UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 16 May 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Q1. Trace the role of Buddhist monastic institutions in shaping India’s intellectual and diplomatic networks. Analyse their influence on India’s civilisational identity. Examine their role in integrating diverse regions through shared cultural frameworks. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Reference: PIB
Why the question The ceremonial inauguration of Vaishakha Buddha Purnima 2025 was held at the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi, in a spiritually resonant and culturally rich tribute to Lord Shākyamuni Buddha. Key demand of the question The question demands tracing the institutional role of Buddhist monasteries in advancing cross-border intellectual and diplomatic ties, analysing their contribution to India’s civilisational narrative, and evaluating how they helped culturally unify diverse regions across time. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Mention how monastic centres like Nalanda and Vikramashila functioned as spiritual, educational, and diplomatic nodes shaping India’s global and internal cultural networks. Body Explain how monasteries enabled long-distance academic and diplomatic exchanges by attracting foreign students, dispatching monks abroad, and hosting visiting scholars. Analyse how these institutions propagated India’s ethical values, philosophical inquiry, and rational traditions, reinforcing its civilisational identity rooted in non-violence and pluralism. Discuss how shared ritual practices, pilgrimage circuits, and multilingual texts unified culturally distinct regions into a broader Buddhist cultural sphere. Conclusion Their enduring legacy offers a blueprint for India’s cultural resurgence and its aspirations to lead through knowledge, dialogue, and shared heritage.
Why the question
The ceremonial inauguration of Vaishakha Buddha Purnima 2025 was held at the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi, in a spiritually resonant and culturally rich tribute to Lord Shākyamuni Buddha.
Key demand of the question
The question demands tracing the institutional role of Buddhist monasteries in advancing cross-border intellectual and diplomatic ties, analysing their contribution to India’s civilisational narrative, and evaluating how they helped culturally unify diverse regions across time.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Mention how monastic centres like Nalanda and Vikramashila functioned as spiritual, educational, and diplomatic nodes shaping India’s global and internal cultural networks.
• Explain how monasteries enabled long-distance academic and diplomatic exchanges by attracting foreign students, dispatching monks abroad, and hosting visiting scholars.
• Analyse how these institutions propagated India’s ethical values, philosophical inquiry, and rational traditions, reinforcing its civilisational identity rooted in non-violence and pluralism.
• Discuss how shared ritual practices, pilgrimage circuits, and multilingual texts unified culturally distinct regions into a broader Buddhist cultural sphere.
Conclusion Their enduring legacy offers a blueprint for India’s cultural resurgence and its aspirations to lead through knowledge, dialogue, and shared heritage.
Introduction
Ancient Buddhist monastic institutions such as Nalanda, Vikramashila and Takshashila were not mere religious enclaves but civilisational epicentres of knowledge production, diplomacy, and cultural exchange that extended India’s influence across Asia.
Role in shaping intellectual and diplomatic networks
• Pan-Asian academic institutions: Monasteries evolved into centres for higher education in medicine, logic, philosophy, and mathematics. Eg: Nalanda University (5th century CE) hosted over 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers, with scholars like Xuanzang and Yijing from China documenting its academic excellence.
• Eg: Nalanda University (5th century CE) hosted over 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers, with scholars like Xuanzang and Yijing from China documenting its academic excellence.
• Diplomatic outreach via monastic exchanges: Monks often acted as India’s cultural diplomats, creating lasting ties with foreign rulers and scholars. Eg: Kumarajiva and Bodhidharma carried Indian Buddhism to China and Southeast Asia, strengthening cross-cultural understanding.
• Eg: Kumarajiva and Bodhidharma carried Indian Buddhism to China and Southeast Asia, strengthening cross-cultural understanding.
• Knowledge export through translation: Sanskrit Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese, Tibetan, and other languages through monastic networks. Eg: The Tripitaka translations by Xuanzang and others were facilitated by Indian monasteries in Ujjain and Nalanda, shaping East Asian Buddhist thought.
• Eg: The Tripitaka translations by Xuanzang and others were facilitated by Indian monasteries in Ujjain and Nalanda, shaping East Asian Buddhist thought.
• Inter-monastic diplomatic councils: Regular councils and exchanges of scholars promoted standardisation of doctrine and inter-kingdom diplomacy. Eg: The Fourth Buddhist Council (Kashmir, 1st century CE) under Kanishka brought together monks from India, Central Asia and Afghanistan.
• Eg: The Fourth Buddhist Council (Kashmir, 1st century CE) under Kanishka brought together monks from India, Central Asia and Afghanistan.
• State-supported intellectual diplomacy: Patron kings projected soft power by sponsoring monastic centres that attracted international attention. Eg: Harshavardhana’s patronage of Nalanda elevated it as a diplomatic hub hosting foreign envoys and religious debates.
• Eg: Harshavardhana’s patronage of Nalanda elevated it as a diplomatic hub hosting foreign envoys and religious debates.
Influence on India’s civilisational identity
• Embedded knowledge in civilisational memory: Buddhist institutions formalised and preserved India’s pluralistic, rational, and moral traditions. Eg: The Bodhisattva ideal and Middle Path became part of India’s cultural self-image, echoed in India’s Constitution (Article 51 – Promotion of International Peace and Security).
• Eg: The Bodhisattva ideal and Middle Path became part of India’s cultural self-image, echoed in India’s Constitution (Article 51 – Promotion of International Peace and Security).
• Fusion of religion and rationality: Unlike Vedic orthodoxy, Buddhist monasticism fostered debate and inquiry across disciplines. Eg: Vikramashila University combined Tantric studies, logic, and grammar, showing India’s identity as a cradle of knowledge.
• Eg: Vikramashila University combined Tantric studies, logic, and grammar, showing India’s identity as a cradle of knowledge.
• Civilisational continuity beyond political decline: Despite invasions, the monastic legacy influenced religious pluralism and ethical frameworks. Eg: Ashokan pillars, relics and inscriptions formed India’s early national symbols and were revived in modern emblems like the Lion Capital.
• Eg: Ashokan pillars, relics and inscriptions formed India’s early national symbols and were revived in modern emblems like the Lion Capital.
Role in integrating diverse regions through shared cultural frameworks
• Cultural unification across linguistic regions: Buddhist philosophy transcended linguistic barriers, creating shared discourses. Eg: Pali and Sanskrit texts were studied across Magadha, Kashmir, Saurashtra, and Bengal, establishing a pan-Indic learning ethos.
• Eg: Pali and Sanskrit texts were studied across Magadha, Kashmir, Saurashtra, and Bengal, establishing a pan-Indic learning ethos.
• Pilgrimage circuits binding geographies: Monasteries connected sacred geographies and facilitated inter-regional movement of ideas and people. Eg: The Uttarapath and Dakshinapath routes linked monasteries in Sarnath, Amaravati, and Sanchi, binding north and south.
• Eg: The Uttarapath and Dakshinapath routes linked monasteries in Sarnath, Amaravati, and Sanchi, binding north and south.
• Standardisation of rituals and art: Shared iconography, rituals, and ethics created a unified religious-cultural vocabulary. Eg: The Gandhara and Mathura schools of Buddhist art blended Greek, Persian, and Indian styles, symbolising regional integration.
• Eg: The Gandhara and Mathura schools of Buddhist art blended Greek, Persian, and Indian styles, symbolising regional integration.
• Cross-border monastic networks: Indian monks trained foreign students who later returned to spread a syncretic Indian culture abroad. Eg: Atisha Dipankara, trained in Vikramashila, reformed Tibetan Buddhism, linking Bengal and Tibet through a shared doctrinal lineage.
• Eg: Atisha Dipankara, trained in Vikramashila, reformed Tibetan Buddhism, linking Bengal and Tibet through a shared doctrinal lineage.
• Inclusivity as a cultural binder: Monasteries were open to all varnas and regions, creating a pan-regional egalitarian ethos. Eg: The Vaishali monastic assemblies had women bhikkhunis and monks from multiple castes and regions.
• Eg: The Vaishali monastic assemblies had women bhikkhunis and monks from multiple castes and regions.
Conclusion
Buddhist monastic institutions were India’s first civilisational embassies, where knowledge travelled farther than arms. Reviving their intellectual legacy offers timeless insights into building a culturally rooted, globally respected civilisation.
Topic: Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
Topic: Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
Q2. Over-tourism and inadequate transport infrastructure are eroding the liveability of hill towns. Analyse. How can policy recalibration reverse this trend? (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: DTE
Why the question Mobility crises and ecological degradation in Indian hill towns like Shimla and Mussoorie have intensified due to unregulated tourism and neglected transport planning, making it a pressing governance and sustainability issue. Key demand of the question The answer must analyse how over-tourism and poor mobility infrastructure harm hill town liveability and suggest specific policy recalibrations that can reverse or mitigate the trend. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Mention growing stress on hill towns due to tourism and vehicular load, highlighting urgency for mobility reform. Body Explain how over-tourism and inadequate infrastructure disrupt services, increase pollution, and affect ecology. Suggest practical, terrain-suitable, policy-based solutions like digital transport systems, visitor caps, decentralised tourism etc. Conclusion Brief futuristic line on balancing economic benefits of tourism with sustainable urban mobility and environmental preservation.
Why the question Mobility crises and ecological degradation in Indian hill towns like Shimla and Mussoorie have intensified due to unregulated tourism and neglected transport planning, making it a pressing governance and sustainability issue.
Key demand of the question The answer must analyse how over-tourism and poor mobility infrastructure harm hill town liveability and suggest specific policy recalibrations that can reverse or mitigate the trend.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Mention growing stress on hill towns due to tourism and vehicular load, highlighting urgency for mobility reform.
• Explain how over-tourism and inadequate infrastructure disrupt services, increase pollution, and affect ecology.
• Suggest practical, terrain-suitable, policy-based solutions like digital transport systems, visitor caps, decentralised tourism etc.
Conclusion Brief futuristic line on balancing economic benefits of tourism with sustainable urban mobility and environmental preservation.
Introduction India’s hill towns are choking under a dual burden of unregulated tourism and neglected mobility systems, threatening both their ecology and economy.
How over-tourism and poor infrastructure erode liveability
• Strain on core urban services: Sudden population surges stress water, waste, and electricity networks in fragile geographies. Eg: In Shimla (2024), over 2.57 million tourists visited against a capacity of just 10,596 hotel beds (Himachal Economic Survey 2024–25).
• Eg: In Shimla (2024), over 2.57 million tourists visited against a capacity of just 10,596 hotel beds (Himachal Economic Survey 2024–25).
• Vehicular congestion and time loss: Narrow roads and unplanned traffic inflow cause daily gridlocks. Eg: Victory Tunnel, Shimla, records up to 45,000 PCUs/day (Draft Development Plan, 2041).
• Eg: Victory Tunnel, Shimla, records up to 45,000 PCUs/day (Draft Development Plan, 2041).
• Rising environmental and health risks: Emissions spike from idling vehicles; fragile ecology worsens. Eg: Shimla’s PM2.5 pollution from transport rose to 900 tonnes/year; AQI “good” days fell from 164 (2020) to 151 (2024) – Himachal Pollution Control Board.
• Eg: Shimla’s PM2.5 pollution from transport rose to 900 tonnes/year; AQI “good” days fell from 164 (2020) to 151 (2024) – Himachal Pollution Control Board.
• Pressure on housing and land: Farmland is diverted for parking and tourism infrastructure, impacting sustainability. Eg: Farmlands near Shimla being converted into temporary parking during peak season (CSE Report 2024).
• Eg: Farmlands near Shimla being converted into temporary parking during peak season (CSE Report 2024).
• Erosion of cultural and social capital: Unregulated tourism commodifies local culture, displaces residents. Eg: The Mall Road, Mussoorie, now has more chain outlets than local businesses, affecting regional identity.
• Eg: The Mall Road, Mussoorie, now has more chain outlets than local businesses, affecting regional identity.
Policy recalibration for sustainable hill mobility and tourism
• Cap-based tourism regulation: Introduce visitor ceiling based on carrying capacity of towns. Eg: Bhutan’s daily tourist cap under “High Value Low Volume” tourism model since 2022.
• Eg: Bhutan’s daily tourist cap under “High Value Low Volume” tourism model since 2022.
• Multimodal public transport with terrain-fit tech: Introduce electric buses, ropeways, and lifts to reduce road load. Eg: Gangtok implemented electric taxi fleet and ropeways for tourists and residents (Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, 2023).
• Eg: Gangtok implemented electric taxi fleet and ropeways for tourists and residents (Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, 2023).
• Dynamic congestion pricing and vehicle entry limits: Use tech to regulate inflow during peak hours. Eg: Manali Green Tax barrier, which levies seasonal charges on entering tourist vehicles.
• Eg: Manali Green Tax barrier, which levies seasonal charges on entering tourist vehicles.
• Digital scheduling and real-time information systems: Enable route planning, reduce over-reliance on private vehicles. Eg: Indore’s MyBus app for real-time tracking boosted public ridership by 12% (Urban Mobility India Report 2022).
• Eg: Indore’s MyBus app for real-time tracking boosted public ridership by 12% (Urban Mobility India Report 2022).
• Decentralisation of tourism and satellite hubs: Spread tourist inflow to nearby villages/towns with eco-tourism potential. Eg: Sikkim promotes village homestays in Dzongu and Okhrey to relieve Gangtok.
• Eg: Sikkim promotes village homestays in Dzongu and Okhrey to relieve Gangtok.
Conclusion Hill towns can no longer afford tourism without balance. A shift to eco-sensitive, digitally monitored, and locally participatory mobility planning is the only path to preserving both heritage and habitability.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
Topic: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
Q3. Discuss the scope and limitations of the Supreme Court’s advisory jurisdiction under Article 143. How is it distinct from its adjudicatory powers? (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question The recent 2025 Presidential reference under Article 143, following the Supreme Court’s April ruling on Governor R.N. Ravi, has reopened debates on the advisory role of the judiciary and its constitutional boundaries. Key demand of the question The answer must explain the constitutional scope and constraints of Article 143, and clearly differentiate it from the Court’s binding adjudicatory powers, using examples and constitutional provisions. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly introduce Article 143 as a unique consultative power available to the President to seek judicial advice on issues of national importance. Body Mention the scope: legal/factual questions, Constitution Bench requirement, past references. Mention the limitations: non-binding nature, no enforceability, cannot override judgments. Distinguish it from adjudicatory jurisdiction: absence of parties/remedies, no precedents, no rights enforcement. Conclusion Conclude with the role of Article 143 in aiding constitutional balance without undermining judicial finality.
Why the question The recent 2025 Presidential reference under Article 143, following the Supreme Court’s April ruling on Governor R.N. Ravi, has reopened debates on the advisory role of the judiciary and its constitutional boundaries.
Key demand of the question The answer must explain the constitutional scope and constraints of Article 143, and clearly differentiate it from the Court’s binding adjudicatory powers, using examples and constitutional provisions.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly introduce Article 143 as a unique consultative power available to the President to seek judicial advice on issues of national importance.
• Mention the scope: legal/factual questions, Constitution Bench requirement, past references.
• Mention the limitations: non-binding nature, no enforceability, cannot override judgments.
• Distinguish it from adjudicatory jurisdiction: absence of parties/remedies, no precedents, no rights enforcement.
Conclusion Conclude with the role of Article 143 in aiding constitutional balance without undermining judicial finality.
Introduction Article 143 empowers the President to seek non-binding advice from the Supreme Court, enabling constitutional guidance in complex or unprecedented matters.
Scope of Article 143
• Covers both law and fact: The President can refer both legal and factual questions of public importance. Eg: The 2025 Presidential reference raised 14 questions, including on Articles 142, 131 and judicial discipline.
• Eg: The 2025 Presidential reference raised 14 questions, including on Articles 142, 131 and judicial discipline.
• Applicable to hypothetical situations: Questions “likely to arise” can be referred, even if they are not yet part of litigation. Eg: In the 1994 Special Reference, the SC gave an opinion on the Ramakrishna Mission’s minority status, though no case was pending.
• Eg: In the 1994 Special Reference, the SC gave an opinion on the Ramakrishna Mission’s minority status, though no case was pending.
• Constitution Bench mandatory: Article 145(3) requires a Bench of at least five judges to hear a reference. Eg: The Third Judges Case (1998) was heard by a 9-judge Bench for clarity on judicial appointments.
• Eg: The Third Judges Case (1998) was heard by a 9-judge Bench for clarity on judicial appointments.
• Assists executive decision-making: Offers legal clarity to the President when the executive faces constitutional dilemmas. Eg: The Berubari Union reference (1960) guided the Nehru government on the procedure to cede territory to Pakistan.
• Eg: The Berubari Union reference (1960) guided the Nehru government on the procedure to cede territory to Pakistan.
Limitations of Article 143
• Not binding in nature: Opinions under Article 143 are not enforceable and do not carry the weight of judicial precedents. Eg: The 2012 reference on 2G spectrum allocation did not alter the 2G judgment, despite overlapping concerns.
• Eg: The 2012 reference on 2G spectrum allocation did not alter the 2G judgment, despite overlapping concerns.
• No parties, no remedy: There are no litigants and the court does not issue enforceable directions or resolve actual disputes. Eg: The Cauvery Water Disputes reference (1991) clarified that Article 143 cannot be used to review existing rulings.
• Eg: The Cauvery Water Disputes reference (1991) clarified that Article 143 cannot be used to review existing rulings.
• Court can return unanswered: The SC may decline to answer a reference if it is no longer relevant or expedient. Eg: In Special Reference No. 1 of 1982, the SC returned the question on the J&K Resettlement Bill unanswered.
• Eg: In Special Reference No. 1 of 1982, the SC returned the question on the J&K Resettlement Bill unanswered.
• Can’t override judicial decisions: Article 143 cannot be used to appeal or dilute a settled judgment of the court. Eg: In the Cauvery opinion, the SC held that Article 143 is not a backdoor for review of judicial verdicts.
• Eg: In the Cauvery opinion, the SC held that Article 143 is not a backdoor for review of judicial verdicts.
Distinction from adjudicatory jurisdiction
• Purpose and enforceability: Advisory opinions are consultative, while adjudicatory decisions are binding under Article 141. Eg: The 2025 Presidential reference on timelines for assent will not overturn the April 8, 2025 R.N. Ravi judgment, as the latter is adjudicatory.
• Eg: The 2025 Presidential reference on timelines for assent will not overturn the April 8, 2025 R.N. Ravi judgment, as the latter is adjudicatory.
• No litigants or remedies in advisory matters: Advisory jurisdiction does not involve opposing parties or enforce rights or liabilities. Eg: In the Berubari Union case (1960), the SC clarified territorial cession procedures without adjudicating between two parties.
• Eg: In the Berubari Union case (1960), the SC clarified territorial cession procedures without adjudicating between two parties.
• Cannot strike down laws: Unlike adjudicatory jurisdiction, Article 143 cannot be used to invalidate statutes or executive actions. Eg: In the 1993 Ayodhya reference, the SC declined to answer the question on temple existence as it would affect pending Title Suit proceedings.
• Eg: In the 1993 Ayodhya reference, the SC declined to answer the question on temple existence as it would affect pending Title Suit proceedings.
Conclusion Article 143 serves as a constitutional compass in uncharted territories, but must not be misused to bypass or challenge the judiciary’s authoritative verdicts.
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
Topic: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
Q4. What is the significance of the Bandung Conference for India’s post-independence foreign policy identity? Why does its neglect matter today? How can its core principles be reinterpreted to suit India’s current geopolitical aspirations? (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question The 70th anniversary of the Bandung Conference passed without official recognition by India, reflecting deeper shifts in India’s foreign policy identity amidst global multipolarity and domestic political imperatives. Key demand of the question The question asks about the foundational role of the Bandung Conference in shaping India’s early diplomatic principles, the implications of ignoring its legacy today, and ways to adapt its core values to suit present-day strategic goals. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly highlight Bandung’s historical role in asserting India’s moral leadership in a decolonising world and laying the foundation of non-alignment. Body Mention how Bandung shaped India’s post-independence foreign policy identity through leadership in NAM and multilateral forums. Explain why ignoring this legacy today weakens India’s global credibility, soft power, and consistent strategic voice. Suggest how principles like strategic autonomy, South-South solidarity, and inclusive multilateralism can be reinterpreted in the context of India’s current aspirations like G20 leadership, Indo-Pacific positioning, and Global South advocacy. Conclusion Emphasise that re-engaging with Bandung’s principles can help India reclaim a coherent, future-ready, and morally credible global identity.
Why the question The 70th anniversary of the Bandung Conference passed without official recognition by India, reflecting deeper shifts in India’s foreign policy identity amidst global multipolarity and domestic political imperatives.
Key demand of the question The question asks about the foundational role of the Bandung Conference in shaping India’s early diplomatic principles, the implications of ignoring its legacy today, and ways to adapt its core values to suit present-day strategic goals.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly highlight Bandung’s historical role in asserting India’s moral leadership in a decolonising world and laying the foundation of non-alignment.
• Mention how Bandung shaped India’s post-independence foreign policy identity through leadership in NAM and multilateral forums.
• Explain why ignoring this legacy today weakens India’s global credibility, soft power, and consistent strategic voice.
• Suggest how principles like strategic autonomy, South-South solidarity, and inclusive multilateralism can be reinterpreted in the context of India’s current aspirations like G20 leadership, Indo-Pacific positioning, and Global South advocacy.
Conclusion Emphasise that re-engaging with Bandung’s principles can help India reclaim a coherent, future-ready, and morally credible global identity.
Introduction The 1955 Bandung Conference symbolised India’s emergence as a moral voice among postcolonial nations and laid the intellectual foundations of non-alignment and South-South solidarity, giving India global prominence despite limited material power.
Significance of Bandung Conference for India’s post-independence foreign policy
• Moral leadership in postcolonial diplomacy: India led efforts to resist bipolarity through peaceful, principle-driven engagement. Eg: India, under Jawaharlal Nehru, co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement (1961), promoting strategic autonomy and peaceful coexistence.
• Eg: India, under Jawaharlal Nehru, co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement (1961), promoting strategic autonomy and peaceful coexistence.
• Institutionalisation of anti-colonial solidarity: The conference created a platform for decolonised nations to collaborate on global issues. Eg: India supported African countries’ liberation movements in the 1960s–70s, projecting itself as a champion of global justice.
• Eg: India supported African countries’ liberation movements in the 1960s–70s, projecting itself as a champion of global justice.
• Alternative development vision: India advocated self-reliant industrialisation and inclusive democracy, rejecting both US capitalism and Soviet socialism. Eg: The Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61) reflected Nehruvian ideals rooted in Bandung’s developmental ethos.
• Eg: The Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61) reflected Nehruvian ideals rooted in Bandung’s developmental ethos.
• Strengthening multilateralism: Bandung paved the way for India’s active role in the UN, G77, and NAM, enhancing collective voice for the Global South. Eg: India’s 1974 speech at the UNCTAD supported a New International Economic Order, resonating Bandung principles.
• Eg: India’s 1974 speech at the UNCTAD supported a New International Economic Order, resonating Bandung principles.
Why its neglect matters today
• Erosion of strategic consistency: Ignoring Bandung reflects India’s drift from its historic identity as a principled and autonomous actor. Eg: India’s absence of official commemoration of Bandung@70 in 2025 weakened its soft power narrative.
• Eg: India’s absence of official commemoration of Bandung@70 in 2025 weakened its soft power narrative.
• Loss of South-South leadership: India risks losing credibility among developing nations who once viewed it as their voice. Eg: India’s low engagement with Africa and Latin America in recent summits has been criticised by ORF and RIS.
• Eg: India’s low engagement with Africa and Latin America in recent summits has been criticised by ORF and RIS.
• Personality-driven diplomacy replacing institutions: Over-personalisation undermines India’s institutional credibility and long-term strategy. Eg: The over-reliance on leader-level summits has weakened India’s diplomatic corps and continuity .
• Eg: The over-reliance on leader-level summits has weakened India’s diplomatic corps and continuity .
• Reactive foreign policy posture: Departure from long-term principles in favour of short-term deals dilutes India’s geopolitical influence. Eg: India’s delayed response to Gaza ceasefire proposals (2023) was seen as inconsistent with its historic peace advocacy.
• Eg: India’s delayed response to Gaza ceasefire proposals (2023) was seen as inconsistent with its historic peace advocacy.
• Undermining domestic foreign policy consensus: Foreign policy is increasingly used for domestic political optics, not national interest. Eg: Ceasefire talks with Pakistan announced by Washington in 2021 led to criticism of India’s diplomatic marginalisation .
• Eg: Ceasefire talks with Pakistan announced by Washington in 2021 led to criticism of India’s diplomatic marginalisation .
Reinterpreting Bandung principles for today’s geopolitical context
• Reviving strategic autonomy through multipolarity: India can update non-alignment into multi-alignment with autonomy. Eg: India’s role in I2U2, BRICS, and SCO shows potential to balance relations with all major powers (MEA Annual Report 2024).
• Eg: India’s role in I2U2, BRICS, and SCO shows potential to balance relations with all major powers (MEA Annual Report 2024).
• Positioning as leader of Global South 2.0: India must reclaim leadership on climate justice, equitable trade, and tech ethics. Eg: India’s Global South Voice Summit 2023, proposing reforms in global financial architecture, reflected this shift.
• Eg: India’s Global South Voice Summit 2023, proposing reforms in global financial architecture, reflected this shift.
• Investing in South-South development cooperation: Bandung ideals can guide new developmental partnerships. Eg: India’s Development and Diplomacy division under MEA launched in 2022 funds digital and health infrastructure in Africa and Pacific Islands.
• Eg: India’s Development and Diplomacy division under MEA launched in 2022 funds digital and health infrastructure in Africa and Pacific Islands.
• Reasserting multilateral credibility: India must reinforce its image as a responsible stakeholder in global governance. Eg: India’s G20 Presidency in 2023 used the theme “One Earth, One Family, One Future” rooted in inclusive internationalism.
• Eg: India’s G20 Presidency in 2023 used the theme “One Earth, One Family, One Future” rooted in inclusive internationalism.
• Using soft power and education diplomacy: Bandung’s intellectual solidarity can be revived through capacity-building and academic partnerships. Eg: Study in India programme (revamped in 2024) expanded scholarships for Global South students, reviving India’s educational diplomacy.
• Eg: Study in India programme (revamped in 2024) expanded scholarships for Global South students, reviving India’s educational diplomacy.
Conclusion India cannot afford strategic amnesia about Bandung. Reclaiming its essence—moral clarity, strategic autonomy, and inclusive multilateralism—will not only enhance India’s global standing but also offer a coherent framework for navigating a fractured world order.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country.
Topic: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country.
Q5. What is meant by a Micro Green Revolution in agriculture? How does it differ from the original Green Revolution in terms of input use, sustainability, and long-term viability? Examine its feasibility in the Indian context. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: DTE
Why the question Brazilian scientist Mariangela Hungria has won the 2025 World Food Prize for her pioneering work in reducing the use of chemical fertilisers and developing biological seed and soil treatments to boost crop yields and nutrition. Key demand of the question Define the concept of the Micro Green Revolution and contrast it with the original Green Revolution across three dimensions—input use, sustainability, and long-term impact—while evaluating how suitable it is for Indian agriculture. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Define Micro Green Revolution briefly and distinguish its essence from the earlier Green Revolution. Body Explain the meaning and features of Micro Green Revolution as a bio-centric model. Compare with the original Green Revolution based on input use, ecological impact, and systemic viability. Examine feasibility in India based on soil diversity, policy ecosystem, farmer readiness, and institutional support. Conclusion Give a forward-looking remark on how India can lead a microbial-driven sustainable farming transition.
Why the question
Brazilian scientist Mariangela Hungria has won the 2025 World Food Prize for her pioneering work in reducing the use of chemical fertilisers and developing biological seed and soil treatments to boost crop yields and nutrition.
Key demand of the question
Define the concept of the Micro Green Revolution and contrast it with the original Green Revolution across three dimensions—input use, sustainability, and long-term impact—while evaluating how suitable it is for Indian agriculture.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Define Micro Green Revolution briefly and distinguish its essence from the earlier Green Revolution.
• Explain the meaning and features of Micro Green Revolution as a bio-centric model.
• Compare with the original Green Revolution based on input use, ecological impact, and systemic viability.
• Examine feasibility in India based on soil diversity, policy ecosystem, farmer readiness, and institutional support.
Conclusion Give a forward-looking remark on how India can lead a microbial-driven sustainable farming transition.
Introduction
The Micro Green Revolution signifies a new phase of agricultural innovation centred on biological inputs, especially beneficial microbes, that aim to enhance crop productivity, reduce input costs, and revive degraded agro-ecosystems.
Meaning of micro green revolution
• Microbial nutrient mobilisation: Uses microbial consortia to fix atmospheric nitrogen and mobilise phosphorus and potassium. Eg: Rhizobium and Azospirillum inoculants improved nitrogen uptake in soybeans and common beans in Brazil, increasing yields by up to 16% (World Food Prize Foundation, 2025).
• Eg: Rhizobium and Azospirillum inoculants improved nitrogen uptake in soybeans and common beans in Brazil, increasing yields by up to 16% (World Food Prize Foundation, 2025).
• Biological seed and soil treatments: Involves treating seeds and soil with beneficial bacteria or fungi to enhance germination, nutrient absorption, and stress resistance. Eg: ICAR–IISS’s phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) improved phosphorus use efficiency in wheat and rice belts (ICAR, 2023).
• Eg: ICAR–IISS’s phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) improved phosphorus use efficiency in wheat and rice belts (ICAR, 2023).
• Input cost reduction strategy: Replaces high-cost chemical inputs with natural processes, lowering financial burdens on farmers. Eg: Brazilian farmers saved $40 billion annually by reducing fertiliser dependence using microbial technologies (World Food Prize Foundation, 2025).
• Eg: Brazilian farmers saved $40 billion annually by reducing fertiliser dependence using microbial technologies (World Food Prize Foundation, 2025).
• Ecological intensification approach: Aims to increase output without degrading ecosystems by leveraging soil microbial biodiversity. Eg: Madhya Pradesh’s organic clusters under PKVY used microbial bioinputs, leading to 35% less water use and improved soil health (MoA&FW, 2022).
• Eg: Madhya Pradesh’s organic clusters under PKVY used microbial bioinputs, leading to 35% less water use and improved soil health (MoA&FW, 2022).
Differences from the Green Revolution
• Nature of technological base: Green Revolution was mechanical and chemical, while Micro Green is biological and regenerative. Eg: Green tech involved HYVs, tractors, irrigation pumps; Micro Green uses microbial biostimulants and inoculants (ICAR vs EMBRAPA models).
• Eg: Green tech involved HYVs, tractors, irrigation pumps; Micro Green uses microbial biostimulants and inoculants (ICAR vs EMBRAPA models).
• Environmental footprint: Green Revolution increased GHG emissions, water pollution, while Micro Green is carbon-efficient and non-toxic. Eg: FAO estimated synthetic fertilisers contribute 1.4 billion tonnes CO₂-eq annually; biofertilisers have near-zero emissions (FAO, 2022).
• Eg: FAO estimated synthetic fertilisers contribute 1.4 billion tonnes CO₂-eq annually; biofertilisers have near-zero emissions (FAO, 2022).
• Water use and soil degradation: Green practices caused aquifer depletion and salinisation, whereas microbial methods enhance water retention and soil structure. Eg: Azotobacter-treated fields in Maharashtra showed 11% higher water-use efficiency (NIASM, 2023).
• Eg: Azotobacter-treated fields in Maharashtra showed 11% higher water-use efficiency (NIASM, 2023).
• Crop diversity and resilience: Green Revolution promoted monocultures (mainly wheat and rice); Micro Green supports multi-crop systems and intercropping. Eg: Assam’s agroforestry + microbial trials integrated pulses, oilseeds with rice, improving yields and income stability (ICFRE, 2022).
• Eg: Assam’s agroforestry + microbial trials integrated pulses, oilseeds with rice, improving yields and income stability (ICFRE, 2022).
• Energy intensity: Green model relies on fossil-fuel-derived inputs, Micro Green works through renewable microbial cycles. Eg: Urea production alone consumes over 25 MMBTU per ton, while biofertilisers are low-energy alternatives (MoP&NG, 2023).
• Eg: Urea production alone consumes over 25 MMBTU per ton, while biofertilisers are low-energy alternatives (MoP&NG, 2023).
Feasibility in the Indian context
• Agro-ecological compatibility: India’s microbial-rich soils and diverse climates allow region-specific inoculant development. Eg: ICAR-IISS Bhopal’s zone-wise microbial library covers over 200 localised strains (ICAR, 2024).
• Eg: ICAR-IISS Bhopal’s zone-wise microbial library covers over 200 localised strains (ICAR, 2024).
• Alignment with existing schemes: Matches policy objectives of PM-PRANAM, Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP), and NMSA. Eg: PM-PRANAM (2023) encourages states to reduce chemical use by granting budgetary incentives for using bio-inputs (MoA&FW, 2023).
• Eg: PM-PRANAM (2023) encourages states to reduce chemical use by granting budgetary incentives for using bio-inputs (MoA&FW, 2023).
• Scientific and startup ecosystem: India has a growing network of bio-agri startups and research institutes with microbial innovation focus. Eg: Indibio, a Pune-based startup, developed multi-strain liquid inoculants used across 40,000 ha in 2024 (Startup India Database).
• Eg: Indibio, a Pune-based startup, developed multi-strain liquid inoculants used across 40,000 ha in 2024 (Startup India Database).
• Farmer awareness and adoption barriers: Challenges persist in trust, knowledge, and result visibility of biofertilisers. Eg: 2022 NSSO Survey showed only 12% farmers were aware of microbial alternatives in major fertiliser-consuming districts.
• Eg: 2022 NSSO Survey showed only 12% farmers were aware of microbial alternatives in major fertiliser-consuming districts.
• Lack of regulation and quality standards: Inconsistent quality, counterfeit biofertilisers, and absence of robust certification norms affect adoption. Eg: Ramesh Chand Committee (NITI Aayog) recommended a centralised Bio-input Regulatory Authority in 2022 to ensure standards.
• Eg: Ramesh Chand Committee (NITI Aayog) recommended a centralised Bio-input Regulatory Authority in 2022 to ensure standards.
• Skilling and extension deficit: Limited integration of microbial literacy in KVKs, ATMA, and FPOs. Eg: Only 42 out of 731 KVKs currently run structured biofertiliser awareness modules (DACFW, 2024).
• Eg: Only 42 out of 731 KVKs currently run structured biofertiliser awareness modules (DACFW, 2024).
Conclusion
India stands at the cusp of a second agricultural revolution—this time led by its soil microbiome. With the right institutional push and farmer-centric reforms, the Micro Green Revolution can create a path toward low-cost, climate-resilient, and ecologically regenerative farming.
Topic: Changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
Topic: Changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
Q6. What are the challenges faced by gig workers in securing minimum wage protections? Examine the need for extending social security benefits to platform-based workers. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Easy
Reference: TH
Why the question: A roundtable held in Delhi on digital platform-based work in the country has recommended minimum wages, social security, and legal protections for gig and platform workers. Key demand of the question: The question demands identification of challenges preventing gig workers from accessing minimum wage protections and an analysis of why extending social security coverage to them is essential. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly define gig workers and mention their exclusion from formal labour protections despite their rising role in the digital economy. Body Challenges in ensuring minimum wage protections like employment ambiguity, algorithmic control, and lack of enforcement. Need for social security inclusion such as risk mitigation, constitutional obligations, and global best practices. Conclusion Suggest the need for a statutory framework and tripartite mechanisms to ensure equitable rights in the digital economy.
Why the question: A roundtable held in Delhi on digital platform-based work in the country has recommended minimum wages, social security, and legal protections for gig and platform workers.
Key demand of the question: The question demands identification of challenges preventing gig workers from accessing minimum wage protections and an analysis of why extending social security coverage to them is essential.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly define gig workers and mention their exclusion from formal labour protections despite their rising role in the digital economy.
• Challenges in ensuring minimum wage protections like employment ambiguity, algorithmic control, and lack of enforcement.
• Need for social security inclusion such as risk mitigation, constitutional obligations, and global best practices.
Conclusion Suggest the need for a statutory framework and tripartite mechanisms to ensure equitable rights in the digital economy.
Introduction
Despite contributing significantly to India’s digital economy, gig workers face legal invisibility in labour laws, resulting in income instability and lack of social protection.
Challenges in securing minimum wage protections
• Ambiguity in employment status: Gig workers are classified as ‘independent contractors’, denying them legal protections under wage laws. Eg:– The Code on Wages, 2019 excludes gig workers from scheduled employment; NITI Aayog (2022) confirms lack of employer liability in such models.
• Eg:– The Code on Wages, 2019 excludes gig workers from scheduled employment; NITI Aayog (2022) confirms lack of employer liability in such models.
• Unilateral algorithmic control: Platforms control rates and incentives through opaque algorithms, leaving workers with no say. Eg:– The May 2025 Gig Workers Roundtable flagged continuous rate card cuts by firms like Swiggy and Ola without disclosure.
• Eg:– The May 2025 Gig Workers Roundtable flagged continuous rate card cuts by firms like Swiggy and Ola without disclosure.
• Non-recognition of waiting time as work: Only task-based output is paid, excluding long login hours from wage calculation. Eg:– ILO Report (2021) found Indian delivery workers spend nearly 45% of their time unpaid while waiting for assignments.
• Eg:– ILO Report (2021) found Indian delivery workers spend nearly 45% of their time unpaid while waiting for assignments.
• Absence of grievance redressal: No formal authority ensures payment disputes are addressed, leaving workers at the mercy of platforms. Eg:– The Standing Committee on Labour (2023) noted the Labour Ministry lacks a mandate to inspect digital labour platforms.
• Eg:– The Standing Committee on Labour (2023) noted the Labour Ministry lacks a mandate to inspect digital labour platforms.
• Disproportionate penalties and deductions: Workers’ earnings are often reduced by arbitrary fines without proper communication. Eg:– Workers at the Janpahal meeting (2025) reported hefty deductions and ID blockings without explanation, violating natural justice.
• Eg:– Workers at the Janpahal meeting (2025) reported hefty deductions and ID blockings without explanation, violating natural justice.
Need for extending social security benefits
• High risk and income volatility: Gig workers face sudden job loss, illness, or accidents without any fallback or coverage. Eg:– The Karnataka Gig Workers Bill (2024) proposes accident insurance and health cover through a welfare cess from platforms.
• Eg:– The Karnataka Gig Workers Bill (2024) proposes accident insurance and health cover through a welfare cess from platforms.
• Unavailability of formal safety nets: Workers cannot access EPF, ESIC or pension due to lack of recognition as employees. Eg:– Code on Social Security, 2020 allows optional inclusion but rules for aggregator contributions remain unnotified as of May 2025.
• Eg:– Code on Social Security, 2020 allows optional inclusion but rules for aggregator contributions remain unnotified as of May 2025.
• Violation of constitutional protections: Lack of social security violates Article 21 (Right to Life with dignity) and Article 41 (Right to public assistance). Eg:– In Sanjit Roy v State of Rajasthan (1983), SC ruled that below-minimum pay violates human dignity.
• Eg:– In Sanjit Roy v State of Rajasthan (1983), SC ruled that below-minimum pay violates human dignity.
• Poor digital identity and data mapping: Without registration, workers are excluded from both public and employer-led schemes. Eg:– The Delhi roundtable (2025) recommended a central registry of gig workers managed by tripartite welfare boards.
• Eg:– The Delhi roundtable (2025) recommended a central registry of gig workers managed by tripartite welfare boards.
• Global movement towards universal protections: Countries are evolving hybrid protections to cover gig workers under labour security. Eg:– Spain’s Riders Law (2021) mandates platform delivery workers be treated as employees for welfare and insurance purposes.
• Eg:– Spain’s Riders Law (2021) mandates platform delivery workers be treated as employees for welfare and insurance purposes.
Conclusion
India must evolve from a digital growth model to a just digital labour regime by ensuring algorithmic transparency, universal social protections, and tripartite regulation to uphold gig workers’ dignity.
General Studies – 4
Q7. Ashutosh, a highly respected and principled official in the department, was recently appointed to spearhead the revision of the state’s outdated excise policy. Given his reputation for integrity and trustworthiness, he was tasked with drafting a new policy to replace the old one. As part of the consultation process, Ashutosh arranged a meeting with a group of stakeholders who had expressed interest in discussing the policy changes. During this meeting, the group proposed a controversial alteration to the existing excise policy. Specifically, they suggested increasing the commission/fee for wholesale distributors from the existing 5 percent to 12 percent under the new policy. This proposed change was aimed at facilitating kickbacks and bribes, thereby significantly benefiting the distributors at the expense of the government and consumers.
Ashutosh, known for his cautious and ethical approach, did not react immediately to the group’s proposal or make any commitments. He simply acknowledged their views and promised to consider their input. However, it soon became apparent that the minister and the group were conspiring to use this policy revision to create an environment that would ensure the unjust enrichment of wholesale distributors. This scheme involved manipulating the policy to generate illicit gains, part of which would be funneled back as bribes.
As the situation developed, the minister summoned Ashutosh to his office later that evening. During this meeting, the minister pressured Ashutosh to incorporate the group’s proposal into the new policy. The minister warned Ashutosh that if he did not acquiesce to these demands, he would face a transfer to a less significant and less influential department within the government. This threat was intended to coerce Ashutosh into compromising his principles and succumbing to the unethical demands of the minister and the stakeholders. (20 M)
In the given circumstance answer the following?
• Identify the stakeholders and ethical issues involved in the case. What options are available to Ashutosh in this situation? Which option should Ashutosh choose? What measures can be taken to reduce the influence of corruption and bribery in policy-making processes?
• Identify the stakeholders and ethical issues involved in the case.
• What options are available to Ashutosh in this situation? Which option should Ashutosh choose?
• What measures can be taken to reduce the influence of corruption and bribery in policy-making processes?
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question The application of ethical principles like integrity, courage, and accountability in public service when faced with coercion and institutional corruption. It also probes systemic reforms to reduce unethical influence in policymaking. Key Demand of the question Identify key stakeholders and ethical issues involved in the situation, evaluate all ethical options available to the officer, and recommend measures to institutionalise integrity in policymaking processes. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly highlight the moral conflict faced by a public servant when ethical integrity clashes with institutional coercion, supported by a moral principle like Kant’s duty ethics or the Nolan principles. Body Stakeholders and ethical issues involved – Mention key actors and ethical principles compromised, such as fairness, abuse of power, and public trust. Options available and justified choice – Evaluate all ethical alternatives Ashutosh can take and select the most morally and professionally sound course of action. Measures to reduce corruption in policymaking – Suggest legal, institutional, and ethical mechanisms like stricter anti-corruption laws, transparency in lobbying, civil society involvement, and protection for whistle-blowers. Conclusion Assert that upholding ethics under duress reinforces institutional integrity and deters future corruption. Reinforce with a quote or principle, e.g., “Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do.”
Why the question The application of ethical principles like integrity, courage, and accountability in public service when faced with coercion and institutional corruption. It also probes systemic reforms to reduce unethical influence in policymaking.
Key Demand of the question Identify key stakeholders and ethical issues involved in the situation, evaluate all ethical options available to the officer, and recommend measures to institutionalise integrity in policymaking processes.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly highlight the moral conflict faced by a public servant when ethical integrity clashes with institutional coercion, supported by a moral principle like Kant’s duty ethics or the Nolan principles.
• Stakeholders and ethical issues involved – Mention key actors and ethical principles compromised, such as fairness, abuse of power, and public trust.
• Options available and justified choice – Evaluate all ethical alternatives Ashutosh can take and select the most morally and professionally sound course of action.
• Measures to reduce corruption in policymaking – Suggest legal, institutional, and ethical mechanisms like stricter anti-corruption laws, transparency in lobbying, civil society involvement, and protection for whistle-blowers.
Conclusion Assert that upholding ethics under duress reinforces institutional integrity and deters future corruption. Reinforce with a quote or principle, e.g., “Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do.”
Introduction:
Ashutosh’s dilemma highlights the ethical principle that true integrity is tested under coercion. Kantian duty ethics emphasizes doing what is right, regardless of personal risk, reflecting the tension between moral duty and practical demands.
• a) Stakeholders and Ethical issues involved in the case are:
Stakeholders:
• Ashutosh: The principled official responsible for revising the excise policy.
• Minister: The government official pressuring Ashutosh to incorporate unethical changes into the policy.
• Wholesale distributors: The group proposing increased commissions for personal gain and bribes.
• Government: The entity potentially suffering from policy manipulation and loss of integrity.
• Consumers: The general public who will bear the financial burden of higher commissions and reduced fairness.
• Other officials and staff: Those in the department or government who may be indirectly affected by the changes.
Ethical issues involved are
• Corruption and bribery: The proposal facilitates unethical practices that benefit a few at the expense of the government and consumers.
• Integrity and trust: Ashutosh faces pressure to compromise his values, threatening the integrity of the policy revision process.
• Abuse of Power: The minister’s use of coercion and threats to manipulate policy decisions.
• Transparency and accountability: Lack of transparent processes and accountability in policy formulation and implementation.
• Fairness and Equity: The proposed policy change would unfairly enrich certain stakeholders, disadvantaging others.
• b) Option available to Ashutosh in given situation are
Option | Merits | Demerits
- 1.Acquiesce to the Minister’s Demands | – Maintains his current position and avoids immediate personal conflict. | – Compromises his integrity and principles.
– Gains favor with the minister and stakeholders involved in the proposal. | – Contributes to systemic corruption.
| – Erodes public trust in the government and policy-making process.
- 1.Refuse and Report the Issue | – Upholds his principles and maintains integrity. | – Risks career repercussions such as transfer or isolation.
– Sets a precedent for ethical behavior and accountability. | – Faces potential backlash or retaliation from the minister and stakeholders involved.
– Potentially protects consumers and the government. |
- 1.Seek External Support or Counsel | – Provides a chance for mediation or higher intervention, potentially balancing out the power dynamics. | – May be viewed as an act of defiance or non-compliance, resulting in career implications.
– Increases the visibility of the ethical dilemma. | – Delays the resolution process and could exacerbate tensions.
- 1.Negotiate a Compromise | – Allows for a potential middle ground that can address some concerns of all parties involved. | – Still involves some level of compromise on ethical standards.
– Minimizes immediate conflict. | – Might not fully address the issue of corruption and could be seen as a sign of weakness.
- 1.Resign from the Position | – Maintains personal integrity and avoids complicity in unethical practices. | – Loses influence and the opportunity to effect positive change within the department.
– Career setback with potential personal and financial implications.
Given the circumstances, Option 2: Refuse and Report the Issue is the most ethically sound choice. This option allows Ashutosh to maintain his integrity and sets a positive example of accountability and ethical governance. While it may come with personal and professional risks, it upholds the principles of transparency and public trust in the long run, fostering a culture of ethical leadership and resistance to corruption.
• c) Measures that can be taken to reduce the influence of corruption and bribery in policy-making processes are:
• Legal measures:
• Enact stricter penalties for those found guilty of corruption and bribery in the policy-making process. This includes both individuals and organizations.
E.g. Public Examination Act, 2024 impose 1 crore fine.
• Introduce whistle-blower protection laws that encourage reporting of corrupt practices without fear of retaliation, thereby increasing the deterrence.
E.g. Revise the Whistle-blowers protection act, 2014
• Require mandatory disclosure of lobbying activities, including the purpose, and parties involved, to reduce under-the-table influences.
E.g. e-Video recordings
• Ethical measures:
• Mandate comprehensive ethics training for all public officials and policymakers, and accountability in decision-making processes.
E.g. Mission Karmayogi module.
• Develop and enforce a strict code of conduct for public officials that explicitly prohibits any form of bribery, corruption, or conflict of interest.
E.g. Railways code of conduct emphasizing integrity.
• Encourage a culture of integrity within public institutions by recognizing and rewarding ethical behavior among public servants.
E.g. UNODC award for ‘Integrity champions’
• Institutional measures: Establish dedicated anti-corruption units within government departments with the authority and resources to monitor compliance.
• Establish dedicated anti-corruption units within government departments with the authority and resources to monitor compliance.
E.g. Anticorruption bureau and Lok Pal.
• Increase public participation in the policy-making process by providing platforms for citizen input and feedback.
E.g. Public consultation of draft policy.
Conclusion:
In the face of pressure, Ashutosh must remember that “It is never wrong to do the right thing.” Upholding ethics, even in difficult times, is the cornerstone of integrity and the foundation of just governance.
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