UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 20 JULY 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same.
General Studies – 1
Q1. India views La Nina favourably but dreads the arrival of El Nino. Discuss the reasons behind these differing perspectives. (150 words, 10M)
Introduction
India’s climate and weather patterns are significantly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which includes the alternating phases of El Niño and La Niña. These phenomena have distinct impacts on India’s monsoon season, agriculture, and overall economy. India views La Niña favourably but dreads the arrival of El Niño due to their contrasting effects on the monsoon.
La Niña: Favourable Impacts for India
• Increased Rainfall:La Niña is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, which typically results in stronger and more widespread monsoon rains in India. This increase in rainfall is crucial for India’s agrarian economy, which relies heavily on the monsoon.
• This increase in rainfall is crucial for India’s agrarian economy, which relies heavily on the monsoon.
• Agricultural Productivity: The robust monsoon rains during La Niña years boost crop yields, particularly for rain-fed crops such as rice, pulses, and oilseeds. For instance, the La Niña event of 2020-2021contributed to record food grain production of 34 million tonnes in 2020-21, according to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
• For instance, the La Niña event of 2020-2021contributed to record food grain production of 34 million tonnes in 2020-21, according to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
• Improved Water Storage: Enhanced rainfall during La Niña years helps in replenishing water reservoirs, which are critical for irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydroelectric power generation. Increased reservoir levels ensure water availability during the dry season, supporting agriculture and water-intensive industries.
• Increased reservoir levels ensure water availability during the dry season, supporting agriculture and water-intensive industries.
• Increased Hydropower Output:Abundant rainfall and higher reservoir levels during La Niña years lead to increased hydroelectric power generation. This contributes to energy security and reduces reliance on fossil fuels, thereby aiding in meeting renewable energy targets.
• This contributes to energy security and reduces reliance on fossil fuels, thereby aiding in meeting renewable energy targets.
El Niño: Adverse Impacts for India
• Reduced Rainfall:El Niño is characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, which generally weakens the Indian monsoon. This results in below-normal rainfall, leading to drought conditionsin many parts of the country. around 17 out of 20 droughts occurred in India during the El Nino years since 1871, as shown by the data from the India Meteorological Department.
• This results in below-normal rainfall, leading to drought conditionsin many parts of the country.
• around 17 out of 20 droughts occurred in India during the El Nino years since 1871, as shown by the data from the India Meteorological Department.
• Agricultural Stress: Reduced monsoon rains during El Niño years adversely affect crop production, leading to lower yields and potential crop failures. For instance, the severe El Niño event of 2015-2016resulted in a 14% deficit in monsoon rainfall, causing significant agricultural distress and a decline in food grain production.
• For instance, the severe El Niño event of 2015-2016resulted in a 14% deficit in monsoon rainfall, causing significant agricultural distress and a decline in food grain production.
• Water Scarcity:Below-normal rainfall during El Niño years leads to reduced water levels in reservoirs, impacting irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydroelectric power generation. Water scarcity can exacerbate conflicts over water resourcesand affect urban and rural populations alike.
• Water scarcity can exacerbate conflicts over water resourcesand affect urban and rural populations alike.
• Economic Implications: Inflation and Food Security:Lower agricultural output during El Niño years can lead to food shortages, driving up food prices and contributing to inflation. This affects food security, especially for the poor and vulnerable sections of society. g. The El Niño event of 2009, which caused a 22% deficit in rainfall, led to significant inflationary pressures, with food inflation reaching 17% in 2009-10. Fiscal Stress:The government often has to increase spending on relief measures, subsidies, and imports of essential commodities during El Niño years. This can strain public finances and divert resourcesfrom developmental projects.
• Inflation and Food Security:Lower agricultural output during El Niño years can lead to food shortages, driving up food prices and contributing to inflation. This affects food security, especially for the poor and vulnerable sections of society. g. The El Niño event of 2009, which caused a 22% deficit in rainfall, led to significant inflationary pressures, with food inflation reaching 17% in 2009-10.
• g. The El Niño event of 2009, which caused a 22% deficit in rainfall, led to significant inflationary pressures, with food inflation reaching 17% in 2009-10.
• Fiscal Stress:The government often has to increase spending on relief measures, subsidies, and imports of essential commodities during El Niño years. This can strain public finances and divert resourcesfrom developmental projects.
• This can strain public finances and divert resourcesfrom developmental projects.
Conclusion
As climate change continues to alter global weather patterns, it becomes increasingly crucial for India to develop robust climate resilience plans, diversify its economy, and invest in water management infrastructure. By doing so, the country can better mitigate the adverse effects of El Nino while maximizing the benefits of La Nina.
Q2. Critically examine the challenges in implementing laws against superstitious practices at the grassroots level in India. How can these challenges be addressed? (250 words, 15M)
Introduction
Superstitious practices are deeply entrenched in various parts of India, often leading to harmful consequences such as human rights violations, exploitation, and violence. While laws exist to combat these practices, their implementation faces numerous challenges, particularly at the grassroots level.
Challenges in Implementing Laws Against Superstitious Practices:
Deep-rooted Beliefs and Cultural Norms:
• Traditional Beliefs:Superstitious practices are often rooted in long-standing cultural and religious traditions. Many communities view these practices as integral to their identity and heritage. the belief in witchcraft in states like Assam and Jharkhandoften leads to witch-hunting and violence against women.
• the belief in witchcraft in states like Assam and Jharkhandoften leads to witch-hunting and violence against women.
• Resistance to Change: Efforts to curb these practices are often met with resistance from local populations who see them as an attack on their culture and traditions. This resistance can undermine the enforcement of laws. E.g. the snana ritual in Karnatakawhere Dalits are made to roll over the leftover food eaten by Brahmins to attain punya.
• E.g. the snana ritual in Karnatakawhere Dalits are made to roll over the leftover food eaten by Brahmins to attain punya.
Lack of Awareness and Education:
• Limited Awareness: A significant portion of the rural population is unaware of the laws against superstitious practices and the harmful effects of such practices. the Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice and Other Inhuman, Evil and Aghori Practices and Black Magic Act, 2013, is not well-known in many rural areas.
• the Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice and Other Inhuman, Evil and Aghori Practices and Black Magic Act, 2013, is not well-known in many rural areas.
• Educational Barriers:Low literacy rates and limited access to education in rural areas contribute to the perpetuation of superstitious beliefs. Without education, individuals are less likely to question or reject these practices. followers of Ram Rahim.
• followers of Ram Rahim.
Social and Economic Factors:
• Poverty and Vulnerability: Economic hardship and lack of access to healthcare often drive people to rely on superstitious practices for solutions. E.g. In regions with inadequate medical facilities, people may turn to faith healers and witch doctors.
• E.g. In regions with inadequate medical facilities, people may turn to faith healers and witch doctors.
• Exploitation by Opportunists: Some individuals exploit the superstitions of others for personal gain. These so-called godmen or faith healerscan wield significant influence, making it difficult for authorities to intervene. E.g. Witnessed in recent Hathras stampede.
• E.g. Witnessed in recent Hathras stampede.
Weak Law Enforcement:
• Vague definition: Existing state laws (e.g., in Maharashtra and Karnataka) have been criticized for using broad terms like “superstition” or “black magic”. Such vague definitions can lead to arbitrary application of the law and potential misuse by authorities.
• Such vague definitions can lead to arbitrary application of the law and potential misuse by authorities.
• Corruption and Lack of Accountability:Corruption within law enforcement agencies can hinder the effective implementation of laws. Similarly,Police officers are often constrained by cultural sensibilities and biases which prevent them from addressing these issues with a scientific bent of mind.
• Similarly,Police officers are often constrained by cultural sensibilities and biases which prevent them from addressing these issues with a scientific bent of mind.
Political and Administrative Hurdles:
• Political Influence:Local politicians may support superstitious practices to maintain their vote bank, particularly in areas where these practices are widespread and have strong community backing. The delay in passing the Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Billin several states.
• The delay in passing the Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Billin several states.
• Administrative Gaps:Inconsistencies in the implementation of laws across different states and regions create challenges. some states have specific laws against superstitions, while others do not, leading to a lack of uniformity in addressing the issue.
• some states have specific laws against superstitions, while others do not, leading to a lack of uniformity in addressing the issue.
Measures needed to address the challenges in implementing laws against superstitious practices:
• Awareness Campaigns:Conduct widespread awareness campaigns using various media to educate people about the harmful effects of superstitious practices and the existing laws against them. Involving local influencers and community leaderscan help in gaining trust and acceptance.
• Involving local influencers and community leaderscan help in gaining trust and acceptance.
• Educational Reforms:Integrate critical thinking and scientific temper into the education system. School curricula should include information about superstitions and their negative impacts, encouraging students to question and challenge irrational beliefs.
• Training Programs:Implement specialized training programs for law enforcement personnel to handle cases related to superstitions with sensitivity and efficiency. This should include understanding the cultural context and legal framework.
• This should include understanding the cultural context and legal framework.
• Empowerment Programs:Implement programs aimed at empowering vulnerable populations, particularly women and marginalized communities, through education, economic opportunities, and healthcare access.
• Uniform Legislation: Advocate for a uniform national law against superstitious practices to ensure consistency in enforcement across states. This can help in addressing the issue more comprehensively.
• Monitoring and Evaluation:Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of laws against superstitions. This includes setting up dedicated bodies or committees to oversee enforcement and report progress.
• This includes setting up dedicated bodies or committees to oversee enforcement and report progress.
• Healthcare Access: Improve access to quality healthcare in rural and underserved areas. When people have access to reliable medical care, they are less likely to turn to superstitions for health-related issues.
• When people have access to reliable medical care, they are less likely to turn to superstitions for health-related issues.
• Economic Support:Provide economic support and development programs to reduce poverty. Financial stability can reduce the vulnerabilitythat often drives people towards superstitious practices.
• Financial stability can reduce the vulnerabilitythat often drives people towards superstitious practices.
Conclusion
India needs legislation on superstition, though what should go into it requires debate. Every superstition cannot be removed by the force of law. For that, a mental change is necessary. However, superstitious practices that are utterly dehumanising, brutal and exploitative need to be dealt with by a law that specifically addresses them.
Q3. Evaluate the impact of gentrification on the working-class population in Indian cities. What measures can be taken to ensure inclusive urban development? (250 words, 15M)
Introduction
Gentrification, the process where urban neighbourhoods undergo socio-economic changes due to an influx of wealthier residents, has significant impacts on the working-class population in Indian cities. This phenomenon often leads to the displacement of lower-income residents as property values and living costs increase.
Impact of Gentrification on the Working-Class Population
• Displacement and housing insecurity: Rising property values and rents often force long-term working-class residents to relocate, leading to housing insecurity. For example, areas like Dharavi in Mumbai face redevelopment pressures that threaten to displace thousands of low-income families.
• For example, areas like Dharavi in Mumbai face redevelopment pressures that threaten to displace thousands of low-income families.
• Loss of community and cultural identity: Gentrification can erode the social fabric of neighbourhoods. Traditional communities may disperse, losing their cultural identity and social networks. In Bengaluru, areas like Whitefieldhave transformed from quaint neighbourhoods to high-end residential zones, altering the local cultural landscape.
• In Bengaluru, areas like Whitefieldhave transformed from quaint neighbourhoods to high-end residential zones, altering the local cultural landscape.
• Economic marginalization: The influx of wealthier individuals can shift the local economy towards services catering to higher incomes, marginalizing local businesses that serve the working class. For instance, in parts of Delhi, traditional markets are replaced by upscale stores and eateries.
• For instance, in parts of Delhi, traditional markets are replaced by upscale stores and eateries.
• Strain on public services: Increased population density can strain public services like water supply, sanitation, and public transport. This disproportionally affects the working-class population, which relies more on these services. E.g. In cities like Chennai, rapid urbanization in certain areas has led to significant pressure on infrastructure.
• E.g. In cities like Chennai, rapid urbanization in certain areas has led to significant pressure on infrastructure.
• Employment displacement: As neighbourhoods gentrify, job opportunities that were accessible to the working-class population, such as street vending or informal sector work, may diminish. As redevelopment projects often prioritize corporate offices or luxury retail over spaces for small, local businesses.
• As redevelopment projects often prioritize corporate offices or luxury retail over spaces for small, local businesses.
Measures for Inclusive Urban Development:
• Affordable housing policies:Implementing policies that mandate a certain percentage of new developments to include affordable housing units can help maintain socio-economic diversity. For example, Mumbai’s Development Plan 2034includes provisions for affordable housing to address housing needs for lower-income groups.
• For example, Mumbai’s Development Plan 2034includes provisions for affordable housing to address housing needs for lower-income groups.
• Community land trusts: Establishing community land trusts (CLTs) can help communities acquire and manage land, ensuring that it remains affordable for long-term residents. This model has been successful in various global contexts and can be adapted to Indian cities.
• This model has been successful in various global contexts and can be adapted to Indian cities.
• Rent control and stabilization: Strengthening rent control laws can protect tenants from exorbitant rent hikes. E.g. Cities like Mumbai and Delhihave rent control acts, but these need regular updates and stringent enforcement to be effective.
• E.g. Cities like Mumbai and Delhihave rent control acts, but these need regular updates and stringent enforcement to be effective.
• Inclusionary zoning: Zoning laws that require or incentivize developers to include affordable housing in their projects can ensure that urban development benefits all socio-economic groups. E.g. Chennaihas started to explore such models to promote balanced urban growth.
• E.g. Chennaihas started to explore such models to promote balanced urban growth.
• Support for small businesses: Providing subsidies, tax incentives, and business development programs for small businesses can help them thrive amidst gentrification. This can ensure that local economies remain robust and inclusive. E.g. Schemes likePM SVANidhi.
• E.g. Schemes likePM SVANidhi.
• Participatory planning: Involving local communities in urban planning decisions can ensure that the needs and voices of the working-class population are considered. Mechanisms like public consultations and participatory budgetingcan empower residents to influence development projects.
• Mechanisms like public consultations and participatory budgetingcan empower residents to influence development projects.
• Strengthening legal protections:enhancing legal frameworks to protect the rights of tenants and informal workers can provide a safety net for the working-class population. Legal aid and advocacy programscan support residents in navigating evictions and other displacement-related issues.
• Legal aid and advocacy programscan support residents in navigating evictions and other displacement-related issues.
Conclusion
Gentrification in Indian cities offers both opportunities and challenges. Ensuring inclusive urban development demands a multi-faceted approach, addressing housing affordability, economic inclusivity, and community empowerment. Comprehensive policies and participatory planning can create environments where all residents benefit from urban progress without displacement or marginalization.
General Studies – 2
Q4. There has been a tendency to circumvent Rajya Sabha by passing legislation and amendments as Money Bills, in recent times. In this context, discuss the features of Money Bills. Also, Explain the powers of Rajya Sabha for different types of bills. (250 words, 15M)
Introduction:
There has been legal questions concerning amendments made from 2015 onwards in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) through Money Bills, giving the Enforcement Directorate almost blanket powers of arrest, raids, etc. Though the court had upheld the legality of the PMLA amendments, it left the question of whether the amendments could be passed as money bills.
Features of Money Bills:
• Definition (Article 110): A bill is deemed a Money Bill if it deals exclusively with matters specified in Article 110,such as the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration, or regulation of any tax.
• Certification: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies whether a bill is a Money Bill. This certification is final and cannot be challenged.
• Inclusion: Money Bills include matters related to theborrowing of money, expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, and audit of government accounts.
• Exclusion: They cannot include provisions related to the imposition of fines or other penalties, or payment of fees for licenses.
Powers of Rajya Sabha for Different Types of Bills:
• Ordinary Bills:
• Both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha have equal powers. An Ordinary Bill can originate in either House.
• If the Rajya Sabha passes the bill, it goes to the President for assent. If the Rajya Sabha suggests amendments, the Lok Sabha can accept or reject
• In case of a deadlock, a joint sitting can be called.
• Money Bills:
• Rajya Sabha has limited powers. Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha.
• The Rajya Sabha can suggest amendments, but the Lok Sabha can accept or reject these suggestions. The Rajya Sabha must return the Money Bill within 14 days, failing which it is deemed passed.
• Financial Bills:
There are two types of Financial Bills:Type I and Type II.
• Type I: Similar to Money Bills but also includes other matters. These must be introduced in the Lok Sabha and follow the same procedure as Money Bills for the Rajya Sabha’s role.
• Type II: These involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India but do not qualify as Money Bills. These can be introduced in either House and treated like Ordinary Bills.
• Constitutional Amendment Bills:
Both Houses have equal powers. Such bills can be introduced in either House.
Must be passed by a two-thirds majority in both Houses. Rajya Sabha’s concurrence is essential, and there is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement.
Conclusion:
The tendency to classify bills as Money Bills to circumvent the Rajya Sabha undermines the bicameral nature of Parliament. While the Rajya Sabha’s role is limited in the case of Money Bills, it has significant powers in other types of legislation, ensuring a check on the dominance of the Lok Sabha and fostering a comprehensive and deliberative legislative process.
Q5. Assess the effectiveness of the Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 in promoting transparency and accountability in governance in India. (150 words, 10M)
Introduction:
The historic decision by the Supreme Court (SC) declaring the Electoral Bonds (EB) scheme unconstitutional has given a big boost to the flagging Right to Information Act. The SC weighed in favour of the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution against informational privacy.
The Right to Information (RTI) is a legal framework in India that empowers citizens to access government-held information. The right to information is not explicitly protected under the Indian constitution but implicitly reflected under the Right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19.
Positive aspects:
• Enhanced Transparency: The RTI Act has significantly increased transparency in government operations.
• According to the Central Information Commission (CIC), in 2020-21, there were over 13.82 lakh RTI applications filed, indicating the substantial demand for information transparency.
• Reduced Corruption:The Act acts as a deterrent to corruption. The transparency it promotes can be seen in the decline in corruption cases.
• The Center for Media Studies reported that in 2019, the total cost of corruption in India decreased by 10% compared to the previous year.
• Empowerment of Marginalised Groups:RTI empowers marginalised communities by enabling them to access information about government schemes.
• For instance, Dalits and Adivasis use the RTI Act extensively to access data related to the implementation of welfare schemes, improving accountability.
• Accountability: RTI applications have led to increased accountability in governance.
• In 2020, the CIC reported that over 13.05 lakh cases were disposed of, indicating that public officials were held accountable for their actions and decisions.
• Strengthened Democracy:RTI strengthens democracy by providing citizens with the necessary information to make informed choices during elections.
• In 2019, the Association for Democratic Reforms reported that voters are increasingly relying on RTI to access candidates’ financial and criminal records, ensuring a more informed electorate.
Challenges that undermine its effectiveness:
• Lack of Awareness:Many citizens are unaware of their RTI rights.
• A survey conducted by the Centre for Equity Studies in 2018 found that only 22% of surveyed respondents had heard of the RTI Act.
• Delayed Responses:Data from the Central Information Commission (CIC) reveals that a significant number of RTI applications face delays in receiving responses.
• In 2021-2022, there were approximately 38,000 pending appeals and complaints.
• Exemptions and Ambiguities:The Act includes provisions for exemptions, often leading to disputes over whether specific information should be disclosed.
• For instance, Electoral bonds and information related to national security projects.
• Intimidation of Whistleblowers:This deters potential whistleblowers from coming forward.
• According to the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, India has witnessed instances of threats and violence against individuals who use the RTI Act to expose wrongdoing.
• Overburdened Information Commissions: The Information Commissions responsible for adjudicating RTI appeals and complaints often face a backlog of cases.
• The CIC reported in 2021 that it had around 34,000 pending cases, leading to significant delays in addressing RTI applications.
Conclusion:
While the right to information is vital for better governance, additional measures like whistleblower protection, decentralisation of power, and ensuring accountability are necessary to ensure good governance to improve the efficacy of RTI in India.
General Studies – 3
Q6. Compare India’s economic growth strategy with that of China’s. How can India use its human capital to address the challenges in its growth strategy? (250 Words, 15M)
Introduction:
India and China, two of the world’s most populous nations, have pursued different economic growth strategies to achieve their development goals. China’s approach has been characterized by state-led investments, high domestic savings, and a focus on manufacturing and exports. In contrast, India’s growth strategy has emphasized a more market-driven approach, leveraging its service sector and attracting foreign investments.
Comparison of India’s economic growth with China:
• The gap in investment ratios:China’s investment-to-GDP ratio has consistently been high, averaging around 40% from 2003 to 2011. In contrast, India’s investment ratio during its high growth phase was about 33%, significantly lower than China’s.
• The disparity in the composition of exports and imports:In the fiscal year 2022-23, India’s exports of goods and services totalled over USD 770 billion, while imports reached around USD 890 billion. In 2007, when China’s economy was of a similar size, its exports had already surpassed USD 1.2 trillion, driven mainly by goods rather than services.
• Labour force participation:China has maintained a high labour force participation rate over the years, with nearly 67% in 2023 according to ILO estimates. However, this rate in India is too low around 49.90% as per PLFS. Eg: In China, the female labour force participation rate was 61% in 2023, while in India, it was 24% in 2023.
• Eg: In China, the female labour force participation rate was 61% in 2023, while in India, it was 24% in 2023.
• Trade balance:India consistently experiences a trade deficit, relying on foreign capital inflows of about 2-3% of GDP. In contrast, China historically enjoyed an 8% export surplus.
• Investment sources:China’s investments are mainly driven by state-owned enterprises and high domestic savings. Conversely, India’s investments rely more on foreign capital and have lower domestic savings. Eg:India’s household savings rate is 18.4% in 2022-23 as per RBI.
• Eg:India’s household savings rate is 18.4% in 2022-23 as per RBI.
• Government spending:In India, a significant portion of savings is consumed by government expenses such as pensions and salaries. This contrasts with China, where state-owned enterprise profits are reinvested into further physical capital development. Eg:Budget estimate 2024-25 shows expenditure on pension is 2.4lkh crore.
• Eg:Budget estimate 2024-25 shows expenditure on pension is 2.4lkh crore.
However, India can leverage human capital to counter low growth through:
• Improving education and skill development: Ensuring access to quality education for all, from primary to higher education, can develop a skilled and knowledgeable workforce. Eg:Emphasizing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) subjects, along with soft skills.
• Eg:Emphasizing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) subjects, along with soft skills.
• Promoting lifelong learning and upskilling: Programs like Skill India and Digital India can provide platforms for skill enhancement and digital literacy. Eg:PM Kaushalya yojana 4.0 to impart industry-centric skills.
• Eg:PM Kaushalya yojana 4.0 to impart industry-centric skills.
• Encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship: Supporting startups through funding, and infrastructure can foster innovation and create new job opportunities. Investing in R&D can drive technological advancements and innovation. Eg:Effective utilization of NRF funds in R&D.
• Eg:Effective utilization of NRF funds in R&D.
• Improving labor market policies: Implementing labor market reforms to ensure flexibility and security can make it easier for businesses to hire and retain talent.
• Fostering global talent and collaboration: Creating policies that attract global talent and encourage the Indian diaspora to return can bring in new skills and experiences, contributing to economic growth.
Conclusion:
India can build a more resilient and competitive economy, ensuring sustainable and inclusive growth. Utilizing its vast and diverse workforce, India has the potential to not only overcome its current challenges but also to position itself as a leading global economic powerhouse.
Q7. Examine the multi-dimensional impact of extreme heat on women in India. What steps are needed to mitigate such impact? (250 words, 15M)
Introduction:
The year 2023 was the warmest on record, with temperatures in parts of India breaking records. Women are disproportionately affected by extreme heat due to unequal power dynamics, gender norms, and limited access to resources. This disparity is highlighted in the Global Gender Gap Index, where India ranks 18th from the bottom.
The multi-dimensional impacts of heat waves on women are:
• Maternal health & heat stress:Women are at higher risk of heat-related illnesses and heat stress can lead to complications during pregnancy due to prolonged exposure during domestic tasks and outdoor work. Eg:the National Institute of Health reports heat stress can double stillbirth.
• Eg:the National Institute of Health reports heat stress can double stillbirth.
• Increased unpaid labour:Extreme heat conditions exacerbate care service tasks, increasing their physical strain and time investment. Eg:National Statistical Office 2019 data women spend two and a half times minutes more per day than men in unpaid work.
• Eg:National Statistical Office 2019 data women spend two and a half times minutes more per day than men in unpaid work.
• Lower Productivity:Women’s productivity in agricultural and informal sectors, where they are predominantly employed, decreases during extreme heat events. Eg:Arsht-Rock’s ‘Scorching Divide’ report, the productivity loss due to heatwaves translates to 90 more minutes of care work per day in India.
• Eg:Arsht-Rock’s ‘Scorching Divide’ report, the productivity loss due to heatwaves translates to 90 more minutes of care work per day in India.
• Energy Poverty:Limited access to cooling technologies and electricity in many regions forces women to endure higher levels of discomfort and health risks.
• Poor working conditions:Women in agriculture, construction, and street vending face harsh working conditions during heatwaves, with little to no protection or support, leading to health issues and economic losses. Eg:the ILO report 2023 shows 82% of women in India work in the informal sector.
• Eg:the ILO report 2023 shows 82% of women in India work in the informal sector.
Government and NDMA measures are taken:
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Awareness:Developed the “Beating the Heat Wave” handbook for state governments and the public. Early warning systems:Established systems and inter-agency coordination to alert residents about extreme temperatures. Capacity Building:Training for healthcare professionals to recognize and respond to heat-related illnesses. Public Awareness:Disseminating protective measures against heat through media, pamphlets, posters, and TV commercials.
• Awareness:Developed the “Beating the Heat Wave” handbook for state governments and the public.
• Early warning systems:Established systems and inter-agency coordination to alert residents about extreme temperatures.
• Capacity Building:Training for healthcare professionals to recognize and respond to heat-related illnesses.
• Public Awareness:Disseminating protective measures against heat through media, pamphlets, posters, and TV commercials.
• Government Initiatives: National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC):Eight national missions for integrated strategies addressing climate change. India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP):Aims to reduce cooling demand by 20-25% and refrigeration demand by 25-30% by 2037.
• National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC):Eight national missions for integrated strategies addressing climate change.
• India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP):Aims to reduce cooling demand by 20-25% and refrigeration demand by 25-30% by 2037.
Steps that can be taken are:
• Climate-friendly urban planning:Develop urban areas with green spaces, improved ventilation, and reflective materials to reduce urban heat islands. Eg:Development of blue-green infrastructures.
• Eg:Development of blue-green infrastructures.
• Access to sustainable cooling technologies:Promote the use of sustainable cooling technologies like solar-powered fans and cool roofs, particularly in low-income and rural areas where women are most affected. g.:PM Suryodaya Scheme to provide solar rooftops.
• g.:PM Suryodaya Scheme to provide solar rooftops.
• Fair division of care work:Encourage and implement policies that promote the equitable distribution of unpaid care work between men and women. g.:“Men can do care work” campaign to raise awareness in society.
• g.:“Men can do care work” campaign to raise awareness in society.
• Public provisioning of essential services:Ensure reliable access to water, electricity, and healthcare services, particularly during heatwaves. g.: Effective implementation of the Jal Jeevan mission can reduce the workload of women.
• g.: Effective implementation of the Jal Jeevan mission can reduce the workload of women.
Conclusion:
Extreme heat disproportionately impacts women in India, exacerbating existing gender inequalities and posing significant health, productivity, and safety challenges, especially in informal and rural settings.
Q8. Militancy in Kashmir has turned into a new phase and needs to be dealt with sensibly. Analyse (150 words, 10M)
Introduction:
Recently there has been a rise in terror activity in Rajouri. This historically seen low terror activity as it was brought under control by Operation Sarp Vinash in 2003 and subsequent support from the locals, especially the Gujjar-Bakerwal community. Militancy has resurfaced particularly in the Rajouri-Poonch-Kathua sector, after being relatively quiet for two decades.
The reasons for the new phase of militancy in Jammu and Kashmir:
• Security Thinning:Post-2020 Galwan clashes, a significant Army contingent was moved to the China border, weakening Jammu’s security grid.
• Strategic Diversion:Militant attacks in Jammu may be a tactic to spread security forces thin across both Pakistan and China’s borders. . :An increase in lone-wolf attacks without the existence of sophisticated modules.
• . :An increase in lone-wolf attacks without the existence of sophisticated modules.
• Post-Article 370:The government’s narrative of improved security post-Article 370 abrogation is challenged by renewed terrorism in Jammu.
• Communal Tensions:The region’s demography could lead to communal unrest, further destabilizing the area. . Eg: Hindu and Muslim clashes due to demographic imbalance lead to clashes like in Kishtwar.
• . Eg: Hindu and Muslim clashes due to demographic imbalance lead to clashes like in Kishtwar.
• Infiltration:Recent attacks suggest revived infiltration routes from Pakistan, exploiting Jammu’s challenging terrain and forest cover. . Eg: In 2024 Kupawara region infiltration was aborted by the army.
• . Eg: In 2024 Kupawara region infiltration was aborted by the army.
• Local Support:There is limited evidence of widespread local support for terrorists. However, connections with the younger generation need strengthening to improve intelligence flow.
Some of the measures and approaches needed to counter the rise of terror are:
• Smart fencing: Focusing on preventing the infiltration of insurgents from launch pads and training camps in Pakistan by fortifying the LOC and the International Border.
• Implementing measures for economic and social developmentto enhance the living conditions and employment opportunities of the local population.
• Engaging in confidence-building measureswith Pakistan and international counter-terrorism cooperation with friendly countries. Eg:The use of platforms like FATF to counter terrorism.
• Eg:The use of platforms like FATF to counter terrorism.
• Comprehensive national efforts:Countering terrorism will require a comprehensive national effort anchored in India’s democratic credentials. Eg: Local elections and modernization of defence in India.
• Eg: Local elections and modernization of defence in India.
• The Sahi Raasta Initiativeby the Indian Army aims to combat radicalization through national integration tours, sports training, festivals, and skill development workshops, emphasizing India’s democratic strengths.
Conclusion:
The government’s zero-tolerance policy towards terrorism must now embrace both soft and hard strategies to restore public confidence and combat anti-national elements effectively amidst the rising wave of terrorism.
General Studies – 4
Q9. Ensuring justice and preserving public trust in our administrative service is crucial. Discuss why individuals lacking merit and ethics are unfit to hold important public offices and how their presence can undermine public trust and effective governance. (150 words, 10M)
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction:
The effectiveness of administrative services is fundamentally tied to the integrity, competence, and ethical conduct of those in public office. Individuals lacking merit and ethics pose significant risks to justice and public trust, which are cornerstones of good governance.
• Unfitness of Individuals Lacking Merit and Ethics:
• Incompetence:Individuals without the necessary qualifications are likely to make poor decisions, leading to inefficiency and waste of public resources. Eg: India has 25% inefficient and corrupt IAS officers as per the ex-RBI governor.
• Eg: India has 25% inefficient and corrupt IAS officers as per the ex-RBI governor.
• Corruption:Individuals lacking ethics are more prone to engaging in corrupt practices, such as bribery, which erode public resources and trust. Eg: Pooja Singhal IAS of Jharkhand cadre was arrested in the corruption case.
• Eg: Pooja Singhal IAS of Jharkhand cadre was arrested in the corruption case.
• Impartiality:Ethical public servants are expected to act without bias. However, those lacking ethics may show favouritism, leading to unjust treatment of citizens. :the Pune Metropolitan Development Authority is under scanner for favouritism in contacts.
• :the Pune Metropolitan Development Authority is under scanner for favouritism in contacts.
• Undermining Public Trust and Effective Governance
• Transparency:Trust in public administration is built on transparency and accountability. Unethical behaviour makes citizens sceptical of government actions. Eg:Scandals involving misuse of power as in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Eg:Scandals involving misuse of power as in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Compromised Justice and Fairness: Justice in administration ensures that all citizens are treated equitably. Unethical officials can undermine this by making decisions that favour certain groups or individuals. Eg:the Pune Porsche car incident shows the biases of police towards elite sections.
• Eg:the Pune Porsche car incident shows the biases of police towards elite sections.
• Accountability: Merit and ethics ensure that public officials are accountable for their actions. A lack of these qualities can lead to mismanagement and inefficiency in public service delivery. Eg:Poor management of public funds can result in inadequate infrastructure and public services.
• Eg:Poor management of public funds can result in inadequate infrastructure and public services.
• Integrity:Ethical public servants serve as role models. Their integrity sets a standard for society. When public officials act unethically, they lose their moral authority, diminishing the respect and adherence to laws and regulations.
Conclusion
Ethical governance requires competence, integrity, transparency, impartiality, and accountability. Ensuring that public offices are held by individuals who exemplify these values is essential for maintaining the trust and confidence of the public, thereby promoting a just and well-functioning administrative system.
Q10. The NEET UG 2024 controversy has sparked considerable unrest among students, parents, and the public due to allegations of paper leaks, administrative errors, and the National Testing Agency’s (NTA) decision to award grace marks to 1,536 candidates. These candidates were compensated for the time lost during the examination due to various administrative mishaps at specific centres. The results, announced on June 4, 2024, have led to petitions and legal challenges, with calls for a re-examination and investigations into the alleged irregularities.
Reports of paper leaks have circulated globally, drawing widespread attention and concern. Initially, the NTA denied any malpractice, asserting the integrity of the examination process. However, following intense scrutiny and mounting evidence, the NTA has since acknowledged some irregularities in the conduct of the exam. This admission has further fueled demands for transparency and accountability.
The situation has escalated to the point where the government has intervened, recognizing the need for a thorough and impartial investigation. To address these issues and restore trust in the examination process, the government has established a committee to investigate the allegations and recommend corrective actions. As the appointed head of this committee, you are tasked with leading a comprehensive review of an issue.
• In the given circumstances, address the following: Identify the key stakeholders and ethical issues involved in this case. Being the head of the committee, what will be the course of your action in the given case? What measures will you propose to restore trust and confidence among students, parents, and the public in the NEET UG examination system?
• In the given circumstances, address the following:
• Identify the key stakeholders and ethical issues involved in this case.
• Being the head of the committee, what will be the course of your action in the given case?
• What measures will you propose to restore trust and confidence among students, parents, and the public in the NEET UG examination system?
Introduction:
Confucius says “The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home, and the integrity of an organization comes from the integrity of its leaders.” The recent expose of the NEET exam 2024 scam shows compromised the integrity of NTA due to the failure to conduct the exam transparently.
Ethical issues involved in the case are:
• Integrity and Fairness:Allegations of paper leaks and administrative errors challenge the ethical conduct of the examination.
• Transparency:Lack of openness in addressing and resolving the issues has eroded trust among stakeholders.
• Accountability:The need for the NTA and other involved parties to take responsibility for the irregularities.
• Equity:Ensuring that all candidates are treated fairly and no one is unjustly advantaged or disadvantaged.
• Trust:Restoring confidence in the examination process is critical for maintaining the credibility of the educational system.
• b) Being the head of the committee my course of action in the following case would be:
• Public Statement:Issue a transparent and honest public statement acknowledging the issues and outlining the steps being taken to address them.
• Investigation:Collect all relevant data, including reports, witness testimonies, and administrative records. Engage a third-party audit firm to review the examination process and identify irregularities.
• Identify Responsible Parties:Determine who was responsible for the irregularities and take appropriate disciplinary actions. If necessary, pursue legal actions against individuals or entities found guilty of malpractice.
• Re-examination Option:Offer affected candidates the option to retake the examination under strict supervision.
• Regular Updates:Provide regular updates to the public, students, and parents on the progress of the investigation.
• c) I will propose the following long-term measures to restore trust and confidence among students, parents, and the public in the NEET UG examination system:
• Policy Review:Examine existing policies and procedures to identify weaknesses and areas for improvement.
• National Examination Integrity Council:The government should consider the creation of a body that would be responsible for overseeing the conduct of all major examinations across the country, ensuring uniform standards and practices.
• On-Demand Testing:Shift to an on-demand computer-based testing model similar to GRE, where students can schedule their exams at their convenience.
• Stringent Protocols:Implement more stringent security protocols to prevent paper leaks and administrative errors. Eg:Strict enforcement of Public Exam Act, 2024
• Eg:Strict enforcement of Public Exam Act, 2024
• Digital Security Measures:Employ blockchain to create an immutable record of examination processes, from question paper setting to result declaration. This would ensure that any tampering is easily detectable.
• Post-Examination Processes:Implement double-blind evaluation processes where multiple examiners independently grade the answer scripts. This reduces bias and errors.
• Cultural and Educational Shifts:Conduct workshops and seminars on ethics and integrity for students, educators, and examination officials to instill the importance of honesty in examinations.
Conclusion:
By fostering a culture of integrity at every level we can safeguard the sanctity of examinations. This vision not only protects the aspirations of millions of students but also strengthens India’s educational foundation, paving the way for a more equitable and merit-based society.
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