UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 7 April 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.
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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Arctic Council. Statement-I: The Arctic Council is a legally binding treaty-based organization governing the Arctic. Statement-II: The Council was formed through the Ottawa Declaration and promotes cooperation on Arctic issues. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: d) Statement-I is incorrect: The Arctic Council is not treaty-based and its decisions are non-binding. It is a forum for voluntary cooperation, not a regulatory body like the Antarctic Treaty System. Statement-II is correct: The Ottawa Declaration (1996) established the Council, emphasizing peaceful collaboration, Indigenous inclusion, and environmental sustainability. It serves as a platform to address shared Arctic challenges, though without legal enforcement. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement-I is incorrect: The Arctic Council is not treaty-based and its decisions are non-binding. It is a forum for voluntary cooperation, not a regulatory body like the Antarctic Treaty System. Statement-II is correct: The Ottawa Declaration (1996) established the Council, emphasizing peaceful collaboration, Indigenous inclusion, and environmental sustainability. It serves as a platform to address shared Arctic challenges, though without legal enforcement.
#### 1. Question
Consider the following statements regarding Arctic Council.
Statement-I: The Arctic Council is a legally binding treaty-based organization governing the Arctic. Statement-II: The Council was formed through the Ottawa Declaration and promotes cooperation on Arctic issues.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Solution: d)
Statement-I is incorrect: The Arctic Council is not treaty-based and its decisions are non-binding. It is a forum for voluntary cooperation, not a regulatory body like the Antarctic Treaty System.
Statement-II is correct: The Ottawa Declaration (1996) established the Council, emphasizing peaceful collaboration, Indigenous inclusion, and environmental sustainability. It serves as a platform to address shared Arctic challenges, though without legal enforcement.
Solution: d)
Statement-I is incorrect: The Arctic Council is not treaty-based and its decisions are non-binding. It is a forum for voluntary cooperation, not a regulatory body like the Antarctic Treaty System.
Statement-II is correct: The Ottawa Declaration (1996) established the Council, emphasizing peaceful collaboration, Indigenous inclusion, and environmental sustainability. It serves as a platform to address shared Arctic challenges, though without legal enforcement.
• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Which of the following best characterizes the strategic intent of Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II)? a) Enhancing border fencing along all land boundaries b) Deploying central armed forces to remote villages for civil duties c) Establishing Special Economic Zones in border districts d) Combining livelihood generation, governance decentralization, and strategic integration in Correct Solution: d) VVP-II transcends traditional border infrastructure models by fusing development and security paradigms. It aims to empower local populations economically, improve access to governance and services, and transform them into stakeholders in national security by acting as human intelligence assets. VVP-II is not focused on militarization (eliminating options a and b) or industrial clusters like SEZs (option c). Rather, its strategic innovation lies in the civilian-led resilience model, bolstering border integrity by creating self-reliant, vibrant, and secure communities. About Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II): What is VVP-II? VVP-II is a Central Sector Scheme (100% Centre-funded) focused on comprehensive development of strategic villages near international land borders (ILBs), other than Northern borders already covered under VVP-I. About Vibrant Villages Programme VVP-I launched: February 2023 Ministry in Charge: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) Vision Aligned with: Viksit Bharat@2047 and ‘Safe, Secure & Vibrant Borders’ Objectives of VVP-II: Enhance quality of life in border villages. Create livelihood opportunities for border residents. Ensure national security by involving locals as eyes and ears of border forces. Curb trans-border crimes and promote border integrity. Strengthen connectivity and governance in strategic regions Key Features of VVP-II: Coverage: 17 States/UTs including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Punjab, Gujarat, J&K, Ladakh, etc. Village Action Plans (VAPs): Developed with community participation. Basic Services Saturation: Focus on 4 key areas – all-weather roads (via PMGSY-IV), telecom, TV access, and electrification. Livelihood Opportunities: Boost rural income through cooperatives, SHGs, tourism, and handicraft promotion. Infrastructure Development: Includes SMART classrooms, village facilities, and cluster-based projects. Governance Support: A Cabinet Secretary-led committee to ease rules for effective implementation. Cultural and National Integration: Organizing fairs, festivals, and official visits to promote national unity and cultural vibrancy. Incorrect Solution: d) VVP-II transcends traditional border infrastructure models by fusing development and security paradigms. It aims to empower local populations economically, improve access to governance and services, and transform them into stakeholders in national security by acting as human intelligence assets. VVP-II is not focused on militarization (eliminating options a and b) or industrial clusters like SEZs (option c). Rather, its strategic innovation lies in the civilian-led resilience model, bolstering border integrity by creating self-reliant, vibrant, and secure communities. About Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II): What is VVP-II? VVP-II is a Central Sector Scheme (100% Centre-funded) focused on comprehensive development of strategic villages near international land borders (ILBs), other than Northern borders already covered under VVP-I. About Vibrant Villages Programme VVP-I launched: February 2023 Ministry in Charge: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) Vision Aligned with: Viksit Bharat@2047 and ‘Safe, Secure & Vibrant Borders’ Objectives of VVP-II: Enhance quality of life in border villages. Create livelihood opportunities for border residents. Ensure national security by involving locals as eyes and ears of border forces. Curb trans-border crimes and promote border integrity. Strengthen connectivity and governance in strategic regions Key Features of VVP-II: Coverage: 17 States/UTs including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Punjab, Gujarat, J&K, Ladakh, etc. Village Action Plans (VAPs): Developed with community participation. Basic Services Saturation: Focus on 4 key areas – all-weather roads (via PMGSY-IV), telecom, TV access, and electrification. Livelihood Opportunities: Boost rural income through cooperatives, SHGs, tourism, and handicraft promotion. Infrastructure Development: Includes SMART classrooms, village facilities, and cluster-based projects. Governance Support: A Cabinet Secretary-led committee to ease rules for effective implementation. Cultural and National Integration: Organizing fairs, festivals, and official visits to promote national unity and cultural vibrancy.
#### 2. Question
Which of the following best characterizes the strategic intent of Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II)?
• a) Enhancing border fencing along all land boundaries
• b) Deploying central armed forces to remote villages for civil duties
• c) Establishing Special Economic Zones in border districts
• d) Combining livelihood generation, governance decentralization, and strategic integration in
Solution: d)
• VVP-II transcends traditional border infrastructure models by fusing development and security paradigms.
• It aims to empower local populations economically, improve access to governance and services, and transform them into stakeholders in national security by acting as human intelligence assets.
• VVP-II is not focused on militarization (eliminating options a and b) or industrial clusters like SEZs (option c).
• Rather, its strategic innovation lies in the civilian-led resilience model, bolstering border integrity by creating self-reliant, vibrant, and secure communities.
About Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II):
• What is VVP-II? VVP-II is a Central Sector Scheme (100% Centre-funded) focused on comprehensive development of strategic villages near international land borders (ILBs), other than Northern borders already covered under VVP-I.
• VVP-II is a Central Sector Scheme (100% Centre-funded) focused on comprehensive development of strategic villages near international land borders (ILBs), other than Northern borders already covered under VVP-I.
• About Vibrant Villages Programme
• VVP-I launched: February 2023 Ministry in Charge: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) Vision Aligned with: Viksit Bharat@2047 and ‘Safe, Secure & Vibrant Borders’
• VVP-I launched: February 2023
• Ministry in Charge: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
• Vision Aligned with: Viksit Bharat@2047 and ‘Safe, Secure & Vibrant Borders’
• Objectives of VVP-II:
• Enhance quality of life in border villages. Create livelihood opportunities for border residents. Ensure national security by involving locals as eyes and ears of border forces. Curb trans-border crimes and promote border integrity. Strengthen connectivity and governance in strategic regions
• Enhance quality of life in border villages.
• Create livelihood opportunities for border residents.
• Ensure national security by involving locals as eyes and ears of border forces.
• Curb trans-border crimes and promote border integrity.
• Strengthen connectivity and governance in strategic regions
• Key Features of VVP-II:
• Coverage: 17 States/UTs including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Punjab, Gujarat, J&K, Ladakh, etc. Village Action Plans (VAPs): Developed with community participation.
• Coverage: 17 States/UTs including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Punjab, Gujarat, J&K, Ladakh, etc.
• Village Action Plans (VAPs): Developed with community participation.
• Basic Services Saturation: Focus on 4 key areas – all-weather roads (via PMGSY-IV), telecom, TV access, and electrification.
• Livelihood Opportunities: Boost rural income through cooperatives, SHGs, tourism, and handicraft promotion.
• Infrastructure Development: Includes SMART classrooms, village facilities, and cluster-based projects.
• Governance Support: A Cabinet Secretary-led committee to ease rules for effective implementation.
Cultural and National Integration: Organizing fairs, festivals, and official visits to promote national unity and cultural vibrancy.
Solution: d)
• VVP-II transcends traditional border infrastructure models by fusing development and security paradigms.
• It aims to empower local populations economically, improve access to governance and services, and transform them into stakeholders in national security by acting as human intelligence assets.
• VVP-II is not focused on militarization (eliminating options a and b) or industrial clusters like SEZs (option c).
• Rather, its strategic innovation lies in the civilian-led resilience model, bolstering border integrity by creating self-reliant, vibrant, and secure communities.
About Vibrant Villages Programme-II (VVP-II):
• What is VVP-II? VVP-II is a Central Sector Scheme (100% Centre-funded) focused on comprehensive development of strategic villages near international land borders (ILBs), other than Northern borders already covered under VVP-I.
• VVP-II is a Central Sector Scheme (100% Centre-funded) focused on comprehensive development of strategic villages near international land borders (ILBs), other than Northern borders already covered under VVP-I.
• About Vibrant Villages Programme
• VVP-I launched: February 2023 Ministry in Charge: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) Vision Aligned with: Viksit Bharat@2047 and ‘Safe, Secure & Vibrant Borders’
• VVP-I launched: February 2023
• Ministry in Charge: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
• Vision Aligned with: Viksit Bharat@2047 and ‘Safe, Secure & Vibrant Borders’
• Objectives of VVP-II:
• Enhance quality of life in border villages. Create livelihood opportunities for border residents. Ensure national security by involving locals as eyes and ears of border forces. Curb trans-border crimes and promote border integrity. Strengthen connectivity and governance in strategic regions
• Enhance quality of life in border villages.
• Create livelihood opportunities for border residents.
• Ensure national security by involving locals as eyes and ears of border forces.
• Curb trans-border crimes and promote border integrity.
• Strengthen connectivity and governance in strategic regions
• Key Features of VVP-II:
• Coverage: 17 States/UTs including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Punjab, Gujarat, J&K, Ladakh, etc. Village Action Plans (VAPs): Developed with community participation.
• Coverage: 17 States/UTs including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Punjab, Gujarat, J&K, Ladakh, etc.
• Village Action Plans (VAPs): Developed with community participation.
• Basic Services Saturation: Focus on 4 key areas – all-weather roads (via PMGSY-IV), telecom, TV access, and electrification.
• Livelihood Opportunities: Boost rural income through cooperatives, SHGs, tourism, and handicraft promotion.
• Infrastructure Development: Includes SMART classrooms, village facilities, and cluster-based projects.
• Governance Support: A Cabinet Secretary-led committee to ease rules for effective implementation.
Cultural and National Integration: Organizing fairs, festivals, and official visits to promote national unity and cultural vibrancy.
• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the underlying technique of Meenakari craft? a) Using colored natural dyes to paint clay figurines b) Embedding gemstones into metal using wax and gold foils c) Applying ceramic glazes using stencils and wood-fired kilns d) Fusing colored glass powder onto metal surfaces through high-temperature firing Correct Solution: d) Meenakari is based on the fusion of finely ground colored glass (enamel) onto a metal surface, typically gold, silver, or copper, using high-temperature kilns. This process creates vibrant, glossy, and long-lasting designs. Unlike gemstone embedding (kundan), Meenakari involves chemical bonding of enamel, not mechanical setting. It is a true enameling technique, distinct from glazing or painting. The fired surface gives Meenakari its distinctive shimmer and depth, often incorporating Mughal and floral motifs. This technical precision gives the art both aesthetic beauty and functional durability, allowing use across jewelry, crockery, and furniture. What is Meenakari? Meenakari is the art of enamelling metal or ceramic surfaces with vivid colors and detailed patterns. It involves fusing coloured powdered glass onto surfaces at high temperatures to create intricate and durable designs. Historical Origins Originated in Safavid Iran, perfected by Mughals in India. The word Meenakari is derived from Meena (heaven) and Kari (to do), meaning “placing paradise onto an object.” Introduced in India during the Mughal era, further refined in the 20th century with the help of Iranian artisans. Indian Regions Practicing Meenakari: Jaipur (Rajasthan): Renowned hub; known for red, green, and white Mughal-style motifs. Gujarat & Lucknow: Each region reflects its distinct local style. Core Characteristics: Uses precious metals like gold and silver, sometimes copper or brass. Features geometric, floral, and animal patterns. Applied to jewelry, vases, figurines, crockery, decor, and even furniture. Finished products often exhibit a glassy, polished look with vibrant contrast. Combines traditional motifs with modern utility. Incorrect Solution: d) Meenakari is based on the fusion of finely ground colored glass (enamel) onto a metal surface, typically gold, silver, or copper, using high-temperature kilns. This process creates vibrant, glossy, and long-lasting designs. Unlike gemstone embedding (kundan), Meenakari involves chemical bonding of enamel, not mechanical setting. It is a true enameling technique, distinct from glazing or painting. The fired surface gives Meenakari its distinctive shimmer and depth, often incorporating Mughal and floral motifs. This technical precision gives the art both aesthetic beauty and functional durability, allowing use across jewelry, crockery, and furniture. What is Meenakari? Meenakari is the art of enamelling metal or ceramic surfaces with vivid colors and detailed patterns. It involves fusing coloured powdered glass onto surfaces at high temperatures to create intricate and durable designs. Historical Origins Originated in Safavid Iran, perfected by Mughals in India. The word Meenakari is derived from Meena (heaven) and Kari (to do), meaning “placing paradise onto an object.” Introduced in India during the Mughal era, further refined in the 20th century with the help of Iranian artisans. Indian Regions Practicing Meenakari: Jaipur (Rajasthan): Renowned hub; known for red, green, and white Mughal-style motifs. Gujarat & Lucknow: Each region reflects its distinct local style. Core Characteristics: Uses precious metals like gold and silver, sometimes copper or brass. Features geometric, floral, and animal patterns. Applied to jewelry, vases, figurines, crockery, decor, and even furniture. Finished products often exhibit a glassy, polished look with vibrant contrast. Combines traditional motifs with modern utility.
#### 3. Question
Which of the following best describes the underlying technique of Meenakari craft?
• a) Using colored natural dyes to paint clay figurines
• b) Embedding gemstones into metal using wax and gold foils
• c) Applying ceramic glazes using stencils and wood-fired kilns
• d) Fusing colored glass powder onto metal surfaces through high-temperature firing
Solution: d)
• Meenakari is based on the fusion of finely ground colored glass (enamel) onto a metal surface, typically gold, silver, or copper, using high-temperature kilns. This process creates vibrant, glossy, and long-lasting designs.
• Unlike gemstone embedding (kundan), Meenakari involves chemical bonding of enamel, not mechanical setting.
• It is a true enameling technique, distinct from glazing or painting. The fired surface gives Meenakari its distinctive shimmer and depth, often incorporating Mughal and floral motifs.
• This technical precision gives the art both aesthetic beauty and functional durability, allowing use across jewelry, crockery, and furniture.
• What is Meenakari?
• Meenakari is the art of enamelling metal or ceramic surfaces with vivid colors and detailed patterns. It involves fusing coloured powdered glass onto surfaces at high temperatures to create intricate and durable designs.
• Meenakari is the art of enamelling metal or ceramic surfaces with vivid colors and detailed patterns.
• It involves fusing coloured powdered glass onto surfaces at high temperatures to create intricate and durable designs.
• Historical Origins
• Originated in Safavid Iran, perfected by Mughals in India. The word Meenakari is derived from Meena (heaven) and Kari (to do), meaning “placing paradise onto an object.” Introduced in India during the Mughal era, further refined in the 20th century with the help of Iranian artisans.
• Originated in Safavid Iran, perfected by Mughals in India.
• The word Meenakari is derived from Meena (heaven) and Kari (to do), meaning “placing paradise onto an object.”
• Introduced in India during the Mughal era, further refined in the 20th century with the help of Iranian artisans.
• Indian Regions Practicing Meenakari:
• Jaipur (Rajasthan): Renowned hub; known for red, green, and white Mughal-style motifs. Gujarat & Lucknow: Each region reflects its distinct local style.
• Jaipur (Rajasthan): Renowned hub; known for red, green, and white Mughal-style motifs.
• Gujarat & Lucknow: Each region reflects its distinct local style.
• Core Characteristics:
• Uses precious metals like gold and silver, sometimes copper or brass. Features geometric, floral, and animal patterns. Applied to jewelry, vases, figurines, crockery, decor, and even furniture. Finished products often exhibit a glassy, polished look with vibrant contrast. Combines traditional motifs with modern utility.
• Uses precious metals like gold and silver, sometimes copper or brass.
• Features geometric, floral, and animal patterns.
• Applied to jewelry, vases, figurines, crockery, decor, and even furniture.
• Finished products often exhibit a glassy, polished look with vibrant contrast.
• Combines traditional motifs with modern utility.
Solution: d)
• Meenakari is based on the fusion of finely ground colored glass (enamel) onto a metal surface, typically gold, silver, or copper, using high-temperature kilns. This process creates vibrant, glossy, and long-lasting designs.
• Unlike gemstone embedding (kundan), Meenakari involves chemical bonding of enamel, not mechanical setting.
• It is a true enameling technique, distinct from glazing or painting. The fired surface gives Meenakari its distinctive shimmer and depth, often incorporating Mughal and floral motifs.
• This technical precision gives the art both aesthetic beauty and functional durability, allowing use across jewelry, crockery, and furniture.
• What is Meenakari?
• Meenakari is the art of enamelling metal or ceramic surfaces with vivid colors and detailed patterns. It involves fusing coloured powdered glass onto surfaces at high temperatures to create intricate and durable designs.
• Meenakari is the art of enamelling metal or ceramic surfaces with vivid colors and detailed patterns.
• It involves fusing coloured powdered glass onto surfaces at high temperatures to create intricate and durable designs.
• Historical Origins
• Originated in Safavid Iran, perfected by Mughals in India. The word Meenakari is derived from Meena (heaven) and Kari (to do), meaning “placing paradise onto an object.” Introduced in India during the Mughal era, further refined in the 20th century with the help of Iranian artisans.
• Originated in Safavid Iran, perfected by Mughals in India.
• The word Meenakari is derived from Meena (heaven) and Kari (to do), meaning “placing paradise onto an object.”
• Introduced in India during the Mughal era, further refined in the 20th century with the help of Iranian artisans.
• Indian Regions Practicing Meenakari:
• Jaipur (Rajasthan): Renowned hub; known for red, green, and white Mughal-style motifs. Gujarat & Lucknow: Each region reflects its distinct local style.
• Jaipur (Rajasthan): Renowned hub; known for red, green, and white Mughal-style motifs.
• Gujarat & Lucknow: Each region reflects its distinct local style.
• Core Characteristics:
• Uses precious metals like gold and silver, sometimes copper or brass. Features geometric, floral, and animal patterns. Applied to jewelry, vases, figurines, crockery, decor, and even furniture. Finished products often exhibit a glassy, polished look with vibrant contrast. Combines traditional motifs with modern utility.
• Uses precious metals like gold and silver, sometimes copper or brass.
• Features geometric, floral, and animal patterns.
• Applied to jewelry, vases, figurines, crockery, decor, and even furniture.
• Finished products often exhibit a glassy, polished look with vibrant contrast.
• Combines traditional motifs with modern utility.
• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points At the 6th BIMSTEC Summit, which of the following reflects a key strategic shift in India’s engagement with the group? a) Downgrading BIMSTEC to a sub-regional trade bloc focused on textile exports b) Proposing an India-led BIMSTEC Space Mission targeting lunar exploration c) Advocating for institutional reform and formally endorsing the BIMSTEC Charter d) Launching a common currency framework for BIMSTEC countries Correct Solution: c) The 6th BIMSTEC Summit (March 2022) marked a strategic shift as leaders, including India, endorsed the BIMSTEC Charter, which gave the grouping a formal structure, defining roles, institutional mechanisms, and sectoral mandates. India strongly advocated for institutional streamlining, leading to the reorganization of BIMSTEC’s areas of cooperation into seven pillars, with each country leading one. India assumed the lead on Security, covering counter-terrorism, cyber security, and disaster management. India’s emphasis was on regional connectivity, maritime security, and digital and economic integration, not space exploration or currency unification. Incorrect Solution: c) The 6th BIMSTEC Summit (March 2022) marked a strategic shift as leaders, including India, endorsed the BIMSTEC Charter, which gave the grouping a formal structure, defining roles, institutional mechanisms, and sectoral mandates. India strongly advocated for institutional streamlining, leading to the reorganization of BIMSTEC’s areas of cooperation into seven pillars, with each country leading one. India assumed the lead on Security, covering counter-terrorism, cyber security, and disaster management. India’s emphasis was on regional connectivity, maritime security, and digital and economic integration, not space exploration or currency unification.
#### 4. Question
At the 6th BIMSTEC Summit, which of the following reflects a key strategic shift in India’s engagement with the group?
• a) Downgrading BIMSTEC to a sub-regional trade bloc focused on textile exports
• b) Proposing an India-led BIMSTEC Space Mission targeting lunar exploration
• c) Advocating for institutional reform and formally endorsing the BIMSTEC Charter
• d) Launching a common currency framework for BIMSTEC countries
Solution: c)
• The 6th BIMSTEC Summit (March 2022) marked a strategic shift as leaders, including India, endorsed the BIMSTEC Charter, which gave the grouping a formal structure, defining roles, institutional mechanisms, and sectoral mandates.
• India strongly advocated for institutional streamlining, leading to the reorganization of BIMSTEC’s areas of cooperation into seven pillars, with each country leading one.
• India assumed the lead on Security, covering counter-terrorism, cyber security, and disaster management.
• India’s emphasis was on regional connectivity, maritime security, and digital and economic integration, not space exploration or currency unification.
Solution: c)
• The 6th BIMSTEC Summit (March 2022) marked a strategic shift as leaders, including India, endorsed the BIMSTEC Charter, which gave the grouping a formal structure, defining roles, institutional mechanisms, and sectoral mandates.
• India strongly advocated for institutional streamlining, leading to the reorganization of BIMSTEC’s areas of cooperation into seven pillars, with each country leading one.
• India assumed the lead on Security, covering counter-terrorism, cyber security, and disaster management.
• India’s emphasis was on regional connectivity, maritime security, and digital and economic integration, not space exploration or currency unification.
• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points The Ottawa Convention primarily aims to: a) Ban the use of nuclear weapons under all circumstances b) Eliminate anti-personnel landmines globally c) Prohibit the use of biological weapons in warfare d) Establish exclusive economic zones in conflict zones Correct Solution: b) The Ottawa Convention, also called the Mine Ban Treaty, was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 1999. It specifically prohibits the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines (APLs). The Convention obligates parties to destroy stockpiles, clear mined areas, and assist victims. It does not cover anti-vehicle mines, nor does it address biological, chemical, or nuclear arms. The treaty reflects humanitarian disarmament, aiming to reduce civilian casualties from landmines that often remain active decades after conflict. As of now, over 160 countries are signatories, though key countries like the USA, Russia, China, India, and Pakistan are not parties to the Convention. Incorrect Solution: b) The Ottawa Convention, also called the Mine Ban Treaty, was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 1999. It specifically prohibits the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines (APLs). The Convention obligates parties to destroy stockpiles, clear mined areas, and assist victims. It does not cover anti-vehicle mines, nor does it address biological, chemical, or nuclear arms. The treaty reflects humanitarian disarmament, aiming to reduce civilian casualties from landmines that often remain active decades after conflict. As of now, over 160 countries are signatories, though key countries like the USA, Russia, China, India, and Pakistan are not parties to the Convention.
#### 5. Question
The Ottawa Convention primarily aims to:
• a) Ban the use of nuclear weapons under all circumstances
• b) Eliminate anti-personnel landmines globally
• c) Prohibit the use of biological weapons in warfare
• d) Establish exclusive economic zones in conflict zones
Solution: b)
• The Ottawa Convention, also called the Mine Ban Treaty, was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 1999. It specifically prohibits the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines (APLs).
• The Convention obligates parties to destroy stockpiles, clear mined areas, and assist victims. It does not cover anti-vehicle mines, nor does it address biological, chemical, or nuclear arms.
• The treaty reflects humanitarian disarmament, aiming to reduce civilian casualties from landmines that often remain active decades after conflict.
• As of now, over 160 countries are signatories, though key countries like the USA, Russia, China, India, and Pakistan are not parties to the Convention.
Solution: b)
• The Ottawa Convention, also called the Mine Ban Treaty, was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 1999. It specifically prohibits the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines (APLs).
• The Convention obligates parties to destroy stockpiles, clear mined areas, and assist victims. It does not cover anti-vehicle mines, nor does it address biological, chemical, or nuclear arms.
• The treaty reflects humanitarian disarmament, aiming to reduce civilian casualties from landmines that often remain active decades after conflict.
• As of now, over 160 countries are signatories, though key countries like the USA, Russia, China, India, and Pakistan are not parties to the Convention.
• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements.Top of Form Statement-I: CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) has developed aircraft like SARAS and Hansa to enhance India’s regional air connectivity. Statement-II: India lacks indigenous capacity in manufacturing civil aircraft and depends solely on imported platforms. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: c) Statement-I is correct—CSIR–NAL has developed SARAS Mk2 and Hansa NG to boost regional air travel and flight training as part of the UDAN scheme and civil aviation reforms. Statement-II is incorrect—while India does import large commercial aircraft, indigenous capability exists at NAL, HAL, and Mahindra Aerospace, and is expanding through collaborative and public-private initiatives. About CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL): What is NAL? India’s only civilian aerospace R&D lab, focused on advanced aerospace science and engineering. Establishment: Founded: 1 June 1959 (as National Aeronautical Research Laboratory, renamed NAL in 1993). Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka. Governing Body: Operates under CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. Key Objectives: To design and develop indigenous aircraft and aerospace technologies. To support national aerospace missions and collaborate with industry for commercialisation. To create aeronautical components, testing, simulation, and manufacturing systems. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement-I is correct—CSIR–NAL has developed SARAS Mk2 and Hansa NG to boost regional air travel and flight training as part of the UDAN scheme and civil aviation reforms. Statement-II is incorrect—while India does import large commercial aircraft, indigenous capability exists at NAL, HAL, and Mahindra Aerospace, and is expanding through collaborative and public-private initiatives. About CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL): What is NAL? India’s only civilian aerospace R&D lab, focused on advanced aerospace science and engineering. Establishment: Founded: 1 June 1959 (as National Aeronautical Research Laboratory, renamed NAL in 1993). Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka. Governing Body: Operates under CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. Key Objectives: To design and develop indigenous aircraft and aerospace technologies. To support national aerospace missions and collaborate with industry for commercialisation. To create aeronautical components, testing, simulation, and manufacturing systems.
#### 6. Question
Consider the following statements.Top of Form
Statement-I: CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) has developed aircraft like SARAS and Hansa to enhance India’s regional air connectivity. Statement-II: India lacks indigenous capacity in manufacturing civil aircraft and depends solely on imported platforms.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Solution: c)
Statement-I is correct—CSIR–NAL has developed SARAS Mk2 and Hansa NG to boost regional air travel and flight training as part of the UDAN scheme and civil aviation reforms. Statement-II is incorrect—while India does import large commercial aircraft, indigenous capability exists at NAL, HAL, and Mahindra Aerospace, and is expanding through collaborative and public-private initiatives.
About CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL):
• What is NAL?
• India’s only civilian aerospace R&D lab, focused on advanced aerospace science and engineering.
• India’s only civilian aerospace R&D lab, focused on advanced aerospace science and engineering.
• Establishment:
• Founded: 1 June 1959 (as National Aeronautical Research Laboratory, renamed NAL in 1993). Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka. Governing Body: Operates under CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
• Founded: 1 June 1959 (as National Aeronautical Research Laboratory, renamed NAL in 1993).
• Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka.
• Governing Body: Operates under CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
• Key Objectives:
• To design and develop indigenous aircraft and aerospace technologies. To support national aerospace missions and collaborate with industry for commercialisation. To create aeronautical components, testing, simulation, and manufacturing systems.
• To design and develop indigenous aircraft and aerospace technologies.
• To support national aerospace missions and collaborate with industry for commercialisation.
• To create aeronautical components, testing, simulation, and manufacturing systems.
Solution: c)
Statement-I is correct—CSIR–NAL has developed SARAS Mk2 and Hansa NG to boost regional air travel and flight training as part of the UDAN scheme and civil aviation reforms. Statement-II is incorrect—while India does import large commercial aircraft, indigenous capability exists at NAL, HAL, and Mahindra Aerospace, and is expanding through collaborative and public-private initiatives.
About CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL):
• What is NAL?
• India’s only civilian aerospace R&D lab, focused on advanced aerospace science and engineering.
• India’s only civilian aerospace R&D lab, focused on advanced aerospace science and engineering.
• Establishment:
• Founded: 1 June 1959 (as National Aeronautical Research Laboratory, renamed NAL in 1993). Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka. Governing Body: Operates under CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
• Founded: 1 June 1959 (as National Aeronautical Research Laboratory, renamed NAL in 1993).
• Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka.
• Governing Body: Operates under CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
• Key Objectives:
• To design and develop indigenous aircraft and aerospace technologies. To support national aerospace missions and collaborate with industry for commercialisation. To create aeronautical components, testing, simulation, and manufacturing systems.
• To design and develop indigenous aircraft and aerospace technologies.
• To support national aerospace missions and collaborate with industry for commercialisation.
• To create aeronautical components, testing, simulation, and manufacturing systems.
• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL): It is a subordinate body of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Its main focus is on military aviation strategy and combat drone design. It operates under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: a) Only Statement 3 is correct. NAL is not under HAL, though it may collaborate with it. Its core focus is on civilian aviation, including regional aircraft, aerospace components, and wind tunnel testing, not military drone design. It operates under CSIR, which is under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Incorrect Solution: a) Only Statement 3 is correct. NAL is not under HAL, though it may collaborate with it. Its core focus is on civilian aviation, including regional aircraft, aerospace components, and wind tunnel testing, not military drone design. It operates under CSIR, which is under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
#### 7. Question
Consider the following statements about National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL):
• It is a subordinate body of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
• Its main focus is on military aviation strategy and combat drone design.
• It operates under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?
• (a) Only one
• (b) Only two
• (c) All three
Solution: a)
Only Statement 3 is correct.
• NAL is not under HAL, though it may collaborate with it.
• Its core focus is on civilian aviation, including regional aircraft, aerospace components, and wind tunnel testing, not military drone design.
• It operates under CSIR, which is under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Solution: a)
Only Statement 3 is correct.
• NAL is not under HAL, though it may collaborate with it.
• Its core focus is on civilian aviation, including regional aircraft, aerospace components, and wind tunnel testing, not military drone design.
• It operates under CSIR, which is under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points According to the Technology and Innovation Report 2025, which of the following best captures India’s strength in frontier technologies? a) High ICT access and finance access among all developing countries b) One of the Leading private AI investment and R&D output in the developing world c) Dominance in robotics and high-end biotechnology patenting d) Top three global rank in industrial automation capacity Correct Solution: b) India ranks 10th globally in AI private investments with $1.4 billion in 2023 and is one of only two developing countries, alongside China, with significant AI investment. Furthermore, India ranks 3rd in R&D activity, demonstrating strong innovation output. However, India still lags in ICT access (99) and skills development (113), meaning its readiness is uneven. India does not dominate biotechnology or robotics and ranks 10th in industrial capacity, not top three. Incorrect Solution: b) India ranks 10th globally in AI private investments with $1.4 billion in 2023 and is one of only two developing countries, alongside China, with significant AI investment. Furthermore, India ranks 3rd in R&D activity, demonstrating strong innovation output. However, India still lags in ICT access (99) and skills development (113), meaning its readiness is uneven. India does not dominate biotechnology or robotics and ranks 10th in industrial capacity, not top three.
#### 8. Question
According to the Technology and Innovation Report 2025, which of the following best captures India’s strength in frontier technologies?
• a) High ICT access and finance access among all developing countries
• b) One of the Leading private AI investment and R&D output in the developing world
• c) Dominance in robotics and high-end biotechnology patenting
• d) Top three global rank in industrial automation capacity
Solution: b)
• India ranks 10th globally in AI private investments with $1.4 billion in 2023 and is one of only two developing countries, alongside China, with significant AI investment.
• Furthermore, India ranks 3rd in R&D activity, demonstrating strong innovation output.
• However, India still lags in ICT access (99) and skills development (113), meaning its readiness is uneven.
• India does not dominate biotechnology or robotics and ranks 10th in industrial capacity, not top three.
Solution: b)
• India ranks 10th globally in AI private investments with $1.4 billion in 2023 and is one of only two developing countries, alongside China, with significant AI investment.
• Furthermore, India ranks 3rd in R&D activity, demonstrating strong innovation output.
• However, India still lags in ICT access (99) and skills development (113), meaning its readiness is uneven.
• India does not dominate biotechnology or robotics and ranks 10th in industrial capacity, not top three.
• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Match the protected areas within the reserve with their state and key significance: Protected Area State Ecological Significance A. Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve i. Tamil Nadu 1. Core tiger habitat and montane forest B. Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary ii. Tamil Nadu 2. Endangered small mammal conservation C. Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel WLS iii. Kerala 3. Elephant corridor and moist deciduous zone Select the correct code: a) A-i-1, B-ii-2, C-iii-3 b) A-ii-2, B-i-1, C-iii-3 c) A-iii-2, B-ii-3, C-i-1 d) A-ii-1, B-iii-3, C-i-2 Correct Solution: d) Each match reflects correct ecological and geographic pairing: Kalakkad-Mundanthurai (A-ii-1): Core tiger and montane zone in Tamil Nadu Peppara WLS (B-iii-3): Located in Kerala; known for elephants and tropical deciduous forest Srivilliputhur WLS (C-i-2): Conserves the grizzled giant squirrel, an endangered species Incorrect Solution: d) Each match reflects correct ecological and geographic pairing: Kalakkad-Mundanthurai (A-ii-1): Core tiger and montane zone in Tamil Nadu Peppara WLS (B-iii-3): Located in Kerala; known for elephants and tropical deciduous forest Srivilliputhur WLS (C-i-2): Conserves the grizzled giant squirrel, an endangered species
#### 9. Question
Match the protected areas within the reserve with their state and key significance:
Protected Area | State | Ecological Significance
A. Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve | i. Tamil Nadu | 1. Core tiger habitat and montane forest
B. Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary | ii. Tamil Nadu | 2. Endangered small mammal conservation
C. Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel WLS | iii. Kerala | 3. Elephant corridor and moist deciduous zone
Select the correct code:
• a) A-i-1, B-ii-2, C-iii-3
• b) A-ii-2, B-i-1, C-iii-3
• c) A-iii-2, B-ii-3, C-i-1
• d) A-ii-1, B-iii-3, C-i-2
Solution: d)
Each match reflects correct ecological and geographic pairing:
• Kalakkad-Mundanthurai (A-ii-1): Core tiger and montane zone in Tamil Nadu
• Peppara WLS (B-iii-3): Located in Kerala; known for elephants and tropical deciduous forest
• Srivilliputhur WLS (C-i-2): Conserves the grizzled giant squirrel, an endangered species
Solution: d)
Each match reflects correct ecological and geographic pairing:
• Kalakkad-Mundanthurai (A-ii-1): Core tiger and montane zone in Tamil Nadu
• Peppara WLS (B-iii-3): Located in Kerala; known for elephants and tropical deciduous forest
• Srivilliputhur WLS (C-i-2): Conserves the grizzled giant squirrel, an endangered species
• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the ecological and cultural landscape of Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve: It is located in the Eastern Ghats and part of the Deccan Plateau. It is associated with Sage Agastya, a figure in Indian mythology. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: b) ABR is closely tied to Sage Agastya, an important figure in Hindu mythology and Ayurveda, believed to have resided in this forested landscape. ABR is located in the Western Ghats, not the Eastern Ghats. What is Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve? It is a UNESCO-designated tropical forest biosphere known for its exceptional ecological, cultural, and medicinal value. Recognized under UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016. Location: Located at the southernmost end of the Western Ghats. Spreads across Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram & Kollam) and Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli & Kanniyakumari). Covers an area of approximately 3,500 km². Biodiversity & Ecology: Flora: Over 2,254 plant species, including 405 endemics and rare medicinal herbs. Fauna: Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel. Birds: 337 species (20 endemic). Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism. Protected Areas: Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala). Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (TN). Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (TN). Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries. Indigenous Tribes & Cultural Significance: Inhabited by the Kani tribe (~30,000 people), who practice sustainable resource use. Linked to Hindu mythology (Ramayana) and Ayurveda (Sage Agastya’s contributions). Incorrect Solution: b) ABR is closely tied to Sage Agastya, an important figure in Hindu mythology and Ayurveda, believed to have resided in this forested landscape. ABR is located in the Western Ghats, not the Eastern Ghats. What is Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve? It is a UNESCO-designated tropical forest biosphere known for its exceptional ecological, cultural, and medicinal value. Recognized under UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016. Location: Located at the southernmost end of the Western Ghats. Spreads across Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram & Kollam) and Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli & Kanniyakumari). Covers an area of approximately 3,500 km². Biodiversity & Ecology: Flora: Over 2,254 plant species, including 405 endemics and rare medicinal herbs. Fauna: Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel. Birds: 337 species (20 endemic). Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism. Protected Areas: Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala). Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (TN). Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (TN). Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries. Indigenous Tribes & Cultural Significance: Inhabited by the Kani tribe (~30,000 people), who practice sustainable resource use. Linked to Hindu mythology (Ramayana) and Ayurveda (Sage Agastya’s contributions).
#### 10. Question
Consider the following statements regarding the ecological and cultural landscape of Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve:
• It is located in the Eastern Ghats and part of the Deccan Plateau.
• It is associated with Sage Agastya, a figure in Indian mythology.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
• (a) 1 only
• (b) 2 only
• (c) Both 1 and
• (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Solution: b)
ABR is closely tied to Sage Agastya, an important figure in Hindu mythology and Ayurveda, believed to have resided in this forested landscape.
ABR is located in the Western Ghats, not the Eastern Ghats.
• What is Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve?
• It is a UNESCO-designated tropical forest biosphere known for its exceptional ecological, cultural, and medicinal value. Recognized under UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016.
• It is a UNESCO-designated tropical forest biosphere known for its exceptional ecological, cultural, and medicinal value.
• Recognized under UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016.
• Location:
• Located at the southernmost end of the Western Ghats. Spreads across Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram & Kollam) and Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli & Kanniyakumari). Covers an area of approximately 3,500 km².
• Located at the southernmost end of the Western Ghats.
• Spreads across Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram & Kollam) and Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli & Kanniyakumari).
• Covers an area of approximately 3,500 km².
• Biodiversity & Ecology:
• Flora: Over 2,254 plant species, including 405 endemics and rare medicinal herbs. Fauna: Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel. Birds: 337 species (20 endemic). Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism.
• Flora: Over 2,254 plant species, including 405 endemics and rare medicinal herbs.
• Fauna: Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel. Birds: 337 species (20 endemic). Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism.
• Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel.
• Birds: 337 species (20 endemic).
• Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism.
• Protected Areas: Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala). Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (TN). Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (TN). Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala).
• Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (TN).
• Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (TN).
• Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• Indigenous Tribes & Cultural Significance:
• Inhabited by the Kani tribe (~30,000 people), who practice sustainable resource use. Linked to Hindu mythology (Ramayana) and Ayurveda (Sage Agastya’s contributions).
• Inhabited by the Kani tribe (~30,000 people), who practice sustainable resource use.
• Linked to Hindu mythology (Ramayana) and Ayurveda (Sage Agastya’s contributions).
Solution: b)
ABR is closely tied to Sage Agastya, an important figure in Hindu mythology and Ayurveda, believed to have resided in this forested landscape.
ABR is located in the Western Ghats, not the Eastern Ghats.
• What is Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve?
• It is a UNESCO-designated tropical forest biosphere known for its exceptional ecological, cultural, and medicinal value. Recognized under UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016.
• It is a UNESCO-designated tropical forest biosphere known for its exceptional ecological, cultural, and medicinal value.
• Recognized under UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016.
• Location:
• Located at the southernmost end of the Western Ghats. Spreads across Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram & Kollam) and Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli & Kanniyakumari). Covers an area of approximately 3,500 km².
• Located at the southernmost end of the Western Ghats.
• Spreads across Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram & Kollam) and Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli & Kanniyakumari).
• Covers an area of approximately 3,500 km².
• Biodiversity & Ecology:
• Flora: Over 2,254 plant species, including 405 endemics and rare medicinal herbs. Fauna: Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel. Birds: 337 species (20 endemic). Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism.
• Flora: Over 2,254 plant species, including 405 endemics and rare medicinal herbs.
• Fauna: Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel. Birds: 337 species (20 endemic). Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism.
• Mammals: 79 species (20 endemic), including tigers, elephants, and the grizzled giant squirrel.
• Birds: 337 species (20 endemic).
• Reptiles & Amphibians: 88 and 45 species respectively, with high endemism.
• Protected Areas: Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala). Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (TN). Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (TN). Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala).
• Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (TN).
• Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (TN).
• Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• Indigenous Tribes & Cultural Significance:
• Inhabited by the Kani tribe (~30,000 people), who practice sustainable resource use. Linked to Hindu mythology (Ramayana) and Ayurveda (Sage Agastya’s contributions).
• Inhabited by the Kani tribe (~30,000 people), who practice sustainable resource use.
• Linked to Hindu mythology (Ramayana) and Ayurveda (Sage Agastya’s contributions).
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