UPSC Editorials Quiz : 9 June 2025

Introducing QUED – Questions from Editorials (UPSC Editorials Quiz) , an innovative initiative from InsightsIAS. Considering the significant number of questions in previous UPSC Prelims from editorials, practicing MCQs from this perspective can provide an extra edge. While we cover important editorials separately in our Editorial Section and SECURE Initiative, adding QUED (UPSC Editorials Quiz) to your daily MCQ practice alongside Static Quiz, Current Affairs Quiz, and InstaDART can be crucial for better performance. We recommend utilizing this initiative to enhance your preparation, with 5 MCQs posted daily at 11 am from Monday to Saturday on our website under the QUIZ menu.

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• Question 1 of 5 1. Question Regarding the ethical considerations and scope of work of Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta, consider the following statements: Acharya Charaka’s Samhita emphasized ethical duties of a physician, aligning with modern principles of patient rights. Sage Sushruta’s Sushruta Samhita included rituals and neonatal care practices, some of which are still relevant in Ayurveda. Charaka focused exclusively on adult diseases, while Sushruta’s work covered pediatric care comprehensively. Both Charaka and Sushruta advocated for learning anatomy primarily through theoretical texts rather than practical dissection. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct. Charaka emphasised ethical duties of a physician, such as confidentiality and non-maleficence, and that “His thoughts align with the modern principles of patient rights and evidence-based medicine.” Statement 2 is correct. The Sushruta Samhita systematised pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya) and “Included rituals and neonatal care practices still relevant in Ayurveda today.” Statement 3 is incorrect. While Charaka focused on internal medicine, it is not exclusively focused on adult diseases. Sushruta’s Samhita did cover pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya), but the exclusivity claim for Charaka is not supported and generally, Ayurveda has a holistic scope. Moreover, Charaka Samhita deals with Garbha Vigyan (embryology) and general health, not just adult diseases. Statement 4 is incorrect. Sage Sushruta, in particular, introduced anatomy through dissection. The Charaka Samhita also details anatomy, implying observational basis, but Sushruta is more directly linked to pioneering dissection for anatomical understanding. Thus, they didn’t rely primarily on theoretical texts alone for anatomy. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct. Charaka emphasised ethical duties of a physician, such as confidentiality and non-maleficence, and that “His thoughts align with the modern principles of patient rights and evidence-based medicine.” Statement 2 is correct. The Sushruta Samhita systematised pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya) and “Included rituals and neonatal care practices still relevant in Ayurveda today.” Statement 3 is incorrect. While Charaka focused on internal medicine, it is not exclusively focused on adult diseases. Sushruta’s Samhita did cover pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya), but the exclusivity claim for Charaka is not supported and generally, Ayurveda has a holistic scope. Moreover, Charaka Samhita deals with Garbha Vigyan (embryology) and general health, not just adult diseases. Statement 4 is incorrect. Sage Sushruta, in particular, introduced anatomy through dissection. The Charaka Samhita also details anatomy, implying observational basis, but Sushruta is more directly linked to pioneering dissection for anatomical understanding. Thus, they didn’t rely primarily on theoretical texts alone for anatomy.

#### 1. Question

Regarding the ethical considerations and scope of work of Acharya Charaka and Sage Sushruta, consider the following statements:

• Acharya Charaka’s Samhita emphasized ethical duties of a physician, aligning with modern principles of patient rights.

• Sage Sushruta’s Sushruta Samhita included rituals and neonatal care practices, some of which are still relevant in Ayurveda.

• Charaka focused exclusively on adult diseases, while Sushruta’s work covered pediatric care comprehensively.

• Both Charaka and Sushruta advocated for learning anatomy primarily through theoretical texts rather than practical dissection.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is correct. Charaka emphasised ethical duties of a physician, such as confidentiality and non-maleficence, and that “His thoughts align with the modern principles of patient rights and evidence-based medicine.”

• Statement 2 is correct. The Sushruta Samhita systematised pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya) and “Included rituals and neonatal care practices still relevant in Ayurveda today.”

• Statement 3 is incorrect. While Charaka focused on internal medicine, it is not exclusively focused on adult diseases. Sushruta’s Samhita did cover pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya), but the exclusivity claim for Charaka is not supported and generally, Ayurveda has a holistic scope. Moreover, Charaka Samhita deals with Garbha Vigyan (embryology) and general health, not just adult diseases.

• Statement 4 is incorrect. Sage Sushruta, in particular, introduced anatomy through dissection. The Charaka Samhita also details anatomy, implying observational basis, but Sushruta is more directly linked to pioneering dissection for anatomical understanding. Thus, they didn’t rely primarily on theoretical texts alone for anatomy.

Solution: b)

• Statement 2 is correct. The Sushruta Samhita systematised pediatric care (Kaumarbhritya) and “Included rituals and neonatal care practices still relevant in Ayurveda today.”

• Question 2 of 5 2. Question Match the following Tiger Reserves with their respective States: Tiger Reserve State A. Simlipal 1. Jharkhand B. Palamau 2. Chhattisgarh C. Guru Ghasidas 3. Odisha D. Udanti-Sitanadi 4. Chhattisgarh Select the correct answer code: a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 c) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 d) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 Correct Solution: c) Simlipal Tiger Reserve is located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha and is one of the earliest Project Tiger reserves, known for its semi-evergreen forests and tiger-elephant habitat. Palamau Tiger Reserve lies in Jharkhand and is part of the Betla National Park; it is one of India’s original nine Tiger Reserves established under Project Tiger in 1973. Guru Ghasidas National Park, carved out of the former Sanjay National Park, was declared a Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh in 2021 and shares its boundary with Madhya Pradesh. It plays a critical role as a corridor for tiger movement between Bandhavgarh and Palamau ranges. Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, also in Chhattisgarh, is known for its undulating terrain and is home to species like the endangered wild buffalo. Incorrect Solution: c) Simlipal Tiger Reserve is located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha and is one of the earliest Project Tiger reserves, known for its semi-evergreen forests and tiger-elephant habitat. Palamau Tiger Reserve lies in Jharkhand and is part of the Betla National Park; it is one of India’s original nine Tiger Reserves established under Project Tiger in 1973. Guru Ghasidas National Park, carved out of the former Sanjay National Park, was declared a Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh in 2021 and shares its boundary with Madhya Pradesh. It plays a critical role as a corridor for tiger movement between Bandhavgarh and Palamau ranges. Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, also in Chhattisgarh, is known for its undulating terrain and is home to species like the endangered wild buffalo.

#### 2. Question

Match the following Tiger Reserves with their respective States:

Tiger Reserve | State

A. Simlipal | 1. Jharkhand

B. Palamau | 2. Chhattisgarh

C. Guru Ghasidas | 3. Odisha

D. Udanti-Sitanadi | 4. Chhattisgarh

Select the correct answer code:

• a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

• b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2

• c) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

• d) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

Solution: c)

• Simlipal Tiger Reserve is located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha and is one of the earliest Project Tiger reserves, known for its semi-evergreen forests and tiger-elephant habitat.

• Palamau Tiger Reserve lies in Jharkhand and is part of the Betla National Park; it is one of India’s original nine Tiger Reserves established under Project Tiger in 1973.

• Guru Ghasidas National Park, carved out of the former Sanjay National Park, was declared a Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh in 2021 and shares its boundary with Madhya Pradesh. It plays a critical role as a corridor for tiger movement between Bandhavgarh and Palamau ranges.

• Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, also in Chhattisgarh, is known for its undulating terrain and is home to species like the endangered wild buffalo.

Solution: c)

• Simlipal Tiger Reserve is located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha and is one of the earliest Project Tiger reserves, known for its semi-evergreen forests and tiger-elephant habitat.

• Palamau Tiger Reserve lies in Jharkhand and is part of the Betla National Park; it is one of India’s original nine Tiger Reserves established under Project Tiger in 1973.

• Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, also in Chhattisgarh, is known for its undulating terrain and is home to species like the endangered wild buffalo.

• Question 3 of 5 3. Question With reference to the updated measurement of India’s coastline, consider the following statements: The revised length of approximately 11,000 km is a result of acquiring new coastal territories through land reclamation. The measurement was conducted by the National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and the Survey of India using high-resolution electronic navigation charts. The new methodology includes features like tidal creeks and estuaries, which were not comprehensively mapped in earlier surveys. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. The report from the Ministry of Home Affairs explicitly clarifies that the increase in length is not due to any new land being added or any change in national borders. The change is solely a result of improved measurement precision and methodology. This phenomenon, where the measured length of a coastline increases with the accuracy of the measurement tool, is known as the coastline paradox. Statement 2 is correct. The measurement was a collaborative effort between two key agencies: the National Hydrographic Office (NHO), which deals with hydrographic surveys and nautical charting, and the Survey of India, the national mapping agency. They used a much finer scale of 1:250,000 with electronic navigation charts, a significant improvement over the 1:4,500,000 scale used in the 1970s. Statement 3 is correct. The use of advanced technologies like GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, and satellite altimetry allowed for the detailed mapping of intricate coastal features. The new reference line (Highwater line from 2011) and the inclusion of tidal creeks, estuaries, sandbars, and low-tide islands are the primary reasons for the substantial increase in the measured length. About Updated India’s Coastline Length: India’s Coastline Length – Key Overview: Previous Length: 7,516.6 km (based on 1970s maps at 1:4,500,000 scale). Revised Length: 11,098.8 km (as of Dec 2024). States Involved: 11 coastal States + 2 UTs (Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep). Key Feature: Longest coastline among Indian states — Gujarat (~1,600 km). No New Land Added: No change in national borders or geological expansion. Measurement Methodology: Agencies Involved: National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and Survey of India. Technology Used: Scale: 1:250,000 electronic navigation charts. Tools: GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, drone imaging, satellite altimetry. Reference Line: Highwater line from 2011 data, closing river mouths at standard inland points. Mapped Features: Tidal creeks, estuaries, sandbars, low-tide islands. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. The report from the Ministry of Home Affairs explicitly clarifies that the increase in length is not due to any new land being added or any change in national borders. The change is solely a result of improved measurement precision and methodology. This phenomenon, where the measured length of a coastline increases with the accuracy of the measurement tool, is known as the coastline paradox. Statement 2 is correct. The measurement was a collaborative effort between two key agencies: the National Hydrographic Office (NHO), which deals with hydrographic surveys and nautical charting, and the Survey of India, the national mapping agency. They used a much finer scale of 1:250,000 with electronic navigation charts, a significant improvement over the 1:4,500,000 scale used in the 1970s. Statement 3 is correct. The use of advanced technologies like GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, and satellite altimetry allowed for the detailed mapping of intricate coastal features. The new reference line (Highwater line from 2011) and the inclusion of tidal creeks, estuaries, sandbars, and low-tide islands are the primary reasons for the substantial increase in the measured length. About Updated India’s Coastline Length: India’s Coastline Length – Key Overview: Previous Length: 7,516.6 km (based on 1970s maps at 1:4,500,000 scale). Revised Length: 11,098.8 km (as of Dec 2024). States Involved: 11 coastal States + 2 UTs (Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep). Key Feature: Longest coastline among Indian states — Gujarat (~1,600 km). No New Land Added: No change in national borders or geological expansion. Measurement Methodology: Agencies Involved: National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and Survey of India. Technology Used: Scale: 1:250,000 electronic navigation charts. Tools: GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, drone imaging, satellite altimetry. Reference Line: Highwater line from 2011 data, closing river mouths at standard inland points. Mapped Features: Tidal creeks, estuaries, sandbars, low-tide islands.

#### 3. Question

With reference to the updated measurement of India’s coastline, consider the following statements:

• The revised length of approximately 11,000 km is a result of acquiring new coastal territories through land reclamation.

• The measurement was conducted by the National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and the Survey of India using high-resolution electronic navigation charts.

• The new methodology includes features like tidal creeks and estuaries, which were not comprehensively mapped in earlier surveys.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The report from the Ministry of Home Affairs explicitly clarifies that the increase in length is not due to any new land being added or any change in national borders. The change is solely a result of improved measurement precision and methodology. This phenomenon, where the measured length of a coastline increases with the accuracy of the measurement tool, is known as the coastline paradox.

• Statement 2 is correct. The measurement was a collaborative effort between two key agencies: the National Hydrographic Office (NHO), which deals with hydrographic surveys and nautical charting, and the Survey of India, the national mapping agency. They used a much finer scale of 1:250,000 with electronic navigation charts, a significant improvement over the 1:4,500,000 scale used in the 1970s.

• Statement 3 is correct. The use of advanced technologies like GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, and satellite altimetry allowed for the detailed mapping of intricate coastal features. The new reference line (Highwater line from 2011) and the inclusion of tidal creeks, estuaries, sandbars, and low-tide islands are the primary reasons for the substantial increase in the measured length.

About Updated India’s Coastline Length:

India’s Coastline Length – Key Overview:

• Previous Length: 7,516.6 km (based on 1970s maps at 1:4,500,000 scale).

• Revised Length: 11,098.8 km (as of Dec 2024).

• States Involved: 11 coastal States + 2 UTs (Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep).

• Key Feature: Longest coastline among Indian states — Gujarat (~1,600 km).

• No New Land Added: No change in national borders or geological expansion.

Measurement Methodology:

• Agencies Involved: National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and Survey of India.

• Technology Used: Scale: 1:250,000 electronic navigation charts. Tools: GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, drone imaging, satellite altimetry.

• Scale: 1:250,000 electronic navigation charts.

• Tools: GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, drone imaging, satellite altimetry.

• Reference Line: Highwater line from 2011 data, closing river mouths at standard inland points.

• Mapped Features: Tidal creeks, estuaries, sandbars, low-tide islands.

Solution: b)

About Updated India’s Coastline Length:

India’s Coastline Length – Key Overview:

• Previous Length: 7,516.6 km (based on 1970s maps at 1:4,500,000 scale).

• Revised Length: 11,098.8 km (as of Dec 2024).

• States Involved: 11 coastal States + 2 UTs (Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep).

• Key Feature: Longest coastline among Indian states — Gujarat (~1,600 km).

• No New Land Added: No change in national borders or geological expansion.

Measurement Methodology:

• Agencies Involved: National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and Survey of India.

• Technology Used: Scale: 1:250,000 electronic navigation charts. Tools: GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, drone imaging, satellite altimetry.

• Scale: 1:250,000 electronic navigation charts.

• Tools: GIS, LIDAR-GPS mapping, drone imaging, satellite altimetry.

• Reference Line: Highwater line from 2011 data, closing river mouths at standard inland points.

• Mapped Features: Tidal creeks, estuaries, sandbars, low-tide islands.

• Question 4 of 5 4. Question Consider the following statements. Statement-I: The onset of the Southwest Monsoon over Kerala is officially declared by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) based solely on the amount of rainfall received at designated stations. Statement-II: Strong westerlies extending up to the 600 hPa level and low Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) are crucial indicators of a robust monsoon circulation. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: d) Statement-I is incorrect. The IMD does not declare the monsoon onset based solely on rainfall. It uses a triad of criteria that must be met concurrently. While rainfall is the first trigger (at least 60% of 14 designated stations must record ≥2.5 mm rainfall for two consecutive days), it must be accompanied by specific atmospheric conditions. Statement-II is correct. It accurately describes the other two essential criteria used by the IMD. The Wind Field Criteria requires strong westerly winds (15–20 knots) to be established up to the 600 hPa level, signifying the depth of the monsoon flow. The Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) Criteria requires OLR values to be below 200 W/m², which indicates dense cloud cover and strong convection, hallmarks of an active monsoon. What is the Southwest Monsoon? The Southwest Monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings over 70% of India’s annual rainfall during June–September. It plays a critical role in agriculture, water availability, and overall economic activity. When is Monsoon Onset Declared? The IMD uses three main criteria to confirm the monsoon’s onset over Kerala: Rainfall Trigger: 60% of 14 designated stations must record ≥2.5 mm rainfall for two consecutive days. Wind Field Criteria: Westerlies should extend up to 600 hPa (hectoPascals) level with wind speeds of 15–20 knots at 925 hPa. Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR): OLR must be below 200 W/m², indicating active convection and cloud cover. Factors Behind Early Monsoon Onset 2025: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): Enhanced eastward-moving tropical disturbance boosted convection and rainfall over the Indian Ocean. E.g. MJO impact observed from May 13 over the south Andaman Sea (IMD). Mascarene High Intensification: Strong high-pressure system over the southern Indian Ocean aided in directing moist winds to Indian coastlines. Convection Surge: Rising heat and moisture movements increased vertical cloud build-up, bringing early rains. Somali Jet Strengthening: Cross-equatorial winds became stronger, accelerating the arrival of monsoon currents over Kerala and Karnataka. Heat Low Formation: Persistent low pressure over Pakistan and NW India created suction for moist monsoonal air. Monsoon Trough Activation: Elongated low-pressure zone stretching from Arabian Sea to Bay of Bengal activated rainfall over central India and NE India. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement-I is incorrect. The IMD does not declare the monsoon onset based solely on rainfall. It uses a triad of criteria that must be met concurrently. While rainfall is the first trigger (at least 60% of 14 designated stations must record ≥2.5 mm rainfall for two consecutive days), it must be accompanied by specific atmospheric conditions. Statement-II is correct. It accurately describes the other two essential criteria used by the IMD. The Wind Field Criteria requires strong westerly winds (15–20 knots) to be established up to the 600 hPa level, signifying the depth of the monsoon flow. The Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) Criteria requires OLR values to be below 200 W/m², which indicates dense cloud cover and strong convection, hallmarks of an active monsoon. What is the Southwest Monsoon? The Southwest Monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings over 70% of India’s annual rainfall during June–September. It plays a critical role in agriculture, water availability, and overall economic activity. When is Monsoon Onset Declared? The IMD uses three main criteria to confirm the monsoon’s onset over Kerala: Rainfall Trigger: 60% of 14 designated stations must record ≥2.5 mm rainfall for two consecutive days. Wind Field Criteria: Westerlies should extend up to 600 hPa (hectoPascals) level with wind speeds of 15–20 knots at 925 hPa. Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR): OLR must be below 200 W/m², indicating active convection and cloud cover. Factors Behind Early Monsoon Onset 2025: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): Enhanced eastward-moving tropical disturbance boosted convection and rainfall over the Indian Ocean. E.g. MJO impact observed from May 13 over the south Andaman Sea (IMD). Mascarene High Intensification: Strong high-pressure system over the southern Indian Ocean aided in directing moist winds to Indian coastlines. Convection Surge: Rising heat and moisture movements increased vertical cloud build-up, bringing early rains. Somali Jet Strengthening: Cross-equatorial winds became stronger, accelerating the arrival of monsoon currents over Kerala and Karnataka. Heat Low Formation: Persistent low pressure over Pakistan and NW India created suction for moist monsoonal air. Monsoon Trough Activation: Elongated low-pressure zone stretching from Arabian Sea to Bay of Bengal activated rainfall over central India and NE India.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements.

Statement-I: The onset of the Southwest Monsoon over Kerala is officially declared by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) based solely on the amount of rainfall received at designated stations.

Statement-II: Strong westerlies extending up to the 600 hPa level and low Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) are crucial indicators of a robust monsoon circulation.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: d)

• Statement-I is incorrect. The IMD does not declare the monsoon onset based solely on rainfall. It uses a triad of criteria that must be met concurrently. While rainfall is the first trigger (at least 60% of 14 designated stations must record ≥2.5 mm rainfall for two consecutive days), it must be accompanied by specific atmospheric conditions.

• Statement-II is correct. It accurately describes the other two essential criteria used by the IMD. The Wind Field Criteria requires strong westerly winds (15–20 knots) to be established up to the 600 hPa level, signifying the depth of the monsoon flow. The Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) Criteria requires OLR values to be below 200 W/m², which indicates dense cloud cover and strong convection, hallmarks of an active monsoon.

What is the Southwest Monsoon?

• The Southwest Monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings over 70% of India’s annual rainfall during June–September.

• It plays a critical role in agriculture, water availability, and overall economic activity.

When is Monsoon Onset Declared?

The IMD uses three main criteria to confirm the monsoon’s onset over Kerala:

• Rainfall Trigger: 60% of 14 designated stations must record ≥2.5 mm rainfall for two consecutive days.

• Wind Field Criteria: Westerlies should extend up to 600 hPa (hectoPascals) level with wind speeds of 15–20 knots at 925 hPa.

• Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR): OLR must be below 200 W/m², indicating active convection and cloud cover.

Factors Behind Early Monsoon Onset 2025:

• Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): Enhanced eastward-moving tropical disturbance boosted convection and rainfall over the Indian Ocean.

E.g. MJO impact observed from May 13 over the south Andaman Sea (IMD).

• Mascarene High Intensification: Strong high-pressure system over the southern Indian Ocean aided in directing moist winds to Indian coastlines.

• Convection Surge: Rising heat and moisture movements increased vertical cloud build-up, bringing early rains.

• Somali Jet Strengthening: Cross-equatorial winds became stronger, accelerating the arrival of monsoon currents over Kerala and Karnataka.

• Heat Low Formation: Persistent low pressure over Pakistan and NW India created suction for moist monsoonal air.

• Monsoon Trough Activation: Elongated low-pressure zone stretching from Arabian Sea to Bay of Bengal activated rainfall over central India and NE India.

Solution: d)

What is the Southwest Monsoon?

• The Southwest Monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings over 70% of India’s annual rainfall during June–September.

• It plays a critical role in agriculture, water availability, and overall economic activity.

When is Monsoon Onset Declared?

The IMD uses three main criteria to confirm the monsoon’s onset over Kerala:

• Rainfall Trigger: 60% of 14 designated stations must record ≥2.5 mm rainfall for two consecutive days.

• Wind Field Criteria: Westerlies should extend up to 600 hPa (hectoPascals) level with wind speeds of 15–20 knots at 925 hPa.

• Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR): OLR must be below 200 W/m², indicating active convection and cloud cover.

Factors Behind Early Monsoon Onset 2025:

• Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): Enhanced eastward-moving tropical disturbance boosted convection and rainfall over the Indian Ocean.

E.g. MJO impact observed from May 13 over the south Andaman Sea (IMD).

• Mascarene High Intensification: Strong high-pressure system over the southern Indian Ocean aided in directing moist winds to Indian coastlines.

• Convection Surge: Rising heat and moisture movements increased vertical cloud build-up, bringing early rains.

• Somali Jet Strengthening: Cross-equatorial winds became stronger, accelerating the arrival of monsoon currents over Kerala and Karnataka.

• Heat Low Formation: Persistent low pressure over Pakistan and NW India created suction for moist monsoonal air.

• Monsoon Trough Activation: Elongated low-pressure zone stretching from Arabian Sea to Bay of Bengal activated rainfall over central India and NE India.

• Question 5 of 5 5. Question Which of the following best describes the core principle of a “Bait and Switch” dark pattern? a) Forcing a user to create an account to view content that was initially accessible without one. b) Advertising a high-quality product but shipping a lower-quality version to the customer. c) Promoting a desirable outcome or offer to attract a user, and then delivering a different, less favourable one. d) Hiding the final price of a product by adding undisclosed fees at the last step of checkout. Correct Solution: c) The essence of a Bait and Switch dark pattern lies in the deception of intent and outcome. It is a two-step process. First, the “bait” is presented – this is an attractive offer, product, or action that entices the user to click or proceed (e.g., “Click here for a free download”). Second, upon acting on the bait, the user is presented with the “switch” – an unexpected and less desirable outcome (e.g., the download requires signing up for a paid service, or the user is taken to a page to purchase a different product). Option (c) perfectly encapsulates this dynamic of promoting one thing to attract engagement and then delivering another. Incorrect Solution: c) The essence of a Bait and Switch dark pattern lies in the deception of intent and outcome. It is a two-step process. First, the “bait” is presented – this is an attractive offer, product, or action that entices the user to click or proceed (e.g., “Click here for a free download”). Second, upon acting on the bait, the user is presented with the “switch” – an unexpected and less desirable outcome (e.g., the download requires signing up for a paid service, or the user is taken to a page to purchase a different product). Option (c) perfectly encapsulates this dynamic of promoting one thing to attract engagement and then delivering another.

#### 5. Question

Which of the following best describes the core principle of a “Bait and Switch” dark pattern?

• a) Forcing a user to create an account to view content that was initially accessible without one.

• b) Advertising a high-quality product but shipping a lower-quality version to the customer.

• c) Promoting a desirable outcome or offer to attract a user, and then delivering a different, less favourable one.

• d) Hiding the final price of a product by adding undisclosed fees at the last step of checkout.

Solution: c)

The essence of a Bait and Switch dark pattern lies in the deception of intent and outcome. It is a two-step process.

First, the “bait” is presented – this is an attractive offer, product, or action that entices the user to click or proceed (e.g., “Click here for a free download”).

Second, upon acting on the bait, the user is presented with the “switch” – an unexpected and less desirable outcome (e.g., the download requires signing up for a paid service, or the user is taken to a page to purchase a different product).

Option (c) perfectly encapsulates this dynamic of promoting one thing to attract engagement and then delivering another.

Solution: c)

The essence of a Bait and Switch dark pattern lies in the deception of intent and outcome. It is a two-step process.

First, the “bait” is presented – this is an attractive offer, product, or action that entices the user to click or proceed (e.g., “Click here for a free download”).

Option (c) perfectly encapsulates this dynamic of promoting one thing to attract engagement and then delivering another.

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