data reveal India contributes around 4 GtCO2e GHG per year.
• Infrastructure gaps: Inadequate infrastructure, including transportation, utilities, and digital connectivity, can hinder industrial development. Eg: India ranks 38th in the World Bank Logistics Index in 2024.
• Eg: India ranks 38th in the World Bank Logistics Index in 2024.
• Land acquisition and rehabilitation:One of the major challenges is acquiring large tracts of land for corridor development, which can face resistance from local communities.
• Workforce Development: A skilled and adaptable workforce is critical for industrial development. Ensuring that the workforce is equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge is an ongoing challenge. Eg: Economic survey 2024, shows 1 in 2 Indian graduates unfit for employment.
• Eg: Economic survey 2024, shows 1 in 2 Indian graduates unfit for employment.
Way ahead:
• Comprehensive planning: Perform detailed feasibility studies, spatial planning, and environmental assessments to ensure sustainable and integrated industrial corridor development.
• Public-private partnerships: Strengthen collaboration between government and private sector to attract investment, share risks, and utilize expertise for effective corridor implementation.
• Infrastructure development: Upgrade and expand transportation networks—roads, railways, ports, and airports to enhance connectivity and streamline goods and people movement. Eg: Intensive implementation of National Logistic Plan, 2022.
• Eg: Intensive implementation of National Logistic Plan, 2022.
• Regulatory reforms: Simplify regulatory processes and adopt transparent, investor-friendly policies to encourage domestic and foreign investments.
Conclusion:
Industrial corridors will help India’s efforts to lead the world in the fourth wave of industrial revolution. Effective execution of this plan could make India take a major leap in the race of development.
Topic: Agriculture: Technology missions; Science and Technology
Topic: Agriculture: Technology missions; Science and Technology
Q6. To responsibly harness the benefits of GM technology for India’s agricultural sector, it is crucial to balance rigorous scientific evaluations, transparent regulatory processes, and address environmental and food safety concerns. Analyse. (250 Words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question: The Supreme Court on July 23 pronounced a split verdict on the validity of the Centre’s 2022 decision granting conditional approval for environmental release of genetically modified (GM) mustard crops. Key Demand of the question: To write about the impact of clearance granted for the cultivation of GM-Mustard and need for a more balanced and transparent approach. Directive word: Analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context. Body: First, in brief, write about the need for GM crops in the country to meet the challenges of food security and make farming commercially viable and tackle challenges posed by climate change. Mention the issues associated with GM crops. Next, write about the steps taken for rigorous scientific evaluations, transparent regulatory processes, and addressing environmental and food safety concerns for GM crops. Next, write what more needs to be done to balance the use and address the concerns. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The Supreme Court on July 23 pronounced a split verdict on the validity of the Centre’s 2022 decision granting conditional approval for environmental release of genetically modified (GM) mustard crops.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of clearance granted for the cultivation of GM-Mustard and need for a more balanced and transparent approach.
Directive word:
Analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
First, in brief, write about the need for GM crops in the country to meet the challenges of food security and make farming commercially viable and tackle challenges posed by climate change.
Mention the issues associated with GM crops.
Next, write about the steps taken for rigorous scientific evaluations, transparent regulatory processes, and addressing environmental and food safety concerns for GM crops.
Next, write what more needs to be done to balance the use and address the concerns.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction:
The Supreme Court pronounced a split verdict on the validity of the Centre’s 2022 decision granting conditional approval for the environmental release of genetically modified (GM) mustard crops.
Need for GM crops in the country are:
• Boosting food security: GM crops enhance productivity with traits like pest and virus resistance, crucial for meeting India’s growing food demand. Eg: Mustard yields 1-1.3 tonnes per hectare now but GM Mustard could boost this to 3-3.5 tonnes per hectare.
• Eg: Mustard yields 1-1.3 tonnes per hectare now but GM Mustard could boost this to 3-3.5 tonnes per hectare.
• Enhancing resilience: GM crops can be engineered for drought tolerance and other stresses, stabilizing yields amid climate change.
• Reducing costs: Traits such as pest resistance and herbicide tolerance lower the need for pesticides and herbicides, cutting farming expenses. Eg: NIH research shows GM crops reduce pesticide required quantity by 37%.
• Eg: NIH research shows GM crops reduce pesticide required quantity by 37%.
• Increasing profitability: Higher yields and reduced input costs make farming more profitable and commercially viable.
• Promoting sustainability: GM crops support sustainable practices like no-till farming, reducing environmental impact and conserving soil carbon. Eg: ICAR estimates GM crops reduce GHG emissions by 7.5%.
• Eg: ICAR estimates GM crops reduce GHG emissions by 7.5%.
The issues associated with GM crops are:
• Impact on honey production: GM mustard may affect honeybees due to altered flowering and pollen, though global evidence suggests minimal risk from the barstar gene system.
• Health risks: The introduction of novel proteins from genes like bar, Barnase, and barstar in GM mustard could pose unknown health risks as these genes are not part of the human diet.
• Herbicide use: The herbicide-tolerant DMH-11 may lead to the overuse of toxic herbicides, potentially resulting in resistant superweeds.
• Employment effects: The use of glufosinate ammonium-tolerant GM mustard could reduce manual weeding jobs, shifting the work to chemical applications.
• Economic issues:GM seeds are often patented, leading to concerns about corporate control over the food supply and the economic impact on small-scale farmers.
The steps taken towards safety concerns from GM crops are:
• Regulatory Authority: The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) regulates GM crops under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, ensuring environmental safety and sustainability.
• Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): GEAC, a key body under MoEFCC, is responsible for evaluating and approving GM crop activities, including their import, export, manufacture, transportation, and sale.
• Food Safety Compliance: GM foods must meet the safety standards set by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), which regulates food quality and safety across the country.
• Current Approval: As of now, India has approved only Bt cotton for commercial cultivation. Other GM crops are still undergoing evaluation or are not permitted for widespread use.
Way ahead:
• Regulatory needs: Strengthening the regulatory framework is crucial for advancing technology and ensuring safety.
• Safety and enforcement: Rigorous monitoring and strict enforcement are needed to uphold safety standards and prevent illegal GM crop spread.
• Biotechnology Regulatory Authority: The government should revive the proposed Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill to create a robust regulatory framework and promote competition in the GMO market.
• Evidence-based introduction: GM crop decisions should be guided by scientific evidence, with a participatory approach involving all stakeholders to develop trust and effective regulatory protocols.
Conclusion:
By resisting genetic engineering technologies, India risks falling behind the rest of the world where scientists are deploying gene editing tools to improve yields. Hence government should adopt a National policy on GM crops to streamline GM production.
General Studies – 4
Topic: Challenges of Corruption
Topic: Challenges of Corruption
Q7. What ethical concerns arise from paper leaks and exam scams? Do you believe that anti-cheating bills are adequate to address these issues? Justify your answer. [10M]
Difficulty level: Medium
Reference: Economic Times
Why the question: Against the backdrop of the NEET Scam 2024, The Bihar assembly has passed a bill aimed at curbing the scourge of question paper leaks and other malpractices in recruitment tests conducted by the state. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by linking the context of the question with a recent example. Body: First, explain the ethical concern arising due to paper leaks and exam scams. Then, briefly explain the features anti-cheating bill. Lastly, argue that along with legislative reform more can be done to reduce such incidents. NOTE: Your arguments should be more on ethical grounds. Conclusion: Summarize the above discussion in brief.
Why the question:
Against the backdrop of the NEET Scam 2024, The Bihar assembly has passed a bill aimed at curbing the scourge of question paper leaks and other malpractices in recruitment tests conducted by the state.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction: Begin by linking the context of the question with a recent example.
Body:
• First, explain the ethical concern arising due to paper leaks and exam scams.
• Then, briefly explain the features anti-cheating bill.
• Lastly, argue that along with legislative reform more can be done to reduce such incidents.
• NOTE: Your arguments should be more on ethical grounds.
Conclusion: Summarize the above discussion in brief.
Introduction:
Against the backdrop of the NEET exam scam and other various states’ PSC scams Bihar has legislated new anti-cheating bills to counter issues such as paper leaks and exam scams.
Ethical concerns surrounding paper leaks and exam scams are:
• Corruption and malpractice: Corruption within exam bodies and educational institutions often leads to paper leaks, with officials sometimes colluding with outsiders for financial gain. Eg: Karnataka PSI exam scam in 2022.
• Eg: Karnataka PSI exam scam in 2022.
• Integrity violations: When exam papers are leaked, the integrity of the entire testing system is undermined, eroding trust in educational qualifications and meritocracy. Eg: Chhattisgarh PSC scam where ex-chief secretary used undue influence.
• Eg: Chhattisgarh PSC scam where ex-chief secretary used undue influence.
• Moral responsibility: Institutions and individuals’ failure to uphold ethical standards reflects a disregard for principles such as honesty, fairness, and accountability. Eg: Unfair means of selection led to unfair behaviours as seen in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Eg: Unfair means of selection led to unfair behaviours as seen in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Unfair advantage: Leaked papers provide an unfair advantage to some candidates over others, violating principles of fairness and equal opportunity. Eg: Violate article 14 and 19 of the constitution.
• Eg: Violate article 14 and 19 of the constitution.
• Cultural and social pressures: Societal and parental pressure to perform well academically encourages individuals to seek unfair advantages, including leaked exam materials
To counter such instances several governments have enacted laws such as the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, Bill anti-cheating bill, etc.
Such legislation counters the scams and paper leaks:
• It states that all offenses shall be cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable which can create the fear complex who indulge in such practice.
• Section 3 of the act lists at least 15 actions that amount to using unfair means in public examinations for monetary or wrongful gain. Such holistic coverage brings objectivity in law.
• The act also serves as a model draft for states to adopt at their discretion, to assist states in preventing criminal elements from disrupting the conduct of exams. This provides for ethical leadership from center to state.
However along with legislative measures more ethical reform are also needed such as:
• Ethical training: Provide comprehensive training on ethical standards and practices for all exam personnel, including proctors, administrators, and examiners. Eg: My iGOT platform to deliver training to officers.
• Eg: My iGOT platform to deliver training to officers.
• Honor codes: Implement honor codes that students must pledge to uphold, emphasizing the value of honesty in their academic pursuits. Eg: Gujarat Bhagvatgita module for children value enrichment.
• Eg: Gujarat Bhagvatgita module for children value enrichment.
• Transparent processes: Establish transparent and standardized processes for all stages of the exam cycle, from question setting to result declaration. Eg: IBPS exam model is famed as quick and highly transparent.
• Eg: IBPS exam model is famed as quick and highly transparent.
• Independent oversight: Create an independent oversight body to regularly audit and review exam processes and procedures. Eg: Improved horizontal accountability among officials.
• Eg: Improved horizontal accountability among officials.
• Promoting a growth mindset: Foster a growth mindset by emphasizing learning and improvement over grades, encouraging students to see challenges as opportunities for growth. Eg: NEP,2020 new approach with dual exam for 10th and 12th.
• Eg: NEP,2020 new approach with dual exam for 10th and 12th.
Conclusion:
By fostering a culture of integrity at every level through enhanced surveillance, robust governance frameworks, and comprehensive stakeholder engagement we can safeguard the sanctity of examinations.
Join our Official Telegram Channel HERE
Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE
Follow our Twitter Account HERE
Follow our Instagram ID HERE