UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 24 JUNE 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same.
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
1. Nalanda University was a pioneering centre of education that transcended geographical boundaries and fostered a global exchange of knowledge and culture. Throw light on the observations of foreign travellers regarding Nalanda. Elaborate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question: Earlier this week, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the campus of Nalanda University. The extant University is only a decade old. But roughly 12 km away lie the ruins of the eponymous Nalanda mahavihara — one of the greatest centres of knowledge in the ancient world. Key Demand of the question: To write about issues in Indo-Bangladesh relation and ways to overcome them. Directive word: Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving context of Nalanda University and its origins. Body: First, write in detail the significance of Nalanda – one of the world’s first residential universities and a significant centre for learning. It offered a wide range of subjects, had an extensive library, and used innovative teaching methods, attracting students from across Asia. Write about notable scholars associated with it Next, write about the observations of foreign travellers regarding it – Foreign travellers like Xuanzang and Yijing visited Nalanda and provided detailed accounts of its grandeur, academic rigor, and diverse student body etc. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising its legacy.
Why the question:
Earlier this week, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the campus of Nalanda University. The extant University is only a decade old. But roughly 12 km away lie the ruins of the eponymous Nalanda mahavihara — one of the greatest centres of knowledge in the ancient world.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about issues in Indo-Bangladesh relation and ways to overcome them.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context of Nalanda University and its origins.
First, write in detail the significance of Nalanda – one of the world’s first residential universities and a significant centre for learning. It offered a wide range of subjects, had an extensive library, and used innovative teaching methods, attracting students from across Asia. Write about notable scholars associated with it
Next, write about the observations of foreign travellers regarding it – Foreign travellers like Xuanzang and Yijing visited Nalanda and provided detailed accounts of its grandeur, academic rigor, and diverse student body etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising its legacy.
Introduction
Nalanda, the ruins of one of the world’s most prestigious seats of learning, is located 95 kilometres from Patna, the capital of Bihar, and 110 km from Bodh Gaya, the site of the Buddha’s enlightenment. Declared a Word Heritage Site in 2016, Nalanda is seen as the world’s most ancient university, flourishing much before Europe’s oldest university, Bologna, came into being in the 11th-12th century.
Contemporary sources, however, describe the site as a mahavihara, a great monastery. Nalanda, therefore, functioned as a premier monastic-cum-scholastic establishment in ancient and early medieval India. Today, one can see there the remains of temples, monastic dwellings, votive structures and art works in stucco, bronze and stone dating from the 5th century C.E. to the 12th century C.E.
Recently, the campus of Nalanda University was formally inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India.
Significance of Nalanda
• Nalanda attracted students from across Eastern and Central Asia.
• Subjects included medicine, logic, mathematics, and, most importantly, Buddhist principles.
• The Gupta monarchs, though Hindus, supported Buddhism and intellectual fervor.
• Nalanda blended intellectual Buddhism with diverse knowledge fields.
• Nalanda taught Ayurveda, which later spread across India.
• Its design influenced other Buddhist institutions, and its stucco artistry left a mark in Thailand, Tibet, and the Malayan peninsula.
Notable Scholars Associated with Nalanda:
• Nagarjuna: Renowned Buddhist philosopher who propounded the Madhyamaka school of thought.
• Renowned Buddhist philosopher who propounded the Madhyamaka school of thought.
• Aryadeva: Influential Buddhist philosopher known for his work on emptiness.
• Influential Buddhist philosopher known for his work on emptiness.
• Dharmakirti: Logician and epistemologist who contributed significantly to Buddhist thought.
• Logician and epistemologist who contributed significantly to Buddhist thought.
• Xuanzang: Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda and left detailed accounts of its grandeur.
• Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda and left detailed accounts of its grandeur.
Observations of Foreign Travelers:
• Xuanzang: Detailed descriptions of Nalanda’s academic rigor, library, and diverse student body. His accounts shaped perceptions of India among the Chinese clergy.
• Detailed descriptions of Nalanda’s academic rigor, library, and diverse student body.
• His accounts shaped perceptions of India among the Chinese clergy.
• Yijing: Another Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda and contributed to cross-cultural interactions. His travel records shed light on long-distance travel, commercial exchanges, and pilgrim-merchant relationships.
• Another Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda and contributed to cross-cultural interactions.
• His travel records shed light on long-distance travel, commercial exchanges, and pilgrim-merchant relationships.
Legacy of Nalanda:
• Mathematics and Astronomy: Nalanda’s achievements in these fields left a lasting impact.
• Nalanda’s achievements in these fields left a lasting impact.
• Transmission of Knowledge: Its library housed nine million books, influencing Asian culture and thought. Texts carried by pilgrims like Xuanzang spread Buddhist doctrines to China.
• Its library housed nine million books, influencing Asian culture and thought.
• Texts carried by pilgrims like Xuanzang spread Buddhist doctrines to China.
• Cultural Reach: Nalanda’s teachings, stucco art, and architectural design influenced art and practices across Asia.
• Nalanda’s teachings, stucco art, and architectural design influenced art and practices across Asia.
Decline of Nalanda
• The two major theories that explain the decline of Nalanda both talk about a possible destruction of the mahavihara and of a somewhat sudden or cataclysmic decline.
• The most common theory for the decline of Nalanda says the site was ransacked and destroyed by BakhtiyarKhalji.
• The second theory broadly locates the decline in the context of the animosity between Brahmins and Buddhists. It finds expression in the writings of historians such as D.N. Jha, B.N.S. Yadava, R.K. Mookerji and SukumarDutt.
Conclusion
Nalanda University transcended geographical boundaries, fostered global exchange of knowledge, and remains an enduring symbol of intellectual excellence.
Topic: Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
Topic: Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
2. A strong emphasis on sub-national identities like religion, caste, region or ethnicity can dilute the sense of a shared national identity. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about factors responsible for the growth of communal tendencies and its impact on national unity and our society. Directive word: Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining communalism. Body: First, present the case of Communalism in India on the basis of religious, caste or ethnic; Discuss the major factors that contributed towards the emergence and growth of communalism in modern India. Present the current situation. Next, write about the impact of the above on national unity and society. Next, present measures to deal with the above. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about factors responsible for the growth of communal tendencies and its impact on national unity and our society.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining communalism.
First, present the case of Communalism in India on the basis of religious, caste or ethnic; Discuss the major factors that contributed towards the emergence and growth of communalism in modern India. Present the current situation.
Next, write about the impact of the above on national unity and society.
Next, present measures to deal with the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
Communalism is basically an ideology which consists of three elements:
• A belief that people who follow the same religion have common secular interests i.e. they have same political, economic and social interests. So, here socio- political communalities arise.
• A notion that, in a multi-religious society like India, these common secular interests of one religion is dissimilar and divergent from the interests of the follower of another religion.
• The interests of the follower of the different religion or of different ‘communities’ are seen to be completely incompatible, antagonist and hostile.
Factors responsible for growth of Communalism in India:
• A Legacy of Past: On the basis of the “Two Nation” theory of Jinnah, India was partitioned. Communal politics had played its nasty game during the immediate past of independent India. The “Divide and Rule” policy of the British Government served their colonial interest. The partition of India was the ultimate outcome of their politics.
• On the basis of the “Two Nation” theory of Jinnah, India was partitioned. Communal politics had played its nasty game during the immediate past of independent India. The “Divide and Rule” policy of the British Government served their colonial interest. The partition of India was the ultimate outcome of their politics.
• Presence of Communal Parties: Religion in India has become an important agency of political socialization and it is also reflected in the ideology of a number of political parties. A number of communal and sectarian political parties and organisations are present in India. Muslim League, Jamaat—Islami, Hindu Mahasabha, Akali Dal, Vishwa Hindu Parishad are directly or indirectly responsible for the emergence of communalism.
• Religion in India has become an important agency of political socialization and it is also reflected in the ideology of a number of political parties. A number of communal and sectarian political parties and organisations are present in India. Muslim League, Jamaat—Islami, Hindu Mahasabha, Akali Dal, Vishwa Hindu Parishad are directly or indirectly responsible for the emergence of communalism.
• Isolation of Muslims: Indian Muslims have developed a tendency of isolationism even long after the creation of Pakistan. They remain aloof from the mainstream of national politics. Most of them are not interested to take part in the secular-nationalistic politics of the country. They insist on to be treated as a separate entity.
• Indian Muslims have developed a tendency of isolationism even long after the creation of Pakistan. They remain aloof from the mainstream of national politics. Most of them are not interested to take part in the secular-nationalistic politics of the country. They insist on to be treated as a separate entity.
• Poverty: Mass poverty and unemployment create a sense of frustration among the people. It generates backwardness, illiteracy, ignorance, etc. The unemployed youth of both the communities can be easily trapped by religious fundamentalists and fanatics. They are used by them to cause communal riots. The weak economic status often breeds communalism.
• Mass poverty and unemployment create a sense of frustration among the people. It generates backwardness, illiteracy, ignorance, etc. The unemployed youth of both the communities can be easily trapped by religious fundamentalists and fanatics. They are used by them to cause communal riots. The weak economic status often breeds communalism.
• Hindu Chauvinism: The growths of Hindu chauvinistic attitudes have further strengthened the communal tensions in India. The Hindu religious groups like Shiv Sena, Hindu Mahasabha, Viswa Hindu Parisad often pressurize the government to take steps suitable to the interest of Hindus. They consider each Muslim as pro-Pakistani and anti-national. To face the possible challenge of other communal forces, they encourage the growth of Hindu communalism.
• The growths of Hindu chauvinistic attitudes have further strengthened the communal tensions in India. The Hindu religious groups like Shiv Sena, Hindu Mahasabha, Viswa Hindu Parisad often pressurize the government to take steps suitable to the interest of Hindus. They consider each Muslim as pro-Pakistani and anti-national. To face the possible challenge of other communal forces, they encourage the growth of Hindu communalism.
• Social Cause: The two major communities of India have been suspicious towards each other. The Muslims complain of the threat of Hindu cultural invasion upon their lives and have become more assertive of their rights. Either due to ignorance or insecurity, they do not fully accept the need of family planning and help in increasing population.
• The two major communities of India have been suspicious towards each other. The Muslims complain of the threat of Hindu cultural invasion upon their lives and have become more assertive of their rights. Either due to ignorance or insecurity, they do not fully accept the need of family planning and help in increasing population.
• Communalization of Politics: Electoral politics in India has become more expensive and competitive. Different political parties are not hesitating to use any means, fair or foul, for electoral victory. They even create communal tensions and try to take political advantage out of it. Concessions are granted to various minority groups for appeasing them.
• Electoral politics in India has become more expensive and competitive. Different political parties are not hesitating to use any means, fair or foul, for electoral victory. They even create communal tensions and try to take political advantage out of it. Concessions are granted to various minority groups for appeasing them.
• Cross-Border factors: Communal tensions in India sometimes are highly intensified due to the rule of two neighbouring theocratic countries. These countries try to create communal problems in the border states. The communal problems of Punjab and Jammu Kashmir are caused due to provocation of Pakistan. So long as this cross-border factor is not removed, communal problems are likely to stay in India.
• Communal tensions in India sometimes are highly intensified due to the rule of two neighbouring theocratic countries. These countries try to create communal problems in the border states. The communal problems of Punjab and Jammu Kashmir are caused due to provocation of Pakistan. So long as this cross-border factor is not removed, communal problems are likely to stay in India.
• Failure of Government: Both the Union and the State Governments often fail to prevent communalism in the country. Due to lack of prior information, they fail to take any preventive measures. So the communal violence can easily take innocent lives and destroys property. The post-Godhra riot in Gujarat shows the inefficiency of the government to control the communal riot. Failure of immediate and effective steps has been a cause of the continuance of communalism.
• Both the Union and the State Governments often fail to prevent communalism in the country. Due to lack of prior information, they fail to take any preventive measures. So the communal violence can easily take innocent lives and destroys property. The post-Godhra riot in Gujarat shows the inefficiency of the government to control the communal riot. Failure of immediate and effective steps has been a cause of the continuance of communalism.
Ramification of Communalism:
• Genocides: With mass killings, the real sufferers are the poor, who lose their house, their near and dear ones, their lives, their livelihood, etc. It violates the human rights from all direction. Sometimes children lose their parents and will become orphan for a lifetime.
• Ghettoization and refugee problem are other dimensions of communalism induced violence, whether its inter country or intra country.
• Sudden increase in violence against any particular community causes mass exodus and stampede which in turn kills many number of people. For example, this was seen in the case of Bangalore in 2012, with respect to people from North eastern states, which was stimulated by a rumour.
• Apart from having effect on the society, it is also a threat to Indian constitutional values, which promotes secularism and religious tolerance. In that case, citizens don’t fulfil their fundamental duties towards the nation.
• It becomes a threat for the unity and integrity of the nation as a whole. It promotes only the feeling of hatred in all directions, dividing the society on communal lines.
• Minorities are viewed with suspicion by all, including state authorities like police, para-military forces, army, intelligence agencies, etc. There have been many instances when people from such community have been harassed and detained and finally have been released by court orders guilt free. For this, there is no provision for compensation of such victims, about their livelihood incomes forgone, against social stigmas and emotional trauma of the families.
• Barrier for development: Communal activities occurring frequently do harm the human resource and economy of the country. And then again it takes years for the people and the affected regions to come out the traumas of such violence, having deep impact on minds of those who have faced it. They feel emotionally broken and insecure.
• Terrorism and Secessionism: As seen during the Khalistan movement in Punjab.
Steps to be taken to prevent communalism
• Economic: Poverty is one of the major factors for communal violence. Poverty alleviation measures are thus important for promoting communal harmony. Eradicating the problem of unemployment among the youths, illiteracy and poverty and that too with honesty and without any discrimination. Reducing educational and economic backwardness of minorities like Muslims. This can uplift their socio-economic status and reduce their deprivation compared to Hindus
• Poverty is one of the major factors for communal violence. Poverty alleviation measures are thus important for promoting communal harmony.
• Eradicating the problem of unemployment among the youths, illiteracy and poverty and that too with honesty and without any discrimination.
• Reducing educational and economic backwardness of minorities like Muslims.
• This can uplift their socio-economic status and reduce their deprivation compared to Hindus
• Social: The religious leaders and preachers should promote rational and practical things through religion promoting peace and security. Children in schools must be taught through textbooks and pamphlets to maintain brotherhood and respect for all religions Creating awareness in the society about the ill effects of communism through mass media
• The religious leaders and preachers should promote rational and practical things through religion promoting peace and security.
• Children in schools must be taught through textbooks and pamphlets to maintain brotherhood and respect for all religions
• Creating awareness in the society about the ill effects of communism through mass media
• Political: Political communism should be avoided recent Supreme court’s directives Identification and mapping of riot prone areas. For Example, Delhi police used drones to monitor to maintain vigil during communal festivals Media, movies and other cultural platforms can be influential in promoting peace and harmony. Social Media should be monitored for violent and repulsive content and taken off immediately.
• Political communism should be avoided recent Supreme court’s directives
• Identification and mapping of riot prone areas. For Example, Delhi police used drones to monitor to maintain vigil during communal festivals
• Media, movies and other cultural platforms can be influential in promoting peace and harmony.
• Social Media should be monitored for violent and repulsive content and taken off immediately.
• Recommendations of Committee on National Integration Joint celebration of community festivals Observing restraint by Hindus while taking processions before the mosques Formation of peace and brotherhood communities at local level to prevent anti-social elements from engaging in communal riots Respect for religious customs, rituals and practices
• Joint celebration of community festivals
• Observing restraint by Hindus while taking processions before the mosques
• Formation of peace and brotherhood communities at local level to prevent anti-social elements from engaging in communal riots
• Respect for religious customs, rituals and practices
Conclusion
In a vast country like India which is made up of diverse cultures, backgrounds, religions, identities etc. it really requires to maintain a sense of equality among its citizen to provide a meaning to the term democracy. The core reason behind all these discrimination are based on the nature of unacceptance of diversities. We tend to commit heinous crimes to eradicate the population which chooses a different set of traditions to follow. But these intolerance can lead India to get collapsed from being a secular country to communal. And India is known to the world by the term “diversity”. It is beautiful when the people irrespective of their differences are co-existing.
Topic: India and its neighbourhood – International relations
Topic: India and its neighbourhood – International relations
3. A sustained commitment to dialogue and collaboration will be crucial for India and Bangladesh to foster long-term stability and prosperity in their bilateral relations. Elaborate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question: The third consecutive innings of the partnership between Indian Prime Minister Modi and Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina marks a pivotal moment in relations between the two South Asian neighbours. Key Demand of the question: To write about the various strengths and issues in Indo-Bangladesh relations and ways to overcome them. Directive word: Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Start by giving context of the question. Body: First, give a brief snapshot of India- Bangladesh relation and how it has progressed over the years. Economic, Energy, Security ties etc. Cite recent developments in it. Next, write about the issues still holding the relationship back – water sharing, illegal migration, trade imbalances, the Rohingya crisis. Cite examples to support your points. Next, suggest how those issues can be addressed. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The third consecutive innings of the partnership between Indian Prime Minister Modi and Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina marks a pivotal moment in relations between the two South Asian neighbours.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various strengths and issues in Indo-Bangladesh relations and ways to overcome them.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context of the question.
First, give a brief snapshot of India- Bangladesh relation and how it has progressed over the years. Economic, Energy, Security ties etc. Cite recent developments in it.
Next, write about the issues still holding the relationship back – water sharing, illegal migration, trade imbalances, the Rohingya crisis. Cite examples to support your points.
Next, suggest how those issues can be addressed.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
India and Bangladesh share bonds of history, language, culture, and multitude of other commonalities. The excellent bilateral ties reflect an all-encompassing partnership based on sovereignty, equality, trust, and understanding that goes far beyond a strategic partnership.
Recently, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh visited India for 2-day state visit.
Key Highlights of the Bilateral Meet:
Key Highlights | Description
Promotion of Shared Vision | Peace, prosperity, and development focusing on connectivity, commerce, and collaboration.
Digital and Green Partnership | Collaboration on digital and green technologies, joint development of a small satellite.
Trade and Investment | Strengthening trade links, CEPA negotiations, and operationalizing SEZs in Bangladesh.
Power and Energy Collaboration | Intra-regional electricity trade and high-capacity grid interconnections.
Regional and Global Cooperation | Anchoring regional integration under BIMSTEC, SAARC, and IORA.
Cross-Border Travel | E-Medical Visa facilities for Bangladeshi citizens, new Assistant High Commission in Rangpur.
Water Resource Management | Renewing Ganges Water Sharing Treaty, managing Teesta River.
BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement | Operationalization for transit facilities to Nepal and Bhutan.
Indo-Pacific Cooperation | Co-leading the ‘Disaster Risk Reduction and Management’ pillar of IPOI.
Dimensions of India-Bangladesh Relations:
Dimensions | Description
Historical Ties | India and Bangladesh share a deep-rooted relationship marked by historical ties and growing cooperation across multiple fronts. Initially forged during the 1971 Liberation War, bilateral relations have evolved positively under Sheikh Hasina’s leadership since 1996, culminating in significant agreements such as the Ganga water-sharing treaty
Economic Cooperation | Bilateral trade growth, reaching USD 14 billion in 2023-24. Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia and India is the second biggest trade partner of Bangladesh in Asia. Joint feasibility study for Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)
Infrastructure | Resolved Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) and maritime disputes. Inauguration of Akhaura-Agartala Rail Link. BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity. Matarbari Port development connecting Dhaka and Northeast India.
Energy | Bangladesh’s electricity imports from India. Cooperation in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant project.
India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline will transport one million Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MMTPA) of High-Speed Diesel from Siliguri, West Bengal, to Parbatipur, Dinajpur district, Bangladesh.
Defence Cooperation | Shared border of 4096.7 km. Joint military exercises (Army – Exercise Sampriti, Navy – Exercise Bongo Sagar).
Multilateral Cooperation | Engagement in SAARC, BIMSTEC, and IORA forums.
According to the India Tourism Statistics Report 2022 of the Ministry of Tourism, Bangladesh has been the second-largest tourist-generating market for India in the year 2021.
Issues between the two countries:
• Illegal Migration: Concerns over illegal migration from Bangladesh to India, impacting resources and security, including Rohingya refugees and implications of India’s National Register of Citizens (NRC).
• Sharing of Transboundary River Waters: Unresolved treaties for major rivers like Teesta and Feni despite sharing 54 rivers, impacting water management and bilateral relations.
• Growing Chinese Influence in Bangladesh: Bangladesh’s involvement in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), raises concerns for India’s regional influence and strategic interests.
• Drug Smuggling & Trafficking: Challenges with cross-border drug smuggling, human trafficking (especially women and children), and wildlife poaching, affecting both countries’ security and stability.
Way forward
• Efforts to strengthen India-Bangladesh relationsshould focus on establishing joint task forces to combat cross-border drug smuggling and human trafficking effectively.
• Utilizing shared intelligence and coordinated operationscan disrupt illegal networks.
• Implementing smart border management solutions, leveraging artificial intelligence and data analytics will enhance security and efficiency.
• Furthermore, creating a digital connectivity corridorwith high-speed internet and digital services will spur trade, collaboration, and technological exchange between the two nations.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
4. The recent approval of a draft logistics agreement between Russia and India is a significant development in the context of international relations and defence cooperation. Analyse its importance and its potential impact on India’s relations with the U.S. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question: After being held up for several years, the India-Russia mutual logistics agreement is ready for conclusion, with Russia approving the draft agreement over the past week. Key Demand of the question: To write about the Indo-Russia relations, the significance of logistics agreement and its impact. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Introduction: Begin by giving context of ‘all weather’ friendship between India and Russia. Body: In the first part, Highlight the strength of the relationship – Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership, cold war era friendship, the long history, defence partnership, nuclear power plants etc. Next, write about the features of logistics agreement between Russia and India – military exchanges for exercises, training, port calls, disaster relief, and ease access to Russian military facilities, especially in the Arctic Next, write about how it will affect India and U.S relations. Conclusion: Conclude by giving a balanced opinion on the issue.
Why the question:
After being held up for several years, the India-Russia mutual logistics agreement is ready for conclusion, with Russia approving the draft agreement over the past week.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the Indo-Russia relations, the significance of logistics agreement and its impact.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of ‘all weather’ friendship between India and Russia.
In the first part, Highlight the strength of the relationship – Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership, cold war era friendship, the long history, defence partnership, nuclear power plants etc.
Next, write about the features of logistics agreement between Russia and India – military exchanges for exercises, training, port calls, disaster relief, and ease access to Russian military facilities, especially in the Arctic
Next, write about how it will affect India and U.S relations.
Conclusion:
Conclude by giving a balanced opinion on the issue.
Introduction
As Russia and India both desire a multi-polar world, they are equally important for each other in fulfilling each other’s national interests. However, due to the changing geopolitical scenario, Russia is growing closer to China and becoming anti-west, while it is vice-versa for India.
Despite the changing dynamics, Indo-Russia ties have stood the test of times especially in defence sector. Russia has approved a draft logistics agreement with India, ending years of delays. Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS) is an administrative arrangement between India and Russia to enhance military cooperation. RELOS streamlines military logistics support, making joint operations more efficient and cost-effective.
Significance of RELOS
• Sustained Operations: Facilitates replenishment of supplies, providing berthing facilities for troops, warships, and aircraft during both wartime and peacetime missions.
• Strategic Advantages: Enables smoother use of host nation’s logistics networks, swift crisis response, and reduces overall mission costs.
• Expanded Military Reach: Enhances India’s maritime influence and awareness, and improves information exchange about maritime activities.
• Balancing Quad Agreements: Balances India’s logistics agreements with Quad countries and Russia’s non-Quad stance, countering US and Chinese regional influence.
• Scientific Interconnections: Supports India’s Arctic research, focusing on links between Arctic Sea ice melt and Indian monsoon systems.
potential impact on India’s relations with the U.S
• The U.S. may view this as strengthening India’s military capabilities, potentially impacting regional dynamics.
• The U.S. closely monitors India’s strategic partnerships. Closer ties with Russia may raise questions about alignment in the Indo-Pacific.
• While the U.S. seeks to counter China’s influence, India’s collaboration with Russia could be seen as a balancing act.
• The Arctic is a contested region. India’s scientific exploration aligns with global climate concerns but may be noted by the U.S.
Conclusion
While RELOS strengthens India-Russia ties, it also warrants careful observation by the U.S., considering the evolving geopolitical landscape.
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
5. A conscious focus on green policies is crucial for India to tackle environmental issues and ensure sustainable development. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question: The article discusses the prevalence of drug abuse at educational institutions across India and its impact on students’ mental health. Key Demand of the question: To write about the need for a focus on green policies. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving about the state of Indian’s environment. Body: First, write about the major environmental issues that India is facing – climate change, air and water pollution, deforestation, and waste management etc. Cite statistics regarding it. Next, mention the need to green policies and what should be done to tackle the above. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.
Why the question:
The article discusses the prevalence of drug abuse at educational institutions across India and its impact on students’ mental health.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the need for a focus on green policies.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving about the state of Indian’s environment.
First, write about the major environmental issues that India is facing – climate change, air and water pollution, deforestation, and waste management etc. Cite statistics regarding it.
Next, mention the need to green policies and what should be done to tackle the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
India, with its diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity, faces critical environmental challenges. Balancing economic growth with ecological sustainability is crucial for achieving long-term development goals.
Major Environmental Issues in India:
• Climate Change: India is the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally. Emissions intensity reduction targets are essential to combat climate change. India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
• India is the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally.
• Emissions intensity reduction targets are essential to combat climate change.
• India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
• Air Pollution: Urban centers suffer from severe air pollution due to vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and construction. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) poses health risks. India needs stringent regulations and cleaner technologies.
• Urban centers suffer from severe air pollution due to vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and construction.
• Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) poses health risks.
• India needs stringent regulations and cleaner technologies.
• Water Pollution: Rivers and groundwater face contamination from industrial effluents, sewage, and agricultural runoff. Health costs related to water pollution are estimated at billions of dollars annually.
• Rivers and groundwater face contamination from industrial effluents, sewage, and agricultural runoff.
• Health costs related to water pollution are estimated at billions of dollars annually.
• Deforestation and Habitat Loss: Rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and agricultural expansion lead to deforestation. Protecting forests and promoting afforestation are critical.
• Rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and agricultural expansion lead to deforestation.
• Protecting forests and promoting afforestation are critical.
• Waste Management: Improper waste disposal contributes to land and water pollution. India needs efficient waste management systems, recycling, and waste reduction strategies.
• Improper waste disposal contributes to land and water pollution.
• India needs efficient waste management systems, recycling, and waste reduction strategies.
Need for Green Policies:
• Sustainable Development: India must balance economic growth with environmental conservation. Policies should prioritize green infrastructure, renewable energy, and circular economy practices.
• India must balance economic growth with environmental conservation.
• Policies should prioritize green infrastructure, renewable energy, and circular economy practices.
• Eco-friendly Technologies: Promote electric vehicles (EVs) powered by clean energy. Invest in green hydrogen, battery storage, and carbon capture technologies.
• Promote electric vehicles (EVs) powered by clean energy.
• Invest in green hydrogen, battery storage, and carbon capture technologies.
• Afforestation and Reforestation: Strengthen forest conservation efforts. Restore degraded ecosystems and enhance green cover.
• Strengthen forest conservation efforts.
• Restore degraded ecosystems and enhance green cover.
• Circular Economy: Encourage recycling, reduce waste, and promote sustainable consumption. Implement extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs.
• Encourage recycling, reduce waste, and promote sustainable consumption.
• Implement extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs.
• Public Awareness and Education: Create awareness about environmental issues. Foster a culture of responsible consumption and conservation.
• Create awareness about environmental issues.
• Foster a culture of responsible consumption and conservation.
Conclusion
India’s path to sustainable development lies in integrating environmental considerations into policies, investments, and daily practices. By prioritizing green initiatives, adopting innovative technologies, and engaging all stakeholders, India can achieve a resilient and eco-friendly future.
Topic: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security
Topic: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security
6. The Maoist insurgency in India, like a hydra with many heads, persists despite ongoing security operations and development efforts. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question: Two jawans of the Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) were killed Sunday afternoon after Maoists set off an improvised explosive device (IED) targeting their truck near Timapuram village in Chhattisgarh’s Sukma district. Key Demand of the question: To write about the challenges posed by Maoism and government’s counter-insurgency measures but the need for further vigil and action to successfully overcome it. Directive word: Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by citing stats about the trends of Maoism and Maoist violence. Body: First, write the about the challenges posed by Maoist insurgency to internal security of India. Write how the Naxalist movement still remains a potent threat to the internal security of India in the various ways. Cite examples and data to substantiate your points. Next, write about various measures taken by the government to tackle Maoist violence, successes and limitations of the same. Next, suggest various measures that are further required to tackle this issue. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward on taking a multi-pronged approach to defeat Maoism.
Why the question:
Two jawans of the Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) were killed Sunday afternoon after Maoists set off an improvised explosive device (IED) targeting their truck near Timapuram village in Chhattisgarh’s Sukma district.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the challenges posed by Maoism and government’s counter-insurgency measures but the need for further vigil and action to successfully overcome it.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by citing stats about the trends of Maoism and Maoist violence.
First, write the about the challenges posed by Maoist insurgency to internal security of India. Write how the Naxalist movement still remains a potent threat to the internal security of India in the various ways. Cite examples and data to substantiate your points.
Next, write about various measures taken by the government to tackle Maoist violence, successes and limitations of the same.
Next, suggest various measures that are further required to tackle this issue.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward on taking a multi-pronged approach to defeat Maoism.
Introduction
The left-wing extremism or Naxal insurgency in India originated in a 1967 uprising in Naxalbari, West Bengal by the Communist Party of India (Marxist). They are the group of people who believe in the political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong. The Naxals strongly believe that the solution to social and economic discrimination is to overthrow the existing political system.
Two jawans of the Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) were killed Sunday afternoon after Maoists set off an improvised explosive device (IED) targeting their truck near Timapuram village in Chhattisgarh’s Sukma district.
Causes of left-wing extremism in India
• Inequitable development: The failure of land reforms especially land redistribution after independence. Socio-economic inequities, unemployment, despair about the future. Dishonest and self-serving dominant groups. Political deprivation leading to hopelessness or a sense of powerlessness. Lack of title to public land cultivated by the landless poor. Governance deficit in the remote parts of Red Corridor regions. Lack of food security – corruption in the Public Distribution System (which are often non-functional). Disruption of traditional occupations and lack of alternative work opportunities.
• Socio-economic inequities, unemployment, despair about the future.
• Dishonest and self-serving dominant groups.
• Political deprivation leading to hopelessness or a sense of powerlessness.
• Lack of title to public land cultivated by the landless poor.
• Governance deficit in the remote parts of Red Corridor regions.
• Lack of food security – corruption in the Public Distribution System (which are often non-functional).
• Disruption of traditional occupations and lack of alternative work opportunities.
• Displacement of people: Eviction from lands traditionally used by tribals. Forced Displacements caused by mining, irrigation and power projects without adequate arrangements for rehabilitation. As a result, livelihoods were lost. Large scale land acquisition for ‘public purposes’ without appropriate compensation or rehabilitation
• Forced Displacements caused by mining, irrigation and power projects without adequate arrangements for rehabilitation. As a result, livelihoods were lost.
• Large scale land acquisition for ‘public purposes’ without appropriate compensation or rehabilitation
• Discrimination against tribals: Poor implementation of laws prohibiting transfer of tribal land to non-tribals in the Fifth Schedule areas. Non-regularisation of traditional land rights under FRA,2006. Hasty rejections of land grants to tribals.
• Non-regularisation of traditional land rights under FRA,2006.
• Hasty rejections of land grants to tribals.
Measures and change in strategy needed to solve Maoism
Home Ministry came up with the strategy of Samadhan. It is a strategy to frame short term and long-term policies to tackle LWE. It includes: S- Smart Leadership; A- Aggressive Strategy; M- Motivation and Training; A- Actionable Intelligence; D- Dashboard Based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result Areas); H- Harnessing Technology; A- Action plan for each Theatre; N- No access to Financing.
In lieu of this, governments must pro-actively tackle left wing extremism.
• Modernizing the police force: The scheme focuses on strengthening police infrastructure by construction of secure police stations, training centres, police housing (residential) and equipping police stations with required mobility, modern weaponry, communication equipment and forensic set-up etc. On the administrative side, changes include separation of investigation from law and order, specialized wings for Social and Cyber Crimes are initiated in several states. Various technological reforms are pushed including modernization of the control room, fast tracking Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and System (CCTNS), pushing for National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) and pushing for incorporation of new technology into policing
• On the administrative side, changes include separation of investigation from law and order, specialized wings for Social and Cyber Crimes are initiated in several states.
• Various technological reforms are pushed including modernization of the control room, fast tracking Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and System (CCTNS), pushing for National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) and pushing for incorporation of new technology into policing
• Social Integration:State Governments havesurrender and rehabilitation policy, while the Central Government supplements the efforts of the State Governments through the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme for LWE affected States. Additional incentives are given for surrendering with weapons/ammunition. The surrenderers are also impartedvocational training with a monthly stipendfor a maximum period of 36 months. Skill Development: Skill Development in 34 Districts affected by Left Wing Extremism” under implementation from 2011-12 aimsto establish ITIs and Skill Development Centresin LWE affected districts.
• Additional incentives are given for surrendering with weapons/ammunition.
• The surrenderers are also impartedvocational training with a monthly stipendfor a maximum period of 36 months.
• Skill Development: Skill Development in 34 Districts affected by Left Wing Extremism” under implementation from 2011-12 aimsto establish ITIs and Skill Development Centresin LWE affected districts.
• Infrastructure Development:Road Connectivity, communication needs to be rapidly scaled up in LWE affected districts. Eg: Mobile towers being set up in remote areas.
• Major counter-insugency measures in states Andhra Pradesh established elite force called Greyhounds to successfully crack down on naxal leaders. It also squashed mass organisation activities through civilian “vigilante” groups that had been encourged through the surrender and rehabilitation package. West Bengal government implemented confidence building measures with the people living in the Maoist infested Jangalmaha region. It created a linkage between people and the institution. Odishaand Chhattisgarhtrained many local tribal youths as Special Police Officersagainst Maoist insurgency. Biharhad set up a 400-member special task force and Special Auxiliary Police for counter insurgency operations. Currently the naxal influence has come down from 22 districts to 4. Maharashtracreated adistrict level force called as C-60 Commando.
• Andhra Pradesh established elite force called Greyhounds to successfully crack down on naxal leaders. It also squashed mass organisation activities through civilian “vigilante” groups that had been encourged through the surrender and rehabilitation package.
• West Bengal government implemented confidence building measures with the people living in the Maoist infested Jangalmaha region. It created a linkage between people and the institution.
• Odishaand Chhattisgarhtrained many local tribal youths as Special Police Officersagainst Maoist insurgency.
• Biharhad set up a 400-member special task force and Special Auxiliary Police for counter insurgency operations. Currently the naxal influence has come down from 22 districts to 4.
• Maharashtracreated adistrict level force called as C-60 Commando.
• SMART Policing: Smart policing paradigm promotes integration & interoperability of information & communication systems. Broadly, smart policing involves interventions incorporating application of evidence-based and data-driven policing practices, strategies and tactics in order to prevent and control crime. Recruit specialized personnel: Specialized crimes require specialized approach and personnel to deal with them. There should be core technical team to handle modern technology related crimes. Community policing improves interface with citizens and makes police more sensitive. E.g. (i) Janamaithri Suraksha Padhathi, Kerala (ii) Friends of Police Movement (FOP), Tamil Nadu (iii) Suraksha Setu – Safe City Surat Project Improve communication network: There should be sharing of information & knowledge to improve the functioning of police force. Better Surveillance and Monitoringwith standardisation, deployment and integration of private security surveillance system. It promotes pro-active policing by preventing criminal activity through enhanced police visibility and public engagement.
• Broadly, smart policing involves interventions incorporating application of evidence-based and data-driven policing practices, strategies and tactics in order to prevent and control crime.
• Recruit specialized personnel: Specialized crimes require specialized approach and personnel to deal with them. There should be core technical team to handle modern technology related crimes.
• Community policing improves interface with citizens and makes police more sensitive. E.g. (i) Janamaithri Suraksha Padhathi, Kerala (ii) Friends of Police Movement (FOP), Tamil Nadu (iii) Suraksha Setu – Safe City Surat Project
• Improve communication network: There should be sharing of information & knowledge to improve the functioning of police force.
• Better Surveillance and Monitoringwith standardisation, deployment and integration of private security surveillance system.
• It promotes pro-active policing by preventing criminal activity through enhanced police visibility and public engagement.
Need of the hour
• Central and State governments, the administration and the security establishment need to recognize that the movement cannot be approached from a purely law and order point of view.
• The process of improving the conditions of the poor and the tribals clearly need to be speeded up if the movement is to be effectively checked.
• Winning the hearts and minds of the tribal population and other marginalised groups will lie at the core of the counter-insurgency strategy
• Development of road and rail infrastructure will not only enhance economic growth and development but will also help in countering Maoist propaganda
• The improved road connectivity will also have a multiplier effect on the effectiveness of the security forces in carrying out operations.
• Providing incentives and alternate life support system to those surrendered
Conclusion
An ideology based on violence and annihilation is doomed to fail in a democracy which offers legitimate forums of grievance redressal. Through a holistic approach focusing on development and security related interventions, the LWE problem can be successfully tackled.
Topic: strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance
Topic: strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance
7. What is moral character? Strengthening and improving the moral character of civil servants is imperative for them to serve with integrity and uphold the public trust. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about the ways to strengthen moral character among civil servants. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining moral character. Body: With examples, write ways to strengthen moral characters in civil servants – training, creating a value system, rewards and punishment etc. Conclusion: Mention the importance of having civil servants of high moral character in administration.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the ways to strengthen moral character among civil servants.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining moral character.
With examples, write ways to strengthen moral characters in civil servants – training, creating a value system, rewards and punishment etc.
Conclusion:
Mention the importance of having civil servants of high moral character in administration.
Introduction
Moral character is perhaps best described as the totality of a person’s dispositions or characteristics that play a role in how the person, morally speaking, behaves. To put it another way, to have a particular moral character is to have or to lack certain virtues and vices of character.
Ways of strengthening and improving the moral character of civil servants
• Avoid conflict of interests-Setting accountability clearly demarcates area of one’s actions where he or she is required to act.
• Civil Servant needs to take pride in integrity such as procedural integrity where there is a lot of discretion. This will help in valuing taxpayer’s hard-earned money and ensure proper utilisation of funds.
• There is need to create a sense of responsibility amongst Civil Servants, wherein they understand that power is not a privilege and need to keep away from usurpation of power.
• There is also a need to promote values learned from the lives of great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Mother Teresa and Swami Vivekananda, to become the true steel frame of the country.
• Civil Servant also needs to follow the principle of sustainable development and trusteeship so as to help India achieve ‘common future’ or ‘sustainable future’ targets.
• The techniques of attitude and behavioural change like cognitive appeal, emotional appeal needs to be adopted.
• Further, serving Civil Servant need to be advised to practice code of ethics and code of conduct. Training in this regard must be given due importance.
• Improve the emotional intelligence quotient of an officer by more field visits and understanding the hardships of the people.
Conclusion
Ethics, whether in an entire society, or in a social sub-system, evolves over a long period of time. Different institutions impact the ethical behaviour of individuals in different manner. Thus, value based education, good governance, self-realization, just laws, code of ethics and code of conducts are essential to build an ethically just society and state.
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