UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 15 JULY 2024
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same.
General Studies – 1
Topic: Post-independent India
Topic: Post-independent India
Q1. The national emergency of 1975 was invoked not to save the country but to save the government of the day. Comment. 150 Words
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question: The Government has decided to observe June 25, the day the Emergency was declared in 1975, as “Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas” to commemorate the “massive contributions” of those who endured “inhuman pains of the period. Key Demand of the question: Analyze the circumstances surrounding the imposition of the emergency, evaluating arguments that support the view that it was primarily intended to preserve the ruling government rather than address national issues. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Introduce the 1975 National Emergency in India, highlighting its declaration by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and its constitutional basis. Body: Discuss the events leading to the Emergency: – Political instability of the early 1970s, Judicial Challenges that invalidated Indira Gandhi’s election, Next, provide justifications for emergency like National security concerns, economic challenges, and social unrest as cited by the government, also provide reference to Article 352, which allows for the declaration of a national emergency. Finally, mention the arguments for political motivations behind imposing emergency like suppress political dissent, concentration of power, and lack of genuine national crisis. Etc. Conclusion: In conclusion, emphasize on the importance of safeguarding democratic institutions and civil liberties in any democratic society. SYNOPSIS:
Why the question:
The Government has decided to observe June 25, the day the Emergency was declared in 1975, as “Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas” to commemorate the “massive contributions” of those who endured “inhuman pains of the period. Key Demand of the question:
Analyze the circumstances surrounding the imposition of the emergency, evaluating arguments that support the view that it was primarily intended to preserve the ruling government rather than address national issues.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the 1975 National Emergency in India, highlighting its declaration by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and its constitutional basis.
• Discuss the events leading to the Emergency: – Political instability of the early 1970s, Judicial Challenges that invalidated Indira Gandhi’s election,
• Next, provide justifications for emergency like National security concerns, economic challenges, and social unrest as cited by the government, also provide reference to Article 352, which allows for the declaration of a national emergency.
• Finally, mention the arguments for political motivations behind imposing emergency like suppress political dissent, concentration of power, and lack of genuine national crisis. Etc.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, emphasize on the importance of safeguarding democratic institutions and civil liberties in any democratic society.
Introduction
The National Emergency of 1975 in India, declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, is a highly controversial event in Indian political history. It was officially invoked on June 25, 1975, under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution, citing “internal disturbance” as the reason. It has been criticized as an act of executive overreach, allowing rule by decree, with controversial reasons surrounding its imposition.
Some scholars argue that the Emergency of 1975 in India was intended to save the country, citing several factors that posed significant threats to national stability and security at the time. These factors include:
• Economic crisis: The aftermath of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War imposed a heavy financial burden on India. Oil Crisis of 1973: The global oil crisis led to a dramatic increase in oil prices, significantly raising India’s import bills. This exacerbated inflation and disrupted the economy, leading to widespread financial instability. Drought and Agricultural Decline: Consecutive monsoon failures in 1972 and 1973 caused severe drought conditions, resulting in an 8% decline in agricultural productivity. The combined impact of these economic challenges resulted in over 30% inflation, a decline in industrial output, and high unemployment rates.
• Oil Crisis of 1973: The global oil crisis led to a dramatic increase in oil prices, significantly raising India’s import bills. This exacerbated inflation and disrupted the economy, leading to widespread financial instability.
• Drought and Agricultural Decline: Consecutive monsoon failures in 1972 and 1973 caused severe drought conditions, resulting in an 8% decline in agricultural productivity.
• The combined impact of these economic challenges resulted in over 30% inflation, a decline in industrial output, and high unemployment rates.
• External threats: Intelligence reports of rising subversive activities and external threats.
• Political protests: Recurring extra-constitutional and undemocratic protests, such as the 1974 railway strike led by George Fernandes and calls by JP Narayan for government officials and the army to disobey the government.
• Administrative paralysis: The frequent protests, strikes, and civil disobedience campaigns led to a significant disruption in governance. The government argued that these activities hindered its ability to implement policies and maintain law and order effectively.
• The government argued that these activities hindered its ability to implement policies and maintain law and order effectively.
However, critics argue that the emergency was primarily to save the government, citing:
• Judicial verdict: The judicial verdict in Raj Narain vs Indira Gandhi, declared her election null and void due to electoral malpractices and barred her from contesting elections for six years, possibly causing insecurity in the ruling regime.
• Dubious grounds for imposing the emergency, labelled as “internal disturbance,” without significant concern from the Home Ministry about the law and order situation.
• Political unrest and protests in the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat and the Sampoorna Kranti (Total Revolution) called by JP Narayan in Bihar, threatened the government’s rule rather than the country.
• The Shah Commission report stated that ordinary instruments of power were sufficient to address the crisis and that the emergency was unnecessary.
Conclusion
The emergency served as a litmus test for Indian democracy, demonstrating its self-correcting nature. Despite its challenges, the emergency had some inadvertent benefits by highlighting the need for reforms. Examples of reforms post-emergency include the revocation of Article 368’s provision that brought constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny, the replacement of “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” in Article 352, and the President’s power to seek reconsideration of cabinet advice.
Topic: Urbanisation
Topic: Urbanisation
Q2. Evaluate the impact of gentrification on the working-class population in Indian cities. What measures can be taken to ensure inclusive urban development? 15M
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Deccan Herald
Why the question: Dharavi is in the news for resident and activist protests over its redevelopment. The article discusses the relation between gentrification and its impact on working-class population. Key Demand of the question: To assess the consequences of gentrification for working-class populations and to propose measures for fostering inclusive urban development that benefits all socio-economic groups. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Introduce the concept of gentrification, defining it as the process by which urban areas undergo redevelopment and revitalization, often leading to the displacement of lower-income residents. Body: Firstly, discuss the impact of Gentrification on Working-Class Populations: displacement and housing affordability, loss of cultural identity, closure of local businesses, etc. In second part, mention the positive impacts of gentrification on working class population like improved infrastructure, public spaces, and services in neglected areas, potential job creation and increased economic activity from new investments. At last, write the measures that can be taken to ensure inclusive urban development – affordable housing, community land trust, participatory urban planning etc. Conclusion: In conclusion, mention the importance of proactive measures to ensure that urban growth benefits all residents, preserving community integrity and social equity.
Why the question:
Dharavi is in the news for resident and activist protests over its redevelopment. The article discusses the relation between gentrification and its impact on working-class population.
Key Demand of the question:
To assess the consequences of gentrification for working-class populations and to propose measures for fostering inclusive urban development that benefits all socio-economic groups.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the concept of gentrification, defining it as the process by which urban areas undergo redevelopment and revitalization, often leading to the displacement of lower-income residents.
• Firstly, discuss the impact of Gentrification on Working-Class Populations: displacement and housing affordability, loss of cultural identity, closure of local businesses, etc.
• In second part, mention the positive impacts of gentrification on working class population like improved infrastructure, public spaces, and services in neglected areas, potential job creation and increased economic activity from new investments.
• At last, write the measures that can be taken to ensure inclusive urban development – affordable housing, community land trust, participatory urban planning etc.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, mention the importance of proactive measures to ensure that urban growth benefits all residents, preserving community integrity and social equity.
Introduction
Gentrification, the process where urban neighbourhoods undergo socio-economic changes due to an influx of wealthier residents, has significant impacts on the working-class population in Indian cities. This phenomenon often leads to the displacement of lower-income residents as property values and living costs increase.
Impact of Gentrification on the Working-Class Population
• Displacement and housing insecurity: Rising property values and rents often force long-term working-class residents to relocate, leading to housing insecurity. For example, areas like Dharavi in Mumbai face redevelopment pressures that threaten to displace thousands of low-income families.
• For example, areas like Dharavi in Mumbai face redevelopment pressures that threaten to displace thousands of low-income families.
• Loss of community and cultural identity: Gentrification can erode the social fabric of neighbourhoods. Traditional communities may disperse, losing their cultural identity and social networks. g. In Bengaluru, areas like Whitefield have transformed from quaint neighbourhoods to high-end residential zones, altering the local cultural landscape.
• g. In Bengaluru, areas like Whitefield have transformed from quaint neighbourhoods to high-end residential zones, altering the local cultural landscape.
• Economic marginalization: The influx of wealthier individuals can shift the local economy towards services catering to higher incomes, marginalizing local businesses that serve the working class. For instance, in parts of Delhi, traditional markets are replaced by upscale stores and eateries.
• For instance, in parts of Delhi, traditional markets are replaced by upscale stores and eateries.
• Strain on public services: Increased population density can strain public services like water supply, sanitation, and public transport. This disproportionally affects the working-class population, which relies more on these services. E.g. In cities like Chennai, rapid urbanization in certain areas has led to significant pressure on infrastructure.
• E.g. In cities like Chennai, rapid urbanization in certain areas has led to significant pressure on infrastructure.
• Employment displacement: As neighbourhoods gentrify, job opportunities that were accessible to the working-class population, such as street vending or informal sector work, may diminish. As redevelopment projects often prioritize corporate offices or luxury retail over spaces for small, local businesses.
• As redevelopment projects often prioritize corporate offices or luxury retail over spaces for small, local businesses.
Measures for Inclusive Urban Development:
• Affordable housing policies: Implementing policies that mandate a certain percentage of new developments to include affordable housing units can help maintain socio-economic diversity. For example, Mumbai’s Development Plan 2034 includes provisions for affordable housing to address housing needs for lower-income groups.
• For example, Mumbai’s Development Plan 2034 includes provisions for affordable housing to address housing needs for lower-income groups.
• Community land trusts: Establishing community land trusts (CLTs) can help communities acquire and manage land, ensuring that it remains affordable for long-term residents. This model has been successful in various global contexts and can be adapted to Indian cities.
• This model has been successful in various global contexts and can be adapted to Indian cities.
• Rent control and stabilization: Strengthening rent control laws can protect tenants from exorbitant rent hikes. E.g. Cities like Mumbai and Delhi have rent control acts, but these need regular updates and stringent enforcement to be effective.
• E.g. Cities like Mumbai and Delhi have rent control acts, but these need regular updates and stringent enforcement to be effective.
• Inclusionary zoning: Zoning laws that require or incentivize developers to include affordable housing in their projects can ensure that urban development benefits all socio-economic groups. E.g. Chennai has started to explore such models to promote balanced urban growth.
• E.g. Chennai has started to explore such models to promote balanced urban growth.
• Support for small businesses: Providing subsidies, tax incentives, and business development programs for small businesses can help them thrive amidst gentrification. This can ensure that local economies remain robust and inclusive. E.g. Schemes like PM SVANidhi.
• E.g. Schemes like PM SVANidhi.
• Participatory planning: Involving local communities in urban planning decisions can ensure that the needs and voices of the working-class population are considered. Mechanisms like public consultations and participatory budgeting can empower residents to influence development projects.
• Mechanisms like public consultations and participatory budgeting can empower residents to influence development projects.
• Strengthening legal protections: enhancing legal frameworks to protect the rights of tenants and informal workers can provide a safety net for the working-class population. Legal aid and advocacy programs can support residents in navigating evictions and other displacement-related issues.
• Legal aid and advocacy programs can support residents in navigating evictions and other displacement-related issues.
Conclusion
Gentrification in Indian cities offers both opportunities and challenges. Ensuring inclusive urban development demands a multi-faceted approach, addressing housing affordability, economic inclusivity, and community empowerment. Comprehensive policies and participatory planning can create environments where all residents benefit from urban progress without displacement or marginalization.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Important aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability
Topic: Important aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability
Q3. Assess the effectiveness of the Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 in promoting transparency and accountability in governance in India. (150 words, 10M)
- •*Difficulty level: Moderate
- •Reference: The Hindu, Insights On India *
Why the question: “Almost 100 percent disposal of Right to Information (RTI) appeals, with pendency coming down every year,” says Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh while chairing a high-level review meeting of the Central Information Commission. Key Demand of the question: To evaluate how effectively the RTI Act, 2005 has been in promoting transparency and accountability in governance in India. Directive: Assess – This requires a detailed evaluation of the RTI Act’s effectiveness with supporting evidence. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Introduce the RTI Act, 2005, as a landmark legislation aimed at fostering transparency and accountability in governance. Body: First part: Effectiveness of the RTI Act, Benefits of RTI Transparency, Accountability, Empowerment etc. Highlight examples of some scams. Second part: Challenges and Areas for Improvement Awareness and Accessibility, Bureaucratic Resistance, Resource Constraints. Conclusion: Emphasise the continued importance of the RTI Act in strengthening democratic governance in India.
- •*Why the question:
“Almost 100 percent disposal of Right to Information (RTI) appeals, with pendency coming down every year,” says Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh while chairing a high-level review meeting of the Central Information Commission.
Key Demand of the question:
To evaluate how effectively the RTI Act, 2005 has been in promoting transparency and accountability in governance in India.
Directive:
Assess – This requires a detailed evaluation of the RTI Act’s effectiveness with supporting evidence.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the RTI Act, 2005, as a landmark legislation aimed at fostering transparency and accountability in governance.
First part: Effectiveness of the RTI Act, Benefits of RTI
Transparency, Accountability, Empowerment etc. Highlight examples of some scams.
Second part: Challenges and Areas for Improvement
Awareness and Accessibility, Bureaucratic Resistance, Resource Constraints.
Conclusion:
Emphasise the continued importance of the RTI Act in strengthening democratic governance in India.
Introduction:
The historic decision by the Supreme Court (SC) declaring the Electoral Bonds (EB) scheme unconstitutional has given a big boost to the flagging Right to Information Act. The SC weighed in favour of the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution against informational privacy.
The Right to Information (RTI) is a legal framework in India that empowers citizens to access government-held information. The right to information is not explicitly protected under the Indian constitution but implicitly reflected under the Right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19.
Body:
Positive aspects:
• Enhanced Transparency: The RTI Act has significantly increased transparency in government operations.
• According to the Central Information Commission (CIC), in 2020-21, there were over 13.82 lakh RTI applications filed, indicating the substantial demand for information transparency.
• Reduced Corruption: The Act acts as a deterrent to corruption. The transparency it promotes can be seen in the decline in corruption cases.
• The Center for Media Studies reported that in 2019, the total cost of corruption in India decreased by 10% compared to the previous year.
• Empowerment of Marginalised Groups: RTI empowers marginalised communities by enabling them to access information about government schemes.
• For instance, Dalits and Adivasis use the RTI Act extensively to access data related to the implementation of welfare schemes, improving accountability.
• Accountability: RTI applications have led to increased accountability in governance.
• In 2020, the CIC reported that over 13.05 lakh cases were disposed of, indicating that public officials were held accountable for their actions and decisions.
• Strengthened Democracy: RTI strengthens democracy by providing citizens with the necessary information to make informed choices during elections.
• In 2019, the Association for Democratic Reforms reported that voters are increasingly relying on RTI to access candidates’ financial and criminal records, ensuring a more informed electorate.
Challenges that undermine its effectiveness:
• Lack of Awareness: Many citizens are unaware of their RTI rights.
• A survey conducted by the Centre for Equity Studies in 2018 found that only 22% of surveyed respondents had heard of the RTI Act.
• Delayed Responses: Data from the Central Information Commission (CIC) reveals that a significant number of RTI applications face delays in receiving responses.
• In 2021-2022, there were approximately 38,000 pending appeals and complaints.
• Exemptions and Ambiguities: The Act includes provisions for exemptions, often leading to disputes over whether specific information should be disclosed.
• For instance, Electoral bonds and information related to national security projects.
• Intimidation of Whistleblowers: This deters potential whistleblowers from coming forward.
• According to the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, India has witnessed instances of threats and violence against individuals who use the RTI Act to expose wrongdoing.
• Overburdened Information Commissions: The Information Commissions responsible for adjudicating RTI appeals and complaints often face a backlog of cases.
• The CIC reported in 2021 that it had around 34,000 pending cases, leading to significant delays in addressing RTI applications.
Conclusion:
While the right to information is vital for better governance, additional measures like whistleblower protection, decentralisation of power, and ensuring accountability are necessary to ensure good governance to improve the efficacy of RTI in India.
Topic: Indian Constitution:
Topic: Indian Constitution:
Q4. Explaining the meaning of the term ‘secularism’, discuss how the provisions of the Constitution of India reflect secular values. (150 words, 10M)
- •*Difficulty level: Easy
- •Reference: Insights on India, Insights Mindmaps*
Why the question: The question is part of the static theme Indian Constitution and its features of the GS-2 syllabus. Key Demand of the question: To explain the concept of secularism and illustrate how the Indian Constitution enshrines and reflects secular values. Directive: Discuss – This requires a detailed explanation of secularism and how it is manifested in the provisions of the Indian Constitution. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Define secularism as the principle of separation between religion and state in the West, and explain it in the context of India. Body: First part: Meaning of Secularism in India. Sarva Dharma Samabhava, Panth Nirpekshta. Secularism implies that the state treats all religions equally and does not support or oppose any religion. Second part: Provisions Reflecting Secular Values in the Constitution of India: Preamble Article 14, Article 15 and 16, Article 25 to 28, Article 30. Conclusion: Summarise the significance of secularism in promoting unity and integrity in a diverse country like India.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static theme Indian Constitution and its features of the GS-2 syllabus.
Key Demand of the question:
To explain the concept of secularism and illustrate how the Indian Constitution enshrines and reflects secular values.
Directive:
Discuss – This requires a detailed explanation of secularism and how it is manifested in the provisions of the Indian Constitution.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction:
Define secularism as the principle of separation between religion and state in the West, and explain it in the context of India.
First part: Meaning of Secularism in India. Sarva Dharma Samabhava, Panth Nirpekshta.
Secularism implies that the state treats all religions equally and does not support or oppose any religion.
Second part: Provisions Reflecting Secular Values in the Constitution of India:
Preamble Article 14, Article 15 and 16, Article 25 to 28, Article 30.
Conclusion:
Summarise the significance of secularism in promoting unity and integrity in a diverse country like India.
Secularism broadly has two meanings: Separation of religion from the state i.e.Panth Nirpekshta and Equal respect to all religions by state i.e. Sarva Dharma Samabhava. The Indian constitution aims for a secular state where all religions are treated equally.
In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the Supreme Court held that secularism was a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.
Body:
Indian secularism and the Western model of secularism are two distinct forms of secularism that have developed in different cultural and historical contexts.
Criteria | Indian Secularism | Western Model of Secularism
Definition | A concept of secularism that promotes equal respect for all religions and religious communities. | A concept of secularism that separates religion and state, and promotes the freedom of individual conscience and expression.
Constitutional Basis | The Indian Constitution defines India as a secular state. | The U.S. Constitution has an establishment clause and a free exercise clause.
State and Religion | The Indian state is neutral towards religion and does not endorse any particular religion. It also provides for the protection of minority religious communities. | The Western model of secularism calls for a strict separation of religion and state.
Role of State | The state is expected to actively intervene in religious matters to ensure equality and justice. | The state is expected to remain neutral and stay out of religious matters.
Provisions of the Constitution of India that reflect secular values:
Article 14 | ● It provides equality before the law and equal protection of laws to all.
Article 16 (1) | ● It guarantees equality of opportunity to all citizens in matters of public employment and reiterates that there would be no discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, and residence.
Article 25 | ● It provides ‘Freedom of Conscience’, that is, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
Article 26 | ● Every religious group or individual has the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes and to manage its own affairs in matters of religion.
Article 27 | ● It provides that the state shall not compel any citizen to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious institution.
Article 28 | ● It allows educational institutions maintained by different religious groups to impart religious instruction.
Articles 29 and 30 | ● They provide cultural and educational rights to minorities.
Article 51A Fundamental Duties | ● It obliges all the citizens to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood and to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 | ● The word secular was inserted in the Preamble. It stated that ‘secular’ means a republic in which there is equal respect for all religions.
Criticism of Indian Secularism:
Recently, NCERT has included criticism of secularism in the textbooks.
• Minoritism: It is argued that Indian secularism exists for the appeasement of the minority.
• However, the Constitution protects the most fundamental interest of all religions.
• Interventionist: It is claimed that secularism is coercive and that it interferes excessively with the religious freedom of communities.
• However, Indian secularism follows the concept of principled distance, which also allows for non-interference.
• Vote Bank Politics: There is the argument that secularism encourages the politics of vote banks.
• Western import: Another criticism is that secularism is linked to Christianity, that it is Western and, therefore, unsuited to Indian conditions.
• However, the mutual exclusion of religion and state is not the defining feature of the Indian secular state. Indian secularism is based on Sarva Dharma Samabhava.
Conclusion:
The Indian model of secularism is unique and there is a need to use education as a tool to promote fraternity, religious tolerance and mutual respect to realise the goal of secularism of our constitution makers.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
Topic: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
Q5. How far has India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) been successful in reducing food insecurity through the subsidised distribution of essentials? Evaluate. Also, Elaborate on the reforms needed in PDS. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu, Insights on India
Why the question: The 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) has sparked interest in how free PDS food items affect spending on non-foodgrain items. Key Demand of the question: To write about the PDS, how it helps the poor and reforms that are needed. Directive word: Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context of PDS and its role in delivery of food grains. Body: In the first part, mention how PDS is helping poor.E.g., The PDS provides subsidized food, reducing food insecurity and freeing up resources for the poor to spend on other essentials. Next cite bottlenecks, limitations and shortcomings with respect to PDS in India. Cite statistics and reports to substantiate your points. Next, write about the steps that are required to ensure a seamless supply chain to overcome hunger and malnutrition. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward.
Why the question:
The 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) has sparked interest in how free PDS food items affect spending on non-foodgrain items.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the PDS, how it helps the poor and reforms that are needed.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of PDS and its role in delivery of food grains.
In the first part, mention how PDS is helping poor.E.g., The PDS provides subsidized food, reducing food insecurity and freeing up resources for the poor to spend on other essentials.
Next cite bottlenecks, limitations and shortcomings with respect to PDS in India. Cite statistics and reports to substantiate your points.
Next, write about the steps that are required to ensure a seamless supply chain to overcome hunger and malnutrition.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction:
The PDS is an Indian food security system that evolved as a system for the distribution of food grains at affordable prices and the management of emergencies. It distributes subsidized food and non-food items to India’s poor. The recently released 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) has sparked interest in how free PDS food items affect spending on non-foodgrain items.
Successes of PDS in India:
• Coverage and Reach: PDS covers a significant part of India’s population, providing subsidized food grains through Fair Price Shops (FPS), effectively reducing hunger and malnutrition. *Eg: *FCI annual report, in 2023 showed PDScovered approximately 80 crore people.
• *Eg: *FCI annual report, in 2023 showed PDScovered approximately 80 crore people.
• Price Stabilization: Through subsidized distribution, PDS stabilizes food prices, ensuring essential items remain affordable for consumers. g.: Since PDS food inflation rarely crossed two-digit figures.
• g.: Since PDS food inflation rarely crossed two-digit figures.
• Buffer Stock Management: PDS maintains buffer stocks of food grains, crucial for ensuring food availability during emergencies. Eg: As of January 2024, the wheat stock was 163.53 LMT with FCI.
• Eg: As of January 2024, the wheat stock was 163.53 LMT with FCI.
• Inclusive Approach: PDS targets marginalized groups like Below Poverty Line (BPL) families, and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households, and has expanded under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) to cover more of the population.
However, PDS is gripped with certain challenges like:
• Leakages and Diversion: Commodities are diverted to the open market due to corruption and weak monitoring, undermining the intended benefits of PDS.
• Challenges in Identifying and Targeting Beneficiaries: Errors in identification result in both inclusion and exclusion errors, where deserving beneficiaries are left out while ineligible ones receive benefits. g.: The use of outdated census 2011 and SECC data which doesn’t reflect current population needs.
• g.: The use of outdated census 2011 and SECC data which doesn’t reflect current population needs.
• Supply Chain Challenges: Inefficiencies in procurement, storage, and transportation lead to delays and wastage, reducing the effectiveness of timely distribution. Eg: the Ministry of Consumer Affairs in 2022 revealed 25,000 MT of food grain wasted in the last 6 years.
• Eg: the Ministry of Consumer Affairs in 2022 revealed 25,000 MT of food grain wasted in the last 6 years.
• Monocropping: MSP incentives have shifted farmer focus from coarse grains to rice and wheat, affecting the diversity and nutritional balance of food grains available through PDS. Eg: Wheat and paddy were sown in areas that constitute about 84.6% of Punjab.
• Eg: Wheat and paddy were sown in areas that constitute about 84.6% of Punjab.
• Rising Food Subsidy: The subsidy for food under PDS has significantly increased over the years, reflecting both increased coverage and the challenge of sustaining such a large-scale subsidy program amidst economic pressures. Eg: The subsidy bill on food was Rs 2.9 lakh crore in FY22 and Rs 2.7 lakh crore in FY23.
• Eg: The subsidy bill on food was Rs 2.9 lakh crore in FY22 and Rs 2.7 lakh crore in FY23.
Some of the reforms that can be made in PDS distribution are:
• Universal PDS: Ensures every household receives subsidized food grains, minimizing inclusion and exclusion errors in distribution. Eg: Tamil Nadu implements universal PDS for all populations.
• Eg: Tamil Nadu implements universal PDS for all populations.
• Decreasing Subsidy Burden: The Economic Survey 2020 proposed limiting PDS to the bottom 40% of the population to optimize subsidy utilization and reduce government expenditure.
• Digitalization: States like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh use IT measures for transparent TPDS, including digitized ration cards, GPS tracking of deliveries, and citizen monitoring via SMS. g.: Enhance efficiency in One Nation One ration card.
• g.: Enhance efficiency in One Nation One ration card.
• Use of Aadhaar: Prevents duplication and improves authentication in PDS, recommended by the Justice Wadhwa Committee Report (2011) for curbing diversion.
• Direct Cash Transfers: The government promotes DBT to minimize leakage and diversions in PDS, enhancing efficiency in benefit delivery.
• Improving Storage Capacities: The Shanta Kumar Committee suggested private participation in storage, leading to private-built storages contracted by FCI under the PEG Scheme for reliability.
Conclusion:
PDS has emerged as a crucial lifeline for millions, underscored particularly during the pandemic. However, substantial improvements are essential for enhancing its efficiency. PDS needs to swiftly transform itself to effectively combat hunger among the impoverished population.
Topic – Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
Topic – Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
Q6. Militancy in Kashmir has turned into a new phase and needs to be dealt with sensibly. Analyze.(250 words)
Reference: TH
Why this question Recently, militancy has resurfaced in the Jammu region, particularly in the Rajouri-Poonch-Kathua sector, after being relatively quiet for two decades. Directive word Analyze-Here we have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary. Key demand of the question. The question wants us to delve deep into the issue and discuss how militancy has changed and what form it has taken in recent years, identify the factors behind and discuss the need for a sensible approach to deal with the problem. Structure of the answer Introduction- write a few introductory lines about the militancy in Kashmir- e.g. when did it start and mention its decline. Also, mention how militancy has resurfaced in the Jammu region. Body- Discuss the reasons for the new phase of militancy in Jammu and Kashmir. Security Thinning: Post-2020 Galwan clashes, a significant Army contingent was moved to the China border, weakening Jammu’s security grid. Strategic Diversion: Militant attacks in Jammu may be a tactic to spread security forces thin across both Pakistan and China’s borders. Post-Article 370: The government’s narrative of improved security post-Article 370 abrogation is challenged by renewed terrorism in Jammu. Communal Tensions: The region’s demography could lead to communal unrest, further destabilizing the area. Infiltration: Recent attacks suggest revived infiltration routes from Pakistan, exploiting Jammu’s challenging terrain and forest cover Local Support: There is limited evidence of widespread local support for terrorists. However, connections with the younger generation need strengthening to improve intelligence flow. Mention what kind of approach is needed. E.g. a sensible approach which assumes high moral grounds; helps build public confidence; lays down the path for stable, proactive, democratic governance etc. Conclusion Based on your discussion, form a fair and balanced conclusion on the given issue.
Why this question
Recently, militancy has resurfaced in the Jammu region, particularly in the Rajouri-Poonch-Kathua sector, after being relatively quiet for two decades.
Directive word
Analyze-Here we have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them as a whole in a summary.
Key demand of the question.
The question wants us to delve deep into the issue and discuss how militancy has changed and what form it has taken in recent years, identify the factors behind and discuss the need for a sensible approach to deal with the problem.
Structure of the answer
Introduction- write a few introductory lines about the militancy in Kashmir- e.g. when did it start and mention its decline. Also, mention how militancy has resurfaced in the Jammu region.
Discuss the reasons for the new phase of militancy in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Security Thinning: Post-2020 Galwan clashes, a significant Army contingent was moved to the China border, weakening Jammu’s security grid.
• Strategic Diversion: Militant attacks in Jammu may be a tactic to spread security forces thin across both Pakistan and China’s borders.
• Post-Article 370: The government’s narrative of improved security post-Article 370 abrogation is challenged by renewed terrorism in Jammu.
• Communal Tensions: The region’s demography could lead to communal unrest, further destabilizing the area. Infiltration: Recent attacks suggest revived infiltration routes from Pakistan, exploiting Jammu’s challenging terrain and forest cover
• Local Support: There is limited evidence of widespread local support for terrorists. However, connections with the younger generation need strengthening to improve intelligence flow.
Mention what kind of approach is needed. E.g. a sensible approach which assumes high moral grounds; helps build public confidence; lays down the path for stable, proactive, democratic governance etc.
Conclusion
Based on your discussion, form a fair and balanced conclusion on the given issue.
SYNOPSIS:
Introduction:
Recently there has been a rise in terror activity in Rajouri. This historically seen low terror activity as it was brought under control by Operation Sarp Vinash in 2003 and subsequent support from the locals, especially the Gujjar-Bakerwal community. Militancy has resurfaced particularly in the Rajouri-Poonch-Kathua sector, after being relatively quiet for two decades.
The reasons for the new phase of militancy in Jammu and Kashmir:
• Security Thinning: Post-2020 Galwan clashes, a significant Army contingent was moved to the China border, weakening Jammu’s security grid.
• Strategic Diversion: Militant attacks in Jammu may be a tactic to spread security forces thin across both Pakistan and China’s borders. . g.: An increase in lone-wolf attacks without the existence of sophisticated modules.
• . g.: An increase in lone-wolf attacks without the existence of sophisticated modules.
• Post-Article 370: The government’s narrative of improved security post-Article 370 abrogation is challenged by renewed terrorism in Jammu.
• Communal Tensions: The region’s demography could lead to communal unrest, further destabilizing the area. . Eg: Hindu and Muslim clashes due to demographic imbalance lead to clashes like in Kishtwar.
• . Eg: Hindu and Muslim clashes due to demographic imbalance lead to clashes like in Kishtwar.
• Infiltration: Recent attacks suggest revived infiltration routes from Pakistan, exploiting Jammu’s challenging terrain and forest cover. . Eg: In 2024 Kupawara region infiltration was aborted by the army.
• . Eg: In 2024 Kupawara region infiltration was aborted by the army.
• Local Support: There is limited evidence of widespread local support for terrorists. However, connections with the younger generation need strengthening to improve intelligence flow.
Some of the measures and approaches needed to counter the rise of terror are:
• Smart fencing: Focusing on preventing the infiltration of insurgents from launch pads and training camps in Pakistan by fortifying the LOC and the International Border.
• Implementing measures for economic and social development to enhance the living conditions and employment opportunities of the local population.
• Engaging in confidence-building measures with Pakistan and international counter-terrorism cooperation with friendly countries. Eg: The use of platforms like FATF to counter terrorism.
• Eg: The use of platforms like FATF to counter terrorism.
• Comprehensive national efforts: Countering terrorism will require a comprehensive national effort anchored in India’s democratic credentials. Eg: Local elections and modernization of defence in India.
• Eg: Local elections and modernization of defence in India.
• The Sahi Raasta Initiative by the Indian Army aims to combat radicalization through national integration tours, sports training, festivals, and skill development workshops, emphasizing India’s democratic strengths.
Conclusion:
The government’s zero-tolerance policy towards terrorism must now embrace both soft and hard strategies to restore public confidence and combat anti-national elements effectively amidst the rising wave of terrorism.
General Studies – 4
Q7. Ensuring justice and preserving public trust in our administrative service is crucial. Discuss why individuals lacking merit and ethics are unfit to hold important public offices and how their presence can undermine public trust and effective governance.
- •Difficulty level: Medium*
Reference: NDTV
Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General Studies Paper 4 and Recently Pooja Khedkar IAS has been in the news for misuse of power. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by explaining public trust and the role of justice in administration or you can link the context of the question with a recent example. Body: Elaborate on why individuals lacking merit and ethics are unfit to hold important public offices. Then explain how their presence undermines the public trust and governance. You can include the Nolan 7 principles as the necessary values that officers should have. Conclusion: Summarize by highlighting the importance of ethical officers in the present day.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General Studies Paper 4 and Recently Pooja Khedkar IAS has been in the news for misuse of power.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction: Begin by explaining public trust and the role of justice in administration or you can link the context of the question with a recent example.
Body:
Elaborate on why individuals lacking merit and ethics are unfit to hold important public offices.
Then explain how their presence undermines the public trust and governance.
You can include the Nolan 7 principles as the necessary values that officers should have.
Conclusion:
Summarize by highlighting the importance of ethical officers in the present day.
Introduction:
The effectiveness of administrative services is fundamentally tied to the integrity, competence, and ethical conduct of those in public office. Individuals lacking merit and ethics pose significant risks to justice and public trust, which are cornerstones of good governance.
• Unfitness of Individuals Lacking Merit and Ethics:
• Incompetence: Individuals without the necessary qualifications are likely to make poor decisions, leading to inefficiency and waste of public resources. Eg: India has 25% inefficient and corrupt IAS officers as per the ex-RBI governor.
• Eg: India has 25% inefficient and corrupt IAS officers as per the ex-RBI governor.
• Corruption: Individuals lacking ethics are more prone to engaging in corrupt practices, such as bribery, which erode public resources and trust. Eg: Pooja Singhal IAS of Jharkhand cadre was arrested in the corruption case.
• Eg: Pooja Singhal IAS of Jharkhand cadre was arrested in the corruption case.
• Impartiality: Ethical public servants are expected to act without bias. However, those lacking ethics may show favouritism, leading to unjust treatment of citizens. g.: the Pune Metropolitan Development Authority is under scanner for favouritism in contacts.
• g.: the Pune Metropolitan Development Authority is under scanner for favouritism in contacts.
• Undermining Public Trust and Effective Governance Transparency: Trust in public administration is built on transparency and accountability. Unethical behaviour makes citizens sceptical of government actions. Eg: Scandals involving misuse of power as in the Pooja Khedkar case. Compromised Justice and Fairness: Justice in administration ensures that all citizens are treated equitably. Unethical officials can undermine this by making decisions that favour certain groups or individuals. Eg: the Pune Porsche car incident shows the biases of police towards elite sections. Accountability: Merit and ethics ensure that public officials are accountable for their actions. A lack of these qualities can lead to mismanagement and inefficiency in public service delivery. Eg: Poor management of public funds can result in inadequate infrastructure and public services. Integrity: Ethical public servants serve as role models. Their integrity sets a standard for society. When public officials act unethically, they lose their moral authority, diminishing the respect and adherence to laws and regulations.
• Transparency: Trust in public administration is built on transparency and accountability. Unethical behaviour makes citizens sceptical of government actions. Eg: Scandals involving misuse of power as in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Eg: Scandals involving misuse of power as in the Pooja Khedkar case.
• Compromised Justice and Fairness: Justice in administration ensures that all citizens are treated equitably. Unethical officials can undermine this by making decisions that favour certain groups or individuals. Eg: the Pune Porsche car incident shows the biases of police towards elite sections.
• Eg: the Pune Porsche car incident shows the biases of police towards elite sections.
• Accountability: Merit and ethics ensure that public officials are accountable for their actions. A lack of these qualities can lead to mismanagement and inefficiency in public service delivery. Eg: Poor management of public funds can result in inadequate infrastructure and public services.
• Eg: Poor management of public funds can result in inadequate infrastructure and public services.
• Integrity: Ethical public servants serve as role models. Their integrity sets a standard for society. When public officials act unethically, they lose their moral authority, diminishing the respect and adherence to laws and regulations.
Conclusion
Ethical governance requires competence, integrity, transparency, impartiality, and accountability. Ensuring that public offices are held by individuals who exemplify these values is essential for maintaining the trust and confidence of the public, thereby promoting a just and well-functioning administrative system.
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