UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 22 January 2025

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

General Studies – 1

Topic: Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

Topic: Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

Q1. “The re-organisation of North-East India was a strategic response to historical grievances and ethnic aspirations”. Analyze the effectiveness of this re-organisation in fostering peace and development in the region. (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: PIB

Why the question The Prime Minister greeted the people of Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura on its Statehood Day. Key Demand of the Question The question demands an analysis of how the re-organisation of North-East India was shaped by historical and ethnic factors, along with an evaluation of its success and challenges in achieving peace and development in the region. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Provide a brief context on the historical and ethnic complexities of North-East India that necessitated its re-organisation, emphasizing its strategic importance for national integration. Body Strategic response to grievances and aspirations: Discuss how the re-organisation aimed to address ethnic demands, historical injustices, and administrative challenges. Successes of re-organisation: Highlight improvements in governance, economic growth, political representation, and cultural preservation. Challenges in fostering peace and development: Examine persistent insurgency, economic dependency, inter-state conflicts, and governance issues. Conclusion Suggest a forward-looking approach involving inclusive development, enhanced governance, and socio-political harmony to ensure sustainable peace and progress in the region.

Why the question The Prime Minister greeted the people of Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura on its Statehood Day.

Key Demand of the Question The question demands an analysis of how the re-organisation of North-East India was shaped by historical and ethnic factors, along with an evaluation of its success and challenges in achieving peace and development in the region.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction Provide a brief context on the historical and ethnic complexities of North-East India that necessitated its re-organisation, emphasizing its strategic importance for national integration.

• Strategic response to grievances and aspirations: Discuss how the re-organisation aimed to address ethnic demands, historical injustices, and administrative challenges.

• Successes of re-organisation: Highlight improvements in governance, economic growth, political representation, and cultural preservation.

• Challenges in fostering peace and development: Examine persistent insurgency, economic dependency, inter-state conflicts, and governance issues.

Conclusion Suggest a forward-looking approach involving inclusive development, enhanced governance, and socio-political harmony to ensure sustainable peace and progress in the region.

Introduction The re-organisation of North-East India post-independence was aimed at addressing ethnic diversity, regional aspirations, and historical grievances, ensuring better governance and integration while maintaining national unity.

Re-Organisation As A Strategic Response To Historical Grievances And Ethnic Aspirations

• Ethnic diversity and demand for autonomy: The region is home to over 200 ethnic groups, necessitating administrative restructuring to address their aspirations. Eg: Creation of Nagaland (1963) to address the Naga insurgency and autonomy demands.

• Eg: Creation of Nagaland (1963) to address the Naga insurgency and autonomy demands.

• Preservation of indigenous identity: Re-organisation aimed at safeguarding the unique cultural and linguistic heritage of different ethnic groups. Eg: Formation of Meghalaya (1972) to protect Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia identities.

• Eg: Formation of Meghalaya (1972) to protect Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia identities.

• Administrative efficiency and better governance: Smaller administrative units were created to improve governance and address developmental needs. Eg: Carving out Mizoram (1987) from Assam to provide focused governance.

• Eg: Carving out Mizoram (1987) from Assam to provide focused governance.

• Integration into the national mainstream: Addressing secessionist tendencies through constitutional provisions and dialogue. Eg: Implementation of Article 371A and 371G granting special provisions to Nagaland and Mizoram respectively.

• Eg: Implementation of Article 371A and 371G granting special provisions to Nagaland and Mizoram respectively.

• Response to insurgency and security threats: The creation of new states aimed to address armed insurgencies and bring lasting peace. Eg: The 1986 Mizo Accord, which led to peace and statehood for Mizoram.

• Eg: The 1986 Mizo Accord, which led to peace and statehood for Mizoram.

Effectiveness Of Re-Organisation In Fostering Peace And Development

Successes:

• Reduction in ethnic conflicts: Statehood and autonomy provisions have helped in addressing ethnic tensions to a large extent. Eg: The creation of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) under the Sixth Schedule.

• Eg: The creation of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) under the Sixth Schedule.

• Boost to economic development: Focused policies and funds for each state led to improved infrastructure and livelihood opportunities. Eg: Increased central allocations under the North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS).

• Eg: Increased central allocations under the North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS).

• Improved political representation: The re-organisation allowed for better representation of ethnic groups in governance. Eg: Separate legislative assemblies for states like Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

• Eg: Separate legislative assemblies for states like Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

• Tourism and cultural preservation: Smaller administrative units have encouraged cultural promotion and tourism. Eg: Festivals like Hornbill Festival in Nagaland attract global attention.

• Eg: Festivals like Hornbill Festival in Nagaland attract global attention.

• Infrastructure growth: Development of better connectivity through dedicated schemes like road and rail expansion. Eg: The North East Road Sector Development Scheme (NERSDS) has improved inter-state connectivity.

• Eg: The North East Road Sector Development Scheme (NERSDS) has improved inter-state connectivity.

Challenges

• Persistence of insurgency: Despite re-organisation, insurgency remains a challenge in several states. Eg: The presence of groups like ULFA in Assam and NSCN in Nagaland.

• Eg: The presence of groups like ULFA in Assam and NSCN in Nagaland.

• Inter-state boundary disputes: Re-organisation has led to prolonged border disputes affecting peace and development. Eg: Ongoing territorial disputes between Assam and Mizoram.

• Eg: Ongoing territorial disputes between Assam and Mizoram.

• Economic backwardness: Many North-Eastern states still lag behind in industrialization and job creation. Eg: The region contributes only 2.5% to India’s GDP (NITI Aayog 2023).

• Eg: The region contributes only 2.5% to India’s GDP (NITI Aayog 2023).

• Dependency on central funds: States face financial limitations and over-reliance on central assistance for developmental projects. Eg: More than 80% of state budgets come from central grants and special packages.

• Eg: More than 80% of state budgets come from central grants and special packages.

• Ethnic tensions and demands for further re-organisation: Demands for new states continue, leading to administrative and political challenges. Eg: The demand for a separate Bodoland state within Assam.

• Eg: The demand for a separate Bodoland state within Assam.

Conclusion To ensure lasting peace and development, North-East India requires a holistic approach involving inclusive development, better infrastructure, and stronger dialogue with ethnic groups, fostering harmony and regional growth.

Topic: Changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Topic: Changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Q2. “The increasing nitrogen pollution poses a significant threat to planetary boundaries”. Examine the causes and potential consequences of exceeding these boundaries. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: DTE

Why the question Nitrogen pollution has emerged as a critical environmental challenge, threatening planetary stability by exceeding safe ecological limits. It is essential to understand its causes and consequences to devise sustainable solutions. Key Demand of the Question The question requires an examination of how nitrogen pollution endangers planetary boundaries, an analysis of its root causes, and a discussion on the potential environmental and socio-economic consequences of exceeding these boundaries. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly introduce the concept of planetary boundaries and how nitrogen pollution has surpassed safe limits, posing threats to ecological balance and human well-being. Body Threat to planetary boundaries: Discuss how nitrogen pollution is disrupting the Earth’s natural cycles, contributing to environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. Causes of nitrogen pollution: Examine factors such as agricultural practices, industrial emissions, and land-use changes contributing to the issue. Potential consequences of exceeding limits: Highlight risks such as ecosystem degradation, climate change acceleration, and public health concerns. Conclusion Suggest sustainable solutions, such as improving nitrogen use efficiency, policy interventions, and adopting climate-smart agricultural practices to mitigate nitrogen pollution’s impact.

Why the question Nitrogen pollution has emerged as a critical environmental challenge, threatening planetary stability by exceeding safe ecological limits. It is essential to understand its causes and consequences to devise sustainable solutions.

Key Demand of the Question The question requires an examination of how nitrogen pollution endangers planetary boundaries, an analysis of its root causes, and a discussion on the potential environmental and socio-economic consequences of exceeding these boundaries.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction Briefly introduce the concept of planetary boundaries and how nitrogen pollution has surpassed safe limits, posing threats to ecological balance and human well-being.

• Threat to planetary boundaries: Discuss how nitrogen pollution is disrupting the Earth’s natural cycles, contributing to environmental degradation and biodiversity loss.

• Causes of nitrogen pollution: Examine factors such as agricultural practices, industrial emissions, and land-use changes contributing to the issue.

• Potential consequences of exceeding limits: Highlight risks such as ecosystem degradation, climate change acceleration, and public health concerns.

Conclusion Suggest sustainable solutions, such as improving nitrogen use efficiency, policy interventions, and adopting climate-smart agricultural practices to mitigate nitrogen pollution’s impact.

Introduction Nitrogen pollution has surpassed safe planetary limits due to excessive human activities, threatening ecological balance and sustainability. Addressing its causes and consequences is crucial for environmental resilience.

Increasing Nitrogen Pollution and Its Threat to Planetary Boundaries

• Surpassing Earth’s nitrogen absorption capacity: The unprecedented human-induced nitrogen influx exceeds the planet’s natural recycling capacity, leading to ecological stress. Eg: The Stockholm Resilience Centre has classified nitrogen as a critically exceeded planetary boundary, with severe ecological consequences.

• Eg: The Stockholm Resilience Centre has classified nitrogen as a critically exceeded planetary boundary, with severe ecological consequences.

• Contamination of water bodies: Excess nitrogen runoff leads to the overgrowth of algae, depleting oxygen and harming aquatic life. Eg: The Gulf of Mexico’s ‘dead zone’, caused by nitrogen runoff, has expanded to over 6,500 square miles, leading to fish mortality.

• Eg: The Gulf of Mexico’s ‘dead zone’, caused by nitrogen runoff, has expanded to over 6,500 square miles, leading to fish mortality.

• Soil nutrient imbalances: Continuous nitrogen deposition alters soil pH and microbial composition, reducing agricultural sustainability. Eg: Over-fertilization in the Indo-Gangetic Plain has resulted in declining soil organic carbon levels, affecting productivity.

• Eg: Over-fertilization in the Indo-Gangetic Plain has resulted in declining soil organic carbon levels, affecting productivity.

• Air pollution and human health risks: Atmospheric nitrogen compounds contribute to smog formation and respiratory issues. Eg: The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported that excess ammonia emissions from agriculture lead to respiratory diseases in urban populations.

• Eg: The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported that excess ammonia emissions from agriculture lead to respiratory diseases in urban populations.

• Disruption of terrestrial ecosystems: Nitrogen overload leads to the decline of sensitive plant species, altering biodiversity patterns. Eg: High nitrogen deposition in North American forests has reduced the growth of nitrogen-sensitive species like lichen and mosses.

• Eg: High nitrogen deposition in North American forests has reduced the growth of nitrogen-sensitive species like lichen and mosses.

Causes of Increasing Nitrogen Pollution

• Overuse of synthetic fertilizers: Intensive agricultural practices rely heavily on nitrogen-based fertilizers, leading to excessive application and runoff. Eg: In China, fertilizer use exceeds 300 kg per hectare, much higher than the global average, contributing to severe pollution.

• Eg: In China, fertilizer use exceeds 300 kg per hectare, much higher than the global average, contributing to severe pollution.

• Livestock and manure emissions: The expansion of industrial livestock farming generates vast amounts of nitrogen waste, polluting water and air. Eg: The FAO (2024) estimates that livestock contributes to over 32% of global nitrogen emissions, affecting groundwater quality.

• Eg: The FAO (2024) estimates that livestock contributes to over 32% of global nitrogen emissions, affecting groundwater quality.

• Fossil fuel combustion: The burning of coal and oil releases nitrogen oxides, which contribute to atmospheric pollution and acid rain. Eg: The United States EPA reported that power plants and vehicles are major contributors to nitrogen oxide emissions.

• Eg: The United States EPA reported that power plants and vehicles are major contributors to nitrogen oxide emissions.

• Land-use changes: Deforestation and urbanization disrupt the natural nitrogen cycle, leading to higher nitrogen release from disturbed soils. Eg: Large-scale deforestation in the Amazon Basin has increased nitrogen leaching into river systems.

• Eg: Large-scale deforestation in the Amazon Basin has increased nitrogen leaching into river systems.

• Inefficient agricultural practices: Poor irrigation techniques and lack of precision farming methods result in excessive nitrogen loss. Eg: In India, inefficient irrigation leads to nitrogen leaching into the Yamuna River, causing eutrophication.

• Eg: In India, inefficient irrigation leads to nitrogen leaching into the Yamuna River, causing eutrophication.

Potential Consequences of Exceeding These Boundaries

• Loss of aquatic biodiversity: Excess nitrogen causes eutrophication, leading to the decline of fish populations and aquatic ecosystem collapse. Eg: The spread of harmful algal blooms in the Baltic Sea has caused significant fishery losses.

• Eg: The spread of harmful algal blooms in the Baltic Sea has caused significant fishery losses.

• Reduction in agricultural productivity: Excess nitrogen alters soil chemistry, leading to declining crop yields and food insecurity. Eg: The Punjab Agricultural University reported a drop in wheat yield due to nitrogen saturation in soils.

• Eg: The Punjab Agricultural University reported a drop in wheat yield due to nitrogen saturation in soils.

• Acceleration of climate change: Nitrous oxide emissions contribute to global warming and ozone depletion. Eg: The IPCC (2023) highlighted that N₂O is 298 times more potent than CO₂ as a greenhouse gas.

• Eg: The IPCC (2023) highlighted that N₂O is 298 times more potent than CO₂ as a greenhouse gas.

• Public health risks: High nitrogen levels in drinking water cause severe health issues, including blue baby syndrome and cancer risks. Eg: Nitrate contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh has led to widespread public health concerns.

• Eg: Nitrate contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh has led to widespread public health concerns.

• Degradation of terrestrial ecosystems: Excess nitrogen alters plant growth patterns, leading to habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity. Eg: In Scandinavian tundra, nitrogen deposition has facilitated the invasion of non-native plant species, threatening native ecosystems.

• Eg: In Scandinavian tundra, nitrogen deposition has facilitated the invasion of non-native plant species, threatening native ecosystems.

Conclusion Addressing nitrogen pollution requires sustainable agricultural practices, improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and stricter regulatory measures. Governments and industries must work collaboratively to balance food security with environmental sustainability.

General Studies – 2

Topic: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

Topic: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

Q3. Should India provide parliamentary representation to Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) to address their unique concerns, or are existing institutional mechanisms sufficient? (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: TH

Why the question: A suggestion to give Non-Resident Indians representation in Parliament was made at the meeting of the parliamentary committee on External Affairs due to their growing numbers and unique issues concerning the diaspora interest. Key Demand of the Question: The question requires an analysis of whether India should provide NRIs with parliamentary representation, evaluating the benefits and challenges, and assessing the adequacy of existing institutional frameworks in addressing their issues. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly highlight the increasing significance of NRIs in India’s economy and diplomacy, leading to demands for their representation in governance. Body: Arguments for NRI parliamentary representation: Discuss how it can enhance diaspora engagement, political inclusion, and policy influence. Arguments against NRI parliamentary representation: Highlight constitutional, logistical, and conflict-of-interest challenges. Adequacy of existing institutional mechanisms: Evaluate the effectiveness of current policies, voting rights, and grievance redressal systems in addressing NRI concerns. Conclusion: Suggest a balanced approach by strengthening institutional frameworks, exploring alternative mechanisms like digital voting, and enhancing diaspora consultation platforms.

Why the question: A suggestion to give Non-Resident Indians representation in Parliament was made at the meeting of the parliamentary committee on External Affairs due to their growing numbers and unique issues concerning the diaspora interest.

Key Demand of the Question: The question requires an analysis of whether India should provide NRIs with parliamentary representation, evaluating the benefits and challenges, and assessing the adequacy of existing institutional frameworks in addressing their issues.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction: Briefly highlight the increasing significance of NRIs in India’s economy and diplomacy, leading to demands for their representation in governance.

• Arguments for NRI parliamentary representation: Discuss how it can enhance diaspora engagement, political inclusion, and policy influence.

• Arguments against NRI parliamentary representation: Highlight constitutional, logistical, and conflict-of-interest challenges.

• Adequacy of existing institutional mechanisms: Evaluate the effectiveness of current policies, voting rights, and grievance redressal systems in addressing NRI concerns.

Conclusion: Suggest a balanced approach by strengthening institutional frameworks, exploring alternative mechanisms like digital voting, and enhancing diaspora consultation platforms.

Introduction With over 32 million NRIs contributing to India’s economy and global influence, the demand for parliamentary representation has gained momentum. However, such a move must align with constitutional provisions and practical realities.

Should India provide parliamentary representation to Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) to address their unique concerns?

Arguments For | Arguments Against

1.Democratic inclusion: NRIs contribute significantly to India’s economy and should have a say in governance. | 1. Constitutional challenge: Representation in Parliament is based on territoriality under Article 81, which excludes non-residents.

– Eg: NRIs contributed over $107 billion in remittances in 2022, the highest globally (World Bank). | – Eg: In Mohinder Singh Gill vs. Chief Election Commissioner the Supreme Court dealt with the territorial principle for Rajya Sabha elections.

1.Diaspora engagement: Representation can enhance India’s global outreach and soft power. | 2. Dual allegiances: NRIs may have conflicting interests due to their citizenship in foreign countries.

– Eg: The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas helps connect NRIs with India’s development goals. | – Eg: The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated in 2024 that dual citizenship concerns pose governance challenges.

1.Successful global models: Countries like Italy and France provide legislative seats to their diaspora. | 3. Operational challenges: Conducting elections across multiple countries is logistically challenging.

– Eg: Italy reserves 12 seats in Parliament for overseas citizens under its 1988 reform. | – Eg: India has over 5 million NRIs in the Gulf region, making electoral logistics complex.

1.Protection of rights: NRIs face property disputes, legal issues, and taxation problems needing legislative backing. | 4. Existing provisions: Government bodies such as MEA and state NRI departments already address grievances.

– Eg: The Kerala government’s NORKA Roots resolves NRI property disputes. | – Eg: The MADAD Portal of MEA provides legal assistance and grievance redressal for NRIs.

1.Political engagement: Encourages emotional and political connectivity with their homeland. | 5. Voting rights exist: NRIs can vote in home constituencies under the Representation of the People Act, 1950.

– Eg: NRI participation in Indian elections increased by 30% in 2019, reflecting their interest. | – Eg: In 2021, the Election Commission proposed e-postal ballots for NRIs to enhance participation.

Are existing institutional mechanisms sufficient?

Yes, they are sufficient | No, they are not sufficient

1.Grievance redressal: Institutions like the MEA and Indian embassies provide robust support to NRIs. | 1. Limited policy influence: NRIs lack a direct say in shaping policies affecting their interests.

– Eg: Over 50,000 cases have been resolved via the MADAD portal since 2015. | – Eg: The 2023 Standing Committee on External Affairs recommended enhanced diaspora consultation.

1.Voting rights exist: NRIs can vote in their native constituencies, ensuring political participation. | 2. Geographical barriers: Many NRIs cannot travel to India to vote, limiting electoral participation.

– Eg: The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 2010, granted voting rights to NRIs. | – Eg: In 2019, only 25,000 NRIs exercised their voting rights out of 1.1 million eligible voters.

1.Dedicated NRI institutions: State-level bodies cater to their unique concerns and needs. | 3. Rising diaspora challenges: Increasing cases of fraud, exploitation, and passport issues require legislative intervention.

– Eg: Punjab NRI Commission handles cases related to fraud and land disputes. | – Eg: NORKA in Kerala reported a 20% increase in legal disputes in 2024.

1.Diplomatic channels: Embassies and missions regularly engage with the diaspora to resolve issues. | 4. Lack of legislative voice: Existing mechanisms focus on redressal but lack formal representation in policymaking.

– Eg: The Indian Embassy in UAE has an NRI helpdesk handling employment grievances. | – Eg: Countries like France and Portugal allow diaspora MPs to contribute to legislative processes.

1.Economic contributions recognized: Government schemes and investment policies cater to NRIs. | 5. Contribution deserves representation: NRIs contribute significantly to the economy and should have a voice in governance.

– Eg: The Indian government offers investment schemes such as NRE/FCNR deposits for NRIs. | – Eg: In 2022, the UAE-based Indian Business Council requested NRI representation in economic policy forums.

Conclusion Instead of direct parliamentary representation, India should focus on strengthening institutional mechanisms, such as improving digital voting options, creating advisory diaspora councils, and enhancing grievance redressal frameworks. A balanced approach will ensure diaspora concerns are addressed while maintaining constitutional integrity.

Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Q4. BRICS nations have initiated discussions on alternatives to the US dollar in global trade. Discuss the opportunities and challenges this poses for India’s foreign policy. (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: IE

Why the question: United States President repeated his intention to impose 100% import tariffs on the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries if they took any steps towards cutting the use of the dollar in global trade. Key Demand of the Question: The question demands an analysis of the opportunities and challenges that de-dollarisation efforts within BRICS present for India’s foreign policy, requiring an understanding of India’s strategic positioning in a multipolar world. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly introduce BRICS’ discussions on reducing dollar dependence and India’s cautious stance in balancing economic and geopolitical interests. Body: BRICS nations’ discussions on alternatives to the US dollar: Provide an overview of recent initiatives and motivations behind exploring alternative financial systems. Opportunities for India’s foreign policy: Highlight how such initiatives can enhance India’s economic sovereignty, global influence, and strategic autonomy. Challenges for India’s foreign policy: Discuss the geopolitical risks, economic dependencies, and practical hurdles that India may face in aligning with BRICS initiatives. Conclusion: Provide a forward-looking perspective, emphasizing the need for a balanced and pragmatic approach that aligns with India’s long-term economic and strategic goals.

Why the question: United States President repeated his intention to impose 100% import tariffs on the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries if they took any steps towards cutting the use of the dollar in global trade.

Key Demand of the Question: The question demands an analysis of the opportunities and challenges that de-dollarisation efforts within BRICS present for India’s foreign policy, requiring an understanding of India’s strategic positioning in a multipolar world.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction: Briefly introduce BRICS’ discussions on reducing dollar dependence and India’s cautious stance in balancing economic and geopolitical interests.

• BRICS nations’ discussions on alternatives to the US dollar: Provide an overview of recent initiatives and motivations behind exploring alternative financial systems.

• Opportunities for India’s foreign policy: Highlight how such initiatives can enhance India’s economic sovereignty, global influence, and strategic autonomy.

• Challenges for India’s foreign policy: Discuss the geopolitical risks, economic dependencies, and practical hurdles that India may face in aligning with BRICS initiatives.

Conclusion: Provide a forward-looking perspective, emphasizing the need for a balanced and pragmatic approach that aligns with India’s long-term economic and strategic goals.

Introduction BRICS countries, comprising over 40% of the global population and 25% of global GDP, are exploring alternatives to the US dollar to reduce reliance on a dollar-dominated financial system. These efforts are driven by geopolitical compulsions and the need for economic sovereignty.

BRICS discussions on alternatives to the US dollar in global trade

• Local currency trade settlements: Initiatives to settle international trade in national currencies aim to bypass the dollar. Eg: In 2022, India and Russia began settling bilateral trade in INR and rubles via Vostro accounts, enabling smoother payments amid Western sanctions on Russia.

• Eg: In 2022, India and Russia began settling bilateral trade in INR and rubles via Vostro accounts, enabling smoother payments amid Western sanctions on Russia.

• BRICS currency proposal: Discussions for a common currency aim to reduce trade vulnerabilities. Eg: At the 2023 BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, Brazilian President Lula proposed creating a BRICS currency to enhance trade flexibility and reduce dollar dependence.

• Eg: At the 2023 BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, Brazilian President Lula proposed creating a BRICS currency to enhance trade flexibility and reduce dollar dependence.

• New financial mechanisms: BRICS has created institutions to support trade diversification and reduce reliance on dollar-based financial systems. Eg: The New Development Bank (NDB), headquartered in Shanghai, funds development projects using alternative currencies to the USD.

• Eg: The New Development Bank (NDB), headquartered in Shanghai, funds development projects using alternative currencies to the USD.

• Curbing dollar dominance: US sanctions have amplified efforts to diversify global trade mechanisms. Eg: After the US removed Russia from SWIFT in 2022, Russia and China increased trade settlements in yuan, influencing BRICS discussions.

• Eg: After the US removed Russia from SWIFT in 2022, Russia and China increased trade settlements in yuan, influencing BRICS discussions.

Opportunities this poses for India’s foreign policy

• Economic sovereignty: Reducing dollar reliance mitigates vulnerabilities to sanctions and global currency fluctuations. Eg: US sanctions on Iran and Russia disrupted energy imports; trade in INR helped India secure critical oil supplies.

• Eg: US sanctions on Iran and Russia disrupted energy imports; trade in INR helped India secure critical oil supplies.

• Internationalization of the rupee: Trading in INR can bolster the rupee’s global standing, reducing forex volatility. Eg: In 2022, RBI permitted 17 countries, including Germany and UAE, to settle trade in INR, promoting rupee acceptance.

• Eg: In 2022, RBI permitted 17 countries, including Germany and UAE, to settle trade in INR, promoting rupee acceptance.

• Geopolitical flexibility: Diversifying trade mechanisms strengthens India’s negotiating power in a multipolar financial order. Eg: At the 2024 Kazan Summit, India supported BRICS financial integration while clarifying its non-confrontational stance toward the US.

• Eg: At the 2024 Kazan Summit, India supported BRICS financial integration while clarifying its non-confrontational stance toward the US.

• Strengthening South-South cooperation: Promoting financial alternatives aligns with India’s leadership in the Global South. Eg: BRICS-Africa partnerships on trade mechanisms showcase India’s commitment to empowering developing nations.

• Eg: BRICS-Africa partnerships on trade mechanisms showcase India’s commitment to empowering developing nations.

• Reduced US policy impact: Shielding trade from Federal Reserve policies helps stabilize domestic markets. Eg: US interest rate hikes in 2023 led to capital outflows, emphasizing the need for diversified trade currencies.

• Eg: US interest rate hikes in 2023 led to capital outflows, emphasizing the need for diversified trade currencies.

Challenges this poses for India’s foreign policy

• Geopolitical pressure from the West: De-dollarisation could strain India’s relations with Western allies like the US. Eg: In 2025, President Donald Trump threatened 100% tariffs on BRICS nations discussing alternative currencies, complicating India’s economic ties with the US.

• Eg: In 2025, President Donald Trump threatened 100% tariffs on BRICS nations discussing alternative currencies, complicating India’s economic ties with the US.

• Dominance of the Chinese yuan: China’s economic power could skew BRICS initiatives in its favor, undermining India’s financial autonomy. Eg: 90% of Russia-China trade is settled in yuan, highlighting concerns over China’s growing influence.

• Eg: 90% of Russia-China trade is settled in yuan, highlighting concerns over China’s growing influence.

• Low global rupee acceptance: Limited adoption of INR in global trade challenges its role as a reliable currency. Eg: As of 2024, INR constitutes less than 1% of global forex reserves, compared to 60% for USD (IMF data).

• Eg: As of 2024, INR constitutes less than 1% of global forex reserves, compared to 60% for USD (IMF data).

• Economic asymmetry in BRICS: Disparities in economic size and financial policies among members complicate consensus. Eg: China’s GDP is nearly 5 times larger than India’s, influencing its dominance in BRICS financial frameworks.

• Eg: China’s GDP is nearly 5 times larger than India’s, influencing its dominance in BRICS financial frameworks.

• Logistical and technical barriers: Building robust alternatives to the dollar requires significant infrastructure and coordination. Eg: The proposed BRICS Payment System to bypass SWIFT is still under discussion, limiting its immediate impact.

• Eg: The proposed BRICS Payment System to bypass SWIFT is still under discussion, limiting its immediate impact.

• Risk of trade instability: Transitioning to new financial mechanisms without established trust could disrupt existing trade flows. Eg: Global exporters still prefer USD due to its stability and liquidity, making alternatives less viable.

• Eg: Global exporters still prefer USD due to its stability and liquidity, making alternatives less viable.

Conclusion India must pursue a pragmatic foreign policy by supporting BRICS initiatives to enhance financial resilience while maintaining constructive ties with the US and Western economies. Strengthening INR-backed trade and investing in robust payment infrastructure will ensure strategic autonomy and economic security in a multipolar financial world.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Internal Security

Topic: Internal Security

Q5. “Urban terrorism is an evolving threat to India’s internal security architecture”. Analyze the factors contributing to it and suggest countermeasures. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: InsightsIAS

Why the question Urban terrorism is emerging as a major internal security challenge due to rapid urbanization, technological advancements, and the increasing sophistication of terror networks, making cities vulnerable targets. Key Demand of the Question The question requires an analysis of how urban terrorism poses a threat to India’s internal security, identification of contributing factors, and suggestions for effective countermeasures to mitigate the evolving risks. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Provide a brief context on the rise of urban terrorism, emphasizing its growing complexity and the vulnerabilities of urban areas in India’s internal security framework. Body Urban terrorism as an evolving threat: Discuss how modern cities’ dense populations and critical infrastructures make them attractive targets for terrorists. Factors contributing to urban terrorism: Examine aspects such as unregulated urban growth, digital radicalization, logistical ease, and gaps in law enforcement. Suggested countermeasures: Suggest comprehensive solutions, including smart surveillance, legal reforms, enhanced intelligence sharing, and community engagement. Conclusion Conclude by emphasizing the need for a multi-faceted approach involving technology, policy measures, and community participation to build resilient urban security systems.

Why the question Urban terrorism is emerging as a major internal security challenge due to rapid urbanization, technological advancements, and the increasing sophistication of terror networks, making cities vulnerable targets.

Key Demand of the Question The question requires an analysis of how urban terrorism poses a threat to India’s internal security, identification of contributing factors, and suggestions for effective countermeasures to mitigate the evolving risks.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction Provide a brief context on the rise of urban terrorism, emphasizing its growing complexity and the vulnerabilities of urban areas in India’s internal security framework.

• Urban terrorism as an evolving threat: Discuss how modern cities’ dense populations and critical infrastructures make them attractive targets for terrorists.

• Factors contributing to urban terrorism: Examine aspects such as unregulated urban growth, digital radicalization, logistical ease, and gaps in law enforcement.

• Suggested countermeasures: Suggest comprehensive solutions, including smart surveillance, legal reforms, enhanced intelligence sharing, and community engagement.

Conclusion Conclude by emphasizing the need for a multi-faceted approach involving technology, policy measures, and community participation to build resilient urban security systems.

Introduction The rapid urbanization and technological advancements in India have transformed cities into potential targets for terrorism, exploiting vulnerabilities in infrastructure, public spaces, and digital networks.

Urban Terrorism as an Evolving Threat

• Exploitation of urban complexity: Dense populations, diverse socio-economic profiles, and extensive transportation networks offer cover and operational advantages to terrorists. Eg: The 2008 Mumbai attacks, where attackers utilized urban transport hubs and hotels to maximize impact.

• Eg: The 2008 Mumbai attacks, where attackers utilized urban transport hubs and hotels to maximize impact.

• Expansion of sleeper cells: Urban areas provide ideal conditions for radical elements to remain dormant and strike at opportune moments. Eg: The 2014 Burdwan blast, which exposed an urban-based terror module linked to foreign networks.

• Eg: The 2014 Burdwan blast, which exposed an urban-based terror module linked to foreign networks.

• Targeting urban symbols of power: Cities house political, financial, and technological institutions, making them lucrative targets for terrorism. Eg: The 2001 Parliament attack, which aimed at destabilizing national governance.

• Eg: The 2001 Parliament attack, which aimed at destabilizing national governance.

Factors Contributing to Urban Terrorism

• Unregulated urban expansion: Rapid growth of unplanned settlements and slums creates security blind spots and logistical challenges. Eg: Terror suspects found hiding in Delhi’s unauthorized colonies, as per intelligence reports.

• Eg: Terror suspects found hiding in Delhi’s unauthorized colonies, as per intelligence reports.

• Digital radicalization and recruitment: Social media platforms facilitate the spread of extremist propaganda, aiding recruitment in urban areas. Eg: Multiple arrests of youth radicalized via Telegram and WhatsApp channels by global terror outfits.

• Eg: Multiple arrests of youth radicalized via Telegram and WhatsApp channels by global terror outfits.

• Availability of advanced logistics: Easy access to transportation, financial services, and rental spaces enables terrorists to plan attacks discreetly. Eg: The use of ride-hailing apps and e-commerce platforms in the 2018 Hyderabad terror plot.

• Eg: The use of ride-hailing apps and e-commerce platforms in the 2018 Hyderabad terror plot.

• Gaps in urban policing: The overstretched law enforcement agencies struggle with the scale and complexity of city-based threats. Eg: The lack of adequate counter-terror training for local police forces, as observed in major metro cities.

• Eg: The lack of adequate counter-terror training for local police forces, as observed in major metro cities.

• Influence of global terrorist networks: Urban nodes are increasingly linked to transnational terror groups, leveraging porous international connections. Eg: The arrest of urban operatives linked to Al-Qaeda’s Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) unit in 2021.

• Eg: The arrest of urban operatives linked to Al-Qaeda’s Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) unit in 2021.

Suggested Countermeasures

• Smart surveillance systems: Deploying AI-based facial recognition and predictive analytics to monitor potential threats. Eg: The use of integrated CCTV networks in cities like Mumbai and Bengaluru for early threat detection.

• Eg: The use of integrated CCTV networks in cities like Mumbai and Bengaluru for early threat detection.

• Urban counter-terrorism task forces: Dedicated units focusing on intelligence gathering, risk assessment, and rapid response. Eg: The establishment of NSG hubs in major urban centers for immediate action.

• Eg: The establishment of NSG hubs in major urban centers for immediate action.

• Strengthening legal frameworks: Updating urban-specific security policies to counter evolving terror tactics effectively. Eg: The 2019 amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) for individual designation.

• Eg: The 2019 amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) for individual designation.

• Community engagement initiatives: Sensitizing citizens through awareness programs and involving them in vigilance efforts. Eg: The Hyderabad Police’s ‘Know Your Neighbour’ initiative, enhancing community participation in security.

• Eg: The Hyderabad Police’s ‘Know Your Neighbour’ initiative, enhancing community participation in security.

• Securing critical urban infrastructure: Conducting vulnerability assessments and improving resilience mechanisms in transport, energy, and communication networks. Eg: The deployment of Rapid Action Force (RAF) units to protect metro systems during high-threat alerts.

• Eg: The deployment of Rapid Action Force (RAF) units to protect metro systems during high-threat alerts.

Conclusion A comprehensive urban security strategy, combining technological innovation, community cooperation, and policy reforms, is essential to effectively counter the evolving threat of urban terrorism in India.

Topic: Internal Security

Topic: Internal Security

Q6. “India’s internal security threats are increasingly interconnected with global geopolitical developments”. Discuss. (15 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: InsightsIAS

Why the question The evolving global security dynamics, which have direct implications on India’s internal stability, ranging from cross-border terrorism to cyber threats and economic vulnerabilities. Key Demand of the Question The question demands an analysis of how India’s internal security challenges are influenced by global geopolitical factors and requires suggesting measures to address these evolving threats effectively. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly introduce the interconnected nature of internal security with global geopolitical shifts and India’s position in the evolving global order. Body Global influences on India’s internal security: Discuss how international events and power shifts impact terrorism, cyber threats, economic dependencies, and regional stability. India’s strategic responses: Highlight institutional, policy, and diplomatic efforts to address these challenges effectively. Conclusion Summarize the need for a proactive, multi-pronged approach involving technology, diplomacy, and internal capacity building to mitigate evolving security threats.

Why the question The evolving global security dynamics, which have direct implications on India’s internal stability, ranging from cross-border terrorism to cyber threats and economic vulnerabilities.

Key Demand of the Question The question demands an analysis of how India’s internal security challenges are influenced by global geopolitical factors and requires suggesting measures to address these evolving threats effectively.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction Briefly introduce the interconnected nature of internal security with global geopolitical shifts and India’s position in the evolving global order.

• Global influences on India’s internal security: Discuss how international events and power shifts impact terrorism, cyber threats, economic dependencies, and regional stability.

• India’s strategic responses: Highlight institutional, policy, and diplomatic efforts to address these challenges effectively.

Conclusion Summarize the need for a proactive, multi-pronged approach involving technology, diplomacy, and internal capacity building to mitigate evolving security threats.

Introduction In an increasingly interconnected world, India’s internal security landscape is profoundly shaped by global geopolitical shifts, ranging from cross-border terrorism to cyber warfare and economic dependencies. Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced understanding of their transnational nature and strategic policy interventions.

Interconnection between India’s Internal Security and Global Geopolitics

• Cross-border terrorism and insurgency: India’s security is affected by state-sponsored terrorism and insurgencies influenced by geopolitical rivalries. Eg: The 2016 Uri attack linked to Pakistan-based groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed, escalating tensions.

• Eg: The 2016 Uri attack linked to Pakistan-based groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed, escalating tensions.

• Cybersecurity threats from foreign actors: Hostile nations and non-state actors exploit cyber vulnerabilities to target India’s critical infrastructure. Eg: The 2020 China-linked cyberattack on Indian power grids during the Ladakh border crisis (Source: Recorded Future).

• Eg: The 2020 China-linked cyberattack on Indian power grids during the Ladakh border crisis (Source: Recorded Future).

• Radicalization through global networks: Extremist ideologies spread through digital platforms with external influence, posing a domestic security risk. Eg: The ISIS-inspired modules uncovered by the NIA in Kerala in 2022.

• Eg: The ISIS-inspired modules uncovered by the NIA in Kerala in 2022.

• Economic dependencies and vulnerabilities: Trade dependencies, especially in strategic sectors like energy and defence, impact India’s security autonomy. Eg: India’s reliance on Chinese imports for pharmaceutical raw materials amid geopolitical tensions.

• Eg: India’s reliance on Chinese imports for pharmaceutical raw materials amid geopolitical tensions.

• Maritime security in the Indo-Pacific: Regional power struggles impact India’s maritime trade routes and strategic interests. Eg: China’s activities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), including the development of ports in neighbouring countries.

• Eg: China’s activities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), including the development of ports in neighbouring countries.

• Illegal migration and demographic shifts: Influx of migrants from conflict zones in neighbouring countries poses internal security challenges. Eg: The Rohingya refugee influx in north-eastern India raising security concerns.

• Eg: The Rohingya refugee influx in north-eastern India raising security concerns.

• Drug trafficking and organized crime: Transnational crime syndicates exploit India’s geographic position to smuggle narcotics and arms. Eg: The seizure of 2,500 kg heroin from an Iranian vessel off Gujarat in 2023 (Source: NCB).

• Eg: The seizure of 2,500 kg heroin from an Iranian vessel off Gujarat in 2023 (Source: NCB).

• Hybrid warfare and misinformation campaigns: Adversarial states use social media and disinformation to destabilize India’s internal environment. Eg: Pakistan-based misinformation campaigns during the 2019 Pulwama attack crisis.

• Eg: Pakistan-based misinformation campaigns during the 2019 Pulwama attack crisis.

Strategies to Strengthen India’s Internal Security

• Enhanced border security measures: Deployment of advanced surveillance systems and smart fencing to secure porous borders. Eg: Implementation of Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) along the western border.

• Eg: Implementation of Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) along the western border.

• Strengthening cyber defence infrastructure: Establishing AI-driven threat detection mechanisms and stringent cyber regulations. Eg: Formation of Defence Cyber Agency (DCA) for military cyber operations.

• Eg: Formation of Defence Cyber Agency (DCA) for military cyber operations.

• Community-based deradicalization programs: Engaging local communities to counter extremist ideologies through awareness campaigns. Eg: The ‘Operation Chakravyuh’ by intelligence agencies to identify radicalized individuals.

• Eg: The ‘Operation Chakravyuh’ by intelligence agencies to identify radicalized individuals.

• Strengthening maritime surveillance: Enhancing naval capabilities and fostering regional cooperation through strategic alliances. Eg: Collaboration under the QUAD framework for maritime security.

• Eg: Collaboration under the QUAD framework for maritime security.

• Boosting economic self-reliance: Reducing dependence on foreign imports through policies like Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Eg: Development of indigenous semiconductor manufacturing hubs with government incentives.

• Eg: Development of indigenous semiconductor manufacturing hubs with government incentives.

• Coordinated intelligence sharing: Strengthening institutional coordination between security agencies to counter evolving threats. Eg: The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) facilitating real-time intelligence sharing.

• Eg: The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) facilitating real-time intelligence sharing.

Conclusion India’s internal security challenges require a multi-dimensional approach involving technological advancements, intelligence collaboration, and strategic international partnerships to effectively address evolving geopolitical threats.

General Studies – 4

Q7. How does the rise in crimes against minors reflect the weakening of societal moral values and collective responsibility? Suggest ethical measures that society can adopt to prevent such crimes. (10 M)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Reference: TH

Why the question The increasing crimes against minors highlight the erosion of ethical values such as empathy, compassion, and social accountability, necessitating a discussion on the role of society in preventing such crimes and restoring moral responsibility. Key Demand of the Question The question demands an analysis of how rising crimes against minors indicate the deterioration of moral values and collective responsibility, along with ethical measures that society can adopt to address these challenges. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Provide a brief context on how crimes against minors reflect a moral crisis in society, emphasizing the ethical and social responsibility aspects involved. Body Reflection of weakening moral values: Discuss how diminishing ethical principles such as empathy, respect, and duty of care contribute to such crimes. Collective responsibility deficit: Explain the role of institutions, families, and communities in failing to act proactively to prevent crimes. Ethical measures for prevention: Suggest actions such as value-based education, community vigilance, stricter enforcement of laws, and media responsibility. Conclusion Summarize the need for a comprehensive and ethical approach involving legal, social, and moral efforts to ensure the protection of minors and uphold societal values.

Why the question The increasing crimes against minors highlight the erosion of ethical values such as empathy, compassion, and social accountability, necessitating a discussion on the role of society in preventing such crimes and restoring moral responsibility.

Key Demand of the Question The question demands an analysis of how rising crimes against minors indicate the deterioration of moral values and collective responsibility, along with ethical measures that society can adopt to address these challenges.

Structure of the Answer:

Introduction Provide a brief context on how crimes against minors reflect a moral crisis in society, emphasizing the ethical and social responsibility aspects involved.

• Reflection of weakening moral values: Discuss how diminishing ethical principles such as empathy, respect, and duty of care contribute to such crimes.

• Collective responsibility deficit: Explain the role of institutions, families, and communities in failing to act proactively to prevent crimes.

• Ethical measures for prevention: Suggest actions such as value-based education, community vigilance, stricter enforcement of laws, and media responsibility.

Conclusion Summarize the need for a comprehensive and ethical approach involving legal, social, and moral efforts to ensure the protection of minors and uphold societal values.

Introduction The increasing crimes against minors in society point to a decline in moral values such as empathy, compassion, and collective responsibility. This erosion of ethical consciousness leads to a lack of accountability and failure in safeguarding the most vulnerable members of society.

Weakening Of Societal Moral Values And Collective Responsibility

• Erosion of empathy and compassion: The declining sense of empathy and emotional intelligence in society results in desensitization towards child abuse. Eg: Despite initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, crimes against minors have seen a 4.5% rise as per the NCRB 2023 report.

• Eg: Despite initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, crimes against minors have seen a 4.5% rise as per the NCRB 2023 report.

• Breakdown of family and social structures: Weakening familial bonds and lack of moral guidance contribute to juvenile delinquency and vulnerability to exploitation. Eg: Reports indicate a rise in crimes committed by known individuals due to lack of parental supervision and moral upbringing.

• Eg: Reports indicate a rise in crimes committed by known individuals due to lack of parental supervision and moral upbringing.

• Normalization of unethical behaviour: Exposure to violent media content and declining societal outrage against heinous crimes normalize unethical conduct. Eg: Social media challenges and harmful online trends have contributed to rising cases of online exploitation of minors (Source: NCPCR Report 2022).

• Eg: Social media challenges and harmful online trends have contributed to rising cases of online exploitation of minors (Source: NCPCR Report 2022).

• Decline in ethical governance and enforcement: Delays in justice delivery and inadequate law enforcement reflect institutional apathy towards child safety. Eg: A study by PRS India highlights that more than 1 lakh POCSO cases are pending in courts, indicating weak enforcement mechanisms.

• Eg: A study by PRS India highlights that more than 1 lakh POCSO cases are pending in courts, indicating weak enforcement mechanisms.

• Lack of civic engagement and awareness: Societal indifference and failure to report incidents due to stigma or fear hinder proactive measures. Eg: In rural areas, child abuse often goes unreported despite awareness drives, showing a gap in collective vigilance.

• Eg: In rural areas, child abuse often goes unreported despite awareness drives, showing a gap in collective vigilance.

Ethical Measures To Prevent Such Crimes

• Value-based education: Incorporating moral and ethical education in schools to instill values of respect, empathy, and gender sensitivity from an early age. Eg: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes moral and ethical education for holistic development.

• Eg: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes moral and ethical education for holistic development.

• Strengthening community responsibility: Encouraging local communities to take active roles in child protection through vigilance committees and awareness drives. Eg: Initiatives like Childline 1098 have been effective in mobilizing community participation in reporting abuse cases.

• Eg: Initiatives like Childline 1098 have been effective in mobilizing community participation in reporting abuse cases.

• Ethical parenting programs: Educating parents and caregivers on ethical parenting, emotional intelligence, and child protection mechanisms. Eg: The Poshan Abhiyaan initiative incorporates parental awareness sessions to improve child well-being.

• Eg: The Poshan Abhiyaan initiative incorporates parental awareness sessions to improve child well-being.

• Media responsibility and regulation: Promoting ethical content in media and curbing sensationalism to prevent glorification of violence against minors. Eg: The Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) has imposed guidelines to ensure sensitive reporting of crimes.

• Eg: The Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) has imposed guidelines to ensure sensitive reporting of crimes.

• Accountability and prompt justice: Ensuring swift investigation and trial of crimes against minors through specialized fast-track courts. Eg: The establishment of Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) under the POCSO Act to expedite cases of child abuse.

• Eg: The establishment of Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) under the POCSO Act to expedite cases of child abuse.

Conclusion Restoring societal moral values and collective responsibility requires a multi-stakeholder approach involving families, communities, institutions, and the government, ensuring a safe and ethical environment for minors to thrive.

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