UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS : 10 April 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same
General Studies – 1
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Topic: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Q1. Jain philosophy deeply influenced Indian art and architecture. Examine the contribution of Jainism to temple architecture. Analyse its significance in the evolution of Indian sculptural art. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question: PM’s address at Navkar Mahamantra Divas highlighted Jain values and the visible presence of Jain heritage in India’s art and architecture Key demand of the question: The question requires an examination of Jain contributions to temple architecture and an analysis of how Jainism shaped the development of Indian sculptural art, both as cultural expression and philosophical reflection. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly introduce the essence of Jain philosophy and its influence on India’s artistic heritage. Body Contribution of Jainism to temple architecture: Mention structural features like material use, spatial planning, symbolism, and architectural innovations. Significance in the evolution of Indian sculptural art: Highlight thematic focus, stylistic influence, narrative expression, and philosophical embodiment in sculpture. Conclusion Conclude with the continuing relevance of Jain art and architecture in enriching India’s cultural identity and heritage preservation efforts.
Why the question: PM’s address at Navkar Mahamantra Divas highlighted Jain values and the visible presence of Jain heritage in India’s art and architecture
Key demand of the question: The question requires an examination of Jain contributions to temple architecture and an analysis of how Jainism shaped the development of Indian sculptural art, both as cultural expression and philosophical reflection.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly introduce the essence of Jain philosophy and its influence on India’s artistic heritage.
• Contribution of Jainism to temple architecture: Mention structural features like material use, spatial planning, symbolism, and architectural innovations.
• Significance in the evolution of Indian sculptural art: Highlight thematic focus, stylistic influence, narrative expression, and philosophical embodiment in sculpture.
Conclusion Conclude with the continuing relevance of Jain art and architecture in enriching India’s cultural identity and heritage preservation efforts.
Introduction Jain philosophy, with its core ideals of non-violence, asceticism, and spiritual liberation, fostered a unique architectural and sculptural tradition, reflecting both material finesse and metaphysical depth.
Contribution of Jainism to temple architecture
Fig- Dilwara Temple (Rajasthan)
• Use of intricate marble architecture: Jain temples are renowned for exquisite marble carvings symbolising purity and spiritual clarity.
• Eg: Dilwara temples of Mount Abu, built between 11th–13th centuries, feature intricate marble craftsmanship reflecting Jain ascetic values.
• Development of temple complexes: Jainism pioneered temple-city complexes enhancing religious congregations and learning.
• Eg: Shravanabelagola in Karnataka, a major Jain pilgrimage centre since 3rd century BCE, houses multiple temples and educational institutions.
• Promotion of rock-cut architecture: Early Jain patrons advanced rock-cut cave temples integrating natural landscapes with spirituality.
• Eg: Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, Odisha, commissioned by King Kharavela (1st century BCE), display early Jain rock architecture.
• Adoption of vastu principles with symbolism: Jain temples adhere to vastu shastra, aligning structures with cosmic principles.
• Eg: Ranakpur temple, Rajasthan, built in 15th century, is based on vastu mandala, symbolising cosmic order.
• Elevation of structural aesthetics through symmetry: Jain temples emphasised symmetry reflecting inner spiritual balance.
• Eg: Palitana temples, Gujarat, over 860 temples on Shatrunjaya hills, demonstrate architectural symmetry signifying spiritual ascent.
Significance in the evolution of Indian sculptural art
• Emphasis on spiritual iconography: Jain sculpture focused on depicting tirthankaras with serene expressions symbolising detachment.
• Eg: Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, 57 feet monolithic statue, built in 981 AD, embodies spiritual asceticism.
• Advancement of fine stone carving techniques: Jain artists achieved unparalleled finesse in detailing ornaments and motifs.
• Eg: Dilwara temples, the marble ceilings showcase detailed carvings of lotuses and mythological narratives.
• Development of narrative friezes: Sculptures portrayed didactic tales promoting ethical living and non-violence.
• Eg: Ellora Jain caves (9th century CE) exhibit sculptural friezes depicting Jain cosmology and life of tirthankaras.
• Promotion of monumental sculptures: Jainism encouraged grand statues symbolising human potential for liberation.
• Eg: Bahubali statues at Karkala and Dharmasthala, erected during 15th century, signify renunciation and spiritual victory.
• Integration of aesthetic minimalism: Jain sculpture maintained restraint, reflecting the principle of aparigraha (non-attachment).
• Eg: Sculptures in Lakkundi, Karnataka, represent minimalistic yet spiritually profound art from the Chalukyan period.
Conclusion Jain architectural and sculptural legacy continues to inspire India’s cultural landscape, offering a harmonious blend of spirituality and artistry that can enrich future sustainable heritage conservation models.
Topic: Changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Topic: Changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Q2. Assess the contribution of floodplains to groundwater recharge and water security in the Indo-Gangetic basin. Examine the impact of anthropogenic pressures on these functions. Propose measures to restore hydrological sustainability. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: DTE
Why the question: Supreme Court has raised concerns over the increasing encroachments along the banks of the Ganga River. The court has directed the Union government, Bihar government and other relevant authorities to submit a detailed report within four weeks, outlining the status of these encroachments. Key demand of the question: The question requires an assessment of how floodplains contribute to groundwater recharge and water availability, an examination of human-induced pressures disrupting these functions, and recommendations to restore hydrological balance. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Highlight the Indo-Gangetic floodplain as a critical natural aquifer supporting millions in northern India. Body: Contribution of floodplains: Mention natural recharge, water storage, and agricultural support functions. Impact of anthropogenic pressures: Refer to urban encroachment, sand mining, pollution, and over-extraction. Measures for hydrological sustainability: Suggest scientific mapping, regulatory enforcement, recharge initiatives, and community involvement. Conclusion: Emphasise the need for integrated water management and ecological restoration to secure long-term water sustainability.
Why the question: Supreme Court has raised concerns over the increasing encroachments along the banks of the Ganga River. The court has directed the Union government, Bihar government and other relevant authorities to submit a detailed report within four weeks, outlining the status of these encroachments.
Key demand of the question: The question requires an assessment of how floodplains contribute to groundwater recharge and water availability, an examination of human-induced pressures disrupting these functions, and recommendations to restore hydrological balance.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction: Highlight the Indo-Gangetic floodplain as a critical natural aquifer supporting millions in northern India.
• Contribution of floodplains: Mention natural recharge, water storage, and agricultural support functions.
• Impact of anthropogenic pressures: Refer to urban encroachment, sand mining, pollution, and over-extraction.
• Measures for hydrological sustainability: Suggest scientific mapping, regulatory enforcement, recharge initiatives, and community involvement.
Conclusion: Emphasise the need for integrated water management and ecological restoration to secure long-term water sustainability.
Introduction
The vast Indo-Gangetic floodplains act as natural aquifers, playing a pivotal role in sustaining groundwater levels and water security for millions, but rapid human interventions are threatening this vital ecosystem.
Contribution of floodplains to groundwater recharge and water security
• Natural infiltration zones: Permeable alluvial soils facilitate deep percolation, replenishing groundwater tables naturally.
• Eg: Central Ground Water Board (2023) identified floodplains in Bihar and UP as primary recharge zones for shallow aquifers (CGWB Report 2023).
• Buffer against seasonal water stress: Floodplain aquifers store monsoonal excess for lean seasons, ensuring year-round water availability.
• Eg:– World Bank study (2024) noted that Indo-Gangetic aquifers provide 80% drinking water in rural areas of UP and Bihar.
• Support for agricultural irrigation: Floodplains sustain groundwater-dependent agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic belt.
• Eg:– FAO report (2024) reported over 60% irrigation reliance on floodplain aquifers in Punjab-Haryana belt.
• Dilution of contaminants: Floodplain recharge helps dilute pollutants, enhancing groundwater quality.
• Eg:– NITI Aayog report (2023) highlighted floodplain recharge as a natural filter improving water quality in arsenic-affected zones of Bengal.
• Climate resilience: Acts as a hydrological buffer against extreme weather events, reducing water scarcity risks.
• Eg:– IPCC AR6 (2023) emphasised floodplains’ role in climate adaptation strategies for South Asia.
Impact of anthropogenic pressures on these functions
• Encroachment and construction: Unplanned urbanisation reduce infiltration capacity and disrupts recharge.
• Eg:– SC order (April 2025) noted over 151 illegal structures in Patna’s Sambalpur Diara area
• Sand mining and soil degradation: Excessive extraction alters soil porosity, reducing recharge potential.
• Eg:– NGT directive (2024) flagged rampant sand mining in Uttar Pradesh floodplains.
• Pollution load from urban waste: Dumping of untreated sewage pollutes recharge zones, contaminating groundwater.
• Eg:– CPCB report (2023) cited Kanpur floodplains as critically polluted due to tannery waste.
• Agricultural overexploitation: Unsustainable extraction lowers water tables, causing aquifer stress.
• Eg:– Groundwater Yearbook (2024) reported overexploitation in Haryana floodplain zones, exceeding safe yield limits.
• Faulty floodplain demarcation: Arbitrary zoning excludes critical recharge areas from protection.
• Eg:– Ganga Authority Order 2016 implementation gaps noted in West Bengal, compromising floodplain management.
Measures to restore hydrological sustainability
• Scientific floodplain mapping: Comprehensive GIS-based mapping to delineate recharge zones accurately.
• Eg:– NIH Roorkee (2023) conducted floodplain mapping pilot in Ganga-Yamuna Doab.
• Strict regulation of encroachments: Enforce legal mechanisms like the Environment Protection Act, 1986 for floodplain conservation.
• Eg:– Supreme Court (2025) sought time-bound removal plans from states on Ganga encroachments.
• Recharge enhancement techniques: Promote check dams, recharge wells, and floodwater harvesting structures.
• Eg:– Atal Bhujal Yojana targets recharge projects in floodplain villages of Eastern UP.
• Pollution control measures: Strengthen STPs and control agricultural runoff into floodplain zones.
• Eg:– Namami Gange Programme expanded sewage treatment in Bihar’s Ganga towns.
• Community-led conservation models: Empower local communities for participatory groundwater management.
• Eg:– Arvari River Parliament model, Rajasthan, demonstrates successful community-led aquifer management.
Conclusion
Restoring the Indo-Gangetic floodplains is central to ensuring water security and climate resilience for millions. Proactive governance, scientific planning, and community stewardship must converge to secure these hydrological lifelines for future generations.
General Studies – 2
Topic: Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
Topic: Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
Q3. “The Governor’s discretionary powers must operate within constitutional limits”. Explain the scope and misuse of discretionary powers vested in the Governor. Evaluate the impact of the recent Supreme Court ruling on addressing such misuse. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: IE
Why the question: The recent Supreme Court ruling on the Tamil Nadu Governor’s delay in granting assent to Bills has reignited the debate on the constitutional limits of the Governor’s discretion, making it highly relevant for federal balance and state legislative autonomy. Key demand of the question: The question demands an explanation of the constitutional scope of the Governor’s discretionary powers, a critical analysis of how these powers have been misused, especially in opposition-ruled states, and an evaluation of how the Supreme Court ruling aims to check such misuse. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Briefly mention the role of the Governor as a constitutional link between Centre and State, and highlight recent controversies triggering judicial scrutiny. Body: Scope of discretionary powers: Mention constitutional provisions like Article 200, Article 174, and discretionary situations such as bill reservation and government formation. Misuse of discretionary powers: Highlight delays in bill assent, interference in legislative functions, and selective exercise of discretion in opposition-ruled states. Impact of Supreme Court ruling: Note the prescription of timelines, invocation of Article 142, and its significance in strengthening constitutional accountability. Conclusion: Suggest the need for clearer constitutional codification and adherence to cooperative federalism to safeguard legislative sanctity.
Why the question: The recent Supreme Court ruling on the Tamil Nadu Governor’s delay in granting assent to Bills has reignited the debate on the constitutional limits of the Governor’s discretion, making it highly relevant for federal balance and state legislative autonomy.
Key demand of the question: The question demands an explanation of the constitutional scope of the Governor’s discretionary powers, a critical analysis of how these powers have been misused, especially in opposition-ruled states, and an evaluation of how the Supreme Court ruling aims to check such misuse.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction: Briefly mention the role of the Governor as a constitutional link between Centre and State, and highlight recent controversies triggering judicial scrutiny.
• Scope of discretionary powers: Mention constitutional provisions like Article 200, Article 174, and discretionary situations such as bill reservation and government formation.
• Misuse of discretionary powers: Highlight delays in bill assent, interference in legislative functions, and selective exercise of discretion in opposition-ruled states.
• Impact of Supreme Court ruling: Note the prescription of timelines, invocation of Article 142, and its significance in strengthening constitutional accountability.
Conclusion: Suggest the need for clearer constitutional codification and adherence to cooperative federalism to safeguard legislative sanctity.
Introduction
The office of the Governor is envisaged as a constitutional bridge between the Centre and the states. However, recent controversies have exposed gaps in the exercise of discretion, demanding clearer constitutional boundaries.
Scope of discretionary powers vested in the Governor
• Reservation of bills for president’s consideration: Article 200 empowers the Governor to reserve certain Bills for the President.
• Eg:– In 2023, Punjab’s Governor reserved multiple Bills citing procedural irregularities (The State of Punjab v. Principal Secretary to Governor).
• Calling and dissolving of assembly: Under Article 174, the Governor can summon or dissolve the House based on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
• Eg:– In Arunachal Pradesh case (2016), Governor’s premature action was struck down by SC in Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker.
• Appointment of chief minister: Article 164 vests discretion when no party has a clear majority in the assembly.
• Eg:– In Maharashtra (2019), early morning swearing-in led to controversy, later resolved by floor test directive.
• Seeking information from chief minister: Article 167 empowers the Governor to seek information on state affairs.
• Eg:– Kerala Governor (2023) sought clarification on Bills, delaying assent to multiple legislations.
• Discretion in emergency provisions: Under Article 356, the Governor can recommend President’s Rule if constitutional machinery fails.
• Eg:– Maharashtra (2019), recommendation for President’s Rule was later revoked after SC intervention.
Misuse of discretionary powers in opposition-ruled states
• Indefinite delay in assent to bills: Governors have withheld or delayed assent without clear reasons, stalling legislative processes.
• Eg:– Kerala Governor (2024) kept six Bills pending for over a year, prompting SC intervention
• Undue interference in assembly proceedings: Governors have questioned assembly sessions and procedures, overstepping constitutional limits.
• Eg:– Punjab Governor (2023) termed assembly sessions “illegal”, leading to legal dispute in SC.
• Political bias in appointments: Discretionary appointments have been used to favour certain political interests.
• Eg:– Allegations against Tamil Nadu Governor over delay in appointment of Vice-Chancellors
• Selective reservation of bills: Some Governors selectively reserve bills, undermining the mandate of elected governments.
• Eg:– Telangana Governor (2024) held back key Bills on reservation and welfare measures.
• Pre-emptive recommendations for President’s Rule: In politically unstable states, pre-emptive reports undermine elected governments.
• Eg:– Arunachal Pradesh crisis (2016), where SC reinstated the dismissed government.
Impact of the recent Supreme Court ruling on curbing misuse
• Mandating timeframes for assent: SC prescribed 1 month post-reconsideration, and 3 months for presidential reservation under Article 200.
• Eg:– SC verdict (April 2025), in Tamil Nadu case, set clear timelines for assent process
• Clarification on limited discretion: SC ruled discretion cannot be arbitrary and must align with constitutional norms.
• Eg:– SC reaffirmed in Punjab case (2023) that Governor cannot indefinitely withhold assent.
• Invocation of Article 142 for complete justice: SC exercised Article 142 to declare withheld Bills as assented due to undue delays.
• Eg:– In Tamil Nadu case, SC invoked Article 142 to clear 10 pending Bills.
• Reinforcement of federal balance: The ruling strengthens the mandate of elected state governments against unelected constitutional authorities.
• Eg:– Legal experts hailed the judgment as a boost for cooperative federalism
• Setting binding precedent for other states: The judgment has immediate relevance for pending cases in Kerala, Telangana, and Punjab.
• Eg:– Kerala’s pending SC case on Governor’s inaction is likely to benefit from this precedent
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s proactive ruling reaffirms the primacy of democratic institutions over constitutional arbitrariness. Going forward, clearer codification of gubernatorial conduct will be essential to safeguard the sanctity of legislative processes in the federal framework.
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources
Topic: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources
Q4. “The outflow of Indian students reflects domestic limitations in research infrastructure”. Identify the key gaps in India’s higher education research ecosystem. Suggest measures to reverse brain drain. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TH
Why the question: The ongoing trend of Indian students migrating abroad amid domestic research ecosystem challenges Key demand of the question: The question requires identification of core structural and systemic gaps in India’s research infrastructure, and suggestions for comprehensive policy measures to stem brain drain. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly mention India’s rising global scientific contribution but persistent domestic research infrastructure issues prompting student migration. Body Key gaps in higher education research ecosystem: Highlight issues like low public funding, poor infrastructure, weak industry-academia links, and administrative bottlenecks. Measures to reverse brain drain: Suggest strategies like increased funding, incentivising returnees, fostering global collaborations, and improving institutional autonomy. Conclusion Conclude by emphasising the need for an inclusive, well-funded research ecosystem to position India as a global research hub.
Why the question: The ongoing trend of Indian students migrating abroad amid domestic research ecosystem challenges
Key demand of the question: The question requires identification of core structural and systemic gaps in India’s research infrastructure, and suggestions for comprehensive policy measures to stem brain drain.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly mention India’s rising global scientific contribution but persistent domestic research infrastructure issues prompting student migration.
• Key gaps in higher education research ecosystem: Highlight issues like low public funding, poor infrastructure, weak industry-academia links, and administrative bottlenecks.
• Measures to reverse brain drain: Suggest strategies like increased funding, incentivising returnees, fostering global collaborations, and improving institutional autonomy.
Conclusion Conclude by emphasising the need for an inclusive, well-funded research ecosystem to position India as a global research hub.
Introduction India, despite being the third-largest producer of scientific papers globally (Scopus, 2023), struggles with research infrastructure gaps, pushing bright minds to seek global avenues.
Key gaps in India’s higher education research ecosystem
• Low public investment in research: India’s GERD remains below 1% of GDP, limiting capacity for world-class research.
• Eg: Economic Survey 2023 highlights India’s GERD at 65%, far below China (2.4%) and USA (3.45%).
• Limited university-industry linkages: Weak collaboration restricts applied research and innovation translation.
• Eg: Atal Innovation Mission (2023 review) flagged inadequate industry-academia synergy as a major hurdle.
• Inadequate research infrastructure in universities: Many public universities lack state-of-the-art labs and equipment.
• Eg: NIRF 2024 noted that only 3 IITs and 2 IISERs feature in top 300 global research infrastructure rankings.
• Brain drain of faculty and researchers: Top researchers prefer foreign institutions offering better facilities and freedom.
• Eg: Ministry of Education data (2024) reports over 25,000 PhD holders migrated between 2020-2024.
• Administrative bottlenecks and funding delays: Bureaucratic delays discourage innovative research projects.
• Eg: Kothari Commission recommendations stressed simplifying fund disbursal to boost research outcomes.
Measures to reverse brain drain
• Enhance research funding and grants: Increase public funding and simplify grant access for young researchers.
• Eg: Budget 2024-25 proposes Rs 1.25 lakh crore for research and innovation under National Research Foundation.
• Strengthen global collaborations: Forge partnerships with global universities for joint research and exchange.
• Eg: India-UK Science Partnership 2024 launched joint doctoral programmes and researcher exchanges.
• Promote institutional autonomy: Empower universities for independent research agenda setting and execution.
• Eg: NEP 2020 advocates graded autonomy for higher education institutions to promote research freedom.
• Boost incentives for returning scholars: Provide grants, tenure-track positions, and startup support for returnees.
• Eg: VAJRA Scheme, under DST, offers fellowships to attract overseas scientists to Indian labs.
• Improve research ecosystem inclusivity: Ensure interdisciplinary and cross-department collaborations thrive.
• Eg: Institutes of Eminence mandate multi-disciplinary research clusters for academic excellence.
Conclusion A robust, well-funded, and globally connected research ecosystem is India’s best strategy to not just stem brain drain but also transform itself into a global research powerhouse.
General Studies – 3
Topic: Internal Security
Topic: Internal Security
Q5. Cyber sabotage targeting critical infrastructure is emerging as a grave internal threat. Analyse the risks to India’s energy grids and communication networks. Discuss institutional safeguards needed. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question Increasing incidents of cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure like power grids and communication networks, highlighting internal security vulnerabilities. Key demand of the question The question demands analysing risks posed by cyber sabotage specifically to India’s energy grids and communication networks, and suggesting institutional safeguards to strengthen cyber resilience. Structure of the Answer: Introduction Briefly mention India’s growing digital dependence making critical infrastructure vulnerable to cyber threats. Body Risks to energy grids: Highlight how cyber sabotage can disrupt grid operations and cause widespread blackout risks. Risks to communication networks: Point out risks to emergency communication, sensitive data breaches, and misinformation spread. Institutional safeguards needed: Suggest legal, policy, technological, and international collaboration measures for cyber resilience. Conclusion End with a forward-looking statement on the urgency of securing critical infrastructure for national security.
Why the question Increasing incidents of cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure like power grids and communication networks, highlighting internal security vulnerabilities.
Key demand of the question The question demands analysing risks posed by cyber sabotage specifically to India’s energy grids and communication networks, and suggesting institutional safeguards to strengthen cyber resilience.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction Briefly mention India’s growing digital dependence making critical infrastructure vulnerable to cyber threats.
• Risks to energy grids: Highlight how cyber sabotage can disrupt grid operations and cause widespread blackout risks.
• Risks to communication networks: Point out risks to emergency communication, sensitive data breaches, and misinformation spread.
• Institutional safeguards needed: Suggest legal, policy, technological, and international collaboration measures for cyber resilience.
Conclusion End with a forward-looking statement on the urgency of securing critical infrastructure for national security.
Introduction India’s growing dependence on digital infrastructure has turned its power grids and communication networks into prime targets for cyber adversaries, posing risks to both national security and public safety.
Risks to India’s energy grids
• Grid blackouts and operational paralysis: Cyber-attacks can disable Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems causing massive blackouts.
• Eg: 2020 Mumbai power outage reportedly linked to cyber sabotage targeting Maharashtra State Electricity Board systems .
• Supply chain vulnerabilities: Imported hardware and software used in grids can have embedded malware for future attacks.
• Eg: CERT-IN 2022 advisory highlighted risks of foreign hardware in critical energy infrastructure.
• Data theft and espionage: Extraction of operational data enables adversaries to plan coordinated attacks during peak demand.
• Eg: Recorded Future report 2023 flagged Chinese state-sponsored groups targeting Indian energy sector data.
• Cross-sector cascading effects: Power grid failure disrupts sectors like banking, transport, and healthcare.
• Eg: NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre) 2023 alert identified energy as the ‘anchor sector’ for cascading disruptions.
Risks to India’s communication networks
• Disruption of emergency services: Cyber sabotage can paralyse emergency response and public warning systems.
• Eg: CERT-IN 2023 alert flagged phishing campaigns against emergency communication platforms.
• Interception of sensitive communications: Breach of networks leads to surveillance on defence and internal security communications.
• Eg: 2024 cybersecurity exercise by NSCS highlighted vulnerabilities in defence communication networks.
• Fake content and misinformation spread: Hijacked networks can propagate fake news, deepfakes, and panic.
• Eg: 2024 deepfake incident during Lok Sabha elections spread disinformation via compromised communication channels.
• Network equipment compromise: Imported routers and switches may carry malicious firmware for remote exploitation.
• Eg: 2023 Parliamentary Committee report on IT flagged concerns over reliance on foreign telecom gear.
Institutional safeguards needed
• Strengthening national cyber security architecture: Operationalise National Cyber Security Strategy (NCSS) 2023 for proactive defence.
• Eg: NSCS (National Security Council Secretariat) 2023 draft recommends real-time threat sharing and resilience audits.
• Enhancing CERT-IN capabilities: Empower CERT-IN with better forensic tools and mandatory reporting mechanisms.
• Eg: CERT-IN guidelines 2022 mandate breach reporting within 6 hours for critical infrastructure operators.
• Indigenisation of critical technologies: Promote ‘Make in India’ for energy grid and telecom hardware to reduce import risks.
• Eg: PLI Scheme 2023 expanded to include network equipment manufacturing for secure supply chains.
• International cyber cooperation frameworks: Engage in global partnerships for intelligence sharing and capacity building.
• Eg: India-USA Cybersecurity Dialogue 2024 focused on protecting critical infrastructure from state-sponsored attacks.
• Legal and policy reforms: Expedite the enactment of the Digital India Act 2025 to replace the outdated IT Act 2000.
• Eg: Ministry of Electronics and IT draft 2024 proposes stringent provisions for cyber resilience in critical sectors.
Conclusion With rising cyber vulnerabilities, safeguarding India’s energy and communication networks is not optional but an existential imperative. A proactive and indigenised cyber security ecosystem is India’s best shield against future digital sabotage.
Topic: Internal Security
Topic: Internal Security
Q6. Climate-induced displacement is an emerging concern for India’s internal security. Examine the security challenges of climate refugees. Discuss the impact on border states and urban centres. Propose a policy framework for mitigation. (15 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: InsightsIAS
Why the question: Due to increasing frequency of extreme climate events, internal displacement is rising, creating security challenges that demand policy attention in India. Key demand of the question: The question requires analysing how climate refugees threaten internal security, understanding the specific impacts on border states and urban areas, and suggesting a policy framework for mitigation. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Briefly mention the growing link between climate change and internal displacement, citing recent data or trend. Body: Security challenges of climate refugees: Mention risks like social tensions, human trafficking, law enforcement strain, and radicalisation threats. Impact on border states and urban centres: Highlight border infiltration, stress on urban services, health risks, and demographic tensions. Policy framework for mitigation: Suggest disaster plan integration, dedicated legal frameworks, community resilience programs, and regional cooperation. Conclusion: End with a futuristic line on recognising climate refugees and building resilience through coordinated policy action.
Why the question: Due to increasing frequency of extreme climate events, internal displacement is rising, creating security challenges that demand policy attention in India.
Key demand of the question: The question requires analysing how climate refugees threaten internal security, understanding the specific impacts on border states and urban areas, and suggesting a policy framework for mitigation.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction: Briefly mention the growing link between climate change and internal displacement, citing recent data or trend.
• Security challenges of climate refugees: Mention risks like social tensions, human trafficking, law enforcement strain, and radicalisation threats.
• Impact on border states and urban centres: Highlight border infiltration, stress on urban services, health risks, and demographic tensions.
• Policy framework for mitigation: Suggest disaster plan integration, dedicated legal frameworks, community resilience programs, and regional cooperation.
Conclusion: End with a futuristic line on recognising climate refugees and building resilience through coordinated policy action.
Introduction
The intensification of climate events is forcing unprecedented human displacement, creating complex internal security risks across India’s vulnerable regions.
Security challenges of climate refugees
• Resource conflict and social tensions: Mass displacement strains local resources, triggering communal and ethnic conflicts.
• Eg: Assam floods 2022 led to local protests over relief distribution, reported by NDMA report 2023.
• Increased human trafficking risks: Displaced populations become easy targets for trafficking and exploitation.
• Eg: UNODC South Asia report 2023 highlighted rise in trafficking cases post Cyclone Amphan 2020.
• Strain on law enforcement capacity: Rapid influx overwhelms policing and administrative systems.
• Eg: NCRB 2023 data indicated a spike in crimes in flood-affected districts of Bihar.
• Exploitation by extremist networks: Marginalised refugees can be radicalised by extremist groups exploiting their grievances.
• Eg: Ministry of Home Affairs 2023 flagged recruitment attempts in displaced Rohingya camps in India.
• Challenges to internal cohesion: Identity-based politics emerge as migrants seek recognition and rights.
• Eg: Northeast states’ protests 2023 over indigenous rights against migrant settlements.
Impact on border states and urban centres
• Border infiltration risks: Porous borders amplify illegal crossings, escalating security surveillance burdens.
• Eg: BSF 2023 report highlighted surge in crossings along India-Bangladesh border during floods.
• Pressure on urban infrastructure: Urban migration from climate-hit rural areas overstretches services.
• Eg: Delhi and Mumbai slum expansions 2023 linked to rural distress migration (MoHUA, 2023).
• Public health emergencies: Overcrowded settlements foster disease outbreaks, overwhelming urban health systems.
• Eg: Dengue outbreaks in Mumbai 2023 aggravated by increased population density in informal settlements.
• Heightened communal tensions: Sudden demographic shifts trigger identity and communal conflicts.
• Eg: Shillong clashes 2023 partly fuelled by migration-related tensions.
• Administrative overload in border areas: Relief and monitoring capacities are overwhelmed during crises.
• Eg: Tripura government 2023 reported strain in managing Chittagong Hill Tracts refugee inflows.
Policy framework for mitigation
• Integrate climate migration in disaster management plans: Update NDMA guidelines 2023 to explicitly address displacement risks.
• Eg: NDMA’s revised 2023 plan began incorporating displacement protocols post Cyclone Biparjoy.
• Strengthen legal frameworks for internal displacement: Formulate a dedicated Internal Displacement Act guided by UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.
• Eg: Law Commission of India recommendation 2024 on creating comprehensive displacement legislation.
• Enhance community-based adaptation programs: Build resilience in climate hotspots to reduce forced migration.
• Eg: ICAR initiatives 2023 in Odisha promoted climate-resilient agriculture to curb distress migration.
• Deploy technology for early warning and response: Use ISRO’s flood monitoring satellites for timely evacuations.
• Eg: ISRO flood monitoring 2023 enabled early alerts in Assam, reducing displacement scale.
• Regional cooperation with neighbours: Engage through platforms like BIMSTEC for transboundary climate migration solutions.
• Eg: BIMSTEC summit 2023 deliberated joint strategies for managing climate-induced displacement.
Conclusion
Proactively recognising climate refugees within security frameworks is no longer optional. A rights-based, technology-driven, and cooperative approach can transform this challenge into an opportunity for sustainable resilience.
General Studies – 4
Q7. Trust is the foundation of ethical relationships in society. Evaluate the ethical consequences when trust is deliberately breached. (10 M)
Difficulty Level: Medium
Reference: TOI
Why the question: A fraudulent scheme involving men masquerading as women and submitting fake attendance photographs to illegitimately claim MGNREGA benefits totalling Rs 3 lakh was uncovered Key demand of the question: The question requires explaining the ethical significance of trust as a foundational value, and analysing the consequences of its deliberate breach on individuals and society. Structure of the Answer: Introduction: Briefly define trust as an ethical cornerstone and its role in sustaining moral relationships in society. Body: Explain how trust supports ethical conduct, mutual respect, and promotes social cooperation. Discuss ethical consequences of breaching trust such as moral erosion, normalisation of unethical behaviour, and rise of societal cynicism. Conclusion: Conclude with a forward-looking statement on the need for nurturing trust for an ethically resilient society.
Why the question: A fraudulent scheme involving men masquerading as women and submitting fake attendance photographs to illegitimately claim MGNREGA benefits totalling Rs 3 lakh was uncovered
Key demand of the question: The question requires explaining the ethical significance of trust as a foundational value, and analysing the consequences of its deliberate breach on individuals and society.
Structure of the Answer:
Introduction: Briefly define trust as an ethical cornerstone and its role in sustaining moral relationships in society.
• Explain how trust supports ethical conduct, mutual respect, and promotes social cooperation.
• Discuss ethical consequences of breaching trust such as moral erosion, normalisation of unethical behaviour, and rise of societal cynicism.
Conclusion: Conclude with a forward-looking statement on the need for nurturing trust for an ethically resilient society.
Introduction
Trust binds the moral fabric of society, ensuring human interactions remain grounded in honesty and responsibility. Its deliberate breach corrodes ethical relationships and damages social cohesion irreparably.
Body
Ethical significance of trust in society
• Trust sustains ethical human relationships: Trust nurtures honesty and moral accountability, enabling individuals to rely on each other for mutual respect and dignity.
• Eg: Joint family systems in India uphold social cohesion based on deep trust, ensuring ethical responsibility.
• Trust reinforces social solidarity: It strengthens cooperation among citizens, helping diverse communities to pursue collective welfare through ethical engagements.
• Eg: Swachh Bharat Mission achieved success by building collective trust for sanitation goals (MoHUA report 2024).
• Trust reduces moral anxiety and fear: Ethical environments based on trust encourage genuine moral choices without relying on fear of punishment.
• Eg: Self-help groups work effectively on peer trust, empowering rural communities (Rural Development Ministry 2024).
• Trust cultivates ethical citizenship: High-trust societies promote civic virtues like honesty, responsibility, and active participation in public affairs.
• Eg: Record voter turnout in 2024 elections reflected citizens’ trust in democracy (Election Commission report 2024).
Ethical consequences of breaching trust
• Erosion of moral integrity in society: Breaching trust spreads dishonesty, weakening moral responsibility and ethical standards across relationships.
• Eg: PNB scam 2018 destroyed public confidence in banking ethics, shaking depositors’ trust deeply.
• Normalisation of unethical conduct: Repeated breaches of trust make dishonesty appear routine, lowering the moral bar for acceptable behaviour.
• Eg: MGNREGA fake attendance scams 2024 exposed normalised misuse of welfare schemes (CAG report 2024).
• Marginalisation of vulnerable groups: Trust breaches exploit those with fewer safeguards, aggravating the ethical injustice faced by the weak.
• Eg: Chit fund scams in West Bengal defrauded poor households, flagged in SEBI Committee Report 2024.
• Rise of scepticism and moral cynicism: Systematic trust breaches cultivate public suspicion, leading to breakdown of social cooperation.
• Eg: Data privacy violations 2024 led to rising citizen scepticism towards digital platforms (MeitY report 2024).
Ethical safeguards to uphold trust
• Cultivating personal virtues of integrity: Individuals must consciously practise honesty and moral consistency to reinforce trustworthiness daily.
• Eg: CBSE honesty pledges 2024 nurture integrity in students, as promoted under the NCERT framework.
• Ethics education for moral grounding: Introducing ethical reasoning in education fosters trust-centred thinking from young ages.
• Eg: NCF 2023 integrated dedicated ethics modules, promoting values-based learning among students.
• Promotion of ethical leadership: Trustworthy leadership inspires citizens to adopt ethical behaviour and maintain moral standards.
• Eg: E Sreedharan’s leadership in Delhi Metro earned public trust, ensuring project success (Metro Man of India).
• Strengthening legal-ethical frameworks: Robust laws and enforcement mechanisms ensure accountability and uphold public trust.
• Eg: Prevention of Corruption Act (amended 2018) enforces penalties against ethical misconduct, safeguarding trust.
Conclusion
Trust is the invisible capital of an ethical society, and its preservation calls for moral vigilance by both individuals and institutions. Sustaining trust will build an inclusive, harmonious, and ethically resilient future.
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