UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 23 January 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present significant events, personalities, issues
Topic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present significant events, personalities, issues
Q1. Examine the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India’s freedom struggle, focusing on his vision for a militarized struggle against colonial rule. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question India celebrates Parakram Diwas annually on January 23rd to honour the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a visionary leader and a key figure in the Indian freedom movement. Key demand of the question The question demands an evaluation of Bose’s contributions to the freedom movement in general and a focused analysis of his military strategies, including the formation of the Indian National Army (INA) and alliances with Axis powers. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Introduce Subhas Chandra Bose as a revolutionary leader who pursued an aggressive and internationalized approach to India’s independence, highlighting his divergence from the mainstream nationalist leadership. Body Role in India’s freedom struggle: Discuss his contributions in the Congress, his ideological stance, leadership, and efforts to mobilize masses. Vision for militarized struggle: Examine his initiatives like the formation of the INA, strategic alliances, use of propaganda, and his vision of armed resistance against British rule. Conclusion Conclude by emphasizing the significance of his militarized approach in weakening colonial rule and inspiring future defence strategies of independent India.
Why the question India celebrates Parakram Diwas annually on January 23rd to honour the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a visionary leader and a key figure in the Indian freedom movement.
Key demand of the question The question demands an evaluation of Bose’s contributions to the freedom movement in general and a focused analysis of his military strategies, including the formation of the Indian National Army (INA) and alliances with Axis powers.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Introduce Subhas Chandra Bose as a revolutionary leader who pursued an aggressive and internationalized approach to India’s independence, highlighting his divergence from the mainstream nationalist leadership.
• Role in India’s freedom struggle: Discuss his contributions in the Congress, his ideological stance, leadership, and efforts to mobilize masses.
• Vision for militarized struggle: Examine his initiatives like the formation of the INA, strategic alliances, use of propaganda, and his vision of armed resistance against British rule.
Conclusion Conclude by emphasizing the significance of his militarized approach in weakening colonial rule and inspiring future defence strategies of independent India.
Introduction Subhas Chandra Bose remains a symbol of revolutionary leadership, whose efforts combined non-conventional approaches like international diplomacy and militarized resistance to accelerate India’s independence.
Role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India’s freedom struggle
• Advocacy for complete independence: Bose challenged the Congress’s dominion status goal, demanding total independence as early as the 1928 Kolkata Congress session. Eg: Bose opposed the Nehru Report’s compromise on dominion status and advocated full sovereignty.
• Eg: Bose opposed the Nehru Report’s compromise on dominion status and advocated full sovereignty.
• Involvement in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930): Bose actively supported the movement while organizing students and youth for more aggressive nationalist actions. Eg: Bose’s role as Mayor of Kolkata in 1930 helped foster mass political awareness.
• Eg: Bose’s role as Mayor of Kolkata in 1930 helped foster mass political awareness.
• Support for industrialization and self-reliance: As Congress President, Bose emphasized industrialization as critical for an independent and self-reliant India. Eg: His focus on economic planning influenced the establishment of the National Planning Committee (1938).
• Eg: His focus on economic planning influenced the establishment of the National Planning Committee (1938).
• Critique of British imperial policies during WWII: Bose highlighted Britain’s exploitation of India’s resources during the war, mobilizing opinion against colonial rule. Eg: He actively opposed India’s participation in World War II without a clear promise of independence.
• Eg: He actively opposed India’s participation in World War II without a clear promise of independence.
• Promotion of leftist ideologies: Bose’s alignment with socialist ideals brought workers and peasants into the mainstream freedom struggle. Eg: Formation of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) boosted worker mobilization.
• Eg: Formation of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) boosted worker mobilization.
• Call for youth involvement: Bose emphasized the role of students and youth in nationalist activities, encouraging a shift from passive resistance to active participation. Eg: His speeches inspired the youth to join protests and revolutionary organizations.
• Eg: His speeches inspired the youth to join protests and revolutionary organizations.
Vision for a militarized struggle against colonial rule
• Formation of the Indian National Army (INA): Bose reorganized the INA in 1943 to wage armed resistance against British colonial rule. Eg: INA’s campaigns in Imphal and Kohima challenged British forces in Northeast India.
• Eg: INA’s campaigns in Imphal and Kohima challenged British forces in Northeast India.
• Alliance with Axis Powers: Bose collaborated with Germany and Japan to secure financial and military support for India’s liberation. Eg: He negotiated with Hitler and Japanese leaders to form alliances, leveraging the global war for India’s freedom.
• Eg: He negotiated with Hitler and Japanese leaders to form alliances, leveraging the global war for India’s freedom.
• Provisional Government of Free India: Bose established the Azad Hind Government in 1943, uniting Indians abroad under the banner of militarized struggle. Eg: The government declared war on Britain and gained recognition from several Axis powers.
• Eg: The government declared war on Britain and gained recognition from several Axis powers.
• Inclusive armed struggle: Bose emphasized the participation of all sections of society in military resistance, including women. Eg: The Rani Jhansi Regiment, an all-women combat unit, symbolized inclusivity in his vision.
• Eg: The Rani Jhansi Regiment, an all-women combat unit, symbolized inclusivity in his vision.
• Role of slogans and military symbolism: His slogans like “Dilli Chalo” and “Jai Hind” galvanized nationalist sentiments and inspired the INA troops. Eg: These slogans were adopted widely, becoming symbols of India’s nationalist spirit.
• Eg: These slogans were adopted widely, becoming symbols of India’s nationalist spirit.
• Psychological impact on British rule: The INA trials at Red Fort in 1945 triggered nationwide protests, undermining British confidence in maintaining control over India. Eg: The trial united Indians across political and social divides, accelerating British withdrawal.
• Eg: The trial united Indians across political and social divides, accelerating British withdrawal.
Conclusion Subhas Chandra Bose’s leadership was marked by a blend of visionary strategies and revolutionary action. His militarized approach, coupled with diplomatic efforts, brought global attention to India’s freedom struggle and remains an enduring inspiration for assertive nationalism.
Topic: Role of women and women’s organization
Topic: Role of women and women’s organization
Q2. “Feminism is not just about gender equality but about redefining social frameworks in a life-giving manner”. Discuss with suitable examples. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: NIE
Why the question Feminism, beyond advocating for gender equality, contributes to reshaping societal structures to create inclusive, sustainable, and empowering environments, which is crucial in the context of evolving social norms and governance models. Key demand of the question The answer should explain how feminism extends beyond gender parity by influencing various socio-economic frameworks, bringing inclusivity and sustainability, and provide relevant examples to support the argument while also discussing the challenges and solutions. Structure of the answer: Introduction Introduce feminism as a transformative force that not only advocates gender equality but also fosters broader societal changes by redefining traditional structures to promote inclusivity and sustainability. Body Discuss how feminism contributes to rethinking economic structures, governance, and social norms by integrating aspects like informal workforce empowerment, participatory governance, and sustainable practices. Highlight challenges such as patriarchal resistance, financial exclusion, and policy gaps that hinder the full realization of feminist ideals in redefining social structures. What measure can be taken in this regard. Conclusion Emphasize the role of feminism in creating a sustainable and equitable society by encouraging gender-inclusive policies, community participation, and holistic development.
Why the question Feminism, beyond advocating for gender equality, contributes to reshaping societal structures to create inclusive, sustainable, and empowering environments, which is crucial in the context of evolving social norms and governance models.
Key demand of the question The answer should explain how feminism extends beyond gender parity by influencing various socio-economic frameworks, bringing inclusivity and sustainability, and provide relevant examples to support the argument while also discussing the challenges and solutions.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction Introduce feminism as a transformative force that not only advocates gender equality but also fosters broader societal changes by redefining traditional structures to promote inclusivity and sustainability.
• Discuss how feminism contributes to rethinking economic structures, governance, and social norms by integrating aspects like informal workforce empowerment, participatory governance, and sustainable practices.
• Highlight challenges such as patriarchal resistance, financial exclusion, and policy gaps that hinder the full realization of feminist ideals in redefining social structures.
• What measure can be taken in this regard.
Conclusion Emphasize the role of feminism in creating a sustainable and equitable society by encouraging gender-inclusive policies, community participation, and holistic development.
Introduction
Feminism extends beyond the pursuit of gender equality by reshaping social frameworks to foster inclusivity, sustainability, and empowerment. It challenges existing power structures and nurtures pluralistic values, contributing to a more equitable and democratic society.
Feminism and Redefining Social Frameworks
• Empowering informal workforce: Feminist interventions have redefined the economic landscape by organizing women in the informal sector and providing them with financial security and dignity. Eg: Ela Bhatt’s SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) has empowered over 2 million women workers, integrating economic security with social welfare.
• Eg: Ela Bhatt’s SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) has empowered over 2 million women workers, integrating economic security with social welfare.
• Reviving traditional knowledge systems: Feminist perspectives integrate cultural heritage with sustainable development by restoring traditional practices and ecological harmony. Eg: Uzramma’s Malkha initiative revived handloom traditions and natural dyeing techniques, preserving artisanal heritage and promoting eco-friendly textile production.
• Eg: Uzramma’s Malkha initiative revived handloom traditions and natural dyeing techniques, preserving artisanal heritage and promoting eco-friendly textile production.
• Transforming governance through transparency: Feminist movements have fostered greater accountability and participatory governance by advocating for citizen-centric policies. Eg: Aruna Roy’s Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, empowered marginalized communities, enhancing democratic participation.
• Eg: Aruna Roy’s Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, empowered marginalized communities, enhancing democratic participation.
• Sustainability in agriculture and biodiversity conservation: Feminist approaches redefine agriculture by advocating for agroecological methods and community-centered farming practices. Eg: Vandana Shiva’s Navdanya Movement promotes seed sovereignty, organic farming, and biodiversity conservation, ensuring food security for future generations.
• Eg: Vandana Shiva’s Navdanya Movement promotes seed sovereignty, organic farming, and biodiversity conservation, ensuring food security for future generations.
• Educational innovation and child development: Feminism fosters inclusive education by recognizing childhood as a crucial phase of social and cognitive development. Eg: S Anandalakshmy’s work in early childhood education emphasized experiential learning, freedom, and creativity in child development.
• Eg: S Anandalakshmy’s work in early childhood education emphasized experiential learning, freedom, and creativity in child development.
Challenges in Redefining Social Frameworks through Feminism
• Deep-rooted patriarchal norms: Traditional gender roles and cultural biases resist feminist ideas, limiting women’s participation in decision-making processes. Eg: The Women’s Reservation Bill, despite being passed, faces challenges in effective implementation due to societal resistance.
• Eg: The Women’s Reservation Bill, despite being passed, faces challenges in effective implementation due to societal resistance.
• Lack of institutional support: Gender-sensitive frameworks often lack adequate legal and policy backing, resulting in slow progress in feminist-led initiatives. Eg: Gender Budgeting initiatives have been inconsistently applied across various sectors, limiting their impact.
• Eg: Gender Budgeting initiatives have been inconsistently applied across various sectors, limiting their impact.
• Recognition of unpaid care work: Despite feminist advocacy, domestic and care work performed by women remains undervalued and excluded from economic policies. Eg: The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS, 2022) shows a significant gender gap in unpaid household responsibilities.
• Eg: The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS, 2022) shows a significant gender gap in unpaid household responsibilities.
• Economic disparities and financial exclusion: Women, especially in informal sectors, face financial exclusion, hindering their ability to contribute to economic innovation. Eg: Only 27% of Indian women have access to formal credit (World Bank, 2023), restricting their entrepreneurial potential.
• Eg: Only 27% of Indian women have access to formal credit (World Bank, 2023), restricting their entrepreneurial potential.
• Limited representation in leadership roles: Women remain underrepresented in key positions across politics, business, and academia, which impacts the adoption of feminist perspectives in mainstream policy. Eg: Women occupy only 15% of top managerial positions in India (ILO, 2023).
• Eg: Women occupy only 15% of top managerial positions in India (ILO, 2023).
Measures to Address Challenges in Redefining Social Frameworks through Feminism
• Strengthening legal and policy frameworks: Enforce gender-sensitive laws and policies with strict implementation mechanisms to enhance women’s participation and empowerment. Eg: Effective implementation of the Women’s Reservation Bill to ensure higher female representation in legislative bodies.
• Eg: Effective implementation of the Women’s Reservation Bill to ensure higher female representation in legislative bodies.
• Recognition of unpaid care work: Integrate unpaid domestic and care work into national economic calculations and provide social security benefits to caregivers. Eg: The introduction of care credits in pension schemes to recognize household labor contributions.
• Eg: The introduction of care credits in pension schemes to recognize household labor contributions.
• Promoting financial inclusion: Facilitate easier access to credit, financial literacy programs, and entrepreneurship opportunities for women, particularly in rural areas. Eg: Expansion of Stand-Up India Scheme, which offers loans to women entrepreneurs with minimal collateral.
• Eg: Expansion of Stand-Up India Scheme, which offers loans to women entrepreneurs with minimal collateral.
• Encouraging gender-responsive budgeting: Ensure that national and state budgets allocate funds considering gender-specific needs and policy interventions. Eg: Strengthening implementation of NITI Aayog’s Gender Budgeting Framework across all sectors.
• Eg: Strengthening implementation of NITI Aayog’s Gender Budgeting Framework across all sectors.
• Enhancing representation and leadership: Increase women’s participation in leadership roles through mentorship programs and capacity-building initiatives. Eg: Initiatives like “Women in Science and Engineering (WISE)” to promote female participation in STEM sectors.
• Eg: Initiatives like “Women in Science and Engineering (WISE)” to promote female participation in STEM sectors.
Conclusion
To overcome these challenges, a multi-pronged strategy focusing on policy reforms, capacity-building, and behavioral change initiatives is essential. Strengthening gender-sensitive policies, ensuring financial inclusion, and promoting women’s leadership in key sectors will create a more inclusive and life-affirming social framework
General Studies – 2
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,
Q3. To what extent has the National Health Mission contributed to India’s achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health? Illustrate with examples. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question The Union Cabinet approved continuation of the National Health Mission for another five years. Key demand of the question The answer must analyze NHM’s contributions to SDGs, highlight specific successes with examples, and discuss the persisting challenges in achieving health-related targets. Structure of the answer: Introduction Briefly introduce NHM and its role in India’s health sector in the context of SDG-3, emphasizing its objective of providing accessible and affordable healthcare. Body Discuss major achievements of NHM in improving maternal and child health, tackling communicable and non-communicable diseases, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure. Analyze key challenges such as infrastructure deficits, human resource shortages, financial constraints, and regional disparities. Conclusion Provide a forward-looking conclusion, emphasizing the need for sustained efforts, increased investment, and policy reforms to achieve universal healthcare and SDG targets.
Why the question The Union Cabinet approved continuation of the National Health Mission for another five years.
Key demand of the question The answer must analyze NHM’s contributions to SDGs, highlight specific successes with examples, and discuss the persisting challenges in achieving health-related targets.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction Briefly introduce NHM and its role in India’s health sector in the context of SDG-3, emphasizing its objective of providing accessible and affordable healthcare.
• Discuss major achievements of NHM in improving maternal and child health, tackling communicable and non-communicable diseases, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure.
• Analyze key challenges such as infrastructure deficits, human resource shortages, financial constraints, and regional disparities.
Conclusion Provide a forward-looking conclusion, emphasizing the need for sustained efforts, increased investment, and policy reforms to achieve universal healthcare and SDG targets.
Introduction
The National Health Mission (NHM) has significantly contributed to India’s health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-3) by improving healthcare accessibility, reducing mortality rates, and addressing communicable and non-communicable diseases through targeted interventions.
Success of NHM in Achieving SDGs
• Reduction in maternal and child mortality: NHM initiatives have helped in reducing Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR). Eg: MMR declined from 130 (2014-16) to 97 (2018-20) per lakh live births (Source: Sample Registration System).
• Eg: MMR declined from 130 (2014-16) to 97 (2018-20) per lakh live births (Source: Sample Registration System).
• Expansion of healthcare workforce: NHM facilitated a significant increase in healthcare professionals, ensuring better service delivery. Eg: Over 12 lakh additional healthcare workers engaged between 2021-24, including ASHAs, ANMs, and CHOs.
• Eg: Over 12 lakh additional healthcare workers engaged between 2021-24, including ASHAs, ANMs, and CHOs.
• Universal immunization coverage: NHM initiatives have improved vaccination rates, reducing vaccine-preventable diseases. Eg: 97.98% Measles-Rubella vaccination coverage under Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 5.0.
• Eg: 97.98% Measles-Rubella vaccination coverage under Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 5.0.
• Tackling communicable diseases: NHM has been instrumental in reducing TB and malaria incidences. Eg: TB incidence reduced from 237 per lakh (2015) to 195 (2023) under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP).
• Eg: TB incidence reduced from 237 per lakh (2015) to 195 (2023) under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP).
• Strengthening primary healthcare: NHM has expanded health infrastructure, especially at the grassroots level. Eg: Establishment of 1.72 lakh Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) by FY 2023-24.
• Eg: Establishment of 1.72 lakh Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) by FY 2023-24.
• Digital health interventions: NHM has integrated digital solutions to ensure better healthcare tracking and delivery. Eg: The U-WIN platform launched in 2023 for real-time vaccination tracking across 65 districts.
• Eg: The U-WIN platform launched in 2023 for real-time vaccination tracking across 65 districts.
• Focus on non-communicable diseases (NCDs): NHM addresses rising NCDs through targeted screening and treatment programs. Eg: 2.61 crore individuals screened under the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission.
• Eg: 2.61 crore individuals screened under the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission.
Challenges in Achieving SDGs
• Inadequate healthcare infrastructure: Despite progress, gaps remain in healthcare facilities, particularly in rural areas. Eg: Rural areas face a shortage of specialists at district hospitals, impacting service delivery.
• Eg: Rural areas face a shortage of specialists at district hospitals, impacting service delivery.
• Shortage of skilled healthcare workforce: High vacancy rates persist in specialist positions, affecting quality healthcare delivery. Eg: 30% shortfall in specialist doctors in CHCs (Source: RHS 2022).
• Eg: 30% shortfall in specialist doctors in CHCs (Source: RHS 2022).
• Financial constraints: NHM relies heavily on public funding, often facing budgetary shortfalls and irregular fund flow. Eg: The NHM budget allocation remains below the recommended 2.5% of GDP target by the National Health Policy, 2017.
• Eg: The NHM budget allocation remains below the recommended 2.5% of GDP target by the National Health Policy, 2017.
• Disease burden persistence: Non-communicable diseases and emerging infections continue to challenge healthcare systems. Eg: Rising cases of diabetes and hypertension despite screening initiatives.
• Eg: Rising cases of diabetes and hypertension despite screening initiatives.
• Regional disparities: Healthcare outcomes vary significantly across states, with poorer states lagging in key indicators. Eg: MMR in Assam (195) remains high, compared to the national average of 97.
• Eg: MMR in Assam (195) remains high, compared to the national average of 97.
Conclusion
The NHM has made substantial progress in advancing India’s health-related SDGs through targeted interventions and improved healthcare access. However, addressing infrastructure gaps, financial sustainability, and workforce shortages will be key to ensuring long-term success and equitable healthcare for all.
Topic: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate
Topic: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate
Q4. Analyze the financial and structural challenges that the WHO is likely to face following the US withdrawal. How can emerging economies, including India, play a more proactive role in bridging these gaps? (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question The US withdrawal from the WHO has significant implications for global health governance, necessitating an analysis of financial and structural challenges and the role emerging economies can play in mitigating them. Key demand of the question The answer should assess the financial and structural challenges faced by WHO post-US withdrawal and suggest how emerging economies, particularly India, can take a proactive role in addressing these issues. Structure of the answer: Introduction Introduce the context of the US withdrawal, highlighting its potential impact on WHO’s operations and the need for a collective global response. Body Discuss the financial challenges, including funding gaps, dependency on voluntary contributions, and impact on ongoing health programs. Analyze structural challenges such as loss of expertise, weakened global coordination, and geopolitical shifts in health governance. Suggest ways emerging economies, including India, can contribute through increased funding, policy leadership, and regional cooperation. Conclusion Emphasize the need for collaborative global health efforts and how India, along with other emerging economies, can drive reforms and strengthen WHO’s resilience.
Why the question The US withdrawal from the WHO has significant implications for global health governance, necessitating an analysis of financial and structural challenges and the role emerging economies can play in mitigating them.
Key demand of the question The answer should assess the financial and structural challenges faced by WHO post-US withdrawal and suggest how emerging economies, particularly India, can take a proactive role in addressing these issues.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction Introduce the context of the US withdrawal, highlighting its potential impact on WHO’s operations and the need for a collective global response.
• Discuss the financial challenges, including funding gaps, dependency on voluntary contributions, and impact on ongoing health programs.
• Analyze structural challenges such as loss of expertise, weakened global coordination, and geopolitical shifts in health governance.
• Suggest ways emerging economies, including India, can contribute through increased funding, policy leadership, and regional cooperation.
Conclusion Emphasize the need for collaborative global health efforts and how India, along with other emerging economies, can drive reforms and strengthen WHO’s resilience.
Introduction
The withdrawal of the United States from the World Health Organization (WHO) poses significant financial and structural challenges, impacting global health programs and multilateral cooperation. Emerging economies, including India, have a crucial role in ensuring continuity and equitable health governance.
Financial Challenges Following the US Withdrawal
• Funding shortfall: The loss of US contributions significantly affects WHO’s budget, reducing its operational capacity. Eg: The US accounted for 22.5% of assessed contributions and 13% of voluntary contributions, totaling around USD 494 million in 2023 (WHO Report, 2024).
• Eg: The US accounted for 22.5% of assessed contributions and 13% of voluntary contributions, totaling around USD 494 million in 2023 (WHO Report, 2024).
• Increased dependence on unpredictable voluntary funding: With assessed contributions stagnant, WHO may have to rely more on voluntary funding from uncertain sources. Eg: Private donors like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation now contribute nearly 10% of WHO’s budget, raising concerns over undue influence.
• Eg: Private donors like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation now contribute nearly 10% of WHO’s budget, raising concerns over undue influence.
• Resource allocation challenges: Reduced funding can impact the equitable distribution of resources, especially in low-income countries. Eg: Cuts to WHO programs could affect malaria control efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa, where WHO plays a vital role in providing medicines and diagnostics.
• Eg: Cuts to WHO programs could affect malaria control efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa, where WHO plays a vital role in providing medicines and diagnostics.
• Disruptions in pandemic preparedness funding: WHO’s ability to finance future health emergencies may weaken, delaying rapid response capabilities. Eg: The US exit could stall the development of the Pandemic Treaty, aimed at strengthening global cooperation on outbreak response.
• Eg: The US exit could stall the development of the Pandemic Treaty, aimed at strengthening global cooperation on outbreak response.
• Impact on ongoing health programs: Reduced funding could hinder progress in combating communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Eg: WHO’s Global TB Program, which receives significant US funding, may face setbacks in achieving its targets for 2030 under SDG-3.
• Eg: WHO’s Global TB Program, which receives significant US funding, may face setbacks in achieving its targets for 2030 under SDG-3.
Structural Challenges Following the US Withdrawal
• Loss of technical expertise: US institutions like the CDC provided crucial technical assistance in disease surveillance and outbreak response. Eg: The withdrawal could impact WHO’s ability to monitor emerging infectious diseases, such as avian influenza and antimicrobial resistance.
• Eg: The withdrawal could impact WHO’s ability to monitor emerging infectious diseases, such as avian influenza and antimicrobial resistance.
• Weakened global coordination: The absence of US leadership may affect global policy coordination and hinder multilateral decision-making. Eg: The absence of the US in the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) could slow down international response to health threats.
• Eg: The absence of the US in the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) could slow down international response to health threats.
• Shift in geopolitical influence: The exit of the US may allow other powers, particularly China, to exert greater influence over WHO’s policy decisions. Eg: China’s increased financial contributions could steer focus towards Asia-centric health priorities, potentially sidelining African and Latin American needs.
• Eg: China’s increased financial contributions could steer focus towards Asia-centric health priorities, potentially sidelining African and Latin American needs.
• Operational disruptions: Programs relying heavily on US funding and expertise may face implementation challenges, affecting healthcare delivery. Eg: WHO’s Essential Medicines Program, which guides procurement policies in developing countries, may experience gaps in execution.
• Eg: WHO’s Essential Medicines Program, which guides procurement policies in developing countries, may experience gaps in execution.
• Challenges in research collaborations: Reduced participation of US institutions could slow progress in medical research and innovation. Eg: Collaborations between WHO and top US universities, such as Harvard and Johns Hopkins, in vaccine development may be affected.
• Eg: Collaborations between WHO and top US universities, such as Harvard and Johns Hopkins, in vaccine development may be affected.
Emerging Economies, Including India, Can Bridge These Gaps
• Increased financial contributions: India and other emerging economies can enhance their funding commitments to support WHO’s initiatives. Eg: India recently increased its contribution to WHO by 25% in 2023, focusing on universal immunization programs under Mission Indradhanush.
• Eg: India recently increased its contribution to WHO by 25% in 2023, focusing on universal immunization programs under Mission Indradhanush.
• Leveraging multilateral platforms: Countries can utilize forums like G20 and BRICS to collectively address health funding and policy challenges. Eg: India led discussions on global health financing at the G20 Health Working Group in 2023.
• Eg: India led discussions on global health financing at the G20 Health Working Group in 2023.
• Expanding South-South cooperation: Strengthening regional health collaborations to share resources and expertise can mitigate the impact. Eg: India’s Vaccine Maitri initiative provided COVID-19 vaccines to over 90 countries, strengthening global health ties.
• Eg: India’s Vaccine Maitri initiative provided COVID-19 vaccines to over 90 countries, strengthening global health ties.
• Promoting indigenous healthcare models: Emerging economies can offer cost-effective and scalable healthcare solutions to WHO. Eg: India’s AYUSH system provides affordable preventive care models that WHO can adopt in low-resource settings.
• Eg: India’s AYUSH system provides affordable preventive care models that WHO can adopt in low-resource settings.
• Public-private partnerships: Governments can collaborate with the private sector to bridge financial and technological gaps. Eg: India’s partnership with Serum Institute of India, a leading vaccine producer, can support WHO’s global immunization goals.
• Eg: India’s partnership with Serum Institute of India, a leading vaccine producer, can support WHO’s global immunization goals.
Conclusion
The US withdrawal from WHO presents financial and structural challenges, but it also offers an opportunity for emerging economies to assume a leadership role in global health governance by increasing financial contributions, fostering partnerships, and advocating for equitable health policies.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country
Topic: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country
Q5. Despite its potential for sustainable growth and employment generation, the Indian jute industry grapples with several challenges. Examine the factors affecting the industry and suggest a roadmap for its revival. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has fixed the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of raw jute for 2025-26 marketing season at ₹5,650 per quintal. The new price is an increase of ₹315 per quintal over the price in 2024-25 Key demand of the question The answer should analyze the potential of the jute industry in terms of sustainability and employment generation, identify the major challenges hindering its growth, and suggest policy measures and strategies for its revitalization. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly highlight the significance of the jute industry in India’s economy and environmental sustainability while mentioning the current challenges it faces. Body Explain the potential of the jute industry in contributing to sustainable economic development and rural employment. Identify the critical challenges, such as declining production, infrastructure issues, competition, and policy gaps. Suggest a roadmap for revival, including modernization, policy support, diversification, and market expansion strategies. Conclusion Emphasize the need for a holistic and forward-looking approach involving innovation, policy interventions, and market reforms to unlock the full potential of the jute sector.
Why the question The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has fixed the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of raw jute for 2025-26 marketing season at ₹5,650 per quintal. The new price is an increase of ₹315 per quintal over the price in 2024-25
Key demand of the question The answer should analyze the potential of the jute industry in terms of sustainability and employment generation, identify the major challenges hindering its growth, and suggest policy measures and strategies for its revitalization.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly highlight the significance of the jute industry in India’s economy and environmental sustainability while mentioning the current challenges it faces.
• Explain the potential of the jute industry in contributing to sustainable economic development and rural employment.
• Identify the critical challenges, such as declining production, infrastructure issues, competition, and policy gaps.
• Suggest a roadmap for revival, including modernization, policy support, diversification, and market expansion strategies.
Conclusion Emphasize the need for a holistic and forward-looking approach involving innovation, policy interventions, and market reforms to unlock the full potential of the jute sector.
Introduction
Jute, known as the “golden fiber,” holds immense potential for economic growth, environmental sustainability, and rural employment. However, the industry is plagued by various challenges, necessitating strategic interventions for its revival.
Potential for Sustainable Growth and Employment Generation
• Eco-friendly substitute for plastic: Jute’s biodegradable nature aligns with India’s sustainability goals and global environmental commitments. Eg: The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, encourage the use of eco-friendly alternatives like jute-based packaging.
• Eg: The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, encourage the use of eco-friendly alternatives like jute-based packaging.
• Employment generation in rural areas: The jute sector supports millions of farmers and mill workers, particularly in states like West Bengal, Bihar, and Assam. Eg: Over 170,000 farmer households and about 4 lakh mill workers are directly dependent on jute cultivation and processing.
• Eg: Over 170,000 farmer households and about 4 lakh mill workers are directly dependent on jute cultivation and processing.
• Export potential: India is the largest producer of jute and has the opportunity to tap into global demand for sustainable fiber products. Eg: India’s jute exports stood at $350 million in 2023, primarily to countries like the US, UK, and Australia.
• Eg: India’s jute exports stood at $350 million in 2023, primarily to countries like the US, UK, and Australia.
• Government support through policies: Various policies promote the growth of jute through price assurance, research support, and marketing initiatives. Eg: The Jute Packaging Materials Act, 1987, mandates 100% packaging of food grains in jute bags, ensuring steady demand.
• Eg: The Jute Packaging Materials Act, 1987, mandates 100% packaging of food grains in jute bags, ensuring steady demand.
• Integration with sustainable industries: Jute can support emerging industries like bio-composites, geotextiles, and agro-based packaging. Eg: The demand for jute geo-textiles in infrastructure projects like riverbank protection and road construction is increasing.
• Eg: The demand for jute geo-textiles in infrastructure projects like riverbank protection and road construction is increasing.
Challenges Facing the Indian Jute Industry
• Declining production and profitability: Farmers are shifting to other crops due to low profitability, fluctuating prices, and high input costs. Eg: Raw jute production fell from 2.03 million tonnes in 2011-12 to 1.44 million tonnes in 2024-25 (Ministry of Agriculture, 2024).
• Eg: Raw jute production fell from 2.03 million tonnes in 2011-12 to 1.44 million tonnes in 2024-25 (Ministry of Agriculture, 2024).
• Inadequate infrastructure and outdated technology: The majority of jute mills operate with obsolete machinery, leading to low productivity and high operational costs. Eg: Over 50% of jute mills are using pre-independence era machines, reducing global competitiveness.
• Eg: Over 50% of jute mills are using pre-independence era machines, reducing global competitiveness.
• Competition from synthetic alternatives: The availability of cheap synthetic substitutes such as polypropylene bags is a major challenge to jute demand. Eg: Plastic packaging continues to dominate despite government policies favoring jute packaging.
• Eg: Plastic packaging continues to dominate despite government policies favoring jute packaging.
• Limited value addition and product diversification: Lack of innovation in product development restricts jute’s market potential beyond packaging. Eg: The absence of R&D in high-value jute products like furnishings, fashion items, and composites hampers market growth.
• Eg: The absence of R&D in high-value jute products like furnishings, fashion items, and composites hampers market growth.
• Inefficient procurement and marketing systems: Farmers often face delays in MSP procurement and exploitation by intermediaries. Eg: Less than 30% of jute farmers benefit from direct government procurement mechanisms.
• Eg: Less than 30% of jute farmers benefit from direct government procurement mechanisms.
Roadmap for Revival of the Jute Industry
• Modernization of jute mills: Upgrading infrastructure and adopting new technologies to enhance productivity and reduce costs. Eg: The Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) should be extended to jute mills for financial assistance.
• Eg: The Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) should be extended to jute mills for financial assistance.
• Diversification of jute products: Expanding the product range to include eco-friendly home decor, technical textiles, and fashion products to attract new markets. Eg: Promoting jute-based apparel and footwear through MSME clusters and e-commerce platforms.
• Eg: Promoting jute-based apparel and footwear through MSME clusters and e-commerce platforms.
• Policy support and financial incentives: Ensuring favourable policies, subsidies, and credit access to farmers and entrepreneurs to encourage jute cultivation and processing. Eg: Providing special incentives under NABARD’s Rural Infrastructure Development Fund for jute clusters.
• Eg: Providing special incentives under NABARD’s Rural Infrastructure Development Fund for jute clusters.
• Enhancing marketing and global outreach: Strengthening branding and promotion of Indian jute in international markets through trade fairs and export incentives. Eg: Establishing a ‘Brand India Jute’ initiative to boost export competitiveness.
• Eg: Establishing a ‘Brand India Jute’ initiative to boost export competitiveness.
• Sustainable farming practices: Introducing climate-resilient jute varieties and organic farming methods to improve yield and sustainability. Eg: Collaboration with ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres to develop pest-resistant jute strains.
• Eg: Collaboration with ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres to develop pest-resistant jute strains.
Conclusion
A holistic approach involving modernization, diversification, policy reforms, and sustainable farming can revive India’s jute industry and position it as a global leader in eco-friendly fibres. Investing in innovation and enhancing market access will ensure long-term growth and livelihood security.
Topic: Achievement of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology
Topic: Achievement of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology
Q6. What are scramjet engines, and how do they contribute to the development of hypersonic technology? Discuss their significance for India’s defence capabilities. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question DRDO successfully conducts scramjet engine ground test for hypersonic missiles Key demand of the question The answer should explain the concept and working of scramjet engines, their role in enabling hypersonic speeds, and analyze their strategic importance for India’s defense capabilities in terms of deterrence, self-reliance, and regional security. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly introduce scramjet engines, highlighting their significance as an advanced propulsion technology crucial for hypersonic flight and military applications. Body Explain what scramjet engines are and how they function, emphasizing their reliance on atmospheric oxygen and ability to sustain supersonic combustion. Discuss their contribution to hypersonic technology in terms of speed, fuel efficiency, and maneuverability for military and aerospace applications. Analyze their strategic importance for India’s defence, including deterrence capability, self-reliance under Atmanirbhar Bharat, and regional security enhancement. Conclusion Conclude with the transformative potential of scramjet technology in strengthening India’s defence and aerospace sectors while emphasizing the need for continued R&D and international collaboration.
Why the question DRDO successfully conducts scramjet engine ground test for hypersonic missiles
Key demand of the question The answer should explain the concept and working of scramjet engines, their role in enabling hypersonic speeds, and analyze their strategic importance for India’s defense capabilities in terms of deterrence, self-reliance, and regional security.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly introduce scramjet engines, highlighting their significance as an advanced propulsion technology crucial for hypersonic flight and military applications.
• Explain what scramjet engines are and how they function, emphasizing their reliance on atmospheric oxygen and ability to sustain supersonic combustion.
• Discuss their contribution to hypersonic technology in terms of speed, fuel efficiency, and maneuverability for military and aerospace applications.
• Analyze their strategic importance for India’s defence, including deterrence capability, self-reliance under Atmanirbhar Bharat, and regional security enhancement.
Conclusion Conclude with the transformative potential of scramjet technology in strengthening India’s defence and aerospace sectors while emphasizing the need for continued R&D and international collaboration.
Introduction
Scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) engines are an advanced propulsion technology that enables air-breathing hypersonic flight, crucial for enhancing military strike capabilities and space exploration. Their development is a significant step in India’s pursuit of self-reliance in cutting-edge defense technologies.
What Are Scramjet Engines?
• Definition and working principle: Scramjets are air-breathing engines that compress incoming air at supersonic speeds and achieve combustion without slowing down the airflow. Eg: Unlike traditional ramjets, scramjets operate efficiently beyond Mach 5, making them ideal for hypersonic applications.
• Eg: Unlike traditional ramjets, scramjets operate efficiently beyond Mach 5, making them ideal for hypersonic applications.
• No moving parts: Scramjets operate without rotating components like compressors and turbines, relying solely on air compression via high-speed intake. Eg: This design improves reliability and reduces mechanical complexity compared to conventional jet engines.
• Eg: This design improves reliability and reduces mechanical complexity compared to conventional jet engines.
• Dependence on atmospheric oxygen: Scramjets eliminate the need for onboard oxidizers, reducing weight and improving fuel efficiency. Eg: This allows for a higher payload-to-weight ratio in military and aerospace applications.
• Eg: This allows for a higher payload-to-weight ratio in military and aerospace applications.
• Challenges in ignition and flame stability: Achieving sustained combustion in supersonic airflow requires precise control of fuel injection and flame stabilization techniques. Eg: DRDO developed innovative flame stabilization techniques for continuous combustion at airspeeds exceeding 1.5 km/s.
• Eg: DRDO developed innovative flame stabilization techniques for continuous combustion at airspeeds exceeding 1.5 km/s.
• Applications of scramjets: Scramjets have potential applications in hypersonic missiles, space launch systems, and rapid global transportation. Eg: The technology is integral to the development of India’s Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV).
• Eg: The technology is integral to the development of India’s Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV).
Scramjet Engines and Their Role in Hypersonic Technology
• Achieving hypersonic speeds: Scramjets enable sustained flight at speeds greater than Mach 5, significantly reducing travel time and increasing strike capabilities. Eg: Hypersonic weapons using scramjets can travel at speeds exceeding 5,400 km/hr, making them highly effective for strategic deterrence.
• Eg: Hypersonic weapons using scramjets can travel at speeds exceeding 5,400 km/hr, making them highly effective for strategic deterrence.
• Improved fuel efficiency: The air-breathing nature of scramjets reduces the need for carrying oxidizers, allowing for extended operational ranges. Eg: Indigenous development of endothermic scramjet fuel by DRDO offers better ignition properties and cooling effects.
• Eg: Indigenous development of endothermic scramjet fuel by DRDO offers better ignition properties and cooling effects.
• Enhanced maneuverability: Hypersonic vehicles equipped with scramjets can perform evasive maneuvers at high speeds, making interception difficult. Eg: Hypersonic cruise missiles with scramjets can evade existing missile defence systems.
• Eg: Hypersonic cruise missiles with scramjets can evade existing missile defence systems.
• Thermal management solutions: The extreme heat generated at hypersonic speeds is managed using advanced materials and cooling techniques. Eg: Development of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by DRDO allows scramjet engines to withstand temperatures beyond the melting point of steel.
• Eg: Development of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by DRDO allows scramjet engines to withstand temperatures beyond the melting point of steel.
• Potential for reusability: Scramjet-powered systems can be used multiple times, reducing costs for both defence and space applications. Eg: Future Indian space missions aim to incorporate scramjet technology for low-cost satellite deployment.
• Eg: Future Indian space missions aim to incorporate scramjet technology for low-cost satellite deployment.
Significance for India’s Defence Capabilities
• Strategic deterrence enhancement: Hypersonic missiles powered by scramjets provide India with rapid response capabilities against emerging threats. Eg: Integration of hypersonic missiles with scramjets into India’s nuclear triad enhances second-strike capability.
• Eg: Integration of hypersonic missiles with scramjets into India’s nuclear triad enhances second-strike capability.
• Self-reliance in defense technology: Developing indigenous scramjet technology aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat, reducing dependency on foreign defense imports. Eg: DRDO’s success in developing scramjets positions India alongside nations like the US, Russia, and China in hypersonic capabilities.
• Eg: DRDO’s success in developing scramjets positions India alongside nations like the US, Russia, and China in hypersonic capabilities.
• Asymmetric warfare advantage: Hypersonic weapons can penetrate modern air defense systems, offering India a significant tactical edge. Eg: Hypersonic cruise missiles can be a countermeasure to China’s growing military capabilities in the Indian Ocean region.
• Eg: Hypersonic cruise missiles can be a countermeasure to China’s growing military capabilities in the Indian Ocean region.
• Boost to aerospace industry: Successful development of scramjet technology can lead to spin-off benefits in space exploration and commercial aviation. Eg: Collaboration between DRDO and ISRO could accelerate low-cost access to space using scramjet-powered vehicles.
• Eg: Collaboration between DRDO and ISRO could accelerate low-cost access to space using scramjet-powered vehicles.
• Deterrence against regional adversaries: Hypersonic missiles can serve as a credible deterrent against conventional and nuclear threats from neighboring countries. Eg: Hypersonic platforms could provide India with the capability to conduct precision strikes deep inside enemy territory.
• Eg: Hypersonic platforms could provide India with the capability to conduct precision strikes deep inside enemy territory.
Conclusion
Scramjet technology represents a paradigm shift in India’s defense and aerospace sectors, enhancing strategic deterrence and self-reliance. Moving forward, increased investments in R&D, collaborations with private industry, and international partnerships will be crucial in achieving full operational capability.
General Studies – 4
Q7. What are the key factors that shape an individual’s ethical decision-making process? Analyze their relevance in public administration. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Why the question Understanding ethical decision-making is crucial for effective governance, as public administrators often face ethical dilemmas that impact policy implementation and service delivery. Key demand of the question The question demands an explanation of the factors influencing ethical decision-making and their applicability in the public administration context, highlighting how these factors contribute to ethical governance. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Define ethical decision-making and briefly highlight its significance in governance, emphasizing the role of ethics in public service. Body Factors influencing ethical decision-making: Discuss key philosophical, psychological, social, and institutional factors that guide ethical choices in individuals. Relevance in public administration: Explain how these factors help in promoting accountability, transparency, and impartiality in governance, ensuring ethical delivery of public services. Conclusion Summarize by emphasizing the need for ethical awareness and continuous training to uphold public trust and governance integrity.
Why the question Understanding ethical decision-making is crucial for effective governance, as public administrators often face ethical dilemmas that impact policy implementation and service delivery.
Key demand of the question The question demands an explanation of the factors influencing ethical decision-making and their applicability in the public administration context, highlighting how these factors contribute to ethical governance.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Define ethical decision-making and briefly highlight its significance in governance, emphasizing the role of ethics in public service.
• Factors influencing ethical decision-making: Discuss key philosophical, psychological, social, and institutional factors that guide ethical choices in individuals.
• Relevance in public administration: Explain how these factors help in promoting accountability, transparency, and impartiality in governance, ensuring ethical delivery of public services.
Conclusion Summarize by emphasizing the need for ethical awareness and continuous training to uphold public trust and governance integrity.
Introduction Ethical decision-making is influenced by a combination of internal values and external factors that guide individuals in choosing between right and wrong. In public administration, ethical decision-making ensures adherence to constitutional values, public interest, and integrity.
Key factors shaping an individual’s ethical decision-making process
• Moral development theories: Ethical decision-making evolves through stages of moral development, such as Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which emphasizes progression from self-interest to universal ethical principles. Eg: A civil servant at a higher moral stage will uphold constitutional values even under political pressure.
• Eg: A civil servant at a higher moral stage will uphold constitutional values even under political pressure.
• Ethical principles and philosophies: Frameworks like deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics shape individual decision-making based on duty, consequences, or moral virtues. Eg: A public official following deontological ethics will prioritize legal compliance even if it causes inconvenience.
• Eg: A public official following deontological ethics will prioritize legal compliance even if it causes inconvenience.
• Conscience and integrity: An individual’s internal moral compass, shaped by personal values and integrity, plays a crucial role in ethical decision-making. Eg: Sardar Patel’s integrity in building a unified India despite multiple challenges.
• Eg: Sardar Patel’s integrity in building a unified India despite multiple challenges.
• Socialization and cultural influences: Ethical behaviour is influenced by upbringing, societal values, and cultural traditions, which provide a moral foundation. Eg: The Indian value of ‘dharma’ emphasizes duty-based ethical conduct in public service.
• Eg: The Indian value of ‘dharma’ emphasizes duty-based ethical conduct in public service.
• Institutional and legal frameworks: Ethical decision-making is guided by institutional mechanisms such as codes of conduct, service rules, and constitutional mandates (Articles 51A, 14, 19, 21). Eg: The All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, outline ethical standards for civil servants.
• Eg: The All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, outline ethical standards for civil servants.
Relevance in public administration
• Ensuring impartiality and objectivity: Ethical decision-making helps public servants remain free from biases and favouritism. Eg: The adoption of transparent recruitment processes in UPSC ensures equal opportunity for all.
• Eg: The adoption of transparent recruitment processes in UPSC ensures equal opportunity for all.
• Handling ethical dilemmas: Public servants often face conflicts between competing values such as duty vs. compassion, legality vs. morality, requiring ethical frameworks for resolution. Eg: A dilemma between upholding environmental concerns and promoting industrial growth in project approvals.
• Eg: A dilemma between upholding environmental concerns and promoting industrial growth in project approvals.
• Promoting accountability and transparency: Ethical governance enhances public trust and legitimacy by ensuring that decisions align with laws and public welfare. Eg: The implementation of RTI Act, 2005 promotes transparency in decision-making.
• Eg: The implementation of RTI Act, 2005 promotes transparency in decision-making.
• Resisting corruption and unethical practices: Ethical decision-making fosters resistance to corruption and nepotism in public service. Eg: E. Sreedharan’s leadership in the Delhi Metro project, maintaining integrity under pressure.
• Eg: E. Sreedharan’s leadership in the Delhi Metro project, maintaining integrity under pressure.
• Enhancing public service motivation (PSM): Ethical decision-making motivates civil servants to act in the public interest rather than personal gain. Eg: Policies such as DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) eliminate middlemen and ensure direct benefits to citizens.
• Eg: Policies such as DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) eliminate middlemen and ensure direct benefits to citizens.
Conclusion Ethical decision-making in public administration is essential to uphold constitutional morality, fairness, and public interest. Strengthening ethical competencies through training, role models, and institutional frameworks can ensure integrity in governance.
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