UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 7 February 2026

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs): They utilize aluminum as the current collector for both the cathode and the anode. Unlike Lithium-ion batteries, SiBs can be safely transported at a zero percent state of charge. The energy density of SiBs currently exceeds that of high-performance lithium-ion chemistries, making them ideal for long-range electric vehicles. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs) represent a burgeoning alternative to lithium-ion technology, particularly as India seeks to mitigate its dependence on critical mineral imports. One of the distinct technical advantages of SiBs is the use of aluminum as a current collector on both the cathode and the anode sides. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries require copper for the anode because lithium reacts with aluminum at low potentials, whereas sodium does not. This substitution not only reduces costs but also simplifies the supply chain. Furthermore, SiBs offer enhanced safety during logistics; they can be discharged to 0V (zero percent state of charge) for storage and transportation without damaging the battery, a feat not possible with lithium-ion cells due to copper dissolution risks. However, Statement 3 is incorrect. A primary limitation of current SiB technology is its lower energy density (both specific and volumetric) compared to high-performance lithium-ion counterparts. This makes them less suitable for long-range, high-performance electric vehicles (EVs) at this stage. Instead, they are better positioned for stationary grid storage, short-range mobility, and two/three-wheelers. While they are cost-effective due to the abundance of sodium (from salt or soda ash), their technological maturity is still evolving. Incorrect Solution: A Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs) represent a burgeoning alternative to lithium-ion technology, particularly as India seeks to mitigate its dependence on critical mineral imports. One of the distinct technical advantages of SiBs is the use of aluminum as a current collector on both the cathode and the anode sides. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries require copper for the anode because lithium reacts with aluminum at low potentials, whereas sodium does not. This substitution not only reduces costs but also simplifies the supply chain. Furthermore, SiBs offer enhanced safety during logistics; they can be discharged to 0V (zero percent state of charge) for storage and transportation without damaging the battery, a feat not possible with lithium-ion cells due to copper dissolution risks. However, Statement 3 is incorrect. A primary limitation of current SiB technology is its lower energy density (both specific and volumetric) compared to high-performance lithium-ion counterparts. This makes them less suitable for long-range, high-performance electric vehicles (EVs) at this stage. Instead, they are better positioned for stationary grid storage, short-range mobility, and two/three-wheelers. While they are cost-effective due to the abundance of sodium (from salt or soda ash), their technological maturity is still evolving.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs):

• They utilize aluminum as the current collector for both the cathode and the anode.

• Unlike Lithium-ion batteries, SiBs can be safely transported at a zero percent state of charge.

• The energy density of SiBs currently exceeds that of high-performance lithium-ion chemistries, making them ideal for long-range electric vehicles.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs) represent a burgeoning alternative to lithium-ion technology, particularly as India seeks to mitigate its dependence on critical mineral imports. One of the distinct technical advantages of SiBs is the use of aluminum as a current collector on both the cathode and the anode sides.

• In contrast, lithium-ion batteries require copper for the anode because lithium reacts with aluminum at low potentials, whereas sodium does not. This substitution not only reduces costs but also simplifies the supply chain.

• Furthermore, SiBs offer enhanced safety during logistics; they can be discharged to 0V (zero percent state of charge) for storage and transportation without damaging the battery, a feat not possible with lithium-ion cells due to copper dissolution risks.

However, Statement 3 is incorrect. A primary limitation of current SiB technology is its lower energy density (both specific and volumetric) compared to high-performance lithium-ion counterparts. This makes them less suitable for long-range, high-performance electric vehicles (EVs) at this stage. Instead, they are better positioned for stationary grid storage, short-range mobility, and two/three-wheelers. While they are cost-effective due to the abundance of sodium (from salt or soda ash), their technological maturity is still evolving.

Solution: A

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points With reference to the Serengsia Battle of 1837, consider the following statements: It was an armed resistance by the Ho Adivasis against the expansionist policies of the East India Company. The conflict took place in the Serengsia valley located in the present-day state of Chhattisgarh. The Ho fighters utilized guerrilla warfare tactics, including the use of environmental obstacles and burning organic mixtures. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B The Serengsia Battle of 1837 is a landmark event in the history of tribal resistance in India. It involved the Ho Adivasis of the Kolhan region, who rose against the East India Company’s attempts to impose British administration, alien taxes, and non-tribal settlement. The Ho community traditionally governed the Kolhan region, but by 1836, the British had established the Kolhan Estate Government, sparking fierce opposition. Statement 1 is correct as it accurately identifies the combatants and the cause. Statement 3 is also correct regarding the tactics used. The Ho fighters, led by figures like Poto Ho, leveraged the difficult terrain of the Serengsia valley. They employed guerrilla-style warfare, using bows and arrows and creating obstacles on narrow paths. They even used innovative methods like burning cow dung mixed with ash and chilli powder to deter the British forces. Despite their bravery, the resistance eventually faced brutal retaliation. However, Statement 2 is incorrect because the Serengsia valley is located in present-day Jharkhand (specifically West Singhbhum), not Chhattisgarh. The battle remains a symbol of tribal sovereignty and influenced the eventual recognition of Kolhan’s distinct administrative status. Incorrect Solution: B The Serengsia Battle of 1837 is a landmark event in the history of tribal resistance in India. It involved the Ho Adivasis of the Kolhan region, who rose against the East India Company’s attempts to impose British administration, alien taxes, and non-tribal settlement. The Ho community traditionally governed the Kolhan region, but by 1836, the British had established the Kolhan Estate Government, sparking fierce opposition. Statement 1 is correct as it accurately identifies the combatants and the cause. Statement 3 is also correct regarding the tactics used. The Ho fighters, led by figures like Poto Ho, leveraged the difficult terrain of the Serengsia valley. They employed guerrilla-style warfare, using bows and arrows and creating obstacles on narrow paths. They even used innovative methods like burning cow dung mixed with ash and chilli powder to deter the British forces. Despite their bravery, the resistance eventually faced brutal retaliation. However, Statement 2 is incorrect because the Serengsia valley is located in present-day Jharkhand (specifically West Singhbhum), not Chhattisgarh. The battle remains a symbol of tribal sovereignty and influenced the eventual recognition of Kolhan’s distinct administrative status.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the Serengsia Battle of 1837, consider the following statements:

• It was an armed resistance by the Ho Adivasis against the expansionist policies of the East India Company.

• The conflict took place in the Serengsia valley located in the present-day state of Chhattisgarh.

• The Ho fighters utilized guerrilla warfare tactics, including the use of environmental obstacles and burning organic mixtures.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• The Serengsia Battle of 1837 is a landmark event in the history of tribal resistance in India. It involved the Ho Adivasis of the Kolhan region, who rose against the East India Company’s attempts to impose British administration, alien taxes, and non-tribal settlement. The Ho community traditionally governed the Kolhan region, but by 1836, the British had established the Kolhan Estate Government, sparking fierce opposition. Statement 1 is correct as it accurately identifies the combatants and the cause.

• Statement 3 is also correct regarding the tactics used. The Ho fighters, led by figures like Poto Ho, leveraged the difficult terrain of the Serengsia valley. They employed guerrilla-style warfare, using bows and arrows and creating obstacles on narrow paths. They even used innovative methods like burning cow dung mixed with ash and chilli powder to deter the British forces. Despite their bravery, the resistance eventually faced brutal retaliation.

However, Statement 2 is incorrect because the Serengsia valley is located in present-day Jharkhand (specifically West Singhbhum), not Chhattisgarh. The battle remains a symbol of tribal sovereignty and influenced the eventual recognition of Kolhan’s distinct administrative status.

Solution: B

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to the International Space Station (ISS), consider the following statements: It is a modular laboratory located in the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). It is a collaborative project involving five space agencies, including the China National Space Administration (CNSA). Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: D The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the most complex international scientific collaborations in history. Statement 1 is incorrect because the ISS is located in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), not GTO. It orbits at an altitude of approximately 400 km, allowing for microgravity research and continuous human habitation since November 2000. Statement 2 is incorrect because the five participating space agencies are NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada). The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is not a partner in the ISS program; China instead operates its own independent space station, Tiangong. The ISS serves as a platform for cutting-edge research in human health, materials science, and Earth observation. However, its operational life is nearing its end, with plans for a controlled de-orbiting in 2030 over a remote ocean area using a dedicated U.S. Deorbit Vehicle. This will mark the end of over three decades of international cooperation in LEO. Incorrect Solution: D The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the most complex international scientific collaborations in history. Statement 1 is incorrect because the ISS is located in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), not GTO. It orbits at an altitude of approximately 400 km, allowing for microgravity research and continuous human habitation since November 2000. Statement 2 is incorrect because the five participating space agencies are NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada). The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is not a partner in the ISS program; China instead operates its own independent space station, Tiangong. The ISS serves as a platform for cutting-edge research in human health, materials science, and Earth observation. However, its operational life is nearing its end, with plans for a controlled de-orbiting in 2030 over a remote ocean area using a dedicated U.S. Deorbit Vehicle. This will mark the end of over three decades of international cooperation in LEO.

#### 3. Question

With reference to the International Space Station (ISS), consider the following statements:

• It is a modular laboratory located in the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).

• It is a collaborative project involving five space agencies, including the China National Space Administration (CNSA).

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: D

• The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the most complex international scientific collaborations in history.

• Statement 1 is incorrect because the ISS is located in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), not GTO. It orbits at an altitude of approximately 400 km, allowing for microgravity research and continuous human habitation since November 2000.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because the five participating space agencies are NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada). The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is not a partner in the ISS program; China instead operates its own independent space station, Tiangong.

The ISS serves as a platform for cutting-edge research in human health, materials science, and Earth observation. However, its operational life is nearing its end, with plans for a controlled de-orbiting in 2030 over a remote ocean area using a dedicated U.S. Deorbit Vehicle. This will mark the end of over three decades of international cooperation in LEO.

Solution: D

• The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the most complex international scientific collaborations in history.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs) are increasingly viewed as a strategic alternative for India’s energy storage needs. Statement-II: India lacks significant domestic reserves of lithium, making it vulnerable to supply chain disruptions and price volatility in the global market. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A India is currently re-evaluating its battery strategy to enhance energy security and reduce import vulnerability. Statement-I is correct; Sodium-ion battery (SiB) technology is being prioritized because it relies on materials like sodium, which are abundantly available domestically (from common salt or soda ash). This aligns with India’s goals for grid-scale storage and short-range electric mobility. Statement-II is also correct and serves as the primary justification for Statement-I. India has limited critical mineral reserves, specifically lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which are essential for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Relying on lithium-ion technology makes the Indian economy susceptible to geopolitical tensions and fluctuations in global mineral prices, often controlled by a few dominant players. By shifting focus toward SiBs, India can leverage its domestic manufacturing capacity and abundant raw materials, thereby creating a more resilient energy infrastructure. SiBs also offer better safety profiles and lower thermal runaway risks, making them suitable for the Indian climate. Thus, the lack of lithium reserves (Statement-II) directly explains why India is pivoting toward sodium-based alternatives (Statement-I). Incorrect Solution: A India is currently re-evaluating its battery strategy to enhance energy security and reduce import vulnerability. Statement-I is correct; Sodium-ion battery (SiB) technology is being prioritized because it relies on materials like sodium, which are abundantly available domestically (from common salt or soda ash). This aligns with India’s goals for grid-scale storage and short-range electric mobility. Statement-II is also correct and serves as the primary justification for Statement-I. India has limited critical mineral reserves, specifically lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which are essential for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Relying on lithium-ion technology makes the Indian economy susceptible to geopolitical tensions and fluctuations in global mineral prices, often controlled by a few dominant players. By shifting focus toward SiBs, India can leverage its domestic manufacturing capacity and abundant raw materials, thereby creating a more resilient energy infrastructure. SiBs also offer better safety profiles and lower thermal runaway risks, making them suitable for the Indian climate. Thus, the lack of lithium reserves (Statement-II) directly explains why India is pivoting toward sodium-based alternatives (Statement-I).

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs) are increasingly viewed as a strategic alternative for India’s energy storage needs.

Statement-II: India lacks significant domestic reserves of lithium, making it vulnerable to supply chain disruptions and price volatility in the global market.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• India is currently re-evaluating its battery strategy to enhance energy security and reduce import vulnerability.

• Statement-I is correct; Sodium-ion battery (SiB) technology is being prioritized because it relies on materials like sodium, which are abundantly available domestically (from common salt or soda ash). This aligns with India’s goals for grid-scale storage and short-range electric mobility.

• Statement-II is also correct and serves as the primary justification for Statement-I. India has limited critical mineral reserves, specifically lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which are essential for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Relying on lithium-ion technology makes the Indian economy susceptible to geopolitical tensions and fluctuations in global mineral prices, often controlled by a few dominant players.

• By shifting focus toward SiBs, India can leverage its domestic manufacturing capacity and abundant raw materials, thereby creating a more resilient energy infrastructure. SiBs also offer better safety profiles and lower thermal runaway risks, making them suitable for the Indian climate.

• Thus, the lack of lithium reserves (Statement-II) directly explains why India is pivoting toward sodium-based alternatives (Statement-I).

Solution: A

• India is currently re-evaluating its battery strategy to enhance energy security and reduce import vulnerability.

• Thus, the lack of lithium reserves (Statement-II) directly explains why India is pivoting toward sodium-based alternatives (Statement-I).

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points With reference to the International Space Station (ISS), consider the following statements: It has been continuously inhabited by humans for over two decades. The station operates through a system where each partner agency is entirely independent and manages its own modules without interdependence. The ESA (European Space Agency) and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) are among its founding partners. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A The ISS is a marvel of modular architecture and international diplomacy. Statement 1 is correct; humans have continuously lived aboard the station since the arrival of Expedition 1 in November 2000. This makes it the longest-running era of continuous human presence in Low Earth Orbit. Statement 3 is also correct; the ISS is a joint project involving NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA. These agencies have collaborated for decades to maintain the facility as a microgravity laboratory. Statement 2 is incorrect. The ISS does not function through independent silos. Rather, it is characterized by shared governance and high interdependence. While each partner manages the hardware it provides, the station’s core functions—such as power, life support, and propulsion—are integrated across different modules. For example, Russian modules often provide propulsion for orbit maintenance, while US segments provide the majority of the electrical power. This interdependence is a core feature of the ISS Intergovernmental Agreement. As the station nears its planned de-orbit in 2030, this collaborative framework will be used to ensure a safe re-entry. The ISS has been a symbol of peaceful cooperation despite shifting geopolitical landscapes on Earth, advancing our understanding of human health in space. Incorrect Solution: A The ISS is a marvel of modular architecture and international diplomacy. Statement 1 is correct; humans have continuously lived aboard the station since the arrival of Expedition 1 in November 2000. This makes it the longest-running era of continuous human presence in Low Earth Orbit. Statement 3 is also correct; the ISS is a joint project involving NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA. These agencies have collaborated for decades to maintain the facility as a microgravity laboratory. Statement 2 is incorrect. The ISS does not function through independent silos. Rather, it is characterized by shared governance and high interdependence. While each partner manages the hardware it provides, the station’s core functions—such as power, life support, and propulsion—are integrated across different modules. For example, Russian modules often provide propulsion for orbit maintenance, while US segments provide the majority of the electrical power. This interdependence is a core feature of the ISS Intergovernmental Agreement. As the station nears its planned de-orbit in 2030, this collaborative framework will be used to ensure a safe re-entry. The ISS has been a symbol of peaceful cooperation despite shifting geopolitical landscapes on Earth, advancing our understanding of human health in space.

#### 5. Question

With reference to the International Space Station (ISS), consider the following statements:

• It has been continuously inhabited by humans for over two decades.

• The station operates through a system where each partner agency is entirely independent and manages its own modules without interdependence.

• The ESA (European Space Agency) and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) are among its founding partners.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• The ISS is a marvel of modular architecture and international diplomacy.

• Statement 1 is correct; humans have continuously lived aboard the station since the arrival of Expedition 1 in November 2000. This makes it the longest-running era of continuous human presence in Low Earth Orbit.

• Statement 3 is also correct; the ISS is a joint project involving NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA. These agencies have collaborated for decades to maintain the facility as a microgravity laboratory.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The ISS does not function through independent silos. Rather, it is characterized by shared governance and high interdependence. While each partner manages the hardware it provides, the station’s core functions—such as power, life support, and propulsion—are integrated across different modules.

For example, Russian modules often provide propulsion for orbit maintenance, while US segments provide the majority of the electrical power. This interdependence is a core feature of the ISS Intergovernmental Agreement. As the station nears its planned de-orbit in 2030, this collaborative framework will be used to ensure a safe re-entry. The ISS has been a symbol of peaceful cooperation despite shifting geopolitical landscapes on Earth, advancing our understanding of human health in space.

Solution: A

• The ISS is a marvel of modular architecture and international diplomacy.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Which of the following statements best describes the geographical orientation of Armenia? (a) It is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, bordering both. (b) It is a mountainous country in the Armenian Highland of the South Caucasus. (c) It is a coastal nation on the Mediterranean Sea, separated from Turkey by the Taurus Mountains. (d) It is a desert nation in the Middle East, sharing borders with Iraq and Syria. Correct Solution: B Armenia’s geography is defined by its landlocked status and high elevation. Option (b) is the correct description. Armenia is situated in the South Caucasus (also known as Transcaucasia) and lies entirely on the Armenian Highland. It has an average elevation of about 1,800 meters, making it one of the most mountainous countries in the region. The landscape is dominated by the Lesser Caucasus ranges and is volcanic in origin, leading to mineral-rich but stony soils. Option (a) is incorrect because while Armenia is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it is landlocked and does not border either body of water. Option (c) is incorrect as Armenia has no coastline on the Mediterranean; it is separated from it by Turkey. Option (d) is incorrect as Armenia is not a desert nation and does not share borders with Iraq or Syria; its southern neighbor is Iran. The country’s climate is continental, with sharp variations based on altitude. Its location at the intersection of Europe and Asia has made it a focal point for history and modern geopolitics, particularly regarding its borders with Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. Incorrect Solution: B Armenia’s geography is defined by its landlocked status and high elevation. Option (b) is the correct description. Armenia is situated in the South Caucasus (also known as Transcaucasia) and lies entirely on the Armenian Highland. It has an average elevation of about 1,800 meters, making it one of the most mountainous countries in the region. The landscape is dominated by the Lesser Caucasus ranges and is volcanic in origin, leading to mineral-rich but stony soils. Option (a) is incorrect because while Armenia is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it is landlocked and does not border either body of water. Option (c) is incorrect as Armenia has no coastline on the Mediterranean; it is separated from it by Turkey. Option (d) is incorrect as Armenia is not a desert nation and does not share borders with Iraq or Syria; its southern neighbor is Iran. The country’s climate is continental, with sharp variations based on altitude. Its location at the intersection of Europe and Asia has made it a focal point for history and modern geopolitics, particularly regarding its borders with Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey.

#### 6. Question

Which of the following statements best describes the geographical orientation of Armenia?

• (a) It is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, bordering both.

• (b) It is a mountainous country in the Armenian Highland of the South Caucasus.

• (c) It is a coastal nation on the Mediterranean Sea, separated from Turkey by the Taurus Mountains.

• (d) It is a desert nation in the Middle East, sharing borders with Iraq and Syria.

Solution: B

• Armenia’s geography is defined by its landlocked status and high elevation.

• Option (b) is the correct description. Armenia is situated in the South Caucasus (also known as Transcaucasia) and lies entirely on the Armenian Highland. It has an average elevation of about 1,800 meters, making it one of the most mountainous countries in the region. The landscape is dominated by the Lesser Caucasus ranges and is volcanic in origin, leading to mineral-rich but stony soils.

• Option (a) is incorrect because while Armenia is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it is landlocked and does not border either body of water.

• Option (c) is incorrect as Armenia has no coastline on the Mediterranean; it is separated from it by Turkey.

Option (d) is incorrect as Armenia is not a desert nation and does not share borders with Iraq or Syria; its southern neighbor is Iran. The country’s climate is continental, with sharp variations based on altitude. Its location at the intersection of Europe and Asia has made it a focal point for history and modern geopolitics, particularly regarding its borders with Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey.

Solution: B

• Armenia’s geography is defined by its landlocked status and high elevation.

• Option (a) is incorrect because while Armenia is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it is landlocked and does not border either body of water.

• Option (c) is incorrect as Armenia has no coastline on the Mediterranean; it is separated from it by Turkey.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points With reference to “Wet Snow Avalanches,” which of the following statements is correct? (a) They move at extremely high speeds, reaching up to 300 km/h. (b) They are primarily composed of dry, loose snow that forms an aerosol cloud. (c) They possess enormous destructive force due to the high density of the snow. (d) They are rarely triggered by rain-on-snow events. Correct Solution: C Wet snow avalanches differ significantly from powder snow avalanches. While powder avalanches move at high speeds (300 km/h) as a turbulent cloud, wet snow avalanches move more slowly. However, because the snow is saturated with water—often due to rain-on-snow events or rapid melting—it becomes extremely dense and heavy. This high density gives the avalanche enormous destructive force, capable of crushing buildings and infrastructure that might otherwise withstand a lighter, faster powder slide. Statement (c) is the correct answer. These types of avalanches act more like a “viscous flow” or a concrete mix, making them difficult to stop once they gain momentum. The NDMA guidelines emphasize that these are particularly common during the spring thaw or during unseasonable rain in high-altitude regions. Monitoring these requires Automated Weather Stations (AWS) to track temperature spikes and precipitation types in real-time. Incorrect Solution: C Wet snow avalanches differ significantly from powder snow avalanches. While powder avalanches move at high speeds (300 km/h) as a turbulent cloud, wet snow avalanches move more slowly. However, because the snow is saturated with water—often due to rain-on-snow events or rapid melting—it becomes extremely dense and heavy. This high density gives the avalanche enormous destructive force, capable of crushing buildings and infrastructure that might otherwise withstand a lighter, faster powder slide. Statement (c) is the correct answer. These types of avalanches act more like a “viscous flow” or a concrete mix, making them difficult to stop once they gain momentum. The NDMA guidelines emphasize that these are particularly common during the spring thaw or during unseasonable rain in high-altitude regions. Monitoring these requires Automated Weather Stations (AWS) to track temperature spikes and precipitation types in real-time.

#### 7. Question

With reference to “Wet Snow Avalanches,” which of the following statements is correct?

• (a) They move at extremely high speeds, reaching up to 300 km/h.

• (b) They are primarily composed of dry, loose snow that forms an aerosol cloud.

• (c) They possess enormous destructive force due to the high density of the snow.

• (d) They are rarely triggered by rain-on-snow events.

Solution: C

• Wet snow avalanches differ significantly from powder snow avalanches. While powder avalanches move at high speeds (300 km/h) as a turbulent cloud, wet snow avalanches move more slowly.

• However, because the snow is saturated with water—often due to rain-on-snow events or rapid melting—it becomes extremely dense and heavy. This high density gives the avalanche enormous destructive force, capable of crushing buildings and infrastructure that might otherwise withstand a lighter, faster powder slide.

• Statement (c) is the correct answer. These types of avalanches act more like a “viscous flow” or a concrete mix, making them difficult to stop once they gain momentum.

The NDMA guidelines emphasize that these are particularly common during the spring thaw or during unseasonable rain in high-altitude regions. Monitoring these requires Automated Weather Stations (AWS) to track temperature spikes and precipitation types in real-time.

Solution: C

• Wet snow avalanches differ significantly from powder snow avalanches. While powder avalanches move at high speeds (300 km/h) as a turbulent cloud, wet snow avalanches move more slowly.

• Statement (c) is the correct answer. These types of avalanches act more like a “viscous flow” or a concrete mix, making them difficult to stop once they gain momentum.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Which of the following is/are considered “Secondary Impacts” of an avalanche? Destruction of buildings and bridges Economic losses due to disruption of tourism Communication isolation of mountain communities Destruction of entire forests and alteration of local ecosystems Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only Correct Solution: D Impacts of natural disasters are often categorized into primary and secondary. Primary impacts are the direct results of the physical event, such as loss of life (suffocation/trauma) and structural destruction (buildings/bridges being crushed). Statement 1 is a primary impact. Secondary impacts are the cascading consequences that follow. Statement 2 (Economic losses), Statement 3 (Communication isolation), and Statement 4 (Environmental damage/forest destruction) are all secondary impacts. When highways are blocked and power lines are severed, communities become isolated—this is a consequence of the initial destruction. Similarly, the long-term financial strain on agriculture and tourism and the permanent alteration of ecosystems are indirect results of the slide. Government bodies like DGRE and NDMA work on “Hazard Zonation” to minimize these impacts by ensuring that critical infrastructure is either built away from high-risk paths or reinforced with avalanche-resistant tunnels like the Zojila Tunnel. Incorrect Solution: D Impacts of natural disasters are often categorized into primary and secondary. Primary impacts are the direct results of the physical event, such as loss of life (suffocation/trauma) and structural destruction (buildings/bridges being crushed). Statement 1 is a primary impact. Secondary impacts are the cascading consequences that follow. Statement 2 (Economic losses), Statement 3 (Communication isolation), and Statement 4 (Environmental damage/forest destruction) are all secondary impacts. When highways are blocked and power lines are severed, communities become isolated—this is a consequence of the initial destruction. Similarly, the long-term financial strain on agriculture and tourism and the permanent alteration of ecosystems are indirect results of the slide. Government bodies like DGRE and NDMA work on “Hazard Zonation” to minimize these impacts by ensuring that critical infrastructure is either built away from high-risk paths or reinforced with avalanche-resistant tunnels like the Zojila Tunnel.

#### 8. Question

Which of the following is/are considered “Secondary Impacts” of an avalanche?

• Destruction of buildings and bridges

• Economic losses due to disruption of tourism

• Communication isolation of mountain communities

• Destruction of entire forests and alteration of local ecosystems

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4

• (c) 3 and 4 only

• (d) 2, 3 and 4 only

Solution: D

• Impacts of natural disasters are often categorized into primary and secondary. Primary impacts are the direct results of the physical event, such as loss of life (suffocation/trauma) and structural destruction (buildings/bridges being crushed). Statement 1 is a primary impact.

• Secondary impacts are the cascading consequences that follow. Statement 2 (Economic losses), Statement 3 (Communication isolation), and Statement 4 (Environmental damage/forest destruction) are all secondary impacts. When highways are blocked and power lines are severed, communities become isolated—this is a consequence of the initial destruction.

Similarly, the long-term financial strain on agriculture and tourism and the permanent alteration of ecosystems are indirect results of the slide. Government bodies like DGRE and NDMA work on “Hazard Zonation” to minimize these impacts by ensuring that critical infrastructure is either built away from high-risk paths or reinforced with avalanche-resistant tunnels like the Zojila Tunnel.

Solution: D

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: India is the world’s second-largest steel producer but remains “Coking Coal Poor” in terms of usable domestic supply. Statement II: Indian coking coal deposits are predominantly found in the coastal belts of Peninsular India. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct. India currently holds the position of the world’s second-largest steel producer. However, it is described as “Coking Coal Poor” because, despite having total resources of approximately 37 Billion Tonnes, it cannot meet its industrial requirements domestically. About 95% of its coking coal is imported because the domestic variety has high ash content and requires complex washing. Statement II is incorrect. Indian coking coal deposits are not found in coastal belts. Instead, they are concentrated in the inland Gondwana rock formations of eastern and central India. The primary reserves are located in Jharkhand (Jharia, Bokaro), with other significant deposits in West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. The “Import Paradox” exists because the inland location and high ash content make it more expensive or technically difficult to use compared to high-quality imported coal from Australia or the USA. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct. India currently holds the position of the world’s second-largest steel producer. However, it is described as “Coking Coal Poor” because, despite having total resources of approximately 37 Billion Tonnes, it cannot meet its industrial requirements domestically. About 95% of its coking coal is imported because the domestic variety has high ash content and requires complex washing. Statement II is incorrect. Indian coking coal deposits are not found in coastal belts. Instead, they are concentrated in the inland Gondwana rock formations of eastern and central India. The primary reserves are located in Jharkhand (Jharia, Bokaro), with other significant deposits in West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. The “Import Paradox” exists because the inland location and high ash content make it more expensive or technically difficult to use compared to high-quality imported coal from Australia or the USA.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: India is the world’s second-largest steel producer but remains “Coking Coal Poor” in terms of usable domestic supply.

Statement II: Indian coking coal deposits are predominantly found in the coastal belts of Peninsular India.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct. India currently holds the position of the world’s second-largest steel producer. However, it is described as “Coking Coal Poor” because, despite having total resources of approximately 37 Billion Tonnes, it cannot meet its industrial requirements domestically. About 95% of its coking coal is imported because the domestic variety has high ash content and requires complex washing.

• Statement II is incorrect. Indian coking coal deposits are not found in coastal belts. Instead, they are concentrated in the inland Gondwana rock formations of eastern and central India. The primary reserves are located in Jharkhand (Jharia, Bokaro), with other significant deposits in West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.

• The “Import Paradox” exists because the inland location and high ash content make it more expensive or technically difficult to use compared to high-quality imported coal from Australia or the USA.

Solution: C

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the impact of Western Disturbances on Indian agriculture: They provide essential natural irrigation for Rabi crops like Wheat and Gram. Intense Western Disturbances are always beneficial as they prevent root rot in standing crops. They are the primary source of non-monsoonal rainfall in North India. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. Western Disturbances (WDs) are considered a boon for Rabi crops (Wheat, Mustard, Gram/Chana). The light to moderate rainfall they bring to the plains of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh provides much-needed natural irrigation during the dry winter months, which is vital for the growth of these crops. Statement 2 is incorrect. While moderate rain is beneficial, intense WDs can be a bane for farmers. They can cause heavy hailstorms and thunderstorms, which physically damage standing crops. Furthermore, excessive rainfall can lead to waterlogging. The IMD recently advised farmers to drain excess water specifically to prevent root rot, which is a disease caused by overly moist soil—contrary to the statement suggesting WDs prevent it. Statement 3 is correct. WDs are the primary source of non-monsoonal rainfall in India. While the Southwest Monsoon provides the bulk of India’s annual rain, WDs are responsible for the majority of precipitation received between December and February in North and Northwest India. They also bring heavy snowfall to the Western Himalayas, which is essential for maintaining the health of glaciers that feed perennial rivers like the Ganga and Indus. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. Western Disturbances (WDs) are considered a boon for Rabi crops (Wheat, Mustard, Gram/Chana). The light to moderate rainfall they bring to the plains of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh provides much-needed natural irrigation during the dry winter months, which is vital for the growth of these crops. Statement 2 is incorrect. While moderate rain is beneficial, intense WDs can be a bane for farmers. They can cause heavy hailstorms and thunderstorms, which physically damage standing crops. Furthermore, excessive rainfall can lead to waterlogging. The IMD recently advised farmers to drain excess water specifically to prevent root rot, which is a disease caused by overly moist soil—contrary to the statement suggesting WDs prevent it. Statement 3 is correct. WDs are the primary source of non-monsoonal rainfall in India. While the Southwest Monsoon provides the bulk of India’s annual rain, WDs are responsible for the majority of precipitation received between December and February in North and Northwest India. They also bring heavy snowfall to the Western Himalayas, which is essential for maintaining the health of glaciers that feed perennial rivers like the Ganga and Indus.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the impact of Western Disturbances on Indian agriculture:

• They provide essential natural irrigation for Rabi crops like Wheat and Gram.

• Intense Western Disturbances are always beneficial as they prevent root rot in standing crops.

• They are the primary source of non-monsoonal rainfall in North India.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. Western Disturbances (WDs) are considered a boon for Rabi crops (Wheat, Mustard, Gram/Chana). The light to moderate rainfall they bring to the plains of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh provides much-needed natural irrigation during the dry winter months, which is vital for the growth of these crops.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. While moderate rain is beneficial, intense WDs can be a bane for farmers. They can cause heavy hailstorms and thunderstorms, which physically damage standing crops. Furthermore, excessive rainfall can lead to waterlogging. The IMD recently advised farmers to drain excess water specifically to prevent root rot, which is a disease caused by overly moist soil—contrary to the statement suggesting WDs prevent it.

Statement 3 is correct. WDs are the primary source of non-monsoonal rainfall in India. While the Southwest Monsoon provides the bulk of India’s annual rain, WDs are responsible for the majority of precipitation received between December and February in North and Northwest India. They also bring heavy snowfall to the Western Himalayas, which is essential for maintaining the health of glaciers that feed perennial rivers like the Ganga and Indus.

Solution: B

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