UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 23 JULY 2024

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Language and literature

Topic: Language and literature

Q1. Cultural and linguistic diversity is largely driven by migration. Comment. 10M

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Indian Express

Why the question: There were migrations before and after the first Out of Africa migration into India. How did these migrations shape genetic variation and affect languages across India? The above article discusses the role of migration in enriching cultural and linguistic diversity. Key Demand of the question: To comment on how migration drives cultural and linguistic diversity, supported by relevant examples and arguments. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the concept of migration and its relevance to cultural and linguistic diversity. Body: Firstly, Discuss the impact of migration on cultural diversity of India with examples– cultural exchange, cultural synthesis. Next, mention the impact of migration on linguistic diversity of India – language evolution, language hybridization. Next mention the contemporary relevance of migration in driving cultural and linguistic diversity. Conclusion: In conclusion highlight the need for inclusive policies and community engagement to harness the positive impacts of migration

Why the question:

There were migrations before and after the first Out of Africa migration into India. How did these migrations shape genetic variation and affect languages across India? The above article discusses the role of migration in enriching cultural and linguistic diversity. Key Demand of the question:

To comment on how migration drives cultural and linguistic diversity, supported by relevant examples and arguments.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction:

Briefly introduce the concept of migration and its relevance to cultural and linguistic diversity.

• Firstly, Discuss the impact of migration on cultural diversity of India with examples– cultural exchange, cultural synthesis.

• Next, mention the impact of migration on linguistic diversity of India – language evolution, language hybridization.

• Next mention the contemporary relevance of migration in driving cultural and linguistic diversity.

Conclusion:

In conclusion highlight the need for inclusive policies and community engagement to harness the positive impacts of migration

Introduction

Migration has always played a pivotal role in shaping cultural and linguistic diversity. When people migrate, they bring with them their languages, traditions, and cultural practices, which then blend with those of the indigenous population. This process leads to the creation of new, hybrid cultures and languages, enriching the cultural tapestry of the host region.

Historical perspectives of migration:

• Ancient Migrations: Historical migrations, such as the movement of the Indo-Europeans into India around 3,800 years ago, introduced new languages like Sanskrit, which significantly influenced the linguistic landscape of the region. Similarly, the migration of Iranian farmers around 10,000 years ago brought agricultural practices and cultural elements that blended with local traditions.

• Similarly, the migration of Iranian farmers around 10,000 years ago brought agricultural practices and cultural elements that blended with local traditions.

• Medieval Migrations: The influx of various groups such as the Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, and Kushanas between 300 BC and 300 AD, and later the Turks and Afghans, introduced new cultural and linguistic elements to India. These migrations led to significant shifts in art, architecture, language, and administrative practices.

• These migrations led to significant shifts in art, architecture, language, and administrative practices.

Impact of migration on Cultural diversity:

• Cultural Exchange: Migration facilitates the exchange of cultural practices, beliefs, and technologies. The introduction of wet-rice farming by the Austro-Asiatic ‘Munda’ people from Southeast Asia is a prime example of how migration can lead to significant changes in local agricultural practices and cuisine. Similarly, influence of Portuguese culture in Goa due to their long rule. This brought architectural changes like Baroque style churches and introduced Western music, thereby modifying the local Goan culture significantly.

• Similarly, influence of Portuguese culture in Goa due to their long rule. This brought architectural changes like Baroque style churches and introduced Western music, thereby modifying the local Goan culture significantly.

• Cultural Synthesis: Migratory movements often result in a synthesis of cultures, creating new, enriched cultural forms. The spread of the Harappan civilization in a Z-pattern across India led to the blending of local and Harappan cultural elements, contributing to the development of a diverse cultural heritage.

• The spread of the Harappan civilization in a Z-pattern across India led to the blending of local and Harappan cultural elements, contributing to the development of a diverse cultural heritage.

Linguistic Impact of Migration:

• Language Evolution: Migratory movements often result in the introduction of new languages or dialects. For example, the influence of Persian during the Mughal era transformed the administrative and literary language of India. The presence of Prakrit, Sanskrit, Persian, and later English as court and official languages over different periods highlights how migration and conquest shape linguistic evolution.

• For example, the influence of Persian during the Mughal era transformed the administrative and literary language of India.

• The presence of Prakrit, Sanskrit, Persian, and later English as court and official languages over different periods highlights how migration and conquest shape linguistic evolution.

• Language Hybridization: Languages evolve and hybridize as migrants interact with local populations. This can be seen in the development of regional languages that incorporate elements from the languages of both the migrants and the indigenous people. For instance, the presence of retroflex sounds in Indian languages, which are thought to have been used by early human migrants, showcases how ancient migrations have left a lasting impact on language.

• For instance, the presence of retroflex sounds in Indian languages, which are thought to have been used by early human migrants, showcases how ancient migrations have left a lasting impact on language.

Contemporary relevance:

• Modern-Day Migration: In contemporary times, migration continues to drive cultural and linguistic diversity. Globalization and increased mobility have led to multicultural societies where different languages and cultural practices coexist and interact, leading to dynamic cultural landscapes. g. the IT hubs of Bengaluru and Hyderabad attract professionals from across the country and the world, contributing to cultural and linguistic diversity. Similarly, rural-to-urban migration within India, driven by economic opportunities, has brought diverse cultural practices to cities, seen in the variety of regional festivals, cuisines, and languages spoken.

• g. the IT hubs of Bengaluru and Hyderabad attract professionals from across the country and the world, contributing to cultural and linguistic diversity.

• Similarly, rural-to-urban migration within India, driven by economic opportunities, has brought diverse cultural practices to cities, seen in the variety of regional festivals, cuisines, and languages spoken.

Conclusion

Migration is a fundamental force in shaping cultural and linguistic diversity. Recognizing and embracing this diversity is key to building harmonious and dynamic societies in an increasingly interconnected world.

Topic: Energy resources

Topic: Energy resources

Q2. “While the government recognises the potential of offshore wind, translating policy into action appears to be a significant challenge”. critically comment. 15M

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Down to Earth

Why the question: The Indian government recognises the significance of offshore wind energy. However, the progress report shows that, while the government emphasises its importance, there has been little action. Key Demand of the question: To critically comment on the challenges in translating policy recognition of offshore wind energy into actionable projects and to discuss the reasons behind these challenges. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Introduce the concept of offshore wind energy and its potential benefits for India. Body: Firstly, mention the government’s recognition and policy initiatives aimed at promoting offshore wind energy. E.g. Launch of the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy in 2015, aim to install 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030, Identification of potential zones near Gujarat and Tamil Nadu and the installation of LIDAR, approval of a VGF scheme with a total outlay of Rs 7,453 crore in 2024, etc. In second part, mention the Challenges in Translating Policy into Action – Financial Discrepancies, Technological and Environmental Hurdles, and the need for turbines to withstand harsh sea. At last, write the measures to overcome the above challenges. Conclusion: In conclusion, highlight the importance of sustained government commitment and support to realize the full potential of offshore wind energy in India.

Why the question:

The Indian government recognises the significance of offshore wind energy. However, the progress report shows that, while the government emphasises its importance, there has been little action.

Key Demand of the question:

To critically comment on the challenges in translating policy recognition of offshore wind energy into actionable projects and to discuss the reasons behind these challenges.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction:

Introduce the concept of offshore wind energy and its potential benefits for India.

• Firstly, mention the government’s recognition and policy initiatives aimed at promoting offshore wind energy. E.g. Launch of the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy in 2015, aim to install 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030, Identification of potential zones near Gujarat and Tamil Nadu and the installation of LIDAR, approval of a VGF scheme with a total outlay of Rs 7,453 crore in 2024, etc.

• E.g. Launch of the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy in 2015, aim to install 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030, Identification of potential zones near Gujarat and Tamil Nadu and the installation of LIDAR, approval of a VGF scheme with a total outlay of Rs 7,453 crore in 2024, etc.

• In second part, mention the Challenges in Translating Policy into Action – Financial Discrepancies, Technological and Environmental Hurdles, and the need for turbines to withstand harsh sea.

• At last, write the measures to overcome the above challenges.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, highlight the importance of sustained government commitment and support to realize the full potential of offshore wind energy in India.

Introduction

Offshore wind technology involves installing turbines at sea to harness consistent and strong winds, offering a reliable and clean energy source. This technology provides a higher capacity utilization factor (CUF) of around 10-15% more than onshore wind. While the global offshore wind market is approximately 75 GW, India has no installed capacity. However,

Recognition of Potential

• Government acknowledgement: The government, through various statements and policy documents, acknowledges the significant advantages of offshore wind energy, including *higher adequacy and reliability, lower storage requirements, and higher employment potential.*

• Ambitious Targets: India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030, with 100 GW from wind, including 30 GW from offshore wind.

Policy Formulation

• National Offshore Wind Energy Policy: The introduction of the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy in 2015 marked a significant step towards harnessing offshore wind potential.

• Identification of potential zones near Gujarat and Tamil Nadu and the installation of LiDAR for data collection indicate proactive policy measures.

• Development Models and Auction Targets Model-A: Targets demarcated offshore wind zones in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, offering Viability Gap Funding (VGF) to achieve predetermined power tariffs through MNRE-issued bids. Target: 1 GW. Model-B: Allocates NIWE-identified offshore wind sites through bidding, allowing developers exclusive seabed rights for self-financed projects. Target: 14 GW. Model-C: Allows developers to identify offshore wind sites within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and participate in government bids for project development. Target: 22 GW.

• Model-A: Targets demarcated offshore wind zones in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, offering Viability Gap Funding (VGF) to achieve predetermined power tariffs through MNRE-issued bids. Target: 1 GW.

• Model-B: Allocates NIWE-identified offshore wind sites through bidding, allowing developers exclusive seabed rights for self-financed projects. Target: 14 GW.

• Model-C: Allows developers to identify offshore wind sites within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and participate in government bids for project development. Target: 22 GW.

• Offshore Wind Energy Lease Rules (2023): Introduced by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), these rules outline terms for leasing seabed areas for offshore wind projects, with leases initially valid for 3 years and extendable by 2 years for studies and surveys, and further extended for 35 years for construction and operation.

• Viability Gap Funding (VGF): The approval of a VGF scheme with a total outlay of Rs 7,453 crore in 2024, aimed at supporting offshore wind projects, shows the government’s commitment to addressing financial challenges.

Challenges in Translating Policy into Action

• Financial Discrepancies: The significant gap between the proposed funding (Rs 15,608.65 crore for 3 GW) and the approved amount (Rs 6,853 crore for 1 GW) highlights a critical shortfall, which undermines the ambitious targets set by the government.

• Technological and Environmental Hurdles: Offshore wind projects face greater technological complexities, higher initial costs, and the need for turbines to withstand harsh sea conditions.

• E.g. Stringent environmental regulations and the complexity of logistics, including specialised vessels and undersea cabling, further complicate project implementation.

• Slow Progress: Despite the keen industry response to the 2018 EoI for a 1 GW offshore wind project, no projects have been established to date. This starkly contrasts with the global progress in offshore wind energy.

• Grid Integration and Financing: Integrating offshore wind projects into the national grid requires expensive infrastructure, such as undersea cabling, and poses significant logistical challenges.

• Securing financing is challenging due to higher risks and longer payback periods, which deter investment and slow down project implementation.

• Policy vs. Execution: There is a clear disconnect between policy aspirations and on-ground execution. The government’s recognition of potential is not matched by effective implementation strategies and adequate financial commitment. E.g. Comparing India’s progress with global leaders like the UK, Denmark, and Germany, which have successfully established substantial offshore wind capacities, highlights the gap in India’s implementation strategy.

• E.g. Comparing India’s progress with global leaders like the UK, Denmark, and Germany, which have successfully established substantial offshore wind capacities, highlights the gap in India’s implementation strategy.

Conclusion

A multifaceted approach addressing financial, technological, regulatory, and logistical issues is essential to overcome these hurdles. Enhanced coordination between policy makers, industry stakeholders, and financial institutions, along with a robust implementation framework, is crucial to propel India’s offshore wind energy sector forward.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests

Topic: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests

Q3. How does the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) impact India? What measures can India adopt to mitigate the impact? (10M)

•*Difficulty level: Moderate

•Reference: The Hindu*

Why the question: The Economic Survey has noted that the forthcoming Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT) mooted by the European Union “went against the spirit of the Paris Agreement.” Key Demand of the question: To explain the impact of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on India’s manufacturing sector and suggest measures for India to mitigate this impact. Directive: Discuss – Provide a detailed examination and analysis of the topic. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and its purpose. Body: First part: Impact on India’s Manufacturing Sector Explain how CBAM will affect Indian exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors like steel, cement, aluminium, and chemicals. Impacts, including increased costs for exporters and potential loss of competitiveness in the EU market. Second part: Measures to Mitigate Impact Enhancing Domestic Environmental Standards, adopting greener technologies and practices to reduce carbon emissions in manufacturing. Engaging in International Diplomacy: Emphasise the need for collaboration on global climate policies that consider the development needs of countries like India. Diversifying Export Markets: alternative markets to reduce dependency on the EU. Conclusion: Reinforce the importance of proactive measures to mitigate these impacts and maintain competitiveness.

Why the question:

The Economic Survey has noted that the forthcoming Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT) mooted by the European Union “went against the spirit of the Paris Agreement.”

Key Demand of the question:

To explain the impact of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on India’s manufacturing sector and suggest measures for India to mitigate this impact.

Directive:

Discuss – Provide a detailed examination and analysis of the topic.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Briefly introduce the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and its purpose.

First part: Impact on India’s Manufacturing Sector

Explain how CBAM will affect Indian exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors like steel, cement, aluminium, and chemicals.

Impacts, including increased costs for exporters and potential loss of competitiveness in the EU market.

Second part: Measures to Mitigate Impact

Enhancing Domestic Environmental Standards, adopting greener technologies and practices to reduce carbon emissions in manufacturing.

Engaging in International Diplomacy: Emphasise the need for collaboration on global climate policies that consider the development needs of countries like India.

Diversifying Export Markets: alternative markets to reduce dependency on the EU.

Conclusion:

Reinforce the importance of proactive measures to mitigate these impacts and maintain competitiveness.

Introduction:

The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is designed to put a carbon price on imports of certain goods to prevent carbon leakage, thereby ensuring that European industries are not disadvantaged by stricter EU climate policies. It aims to encourage cleaner production practices globally by making imported goods more expensive if produced with higher carbon emissions.

Impact on India:

• Affected Sectors: Sectors such as steel, cement, aluminium, and chemicals are likely to be the most impacted as they have high carbon footprints.

• Data: In 2022, India’s 27 per cent exports of iron, steel, and aluminium products of value USD 8.2 billion went to the EU.

• Increased Costs: Indian exporters in these sectors will face additional costs due to the CBAM, making their products less competitive in the EU market.

• Example: India’s steel industry, which exports a large portion of its production to the EU, is poised to have a significant impact.

• India at a disadvantageous position: In terms of carbon intensity, the carbon intensity of Indian products is significantly higher than that of the EU and many other countries.

• Data: The proportion of coal-fired power in India is close to 75%, which is much higher than the EU (15%) and the global average (36%).

• Impact on Economic Growth: A prerequisite for India to become a 5 trillion economy is to expand its exports and the EU is India’s third largest trading partner.

• Example: The Economic Survey of India has highlighted that the CBAM could go against the spirit of the Paris Agreement by imposing unilateral trade barriers.

Measures to mitigate Impact:

• Enhancing Domestic Environmental Standards: Encourage industries to adopt cleaner technologies and practices to reduce their carbon emissions: Provide financial incentives and subsidies for the adoption of green technologies.

• Example: India can introduce decarbonisation in its National Steel Policy.

• Engaging in International Diplomacy: Negotiate bilateral agreements with the EU to seek exemptions or adjustments for developing countries.

• Example: India could leverage forums like G20 and COP meetings to advocate for fair treatment under CBAM.

• Diversifying Export Markets: Explore and expand into alternative markets to reduce dependency on the EU. Enter into new trade agreements with countries that do not impose similar carbon tariffs.

• Example: India could strengthen its trade relations with Southeast Asian and African countries.

• Transfer of Clean Technologies: India should negotiate with the EU to transfer clean technologies and financing mechanisms to aid in making India’s production sector more carbon efficient.

Conclusion:

The CBAM is a policy to reduce carbon emissions from imported goods. It can encourage other countries to have stricter environmental regulations and reduce global carbon emissions. By taking proactive measures, India can ensure that its industries remain competitive while contributing to global efforts to combat climate change. As Mahatma Gandhi once said, “The future depends on what we do in the present.”

Topic: Issues relating to development: Human Resources

• Topic: Issues relating to development: Human Resources

Q4. What are the current trends in female labour force participation in India? Discuss the challenges and potential solutions. (15M)

•*Difficulty level: Moderate

•Reference: Business Today*

Why the question: Women achieve landmark 37% labour force participation, driven by rural empowerment, according to recent economic survey. Key Demand of the question: To analyse the current trends in female labor force participation in India, identify the challenges faced, and suggest potential solutions. Directive: Discuss – Provide a detailed examination and analysis of the topic. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce the concept of female labor force participation (FLFP) and mention the recent trend of achieving 37% participation. Body: First part: Current Trends Highlight the increase in FLFP, particularly in rural areas. Mention the sectors contributing to this increase, such as agriculture, self-employment, and gig economy jobs. Rural-urban disparity. Second part: Challenges Socio-cultural Barriers Economic and Structural Issues Legal and Policy Challenges Third part: Potential Solutions Suggest government initiatives to promote female education and skill development. Recommend creating more gender-sensitive labor laws and ensuring their enforcement. Advocate for flexible working hours and work-from-home options. Promote women’s entrepreneurship and self-help groups. Conclusion: Emphasise the importance of multi-faceted approaches to improve female labor force participation in India.

Why the question:

Women achieve landmark 37% labour force participation, driven by rural empowerment, according to recent economic survey.

Key Demand of the question:

To analyse the current trends in female labor force participation in India, identify the challenges faced, and suggest potential solutions.

Directive:

Discuss – Provide a detailed examination and analysis of the topic.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Briefly introduce the concept of female labor force participation (FLFP) and mention the recent trend of achieving 37% participation.

First part: Current Trends

Highlight the increase in FLFP, particularly in rural areas.

Mention the sectors contributing to this increase, such as agriculture, self-employment, and gig economy jobs.

Rural-urban disparity.

Second part: Challenges

Socio-cultural Barriers

Economic and Structural Issues

Legal and Policy Challenges

Third part: Potential Solutions

Suggest government initiatives to promote female education and skill development.

Recommend creating more gender-sensitive labor laws and ensuring their enforcement.

Advocate for flexible working hours and work-from-home options.

Promote women’s entrepreneurship and self-help groups.

Conclusion:

Emphasise the importance of multi-faceted approaches to improve female labor force participation in India.

Introduction:

Female labor force participation (FLFP) refers to the percentage of women who are either employed or actively seeking employment. Recently, Economic survey noted that India has achieved a notable 37% FLFP, driven primarily by rural empowerment initiatives.

Current Trends:

Increase in FLFP:

• Rural Empowerment: There has been an increase in FLFP in rural areas due to government programs promoting women’s employment and self-employment.

• Sectoral Contributions: Sectors such as agriculture, self-employment, and the gig economy have contributed to this increase.

• For example, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has provided substantial employment opportunities for rural women.

• Rural-Urban Disparity: Rural areas have seen higher FLFP compared to urban areas due to the availability of agricultural jobs and rural employment schemes.

• Data: Around 39.3% females of age group 15-59 years in rural areas were in labour force as compared to 5% female in urban areas during 2021-22.

Challenges in female labour force participation:

• Socio-Cultural Barriers:

• Patriarchal Norms: Traditional gender roles and societal expectations restrict women’s participation in the labor force.

• Safety Concerns: Lack of safe transportation and workplace harassment deter women from seeking employment, especially in urban areas.

• Economic and Structural Issues:

• Informal Sector Dominance: A large portion of female employment is in the informal sector, which lacks job security, benefits, and fair wages.

• Skill Mismatch: There is often a gap between the skills women possess and those demanded by the job market, limiting their employment opportunities.

• Legal and Policy Challenges:

• Inadequate Labor Laws: Existing labor laws are often not gender-sensitive and fail to address the specific needs of women workers, such as maternity benefits and flexible working hours.

• Implementation Gaps: Even when progressive laws exist, their implementation is frequently poor, reducing their effectiveness in protecting and promoting women’s labor rights.

Potential Solutions:

• Government Initiatives: Implementing and expanding programs that focus on female education and vocational training can equip women with the necessary skills for better job opportunities.

• Example: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has special focus in enhancing women’s employability through skill development.

• Gender-Sensitive Labor Laws: Enacting and enforcing labor laws that are sensitive to the needs of female workers, such as ensuring maternity leave, child care support, and flexible working hours.

• Example: The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017, which increased the duration of paid maternity leave from 12 weeks to 26 weeks, is a step in the right direction. There has also been demands for menstrual leaves.

• Flexible Work Arrangements: Promoting remote work and flexible hours can help women balance professional and domestic responsibilities.

• Example: Work from Home culture in some IT companies.

• Women’s Entrepreneurship: Encouraging and supporting women’s self-help groups (SHGs) can promote entrepreneurship and financial independence.

• Example: Programs like the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) have been successful in promoting women’s SHGs.

Conclusion:

As noted in the Economic Survey, these efforts are crucial for realising the full potential of India’s demographic dividend and ensuring inclusive economic growth. Increase in female labour force participation rate will translate India’s development from women’s development to women-led development.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Indian Economy

Topic: Indian Economy

Q5. Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (UPSC 2023) (Answer in 250 words)

•Difficulty level: Moderate*

•Reference: The Hindu, Insights*

Why the question: India has moved from women’s development to women-led development: Economic Survey There has been over 218% increase in budgetary allocation for schemes for the welfare and empowerment of women; highlights the potential of ‘care economy’ that could provide a lion’s share of jobs for women Key Demand of the question: To write difference between the ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’ and how-to bring care economy into regular monetized economy. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining ‘care economy’ Body: First, write the difference in tabular format Next, list down points showing how to bring care economy to monetized economy by empowering women. Illustrate with examples. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

Why the question:

India has moved from women’s development to women-led development: Economic Survey

There has been over 218% increase in budgetary allocation for schemes for the welfare and empowerment of women; highlights the potential of ‘care economy’ that could provide a lion’s share of jobs for women

Key Demand of the question:

To write difference between the ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’ and how-to bring care economy into regular monetized economy.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Begin by defining ‘care economy’

First, write the difference in tabular format

Next, list down points showing how to bring care economy to monetized economy by empowering women. Illustrate with examples.

Conclusion:

Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction:

The “care economy” and the “monetized economy” are two distinct facets of economic activity, shaping societies and livelihoods. Traditionally, women have been the primary drivers of the care economy. Empowering women is essential to integrate the care economy into the monetized economy.

Difference between the care economy and monetized economy:

PARAMETERS | CARE ECONOMY | MONETIZED ECONOMY

Nature of Work | Unpaid or underpaid caregiving, nurturing, and domestic work. E.g. housewife, nursing, etc. | Formal paid work in industries, businesses, and services. E.g. IT sectors, manufacturing sector, etc.

Value Measurement | Value is often not measured in monetary terms;it focuses on social and emotional well-being . | Value is directly measured in terms of currency; and monetary compensation.

Gender Dynamics | Historically associated with women; contributes to gender disparities. | Increasing gender inclusivity, with more women participating in the formal workforce.

Recognition and Valuation | Often undervalued and lacks recognition in traditional economic frameworks. e.g. not included in GDP. | Central to economic systems, with monetary valuation and formal recognition. e.g. Mostly accounted for in GDP.

Motive | Embedded in the welfare of society and communities, with a focus on enhancing the quality of life and fostering social connections. | Frequently driven by the pursuit of profit, competition, and the goal of economic expansion.

Impact on Society | Crucial for individual and societal well-being, family structures, and community cohesion. | Drives economic growth, income generation, infrastructure development, and technological advancement.

Bringing care economy to monetized economy by empowering women:

• Policy Reforms: Implement policies that acknowledge and value unpaid care work. For instance, in India, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provides wages for certain community and care-related activities.

• Flexible work management:Encourage businesses to offer flexible work arrangements that accommodate women’s caregiving responsibilities. For example, remote work or part-time opportunities can enable women to balance work and caregiving.

• For example, remote work or part-time opportunities can enable women to balance work and caregiving.

• Skilling and training:Provide training and skill development programs tailored to women’s needs. For instance, programs that train women as healthcare workers, educators, or caregivers can lead to formal employment.

• Self-Help Groups: Encourage the formation of self-help groups among women. These groups can engage in economic activities collectively, such as micro-enterprises or agricultural cooperative g. JEEVIKA in Bihar, and Kudumbshree in Kerala.

• g. JEEVIKA in Bihar, and Kudumbshree in Kerala.

• Maternity and Childcare benefits: Enhance maternity and childcare benefits to support working mothers. Expanding maternity leave provisions and affordable childcare facilities can enable women to return to the workforce. In Sweden, publicly funded childcare services and parental leave policies enable women to participate more fully in the workforce.

• In Sweden, publicly funded childcare services and parental leave policies enable women to participate more fully in the workforce.

• Entrepreneurship opportunities:Promote entrepreneurship among women in the care economy by encouraging them to establish small businesses like day-care centers, nursing services, or home healthcare agencies. For instance, the Indian government offers “Nari Shakti” grants to empower women entrepreneurs across diverse sectors.

• For instance, the Indian government offers “Nari Shakti” grants to empower women entrepreneurs across diverse sectors.

• 5R framework– The International Labour Organisation (ILO) proposes a 5R framework for decent care work centred around achieving gender equality. It urges on

Conclusion

Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy through women empowerment is not just a matter of economic growth, but also a fundamental step towards gender equality and societal well-being.

Topic: Agriculture/ Food Security

Topic: Agriculture/ Food Security

Q6. The need of the hour is to move from basic food security to nutritional security. Elucidate. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: PIB

Why the question: INDIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR IS A SUCCESS STORY: ECONOMIC SURVEY 2023-24. ECONOMIC SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS FIVE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRICULUTAL SECTOR. THE NEED OF THE HOUR IS TO MOVE FROM BASIC FOOD SECURITY TO NUTRITIONAL SECURITY Key Demand of the question: To explain the importance of transitioning from basic food security to nutritional security and the measures needed to achieve this goal. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Define basic food security and nutritional security, highlighting the difference between the two. Body: Mention the current status of food security in India and the limitations of focusing solely on basic food security. Explain the importance of nutritional security in addressing malnutrition, stunting, and other health issues. List down government initiatives and policies aimed at improving nutritional security, such as the National Nutrition Mission and fortified food programs. Conclusion: Suggest ways forward, including policy recommendations and community involvement.

Why the question:

INDIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR IS A SUCCESS STORY: ECONOMIC SURVEY 2023-24. ECONOMIC SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS FIVE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRICULUTAL SECTOR. THE NEED OF THE HOUR IS TO MOVE FROM BASIC FOOD SECURITY TO NUTRITIONAL SECURITY

Key Demand of the question: To explain the importance of transitioning from basic food security to nutritional security and the measures needed to achieve this goal.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction:

Define basic food security and nutritional security, highlighting the difference between the two.

Mention the current status of food security in India and the limitations of focusing solely on basic food security.

Explain the importance of nutritional security in addressing malnutrition, stunting, and other health issues.

List down government initiatives and policies aimed at improving nutritional security, such as the National Nutrition Mission and fortified food programs.

Conclusion:

Suggest ways forward, including policy recommendations and community involvement.

Introduction:

Food security focuses on ensuring ample, safe, and nutritious food, as demonstrated by the production of 315.72 million tonnes of food grains in 2022-23. However, nutritional security, which emphasizes a balanced and diverse diet with essential nutrients, remains a challenge. The recent NFHS (2019-21) data reveals that 35.5% of children are stunted, indicating gaps in achieving nutritional goals.

Current food security status of India:

• Coverage: NFSA provides coverage for nearly 2/3rd of the country’s total population, basis Census 2011 population estimates. A total of 75% of the Rural and 50% of the Urban population is entitled to receive highly subsidized food grains.

• Food stock: FCI in March 2024 has 97 lakh tonnes of wheat and 270 lakh tonnes of rice in storage.

• The food affordability index of India was over 59 in 2022. India was rated 73.2 for the food safety net programs.

• Nutrition status: Prevalence of Malnutrition:5% of children under age five years are stunted, 19.3% are wasted, 32.1% are underweight and 3% are overweight. In 2023, the Global Hunger Index ranked India at 111th out of 125 countries. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2023:Around 74% of India’s population could not afford a healthy diet, and 39% fell short of a nutrient-adequate one.

• Prevalence of Malnutrition:5% of children under age five years are stunted, 19.3% are wasted, 32.1% are underweight and 3% are overweight.

• In 2023, the Global Hunger Index ranked India at 111th out of 125 countries.

• The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2023:Around 74% of India’s population could not afford a healthy diet, and 39% fell short of a nutrient-adequate one.

Limitations of focusing solely on basic food security are:

• Nutrient deficiency: Ensuring food availability does not guarantee adequate nutrition. Populations may still suffer from mineral deficiencies despite sufficient calorie intake. Eg: NHFS-5 reports malnutrition among women aged 15-49 years is 18.7%.

• Eg: NHFS-5 reports malnutrition among women aged 15-49 years is 18.7%.

• Economic productivity: Poor nutrition impacts cognitive and physical development, leading to lower productivity and economic output over the long term. Eg: India population within range of 15-64yrs age account to 68%.

• Eg: India population within range of 15-64yrs age account to 68%.

• Food wastage and losses:According to estimates, approximately 40% of India’s food production is wasted. These losses reduce the availability of nutritious food for consumption.

• Healthcare costs: Inadequate nutrition leads to higher healthcare costs due to increased incidence of malnutrition-related diseases and conditions. Eg: National Health Account estimates India’s out-of-pocket expenditure is at 47% in 2019-20.

• Eg: National Health Account estimates India’s out-of-pocket expenditure is at 47% in 2019-20.

• Equity issues: Basic food security might not address disparities in dietary quality, leaving marginalized groups with insufficient access to diverse, nutrient-rich foods. Eg: National Institute of Health data shows 59.8% of tribes in Assam have anemia.

• Eg: National Institute of Health data shows 59.8% of tribes in Assam have anemia.

• Climatic Vulnerabilities: India’s agriculture relies heavily on the monsoon. Deviations, like the 2019 unseasonal rains, can devastate crops, causing shortages and price inflation, Eg: 2023 as seen with onions and tomatoes inflation in Maharashtra and Karnataka.

• Eg: 2023 as seen with onions and tomatoes inflation in Maharashtra and Karnataka.

The importance of nutritional security in addressing malnutrition, and other health issues are:

• Preventing malnutrition: Nutritional security ensures a balanced diet with essential nutrients, preventing deficiencies and malnutrition.

• Combating stunting: Proper nutrition, especially in early childhood, is crucial for physical and cognitive development, reducing stunting and its long-term impacts. Eg:5% of children under age five years are stunted in India.

• Eg:5% of children under age five years are stunted in India.

• Improving health outcomes: Adequate nutrition supports overall health, lowering the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Eg: NHFS -5 report India has 78 million diabetics in 2021.

• Eg: NHFS -5 report India has 78 million diabetics in 2021.

• Enhancing cognitive function: A balanced diet promotes brain development and cognitive function, improving educational outcomes and economic productivity.

• Reducing health care costs: Investing in nutritional security can lower long-term health care expenses by decreasing the prevalence of diet-related diseases.

Steps taken by the government to improve the situation:

• National Food Security Act (NFSA):It includes provisions such as subsidized food grains through the Public Distribution System (PDS). Eg: in Bihar, the NFSA has significantly reduced the prevalence of food insecurity.

• Eg: in Bihar, the NFSA has significantly reduced the prevalence of food insecurity.

• ICDS:Provides supplementary nutrition, health check-ups, and immunization to children under the age of six and pregnant and lactating women. Eg: Uttar Pradesh, has reached over 20 million beneficiaries under ICDS.

• Eg: Uttar Pradesh, has reached over 20 million beneficiaries under ICDS.

• Poshan Abhiyan:Launched in 2017, this mission aims to reduce malnutrition and stunting in children, anemia among women, and low birth weight through a multi-sectoral approach.

• Fortification of Food:Encouraging the fortification of staple foods with essential nutrients. Eg: in Karnataka, the government mandated the fortification of edible oils, wheat flour, and salt to improve the nutritional status of the population.

• Eg: in Karnataka, the government mandated the fortification of edible oils, wheat flour, and salt to improve the nutritional status of the population.

• National Horticulture Mission:To increase the production and consumption of fruits and vegetables which improve nutrition and income generation. Eg: Himachal Pradesh has seen improvement in nutrition due to an increase in horticulture production.

• Eg: Himachal Pradesh has seen improvement in nutrition due to an increase in horticulture production.

• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):Such as the Akshaya Patra Foundation partners with the government in various states to provide nutritious mid-day meals to schoolchildren, addressing both hunger and malnutrition.

Conclusion:

Further, there is a need for investments in agriculture, improved infrastructure, education and awareness campaigns, and effective implementation of nutritional initiatives. Such efforts will help combat malnutrition, and enhance food accessibility to ensure long-term nutritional security for all Indians.

General Studies – 4

Q7. “In spite of temporary victories, violence never brings permanent peace.” Do you agree with this view? Justify your argument with examples. [10M]

•Difficulty level: Hard*

Reference: The Hindu

Why the question: Recently in Bangladesh students are rioting over the quote and reservation issue leading to large disruption in cities. The same question can be linked to Israel Hamas and the Red sea conflict. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by linking the context of the question with a recent example. Body: First, how violence leads to temporary victory. Then explain how violence never brings permanent peace using examples. Lastly, mention the power of non-violence in any protest, war, etc. Conclusion: Summarize the above discussion in brief.

Why the question:

Recently in Bangladesh students are rioting over the quote and reservation issue leading to large disruption in cities. The same question can be linked to Israel Hamas and the Red sea conflict.

Structure of the answer:

Introduction: Begin by linking the context of the question with a recent example.

Body:

• First, how violence leads to temporary victory.

• Then explain how violence never brings permanent peace using examples.

• Lastly, mention the power of non-violence in any protest, war, etc.

Conclusion: Summarize the above discussion in brief.

Introduction:

Nations have frequently won their independence in battle. But in spite of temporary victories, violence never brings permanent peace. It solves no social problem it merely creates new and more complicated ones. Hence violence is seen as impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all.

Violence brings temporary victory and never permanent peace because:

• Superficial solutions: Violence may win short-term battles but fails to address underlying issues like social injustice, leaving conflicts unresolved and recurring. Eg: Sri Lankan Tamils and administration recurring tensions.

• Eg: Sri Lankan Tamils and administration recurring tensions.

• Loss of trust: Violence undermines trust between communities, crucial for lasting peace, creating an environment of fear and division. Eg: J&K region repeated violence between Army and locals.

• Eg: J&K region repeated violence between Army and locals.

• Cycle of retaliation: Violence often breeds resentment and further hostility, perpetuating cycles of conflict and preventing lasting stability. Eg: Manipur violence between Meitei against Kuki’s in 2023.

• Eg: Manipur violence between Meitei against Kuki’s in 2023.

• Infrastructure damage: Violence damages infrastructure and disrupts essential services, impeding recovery and long-term peace-building efforts. Eg: LWE region impacted due to damages to infrastructure by Naxals.

• Eg: LWE region impacted due to damages to infrastructure by Naxals.

• Ethical concerns: Violence compromises ethical standards by prioritizing power over justice, neglecting the need for respect and human dignity. Eg: Rohingya genocide in Myanmar region amounting to loss of dignity.

• Eg: Rohingya genocide in Myanmar region amounting to loss of dignity.

Permanent peace can be attained through:

• Address root causes: Resolve underlying issues like inequality and injustice through systemic reforms to prevent future conflicts.

• Promote dialogue: Engage in inclusive dialogue to resolve differences and build mutual understanding, fostering lasting solutions. Eg: South Africa Transitional Executive Council to transition nation towards democracy with dialogs.

• Eg: South Africa Transitional Executive Council to transition nation towards democracy with dialogs.

• Build trust: Implement trust-building and reconciliation processes to heal relationships and facilitate cooperation. Eg: Operation Sadbhavana by Indian Army to build trust in J&K.

• Eg: Operation Sadbhavana by Indian Army to build trust in J&K.

• Support development: Invest in economic and social development to address disparities and promote stability. Eg: Digital Bharat Nidhi to develop the LWE region.

• Eg: Digital Bharat Nidhi to develop the LWE region.

• Uphold human rights: Ensure protection of human rights and adherence to justice to build a fair, just society and maintain peace. Eg: UN Peace keeping force to push for peace in war torn regions.

• Eg: UN Peace keeping force to push for peace in war torn regions.

Conclusion:

Hence as Gandhiji mentioned violence is the tool of weakest and Ahimsa (Non –violence) must be used as weapon to achieve goals in any war, protest or battle. Because violence ultimately violate the deontological aspect of ethics.

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