UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 7 January 2026

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Iran: Statement I: Iran is one of the most seismically vulnerable regions in the world. Statement II: It is located at the convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is correct; Iran has a long history of devastating earthquakes, such as the Bam earthquake, due to its high seismic activity. Statement II is also correct and provides the geological reason for Statement I. The Arabian Plate is moving northward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate, causing the crust to buckle and create the Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges. This ongoing tectonic convergence results in frequent faulting and seismic energy release. Therefore, the tectonic position (Statement II) directly explains why the region is so vulnerable to earthquakes (Statement I). The complexity of Iran’s geology also contributes to its rich hydrocarbon reserves found within these folded mountain systems. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is correct; Iran has a long history of devastating earthquakes, such as the Bam earthquake, due to its high seismic activity. Statement II is also correct and provides the geological reason for Statement I. The Arabian Plate is moving northward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate, causing the crust to buckle and create the Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges. This ongoing tectonic convergence results in frequent faulting and seismic energy release. Therefore, the tectonic position (Statement II) directly explains why the region is so vulnerable to earthquakes (Statement I). The complexity of Iran’s geology also contributes to its rich hydrocarbon reserves found within these folded mountain systems.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Iran:

Statement I: Iran is one of the most seismically vulnerable regions in the world.

Statement II: It is located at the convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct; Iran has a long history of devastating earthquakes, such as the Bam earthquake, due to its high seismic activity.

• Statement II is also correct and provides the geological reason for Statement I. The Arabian Plate is moving northward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate, causing the crust to buckle and create the Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges. This ongoing tectonic convergence results in frequent faulting and seismic energy release.

• Therefore, the tectonic position (Statement II) directly explains why the region is so vulnerable to earthquakes (Statement I). The complexity of Iran’s geology also contributes to its rich hydrocarbon reserves found within these folded mountain systems.

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct; Iran has a long history of devastating earthquakes, such as the Bam earthquake, due to its high seismic activity.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points With reference to the Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) in India, consider the following statements: It is a non-statutory body functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Finance. It was established by replacing the Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS). The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India serves as its ex-officio Chairperson. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) is a statutory body constituted under Section 3 of the Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS) Act, 2007. It is not a non-statutory body, as it derives its authority directly from the 2007 Act following amendments that came into effect on May 9, 2025. The PRB was specifically designed to replace the earlier Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS) to provide a more robust, multi-stakeholder governance framework for India’s burgeoning digital payments landscape. As per the structural mandate, the RBI Governor serves as the Chairperson, ensuring that the central bank maintains its primary role in over-seeing systemic stability. The board also includes the Deputy Governor in charge of payments, government nominees, and external experts. Its primary functions include granting authorizations for systems like UPI and RTGS, setting technical standards, and addressing settlement finality and risk management. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) is a statutory body constituted under Section 3 of the Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS) Act, 2007. It is not a non-statutory body, as it derives its authority directly from the 2007 Act following amendments that came into effect on May 9, 2025. The PRB was specifically designed to replace the earlier Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS) to provide a more robust, multi-stakeholder governance framework for India’s burgeoning digital payments landscape. As per the structural mandate, the RBI Governor serves as the Chairperson, ensuring that the central bank maintains its primary role in over-seeing systemic stability. The board also includes the Deputy Governor in charge of payments, government nominees, and external experts. Its primary functions include granting authorizations for systems like UPI and RTGS, setting technical standards, and addressing settlement finality and risk management.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) in India, consider the following statements:

• It is a non-statutory body functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Finance.

• It was established by replacing the Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS).

• The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India serves as its ex-officio Chairperson.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

Statement 1 is incorrect.

• The Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) is a statutory body constituted under Section 3 of the Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS) Act, 2007. It is not a non-statutory body, as it derives its authority directly from the 2007 Act following amendments that came into effect on May 9, 2025.

• The PRB was specifically designed to replace the earlier Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS) to provide a more robust, multi-stakeholder governance framework for India’s burgeoning digital payments landscape.

• As per the structural mandate, the RBI Governor serves as the Chairperson, ensuring that the central bank maintains its primary role in over-seeing systemic stability. The board also includes the Deputy Governor in charge of payments, government nominees, and external experts. Its primary functions include granting authorizations for systems like UPI and RTGS, setting technical standards, and addressing settlement finality and risk management.

Solution: A

Statement 1 is incorrect.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to the historical and architectural aspects of the Somnath Temple, consider the following statements: The temple is located at the ‘Triveni Sangam’ of the Kapila, Hiran, and Saraswati rivers. The current structure is built in the Vesara style of architecture. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct; the Somnath Temple is situated in Prabhas Patan at the confluence (Triveni Sangam) of three sacred rivers: the Kapila, Hiran, and the mythical Saraswati. Statement 2 is incorrect because the temple is a prime example of the Chaulukya (Solanki) style of North Indian temple architecture, characterized by its lofty shikhara and intricate stone carvings, rather than the hybrid Vesara style found in the Deccan. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct; the Somnath Temple is situated in Prabhas Patan at the confluence (Triveni Sangam) of three sacred rivers: the Kapila, Hiran, and the mythical Saraswati. Statement 2 is incorrect because the temple is a prime example of the Chaulukya (Solanki) style of North Indian temple architecture, characterized by its lofty shikhara and intricate stone carvings, rather than the hybrid Vesara style found in the Deccan.

#### 3. Question

With reference to the historical and architectural aspects of the Somnath Temple, consider the following statements:

• The temple is located at the ‘Triveni Sangam’ of the Kapila, Hiran, and Saraswati rivers.

• The current structure is built in the Vesara style of architecture.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: A

Statement 1 is correct; the Somnath Temple is situated in Prabhas Patan at the confluence (Triveni Sangam) of three sacred rivers: the Kapila, Hiran, and the mythical Saraswati.

Statement 2 is incorrect because the temple is a prime example of the Chaulukya (Solanki) style of North Indian temple architecture, characterized by its lofty shikhara and intricate stone carvings, rather than the hybrid Vesara style found in the Deccan.

Solution: A

Statement 1 is correct; the Somnath Temple is situated in Prabhas Patan at the confluence (Triveni Sangam) of three sacred rivers: the Kapila, Hiran, and the mythical Saraswati.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points With reference to India’s first urban night safari in Lucknow, consider the following statements: It is being developed within the Kukrail Forest Area. The project aims to provide a controlled nocturnal wildlife viewing experience within city limits. It includes the upgradation of existing conservation hubs for gharials and turtles. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct because the safari is in the Kukrail Forest Area, situated along the Kukrail River, a tributary of the Gomti River. Statement 2 is correct; it is India’s first urban night safari, designed to allow residents to observe nocturnal animal behavior in a regulated environment without traveling to remote national parks. Statement 3 is correct; the project integrates and upgrades the existing, long-standing conservation centers for crocodiles, gharials, and turtles rather than replacing them. The project emphasizes low-impact lighting and restricted movement to minimize animal disturbance, serving as a model for sustainable urban planning where biodiversity protection and urban recreation coexist. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct because the safari is in the Kukrail Forest Area, situated along the Kukrail River, a tributary of the Gomti River. Statement 2 is correct; it is India’s first urban night safari, designed to allow residents to observe nocturnal animal behavior in a regulated environment without traveling to remote national parks. Statement 3 is correct; the project integrates and upgrades the existing, long-standing conservation centers for crocodiles, gharials, and turtles rather than replacing them. The project emphasizes low-impact lighting and restricted movement to minimize animal disturbance, serving as a model for sustainable urban planning where biodiversity protection and urban recreation coexist.

#### 4. Question

With reference to India’s first urban night safari in Lucknow, consider the following statements:

• It is being developed within the Kukrail Forest Area.

• The project aims to provide a controlled nocturnal wildlife viewing experience within city limits.

• It includes the upgradation of existing conservation hubs for gharials and turtles.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct because the safari is in the Kukrail Forest Area, situated along the Kukrail River, a tributary of the Gomti River.

• Statement 2 is correct; it is India’s first urban night safari, designed to allow residents to observe nocturnal animal behavior in a regulated environment without traveling to remote national parks.

Statement 3 is correct; the project integrates and upgrades the existing, long-standing conservation centers for crocodiles, gharials, and turtles rather than replacing them. The project emphasizes low-impact lighting and restricted movement to minimize animal disturbance, serving as a model for sustainable urban planning where biodiversity protection and urban recreation coexist.

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct because the safari is in the Kukrail Forest Area, situated along the Kukrail River, a tributary of the Gomti River.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points With reference to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), consider the following statements: It was established to serve as a financial mechanism for the Rio Earth Summit conventions. It provides grants only to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). It serves as the financial mechanism for the Minamata Convention on Mercury. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct; the GEF was established in 1991 just before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to help developing countries address global environmental issues. Statement 2 is incorrect as it provides funding to developing countries and economies in transition, not just LDCs. Statement 3 is correct; the GEF is the financial mechanism for several major conventions, including the CBD, UNFCCC, UNCCD, Stockholm Convention, and the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Recently, its scope expanded to include the BBNJ (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction) Agreement. The GEF operates by mobilizing large-scale co-financing from public and private sources, making it the largest multilateral funder of biodiversity projects globally. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct; the GEF was established in 1991 just before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to help developing countries address global environmental issues. Statement 2 is incorrect as it provides funding to developing countries and economies in transition, not just LDCs. Statement 3 is correct; the GEF is the financial mechanism for several major conventions, including the CBD, UNFCCC, UNCCD, Stockholm Convention, and the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Recently, its scope expanded to include the BBNJ (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction) Agreement. The GEF operates by mobilizing large-scale co-financing from public and private sources, making it the largest multilateral funder of biodiversity projects globally.

#### 5. Question

With reference to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), consider the following statements:

• It was established to serve as a financial mechanism for the Rio Earth Summit conventions.

• It provides grants only to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs).

• It serves as the financial mechanism for the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct; the GEF was established in 1991 just before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to help developing countries address global environmental issues.

• Statement 2 is incorrect as it provides funding to developing countries and economies in transition, not just LDCs.

• Statement 3 is correct; the GEF is the financial mechanism for several major conventions, including the CBD, UNFCCC, UNCCD, Stockholm Convention, and the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

• Recently, its scope expanded to include the BBNJ (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction) Agreement. The GEF operates by mobilizing large-scale co-financing from public and private sources, making it the largest multilateral funder of biodiversity projects globally.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct; the GEF was established in 1991 just before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to help developing countries address global environmental issues.

• Statement 2 is incorrect as it provides funding to developing countries and economies in transition, not just LDCs.

• Statement 3 is correct; the GEF is the financial mechanism for several major conventions, including the CBD, UNFCCC, UNCCD, Stockholm Convention, and the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs of physical features in Iran and their characteristics: Feature Characteristic 1. Alborz Mountains Contains Mount Damavand, Iran’s highest peak 2. Dasht-e Lut Salt desert in northern Iran 3. Strait of Hormuz Connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Pair 1 is correct: The Alborz range runs along the Caspian coast and houses Mount Damavand, a potentially active volcano and the highest peak in the Middle East. Pair 2 is incorrect; while the Dasht-e Lut is a major desert, it is located in southeast Iran and is known as one of the hottest places on Earth, characterized by sand seas and rock formations. The salt desert in the north is the Dasht-e Kavir. Pair 3 is correct: The Strait of Hormuz is a vital maritime chokepoint connecting the Persian Gulf to the open waters of the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Iran’s strategic location allows it to command access to this strait, through which a significant portion of global oil passes. Incorrect Solution: B Pair 1 is correct: The Alborz range runs along the Caspian coast and houses Mount Damavand, a potentially active volcano and the highest peak in the Middle East. Pair 2 is incorrect; while the Dasht-e Lut is a major desert, it is located in southeast Iran and is known as one of the hottest places on Earth, characterized by sand seas and rock formations. The salt desert in the north is the Dasht-e Kavir. Pair 3 is correct: The Strait of Hormuz is a vital maritime chokepoint connecting the Persian Gulf to the open waters of the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Iran’s strategic location allows it to command access to this strait, through which a significant portion of global oil passes.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following pairs of physical features in Iran and their characteristics:

Feature | Characteristic

1.Alborz Mountains | Contains Mount Damavand, Iran’s highest peak
2.Dasht-e Lut | Salt desert in northern Iran
3.Strait of Hormuz | Connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Pair 1 is correct: The Alborz range runs along the Caspian coast and houses Mount Damavand, a potentially active volcano and the highest peak in the Middle East.

• Pair 2 is incorrect; while the Dasht-e Lut is a major desert, it is located in southeast Iran and is known as one of the hottest places on Earth, characterized by sand seas and rock formations. The salt desert in the north is the Dasht-e Kavir.

• Pair 3 is correct: The Strait of Hormuz is a vital maritime chokepoint connecting the Persian Gulf to the open waters of the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Iran’s strategic location allows it to command access to this strait, through which a significant portion of global oil passes.

Solution: B

• Pair 1 is correct: The Alborz range runs along the Caspian coast and houses Mount Damavand, a potentially active volcano and the highest peak in the Middle East.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points With reference to the recently inaugurated National Environmental Standard Laboratory (NESL), consider the following statements: It is the world’s first facility dedicated to testing air pollution equipment under tropical conditions. The facility is established at the CSIR–National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in New Delhi. India is now the second country in the world, after the United Kingdom, to have such a national-level facility. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B The National Environmental Standard Laboratory (NESL) was inaugurated at CSIR–NPL, New Delhi. While it is an apex facility for testing under Indian climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, dust load), Statement 1 is incorrect because it is the world’s second such facility, not the first. Statement 3 is correct; only the United Kingdom previously held this distinction. The significance of NESL lies in providing traceable and standardized environmental data, reducing India’s dependence on foreign certification which often uses standards not suited for the Indian subcontinent. This facility will support the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) by ensuring that air quality monitoring instruments are accurate and reliable. It also bolsters the “Make in India” initiative by helping domestic startups and MSMEs in the environmental sensor market. Incorrect Solution: B The National Environmental Standard Laboratory (NESL) was inaugurated at CSIR–NPL, New Delhi. While it is an apex facility for testing under Indian climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, dust load), Statement 1 is incorrect because it is the world’s second such facility, not the first. Statement 3 is correct; only the United Kingdom previously held this distinction. The significance of NESL lies in providing traceable and standardized environmental data, reducing India’s dependence on foreign certification which often uses standards not suited for the Indian subcontinent. This facility will support the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) by ensuring that air quality monitoring instruments are accurate and reliable. It also bolsters the “Make in India” initiative by helping domestic startups and MSMEs in the environmental sensor market.

#### 7. Question

With reference to the recently inaugurated National Environmental Standard Laboratory (NESL), consider the following statements:

• It is the world’s first facility dedicated to testing air pollution equipment under tropical conditions.

• The facility is established at the CSIR–National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in New Delhi.

• India is now the second country in the world, after the United Kingdom, to have such a national-level facility.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• The National Environmental Standard Laboratory (NESL) was inaugurated at CSIR–NPL, New Delhi. While it is an apex facility for testing under Indian climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, dust load), Statement 1 is incorrect because it is the world’s second such facility, not the first.

• Statement 3 is correct; only the United Kingdom previously held this distinction. The significance of NESL lies in providing traceable and standardized environmental data, reducing India’s dependence on foreign certification which often uses standards not suited for the Indian subcontinent.

• This facility will support the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) by ensuring that air quality monitoring instruments are accurate and reliable. It also bolsters the “Make in India” initiative by helping domestic startups and MSMEs in the environmental sensor market.

Solution: B

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Rice cultivation in India is largely concentrated in river deltas and floodplains due to high water and alluvium requirements. In lower rainfall zones, rice production is often criticized for increasing water stress and depleting groundwater. Terraced cultivation is a common method for growing rice in the hilly regions of India. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct. Rice is a water-intensive crop that thrives in hot, humid conditions and alluvial soils. This explains its concentration in the Ganga–Brahmaputra plains and the Krishna–Godavari–Cauvery deltas. Statement 2 is correct. As rice cultivation expanded into semi-arid regions (like Punjab and parts of Telangana) via tube-well irrigation, it has led to significant groundwater depletion and water-stress concerns. Statement 3 is correct. In mountainous areas like the Himalayas or the Western Ghats, the terrain requires terraced cultivation, where hillsides are cut into steps to create flat surfaces that can hold the water necessary for paddy growth. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct. Rice is a water-intensive crop that thrives in hot, humid conditions and alluvial soils. This explains its concentration in the Ganga–Brahmaputra plains and the Krishna–Godavari–Cauvery deltas. Statement 2 is correct. As rice cultivation expanded into semi-arid regions (like Punjab and parts of Telangana) via tube-well irrigation, it has led to significant groundwater depletion and water-stress concerns. Statement 3 is correct. In mountainous areas like the Himalayas or the Western Ghats, the terrain requires terraced cultivation, where hillsides are cut into steps to create flat surfaces that can hold the water necessary for paddy growth.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Rice cultivation in India is largely concentrated in river deltas and floodplains due to high water and alluvium requirements.

• In lower rainfall zones, rice production is often criticized for increasing water stress and depleting groundwater.

• Terraced cultivation is a common method for growing rice in the hilly regions of India.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct. Rice is a water-intensive crop that thrives in hot, humid conditions and alluvial soils. This explains its concentration in the Ganga–Brahmaputra plains and the Krishna–Godavari–Cauvery deltas.

• Statement 2 is correct. As rice cultivation expanded into semi-arid regions (like Punjab and parts of Telangana) via tube-well irrigation, it has led to significant groundwater depletion and water-stress concerns.

• Statement 3 is correct. In mountainous areas like the Himalayas or the Western Ghats, the terrain requires terraced cultivation, where hillsides are cut into steps to create flat surfaces that can hold the water necessary for paddy growth.

Solution: C

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following features regarding a National Park in India: It is named after a river that flows through it. It is home to subterranean limestone caves like Kotumsar and Kailash. It lies within the Deccan biogeographical zone. The Tirathgarh waterfall is a major scenic feature of this park. The above features most likely describe which National Park? (a) Indravati National Park (b) Simlipal National Park (c) Guru Ghasidas National Park (d) Kanger Valley National Park Correct Solution: D All features point to Kanger Valley National Park. It is named after the Kanger River. It is world-renowned for its unique limestone caves (Kotumsar, Kailash, Dandak) which host diverse cave-dwelling fauna. The Tirathgarh waterfall is located within its vicinity. Its location in the Bastar region places it within the Deccan biogeographical zone, making it ecologically distinct from the Himalayan or Western Ghats parks. Incorrect Solution: D All features point to Kanger Valley National Park. It is named after the Kanger River. It is world-renowned for its unique limestone caves (Kotumsar, Kailash, Dandak) which host diverse cave-dwelling fauna. The Tirathgarh waterfall is located within its vicinity. Its location in the Bastar region places it within the Deccan biogeographical zone, making it ecologically distinct from the Himalayan or Western Ghats parks.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following features regarding a National Park in India:

• It is named after a river that flows through it.

• It is home to subterranean limestone caves like Kotumsar and Kailash.

• It lies within the Deccan biogeographical zone.

• The Tirathgarh waterfall is a major scenic feature of this park.

The above features most likely describe which National Park?

• (a) Indravati National Park

• (b) Simlipal National Park

• (c) Guru Ghasidas National Park

• (d) Kanger Valley National Park

Solution: D

All features point to Kanger Valley National Park. It is named after the Kanger River. It is world-renowned for its unique limestone caves (Kotumsar, Kailash, Dandak) which host diverse cave-dwelling fauna. The Tirathgarh waterfall is located within its vicinity. Its location in the Bastar region places it within the Deccan biogeographical zone, making it ecologically distinct from the Himalayan or Western Ghats parks.

Solution: D

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the “Stitched-ship” technique used in ancient Indian shipbuilding? (a) A method of reinforcing iron hulls with organic fibers to prevent rusting in saline water. (b) A method where natural resins are used to fuse metal and wood components for long-distance navigation. (c) A technique involving the use of Harappan-style stone anchors to stitch heavy sails to the deck. (d) An indigenous practice where wooden planks are tied with coir rope, allowing flexibility in rough seas. Correct Solution: D The stitched-ship technique is an indigenous Indian method where wooden planks are literally stitched together using natural fibers like coconut coir rope rather than being nailed. This method was once common along the Indian Ocean rim. The primary functional advantage of this technique is shock absorption; the flexible joints allow the ship to bend slightly under the pressure of waves, making it highly durable for long-distance ocean voyages to West Asia and Africa. The use of organic materials like natural resins further ensures water-tightness while remaining environmentally sustainable. It represents a significant revival of India’s indigenous knowledge systems. Incorrect Solution: D The stitched-ship technique is an indigenous Indian method where wooden planks are literally stitched together using natural fibers like coconut coir rope rather than being nailed. This method was once common along the Indian Ocean rim. The primary functional advantage of this technique is shock absorption; the flexible joints allow the ship to bend slightly under the pressure of waves, making it highly durable for long-distance ocean voyages to West Asia and Africa. The use of organic materials like natural resins further ensures water-tightness while remaining environmentally sustainable. It represents a significant revival of India’s indigenous knowledge systems.

#### 10. Question

Which of the following best describes the “Stitched-ship” technique used in ancient Indian shipbuilding?

• (a) A method of reinforcing iron hulls with organic fibers to prevent rusting in saline water.

• (b) A method where natural resins are used to fuse metal and wood components for long-distance navigation.

• (c) A technique involving the use of Harappan-style stone anchors to stitch heavy sails to the deck.

• (d) An indigenous practice where wooden planks are tied with coir rope, allowing flexibility in rough seas.

Solution: D

• The stitched-ship technique is an indigenous Indian method where wooden planks are literally stitched together using natural fibers like coconut coir rope rather than being nailed. This method was once common along the Indian Ocean rim.

• The primary functional advantage of this technique is shock absorption; the flexible joints allow the ship to bend slightly under the pressure of waves, making it highly durable for long-distance ocean voyages to West Asia and Africa.

• The use of organic materials like natural resins further ensures water-tightness while remaining environmentally sustainable. It represents a significant revival of India’s indigenous knowledge systems.

Solution: D

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