UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 6 June 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points With reference to the Chagos Islands, consider the following statements: The Chagos Archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean, north of Australia. Prior to becoming the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), the Chagos Islands were administered as part of Mauritius. The recent UK-Mauritius deal ensures Mauritian sovereignty while allowing the US-UK military base on Diego Garcia to continue operations under a lease agreement. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. The Chagos Archipelago is located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives and east of Seychelles, not in the Pacific Ocean. Statement 2 is correct. In 1965, the UK separated the Chagos Islands from Mauritius (which was then a British colony) to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), just before Mauritius gained independence in 1968. Thus, they were administered as part of Mauritius before this separation. Statement 3 is correct. The UK–Mauritius Chagos Sovereignty Deal (2025) involves transferring sovereignty to Mauritius. However, it also includes a 99-year lease of Diego Garcia to the UK and US, ensuring the continuation of the strategic military base. This arrangement balances Mauritian sovereignty claims with ongoing Western military requirements. About Chagos Islands: Location: The Chagos Archipelago consists of over 60 small islands located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives, and east of Seychelles. The largest island, Diego Garcia, hosts a key US-UK military base. Previous Control: The islands were under British rule since 1814, ceded by France. In 1965, the UK separated Chagos from Mauritius, forming the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) before Mauritius gained independence in 1968. Strategic Significance: Diego Garcia has served as a critical logistics and intelligence base for US military operations in West Asia, South Asia, and East Africa. It has hosted over 2,500 personnel, nuclear-capable aircraft, and surveillance systems. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. The Chagos Archipelago is located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives and east of Seychelles, not in the Pacific Ocean. Statement 2 is correct. In 1965, the UK separated the Chagos Islands from Mauritius (which was then a British colony) to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), just before Mauritius gained independence in 1968. Thus, they were administered as part of Mauritius before this separation. Statement 3 is correct. The UK–Mauritius Chagos Sovereignty Deal (2025) involves transferring sovereignty to Mauritius. However, it also includes a 99-year lease of Diego Garcia to the UK and US, ensuring the continuation of the strategic military base. This arrangement balances Mauritian sovereignty claims with ongoing Western military requirements. About Chagos Islands: Location: The Chagos Archipelago consists of over 60 small islands located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives, and east of Seychelles. The largest island, Diego Garcia, hosts a key US-UK military base. Previous Control: The islands were under British rule since 1814, ceded by France. In 1965, the UK separated Chagos from Mauritius, forming the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) before Mauritius gained independence in 1968. Strategic Significance: Diego Garcia has served as a critical logistics and intelligence base for US military operations in West Asia, South Asia, and East Africa. It has hosted over 2,500 personnel, nuclear-capable aircraft, and surveillance systems.

#### 1. Question

With reference to the Chagos Islands, consider the following statements:

• The Chagos Archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean, north of Australia.

• Prior to becoming the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), the Chagos Islands were administered as part of Mauritius.

• The recent UK-Mauritius deal ensures Mauritian sovereignty while allowing the US-UK military base on Diego Garcia to continue operations under a lease agreement.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Chagos Archipelago is located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives and east of Seychelles, not in the Pacific Ocean.

• Statement 2 is correct. In 1965, the UK separated the Chagos Islands from Mauritius (which was then a British colony) to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), just before Mauritius gained independence in 1968. Thus, they were administered as part of Mauritius before this separation.

• Statement 3 is correct. The UK–Mauritius Chagos Sovereignty Deal (2025) involves transferring sovereignty to Mauritius. However, it also includes a 99-year lease of Diego Garcia to the UK and US, ensuring the continuation of the strategic military base. This arrangement balances Mauritian sovereignty claims with ongoing Western military requirements.

About Chagos Islands:

• Location: The Chagos Archipelago consists of over 60 small islands located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives, and east of Seychelles.

• The Chagos Archipelago consists of over 60 small islands located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives, and east of Seychelles.

• The largest island, Diego Garcia, hosts a key US-UK military base.

• Previous Control:

• The islands were under British rule since 1814, ceded by France. In 1965, the UK separated Chagos from Mauritius, forming the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) before Mauritius gained independence in 1968.

• The islands were under British rule since 1814, ceded by France.

• In 1965, the UK separated Chagos from Mauritius, forming the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) before Mauritius gained independence in 1968.

• Strategic Significance:

• Diego Garcia has served as a critical logistics and intelligence base for US military operations in West Asia, South Asia, and East Africa. It has hosted over 2,500 personnel, nuclear-capable aircraft, and surveillance systems.

• Diego Garcia has served as a critical logistics and intelligence base for US military operations in West Asia, South Asia, and East Africa.

• It has hosted over 2,500 personnel, nuclear-capable aircraft, and surveillance systems.

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Chagos Archipelago is located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives and east of Seychelles, not in the Pacific Ocean.

About Chagos Islands:

• Location: The Chagos Archipelago consists of over 60 small islands located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives, and east of Seychelles.

• The Chagos Archipelago consists of over 60 small islands located in the central Indian Ocean, south of the Maldives, and east of Seychelles.

• The largest island, Diego Garcia, hosts a key US-UK military base.

• Previous Control:

• The islands were under British rule since 1814, ceded by France.

• In 1965, the UK separated Chagos from Mauritius, forming the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) before Mauritius gained independence in 1968.

• Strategic Significance:

• Diego Garcia has served as a critical logistics and intelligence base for US military operations in West Asia, South Asia, and East Africa.

• It has hosted over 2,500 personnel, nuclear-capable aircraft, and surveillance systems.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding NITI Aayog: NITI Aayog was established on January 1, 2016, as a statutory body through an Act of Parliament. The theme for the 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog was ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas’. The headquarters of NITI Aayog is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect. NITI Aayog was established on January 1, 2015, (not 2016) by an executive resolution of the Government of India, replacing the Planning Commission. It is not a statutory body established through an Act of Parliament but rather a policy think tank created by executive order. Statement 2 is incorrect. The theme for the 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog was ‘Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat@2047’, not ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas’. Statement 3 is incorrect. The headquarters of NITI Aayog is in New Delhi, India, not Mumbai. About NITI Aayog Governing Council: What It Is? The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States. Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Ex-Officio Members: Union Ministers Permanent Members: Chief Ministers of all States and UTs with legislature Lt Governors of UTs Vice Chairperson, Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog Special Invitees as nominated Functions: Discuss national development issues and align State visions with national goals Promote coordination on inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues Review progress on flagship initiatives like Viksit Bharat@2047 Provide a platform for collective policy formulation and decentralised planning Coordinate follow-ups and implementation of meeting outcomes About NITI Aayog: Established: January 1, 2015, replacing the Planning Commission Headquarters: New Delhi, India Key Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Vice Chairperson: Appointed by PM Full-time Members: Experts in economics, governance, technology Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers nominated by PM CEO: Appointed by the Prime Minister Core Functions: Act as a policy think tank for the Government of India Foster cooperative and competitive federalism Monitor and evaluate implementation of national schemes Promote innovation, digitisation, and evidence-based governance Formulate long-term strategic plans like Strategy for New India @75. Facilitate knowledge sharing between states and global best practices Incorrect Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect. NITI Aayog was established on January 1, 2015, (not 2016) by an executive resolution of the Government of India, replacing the Planning Commission. It is not a statutory body established through an Act of Parliament but rather a policy think tank created by executive order. Statement 2 is incorrect. The theme for the 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog was ‘Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat@2047’, not ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas’. Statement 3 is incorrect. The headquarters of NITI Aayog is in New Delhi, India, not Mumbai. About NITI Aayog Governing Council: What It Is? The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States. Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Ex-Officio Members: Union Ministers Permanent Members: Chief Ministers of all States and UTs with legislature Lt Governors of UTs Vice Chairperson, Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog Special Invitees as nominated Functions: Discuss national development issues and align State visions with national goals Promote coordination on inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues Review progress on flagship initiatives like Viksit Bharat@2047 Provide a platform for collective policy formulation and decentralised planning Coordinate follow-ups and implementation of meeting outcomes About NITI Aayog: Established: January 1, 2015, replacing the Planning Commission Headquarters: New Delhi, India Key Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Vice Chairperson: Appointed by PM Full-time Members: Experts in economics, governance, technology Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers nominated by PM CEO: Appointed by the Prime Minister Core Functions: Act as a policy think tank for the Government of India Foster cooperative and competitive federalism Monitor and evaluate implementation of national schemes Promote innovation, digitisation, and evidence-based governance Formulate long-term strategic plans like Strategy for New India @75. Facilitate knowledge sharing between states and global best practices

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding NITI Aayog:

• NITI Aayog was established on January 1, 2016, as a statutory body through an Act of Parliament.

• The theme for the 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog was ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas’.

• The headquarters of NITI Aayog is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: d)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. NITI Aayog was established on January 1, 2015, (not 2016) by an executive resolution of the Government of India, replacing the Planning Commission. It is not a statutory body established through an Act of Parliament but rather a policy think tank created by executive order.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The theme for the 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog was ‘Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat@2047’, not ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas’.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The headquarters of NITI Aayog is in New Delhi, India, not Mumbai.

About NITI Aayog Governing Council:

• What It Is? The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States.

• The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States.

• Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Ex-Officio Members: Union Ministers Permanent Members: Chief Ministers of all States and UTs with legislature Lt Governors of UTs Vice Chairperson, Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog Special Invitees as nominated

• Chairperson: Prime Minister of India

• Ex-Officio Members: Union Ministers

• Permanent Members: Chief Ministers of all States and UTs with legislature

• Lt Governors of UTs

• Vice Chairperson, Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog

• Special Invitees as nominated

• Functions: Discuss national development issues and align State visions with national goals Promote coordination on inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues Review progress on flagship initiatives like Viksit Bharat@2047 Provide a platform for collective policy formulation and decentralised planning Coordinate follow-ups and implementation of meeting outcomes

• Discuss national development issues and align State visions with national goals

• Promote coordination on inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues

• Review progress on flagship initiatives like Viksit Bharat@2047

• Provide a platform for collective policy formulation and decentralised planning

• Coordinate follow-ups and implementation of meeting outcomes

About NITI Aayog:

• Established: January 1, 2015, replacing the Planning Commission

• Headquarters: New Delhi, India

• Key Members: Chairperson: Prime Minister of India Vice Chairperson: Appointed by PM Full-time Members: Experts in economics, governance, technology Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers nominated by PM CEO: Appointed by the Prime Minister

• Chairperson: Prime Minister of India

• Vice Chairperson: Appointed by PM

• Full-time Members: Experts in economics, governance, technology

• Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers nominated by PM

• CEO: Appointed by the Prime Minister

• Core Functions: Act as a policy think tank for the Government of India Foster cooperative and competitive federalism Monitor and evaluate implementation of national schemes Promote innovation, digitisation, and evidence-based governance Formulate long-term strategic plans like Strategy for New India @75. Facilitate knowledge sharing between states and global best practices

• Act as a policy think tank for the Government of India

• Foster cooperative and competitive federalism

• Monitor and evaluate implementation of national schemes

• Promote innovation, digitisation, and evidence-based governance

• Formulate long-term strategic plans like Strategy for New India @75.

• Facilitate knowledge sharing between states and global best practices

Solution: d)

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The theme for the 10th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog was ‘Viksit Rajya for Viksit Bharat@2047’, not ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas’.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The headquarters of NITI Aayog is in New Delhi, India, not Mumbai.

About NITI Aayog Governing Council:

• What It Is? The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States.

• The Governing Council is the apex policy-formulating body of NITI Aayog that fosters cooperative federalism by bringing together the Centre and States.

• Chairperson: Prime Minister of India

• Ex-Officio Members: Union Ministers

• Permanent Members: Chief Ministers of all States and UTs with legislature

• Lt Governors of UTs

• Vice Chairperson, Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog

• Special Invitees as nominated

• Discuss national development issues and align State visions with national goals

• Promote coordination on inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues

• Review progress on flagship initiatives like Viksit Bharat@2047

• Provide a platform for collective policy formulation and decentralised planning

• Coordinate follow-ups and implementation of meeting outcomes

About NITI Aayog:

• Established: January 1, 2015, replacing the Planning Commission

• Headquarters: New Delhi, India

• Chairperson: Prime Minister of India

• Vice Chairperson: Appointed by PM

• Full-time Members: Experts in economics, governance, technology

• Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers nominated by PM

• CEO: Appointed by the Prime Minister

• Act as a policy think tank for the Government of India

• Foster cooperative and competitive federalism

• Monitor and evaluate implementation of national schemes

• Promote innovation, digitisation, and evidence-based governance

• Formulate long-term strategic plans like Strategy for New India @75.

• Facilitate knowledge sharing between states and global best practices

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the primary role of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)? (a) Providing developmental aid and loans to countries with weak financial systems. (b) Setting global standards and promoting effective implementation of measures to combat financial crimes. (c) Directly imposing economic sanctions on countries listed in its 'Black List'. (d) Mediating financial disputes between member nations. Correct Solution: b) The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an intergovernmental watchdog whose primary role is to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction. It achieves this by issuing the 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations and monitoring compliance through peer reviews. About Financial Action Task Force (FATF): What is FATF? The FATF is an intergovernmental watchdog established to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction. Established: 1989, during the G7 Summit in Paris Headquarters: Paris, France Members: 39 countries including India, USA, UK, France, China, Saudi Arabia, and the EU Global Reach: 200+ countries committed through FATF and FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) India’s Membership: Full member since 2010. Objectives and Functions: Set Standards: Issue 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations Monitor Compliance: Conduct peer reviews to assess legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks Research & Awareness: Identify emerging threats, typologies in financial crimes Promote Global Coordination: Align national efforts with FATF’s standards for unified global action FATF Listing Categories Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring): Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions): Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar Conditions for Inclusion: Failure to act on terror funding, money laundering, and proliferation financing Non-cooperation during FATF reviews and refusal to implement action plans Weak or ineffective national legal and enforcement frameworks Consequences of Being Listed: Grey List: Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating. Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB. Black List: Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets. Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions. Incorrect Solution: b) The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an intergovernmental watchdog whose primary role is to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction. It achieves this by issuing the 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations and monitoring compliance through peer reviews. About Financial Action Task Force (FATF): What is FATF? The FATF is an intergovernmental watchdog established to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction. Established: 1989, during the G7 Summit in Paris Headquarters: Paris, France Members: 39 countries including India, USA, UK, France, China, Saudi Arabia, and the EU Global Reach: 200+ countries committed through FATF and FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) India’s Membership: Full member since 2010. Objectives and Functions: Set Standards: Issue 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations Monitor Compliance: Conduct peer reviews to assess legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks Research & Awareness: Identify emerging threats, typologies in financial crimes Promote Global Coordination: Align national efforts with FATF’s standards for unified global action FATF Listing Categories Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring): Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions): Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar Conditions for Inclusion: Failure to act on terror funding, money laundering, and proliferation financing Non-cooperation during FATF reviews and refusal to implement action plans Weak or ineffective national legal and enforcement frameworks Consequences of Being Listed: Grey List: Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating. Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB. Black List: Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets. Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.

#### 3. Question

Which of the following best describes the primary role of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)?

• (a) Providing developmental aid and loans to countries with weak financial systems.

• (b) Setting global standards and promoting effective implementation of measures to combat financial crimes.

• (c) Directly imposing economic sanctions on countries listed in its 'Black List'.

• (d) Mediating financial disputes between member nations.

Solution: b)

• The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an intergovernmental watchdog whose primary role is to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction. It achieves this by issuing the 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations and monitoring compliance through peer reviews.

About Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

• What is FATF? The FATF is an intergovernmental watchdog established to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction.

• The FATF is an intergovernmental watchdog established to set and enforce global standards to combat money laundering, terror financing, and the financing of weapons of mass destruction.

• Established: 1989, during the G7 Summit in Paris

• Headquarters: Paris, France

• Members: 39 countries including India, USA, UK, France, China, Saudi Arabia, and the EU

• Global Reach: 200+ countries committed through FATF and FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs)

• India’s Membership: Full member since 2010.

• Objectives and Functions: Set Standards: Issue 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations Monitor Compliance: Conduct peer reviews to assess legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks Research & Awareness: Identify emerging threats, typologies in financial crimes Promote Global Coordination: Align national efforts with FATF’s standards for unified global action

• Set Standards: Issue 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations

• Monitor Compliance: Conduct peer reviews to assess legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks

• Research & Awareness: Identify emerging threats, typologies in financial crimes

• Promote Global Coordination: Align national efforts with FATF’s standards for unified global action

• FATF Listing Categories

• Grey List (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring): Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions): Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar

• Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions

• Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage

• E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed

• Black List (High-Risk Jurisdictions): Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar

• Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance

• Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems

• Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar

• Conditions for Inclusion:

• Failure to act on terror funding, money laundering, and proliferation financing Non-cooperation during FATF reviews and refusal to implement action plans Weak or ineffective national legal and enforcement frameworks

• Failure to act on terror funding, money laundering, and proliferation financing

• Non-cooperation during FATF reviews and refusal to implement action plans

• Weak or ineffective national legal and enforcement frameworks

• Consequences of Being Listed:

• Grey List: Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating. Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB. Black List: Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets. Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.

• Grey List: Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating. Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB.

• Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating.

• Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB.

• Black List: Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets. Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.

• Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets.

• Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.

Solution: b)

About Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

• Established: 1989, during the G7 Summit in Paris

• Headquarters: Paris, France

• Members: 39 countries including India, USA, UK, France, China, Saudi Arabia, and the EU

• Global Reach: 200+ countries committed through FATF and FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs)

• India’s Membership: Full member since 2010.

• Set Standards: Issue 40 internationally accepted AML/CFT recommendations

• Monitor Compliance: Conduct peer reviews to assess legal, regulatory, and operational frameworks

• Research & Awareness: Identify emerging threats, typologies in financial crimes

• Promote Global Coordination: Align national efforts with FATF’s standards for unified global action

• FATF Listing Categories

• Nations with strategic deficiencies but committed to corrective actions

• Leads to enhanced scrutiny, lower FDI inflows, reputational damage

• E.g., Pakistan (2018–2022), currently 24 nations listed

• Nations with severe and ongoing non-compliance

• Subject to economic sanctions, denied access to global financial systems

• Current: North Korea, Iran, Myanmar

• Conditions for Inclusion:

• Failure to act on terror funding, money laundering, and proliferation financing

• Non-cooperation during FATF reviews and refusal to implement action plans

• Weak or ineffective national legal and enforcement frameworks

• Consequences of Being Listed:

• Grey List: Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating. Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB.

• Reduction in foreign investment and credit rating.

• Loss of developmental aid from IMF, World Bank, ADB.

• Black List: Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets. Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.

• Full-fledged financial sanctions, cutoff from international financial markets.

• Strict scrutiny by banks and global institutions.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements. Statement-I: The ongoing civil war in Sudan involves a conflict primarily between the Sudanese Army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), leading to widespread displacement. Statement-II: Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, is strategically located at the confluence of the Marrah Mountains and the Red Sea Hills. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. The Civil War (2023–Present) in Sudan is a conflict between the Sudanese Army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF). This conflict has triggered ethnic violence, famine, and the displacement of 13 million people. Statement-II is incorrect. Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, is situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers, not the Marrah Mountains and Red Sea Hills. The Marrah Mountains are in western Sudan, and the Red Sea Hills are in the east. While these are important geographical features of Sudan, they are not where Khartoum is located at the confluence. About Sudan: Location: Northeastern Africa, straddling the Sahel and Sahara regions. Capital: Khartoum, situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers. Bordering Nations: Egypt, Red Sea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya. Contemporary Conflicts: Civil War (2023–Present): Conflict between Sudanese Army and RSF, triggering ethnic violence, famine, and displacement of 13 million people. Sanctions & Human Rights: Accusations include genocide, use of chlorine-based chemical weapons, and systemic border violence. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. The Civil War (2023–Present) in Sudan is a conflict between the Sudanese Army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF). This conflict has triggered ethnic violence, famine, and the displacement of 13 million people. Statement-II is incorrect. Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, is situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers, not the Marrah Mountains and Red Sea Hills. The Marrah Mountains are in western Sudan, and the Red Sea Hills are in the east. While these are important geographical features of Sudan, they are not where Khartoum is located at the confluence. About Sudan: Location: Northeastern Africa, straddling the Sahel and Sahara regions. Capital: Khartoum, situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers. Bordering Nations: Egypt, Red Sea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya. Contemporary Conflicts: Civil War (2023–Present): Conflict between Sudanese Army and RSF, triggering ethnic violence, famine, and displacement of 13 million people. Sanctions & Human Rights: Accusations include genocide, use of chlorine-based chemical weapons, and systemic border violence.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements.

Statement-I: The ongoing civil war in Sudan involves a conflict primarily between the Sudanese Army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), leading to widespread displacement.

Statement-II: Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, is strategically located at the confluence of the Marrah Mountains and the Red Sea Hills.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: c)

Statement-I is correct. The Civil War (2023–Present) in Sudan is a conflict between the Sudanese Army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF). This conflict has triggered ethnic violence, famine, and the displacement of 13 million people.

Statement-II is incorrect. Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, is situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers, not the Marrah Mountains and Red Sea Hills. The Marrah Mountains are in western Sudan, and the Red Sea Hills are in the east. While these are important geographical features of Sudan, they are not where Khartoum is located at the confluence.

About Sudan:

• Location: Northeastern Africa, straddling the Sahel and Sahara regions.

• Capital: Khartoum, situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers.

• Bordering Nations: Egypt, Red Sea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya.

• Contemporary Conflicts:

• Civil War (2023–Present): Conflict between Sudanese Army and RSF, triggering ethnic violence, famine, and displacement of 13 million people. Sanctions & Human Rights: Accusations include genocide, use of chlorine-based chemical weapons, and systemic border violence.

• Civil War (2023–Present): Conflict between Sudanese Army and RSF, triggering ethnic violence, famine, and displacement of 13 million people.

• Sanctions & Human Rights: Accusations include genocide, use of chlorine-based chemical weapons, and systemic border violence.

Solution: c)

About Sudan:

• Location: Northeastern Africa, straddling the Sahel and Sahara regions.

• Capital: Khartoum, situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers.

• Bordering Nations: Egypt, Red Sea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya.

• Contemporary Conflicts:

• Civil War (2023–Present): Conflict between Sudanese Army and RSF, triggering ethnic violence, famine, and displacement of 13 million people.

• Sanctions & Human Rights: Accusations include genocide, use of chlorine-based chemical weapons, and systemic border violence.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) was established under which parent ministry of the Government of India? (a) Ministry of Earth Sciences (b) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (c) Ministry of Science and Technology (d) Ministry of External Affairs Correct Solution: a) About National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR): What is NCPOR? NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs. Establishment: Founded on 25 May 1998 as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR). Renamed NCPOR later. Headquarters of NCPOR: Vasco da Gama, Goa, India. Parent Ministry: Functions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India. Key Functions of NCPOR: Polar Research Leadership: Coordinates India’s scientific missions in Antarctica (Maitri, Bharati), Arctic (Himadri), and the Southern Ocean. Ocean Exploration: Leads deep-sea drilling, EEZ geoscientific surveys, and exploration of gas hydrates and metal sulphides. Scientific Logistics: Manages annual Indian Polar Expeditions, polar infrastructure, and research vessels like ORV Sagar Kanya. Data Management & Outreach: Hosts India’s Antarctic Data Centre, conducts climate modelling, and is setting up the first Polar and Ocean Museum. Global Collaboration: Participates in international polar science networks, Arctic policy dialogues, and climate monitoring programs. Infrastructure Milestones: Polar Bhavan: Largest facility (11,378 sq m), houses climate visualization tools (Science on Sphere), labs, and accommodations. Sagar Bhavan: Hosts ultra-low temperature labs, Class 1000 clean rooms, and ice core preservation units for polar sample studies. Incorrect Solution: a) About National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR): What is NCPOR? NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs. Establishment: Founded on 25 May 1998 as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR). Renamed NCPOR later. Headquarters of NCPOR: Vasco da Gama, Goa, India. Parent Ministry: Functions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India. Key Functions of NCPOR: Polar Research Leadership: Coordinates India’s scientific missions in Antarctica (Maitri, Bharati), Arctic (Himadri), and the Southern Ocean. Ocean Exploration: Leads deep-sea drilling, EEZ geoscientific surveys, and exploration of gas hydrates and metal sulphides. Scientific Logistics: Manages annual Indian Polar Expeditions, polar infrastructure, and research vessels like ORV Sagar Kanya. Data Management & Outreach: Hosts India’s Antarctic Data Centre, conducts climate modelling, and is setting up the first Polar and Ocean Museum. Global Collaboration: Participates in international polar science networks, Arctic policy dialogues, and climate monitoring programs. Infrastructure Milestones: Polar Bhavan: Largest facility (11,378 sq m), houses climate visualization tools (Science on Sphere), labs, and accommodations. Sagar Bhavan: Hosts ultra-low temperature labs, Class 1000 clean rooms, and ice core preservation units for polar sample studies.

#### 5. Question

The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) was established under which parent ministry of the Government of India?

• (a) Ministry of Earth Sciences

• (b) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

• (c) Ministry of Science and Technology

• (d) Ministry of External Affairs

Solution: a)

About National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR):

• What is NCPOR? NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs.

• NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs.

• Establishment: Founded on 25 May 1998 as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR). Renamed NCPOR later.

• Headquarters of NCPOR: Vasco da Gama, Goa, India.

• Parent Ministry: Functions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India.

• Key Functions of NCPOR:

• Polar Research Leadership: Coordinates India’s scientific missions in Antarctica (Maitri, Bharati), Arctic (Himadri), and the Southern Ocean. Ocean Exploration: Leads deep-sea drilling, EEZ geoscientific surveys, and exploration of gas hydrates and metal sulphides. Scientific Logistics: Manages annual Indian Polar Expeditions, polar infrastructure, and research vessels like ORV Sagar Kanya. Data Management & Outreach: Hosts India’s Antarctic Data Centre, conducts climate modelling, and is setting up the first Polar and Ocean Museum. Global Collaboration: Participates in international polar science networks, Arctic policy dialogues, and climate monitoring programs.

• Polar Research Leadership: Coordinates India’s scientific missions in Antarctica (Maitri, Bharati), Arctic (Himadri), and the Southern Ocean.

• Ocean Exploration: Leads deep-sea drilling, EEZ geoscientific surveys, and exploration of gas hydrates and metal sulphides.

• Scientific Logistics: Manages annual Indian Polar Expeditions, polar infrastructure, and research vessels like ORV Sagar Kanya.

• Data Management & Outreach: Hosts India’s Antarctic Data Centre, conducts climate modelling, and is setting up the first Polar and Ocean Museum.

• Global Collaboration: Participates in international polar science networks, Arctic policy dialogues, and climate monitoring programs.

• Infrastructure Milestones:

• Polar Bhavan: Largest facility (11,378 sq m), houses climate visualization tools (Science on Sphere), labs, and accommodations. Sagar Bhavan: Hosts ultra-low temperature labs, Class 1000 clean rooms, and ice core preservation units for polar sample studies.

• Polar Bhavan: Largest facility (11,378 sq m), houses climate visualization tools (Science on Sphere), labs, and accommodations.

• Sagar Bhavan: Hosts ultra-low temperature labs, Class 1000 clean rooms, and ice core preservation units for polar sample studies.

Solution: a)

About National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR):

• What is NCPOR? NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs.

• NCPOR is India’s premier R&D institute for polar and ocean sciences, spearheading the Indian Antarctic, Arctic, and Southern Ocean research programs.

• Establishment: Founded on 25 May 1998 as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR). Renamed NCPOR later.

• Headquarters of NCPOR: Vasco da Gama, Goa, India.

• Parent Ministry: Functions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India.

• Key Functions of NCPOR:

• Polar Research Leadership: Coordinates India’s scientific missions in Antarctica (Maitri, Bharati), Arctic (Himadri), and the Southern Ocean.

• Ocean Exploration: Leads deep-sea drilling, EEZ geoscientific surveys, and exploration of gas hydrates and metal sulphides.

• Scientific Logistics: Manages annual Indian Polar Expeditions, polar infrastructure, and research vessels like ORV Sagar Kanya.

• Data Management & Outreach: Hosts India’s Antarctic Data Centre, conducts climate modelling, and is setting up the first Polar and Ocean Museum.

• Global Collaboration: Participates in international polar science networks, Arctic policy dialogues, and climate monitoring programs.

• Infrastructure Milestones:

• Polar Bhavan: Largest facility (11,378 sq m), houses climate visualization tools (Science on Sphere), labs, and accommodations.

• Sagar Bhavan: Hosts ultra-low temperature labs, Class 1000 clean rooms, and ice core preservation units for polar sample studies.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes a dominant geographical feature of northern Sudan? (a) The Sahara Desert, characterized by mobile sand dunes and rocky terrain (b) Fertile alluvial plains extensively cultivated with cash crops (c) Dense tropical rainforests (d) High alpine mountain ranges with permanent snow cover Correct Solution: a) Geographical Features of Sudan: Rivers: Dominated by the Nile River system, especially where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum. Mountains: Includes Marrah Mountains (west), Red Sea Hills (east), and Nuba Mountains (south-central). Deserts: Northern Sudan is largely Sahara Desert with mobile sand dunes (ergs) and bare rocky terrain. Soils & Plains: Fertile alluvial plains near rivers; central Sudan is known for heavy cracking clays like those in the Gezira region. Incorrect Solution: a) Geographical Features of Sudan: Rivers: Dominated by the Nile River system, especially where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum. Mountains: Includes Marrah Mountains (west), Red Sea Hills (east), and Nuba Mountains (south-central). Deserts: Northern Sudan is largely Sahara Desert with mobile sand dunes (ergs) and bare rocky terrain. Soils & Plains: Fertile alluvial plains near rivers; central Sudan is known for heavy cracking clays like those in the Gezira region.

#### 6. Question

Which of the following best describes a dominant geographical feature of northern Sudan?

• (a) The Sahara Desert, characterized by mobile sand dunes and rocky terrain

• (b) Fertile alluvial plains extensively cultivated with cash crops

• (c) Dense tropical rainforests

• (d) High alpine mountain ranges with permanent snow cover

Solution: a)

• Geographical Features of Sudan:

• Rivers: Dominated by the Nile River system, especially where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum. Mountains: Includes Marrah Mountains (west), Red Sea Hills (east), and Nuba Mountains (south-central). Deserts: Northern Sudan is largely Sahara Desert with mobile sand dunes (ergs) and bare rocky terrain. Soils & Plains: Fertile alluvial plains near rivers; central Sudan is known for heavy cracking clays like those in the Gezira region.

• Rivers: Dominated by the Nile River system, especially where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum.

• Mountains: Includes Marrah Mountains (west), Red Sea Hills (east), and Nuba Mountains (south-central).

• Deserts: Northern Sudan is largely Sahara Desert with mobile sand dunes (ergs) and bare rocky terrain.

• Soils & Plains: Fertile alluvial plains near rivers; central Sudan is known for heavy cracking clays like those in the Gezira region.

Solution: a)

• Geographical Features of Sudan:

• Rivers: Dominated by the Nile River system, especially where the White Nile meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum.

• Mountains: Includes Marrah Mountains (west), Red Sea Hills (east), and Nuba Mountains (south-central).

• Deserts: Northern Sudan is largely Sahara Desert with mobile sand dunes (ergs) and bare rocky terrain.

• Soils & Plains: Fertile alluvial plains near rivers; central Sudan is known for heavy cracking clays like those in the Gezira region.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the New Development Bank (NDB): Algeria officially became a full member of the NDB in 2025 by submitting its instrument of accession. While new members like Bangladesh, UAE, and Egypt have joined, founding BRICS members collectively must hold a minimum of 55% shareholding. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct. “Algeria has officially joined the New Development Bank (NDB), becoming a full member after submitting its instrument of accession on May 19, 2025.“ Statement 2 is correct. The new members include Bangladesh, UAE, Egypt, Uruguay, and Algeria, and “Membership is open to all UN member states, provided BRICS retain 55% minimum shareholding.“ Incorrect Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct. “Algeria has officially joined the New Development Bank (NDB), becoming a full member after submitting its instrument of accession on May 19, 2025.“ Statement 2 is correct. The new members include Bangladesh, UAE, Egypt, Uruguay, and Algeria, and “Membership is open to all UN member states, provided BRICS retain 55% minimum shareholding.“

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements about the New Development Bank (NDB):

• Algeria officially became a full member of the NDB in 2025 by submitting its instrument of accession.

• While new members like Bangladesh, UAE, and Egypt have joined, founding BRICS members collectively must hold a minimum of 55% shareholding.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: c)

• Statement 1 is correct. “Algeria has officially joined the New Development Bank (NDB), becoming a full member after submitting its instrument of accession on May 19, 2025.“

• Statement 2 is correct. The new members include Bangladesh, UAE, Egypt, Uruguay, and Algeria, and “Membership is open to all UN member states, provided BRICS retain 55% minimum shareholding.“

Solution: c)

• Statement 1 is correct. “Algeria has officially joined the New Development Bank (NDB), becoming a full member after submitting its instrument of accession on May 19, 2025.“

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points With reference to the Nagshankar Temple, recently declared a model for turtle conservation, which of the following turtle species housed in its pond is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN? a) Black Softshell Turtle b) Malayan Softshell Turtle c) Indian Softshell Turtle d) Olive Ridley Turtle Correct Solution: a) The Nagshankar Temple, located in Assam’s Biswanath district, has become a significant site for both religious worship and ecological preservation. The temple pond provides a sanctuary for several turtle species, highlighting a unique community-led conservation model. The pond is home to the critically endangered Black Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia nigricans). About Nagshankar Temple Model for Turtle Conservation: Location: Situated in Biswanath district, near Sootea town, approximately 70 km from Tezpur, Assam. Historical Background: Believed to be built in the 4th century AD by King Nagashankar of Nagakha dynasty. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, but also honours turtles as incarnations of Lord Vishnu. Key Features: Houses a large pond home to 250–300 turtles, including critically endangered black softshell turtles. Also, home to peacocks, pythons, deer, making it a micro-wildlife sanctuary. The temple serves both religious and ecological purposes. Turtle Conservation Efforts: Biodiversity Preservation: Pond supports three rare species: Black Softshell, Indian Softshell, and Malayan Softshell turtles. The pond is fed by the Brahmaputra River basin, offering a suitable habitat. Community-Led Protection: Nagshankar Temple Committee works with Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) India, Help Earth, and Kaziranga National Park. Scientific Intervention: Forest department artificially incubates turtle eggs and releases hatchlings into the wild. Replication Across Assam: Around 25 temples across Assam now serve as turtle conservation hubs, including Hajo’s Hayagriva Madhav Temple. Incorrect Solution: a) The Nagshankar Temple, located in Assam’s Biswanath district, has become a significant site for both religious worship and ecological preservation. The temple pond provides a sanctuary for several turtle species, highlighting a unique community-led conservation model. The pond is home to the critically endangered Black Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia nigricans). About Nagshankar Temple Model for Turtle Conservation: Location: Situated in Biswanath district, near Sootea town, approximately 70 km from Tezpur, Assam. Historical Background: Believed to be built in the 4th century AD by King Nagashankar of Nagakha dynasty. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, but also honours turtles as incarnations of Lord Vishnu. Key Features: Houses a large pond home to 250–300 turtles, including critically endangered black softshell turtles. Also, home to peacocks, pythons, deer, making it a micro-wildlife sanctuary. The temple serves both religious and ecological purposes. Turtle Conservation Efforts: Biodiversity Preservation: Pond supports three rare species: Black Softshell, Indian Softshell, and Malayan Softshell turtles. The pond is fed by the Brahmaputra River basin, offering a suitable habitat. Community-Led Protection: Nagshankar Temple Committee works with Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) India, Help Earth, and Kaziranga National Park. Scientific Intervention: Forest department artificially incubates turtle eggs and releases hatchlings into the wild. Replication Across Assam: Around 25 temples across Assam now serve as turtle conservation hubs, including Hajo’s Hayagriva Madhav Temple.

#### 8. Question

With reference to the Nagshankar Temple, recently declared a model for turtle conservation, which of the following turtle species housed in its pond is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN?

• a) Black Softshell Turtle

• b) Malayan Softshell Turtle

• c) Indian Softshell Turtle

• d) Olive Ridley Turtle

Solution: a)

The Nagshankar Temple, located in Assam’s Biswanath district, has become a significant site for both religious worship and ecological preservation. The temple pond provides a sanctuary for several turtle species, highlighting a unique community-led conservation model. The pond is home to the critically endangered Black Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia nigricans).

About Nagshankar Temple Model for Turtle Conservation:

• Location: Situated in Biswanath district, near Sootea town, approximately 70 km from Tezpur, Assam.

• Historical Background:

• Believed to be built in the 4th century AD by King Nagashankar of Nagakha dynasty. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, but also honours turtles as incarnations of Lord Vishnu.

• Believed to be built in the 4th century AD by King Nagashankar of Nagakha dynasty.

• Dedicated to Lord Shiva, but also honours turtles as incarnations of Lord Vishnu.

• Key Features:

• Houses a large pond home to 250–300 turtles, including critically endangered black softshell turtles. Also, home to peacocks, pythons, deer, making it a micro-wildlife sanctuary. The temple serves both religious and ecological purposes.

• Houses a large pond home to 250–300 turtles, including critically endangered black softshell turtles.

• Also, home to peacocks, pythons, deer, making it a micro-wildlife sanctuary.

• The temple serves both religious and ecological purposes.

• Turtle Conservation Efforts:

• Biodiversity Preservation: Pond supports three rare species: Black Softshell, Indian Softshell, and Malayan Softshell turtles. The pond is fed by the Brahmaputra River basin, offering a suitable habitat. Community-Led Protection: Nagshankar Temple Committee works with Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) India, Help Earth, and Kaziranga National Park. Scientific Intervention: Forest department artificially incubates turtle eggs and releases hatchlings into the wild. Replication Across Assam: Around 25 temples across Assam now serve as turtle conservation hubs, including Hajo’s Hayagriva Madhav Temple.

• Pond supports three rare species: Black Softshell, Indian Softshell, and Malayan Softshell turtles.

• The pond is fed by the Brahmaputra River basin, offering a suitable habitat.

• Community-Led Protection: Nagshankar Temple Committee works with Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) India, Help Earth, and Kaziranga National Park.

• Scientific Intervention: Forest department artificially incubates turtle eggs and releases hatchlings into the wild.

• Replication Across Assam: Around 25 temples across Assam now serve as turtle conservation hubs, including Hajo’s Hayagriva Madhav Temple.

Solution: a)

About Nagshankar Temple Model for Turtle Conservation:

• Location: Situated in Biswanath district, near Sootea town, approximately 70 km from Tezpur, Assam.

• Historical Background:

• Believed to be built in the 4th century AD by King Nagashankar of Nagakha dynasty. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, but also honours turtles as incarnations of Lord Vishnu.

• Believed to be built in the 4th century AD by King Nagashankar of Nagakha dynasty.

• Dedicated to Lord Shiva, but also honours turtles as incarnations of Lord Vishnu.

• Key Features:

• Houses a large pond home to 250–300 turtles, including critically endangered black softshell turtles.

• Also, home to peacocks, pythons, deer, making it a micro-wildlife sanctuary.

• The temple serves both religious and ecological purposes.

• Turtle Conservation Efforts:

• Pond supports three rare species: Black Softshell, Indian Softshell, and Malayan Softshell turtles.

• The pond is fed by the Brahmaputra River basin, offering a suitable habitat.

• Community-Led Protection: Nagshankar Temple Committee works with Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) India, Help Earth, and Kaziranga National Park.

• Scientific Intervention: Forest department artificially incubates turtle eggs and releases hatchlings into the wild.

• Replication Across Assam: Around 25 temples across Assam now serve as turtle conservation hubs, including Hajo’s Hayagriva Madhav Temple.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding antimalarial agents. Statement-I: A new class of antimalarial agents, including ELQ-456, offers a promising strategy against malaria that is effective even in insecticide-resistant mosquito populations. Statement-II: These agents work by killing the Anopheles mosquito upon brief contact, thereby preventing the transmission of the Plasmodium parasite. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. The new antimalarial agents, particularly the endochin-like quinolones (ELQs), have been identified to block Plasmodium falciparum development in mosquitoes, including insecticide-resistant strains. This is a significant advantage because the widespread resistance of mosquitoes to common insecticides is a major hurdle in malaria control. The agents target the parasite, not the mosquito’s susceptibility to insecticides. Statement-II is incorrect. These compounds target the malaria parasite inside the mosquito without killing the mosquito itself. Their mechanism is not insecticidal. They work by blocking the parasite during its oocyst development stage within the mosquito’s midgut. This contrasts with traditional methods like insecticide-treated nets, which aim to kill the vector. About Antimalarial Agents: What Are They? These are chemical compounds that target the malaria parasite inside Anopheles mosquitoes, without killing the mosquito itself. Key Compounds Identified: Endochin-like quinolones (ELQs): A class of antimicrobial agents effective against parasites. ELQ-456: Fully blocks infection of P. falciparum. ELQ-331: Significantly reduces infection levels. ELQ-453 + ELQ-613: Prevent parasite maturation when used in combination. Mechanism of Action: These agents target the parasite during oocyst development in the mosquito. They do not rely on insecticidal action, avoiding typical resistance routes. Features of the New Agents: Resistance-Proof: Effective even in insecticide-resistant mosquito strains. Long-Lasting: Remain potent after a year of open-air exposure. Contact-Based: Work even if mosquitoes briefly touch treated surfaces. Cost-Effective: Can be easily synthesized and mass-produced. Safe for Use in Bed Nets: Incorporated into polyethylene films for mosquito nets. Limitations: Not yet in commercial use – requires further trials and regulatory approvals. May induce resistance in the long term within the parasite if misused. Initial infrastructure cost for re-engineering bed nets with compound-infused polymers. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. The new antimalarial agents, particularly the endochin-like quinolones (ELQs), have been identified to block Plasmodium falciparum development in mosquitoes, including insecticide-resistant strains. This is a significant advantage because the widespread resistance of mosquitoes to common insecticides is a major hurdle in malaria control. The agents target the parasite, not the mosquito’s susceptibility to insecticides. Statement-II is incorrect. These compounds target the malaria parasite inside the mosquito without killing the mosquito itself. Their mechanism is not insecticidal. They work by blocking the parasite during its oocyst development stage within the mosquito’s midgut. This contrasts with traditional methods like insecticide-treated nets, which aim to kill the vector. About Antimalarial Agents: What Are They? These are chemical compounds that target the malaria parasite inside Anopheles mosquitoes, without killing the mosquito itself. Key Compounds Identified: Endochin-like quinolones (ELQs): A class of antimicrobial agents effective against parasites. ELQ-456: Fully blocks infection of P. falciparum. ELQ-331: Significantly reduces infection levels. ELQ-453 + ELQ-613: Prevent parasite maturation when used in combination. Mechanism of Action: These agents target the parasite during oocyst development in the mosquito. They do not rely on insecticidal action, avoiding typical resistance routes. Features of the New Agents: Resistance-Proof: Effective even in insecticide-resistant mosquito strains. Long-Lasting: Remain potent after a year of open-air exposure. Contact-Based: Work even if mosquitoes briefly touch treated surfaces. Cost-Effective: Can be easily synthesized and mass-produced. Safe for Use in Bed Nets: Incorporated into polyethylene films for mosquito nets. Limitations: Not yet in commercial use – requires further trials and regulatory approvals. May induce resistance in the long term within the parasite if misused. Initial infrastructure cost for re-engineering bed nets with compound-infused polymers.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding antimalarial agents.

Statement-I: A new class of antimalarial agents, including ELQ-456, offers a promising strategy against malaria that is effective even in insecticide-resistant mosquito populations.

Statement-II: These agents work by killing the Anopheles mosquito upon brief contact, thereby preventing the transmission of the Plasmodium parasite.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: c)

• Statement-I is correct. The new antimalarial agents, particularly the endochin-like quinolones (ELQs), have been identified to block Plasmodium falciparum development in mosquitoes, including insecticide-resistant strains. This is a significant advantage because the widespread resistance of mosquitoes to common insecticides is a major hurdle in malaria control. The agents target the parasite, not the mosquito’s susceptibility to insecticides.

• Statement-II is incorrect. These compounds target the malaria parasite inside the mosquito without killing the mosquito itself. Their mechanism is not insecticidal. They work by blocking the parasite during its oocyst development stage within the mosquito’s midgut. This contrasts with traditional methods like insecticide-treated nets, which aim to kill the vector.

About Antimalarial Agents:

• What Are They?

• These are chemical compounds that target the malaria parasite inside Anopheles mosquitoes, without killing the mosquito itself.

• Key Compounds Identified:

• Endochin-like quinolones (ELQs): A class of antimicrobial agents effective against parasites. ELQ-456: Fully blocks infection of P. falciparum. ELQ-331: Significantly reduces infection levels. ELQ-453 + ELQ-613: Prevent parasite maturation when used in combination. Mechanism of Action: These agents target the parasite during oocyst development in the mosquito. They do not rely on insecticidal action, avoiding typical resistance routes.

• A class of antimicrobial agents effective against parasites.

• ELQ-456: Fully blocks infection of P. falciparum.

• ELQ-331: Significantly reduces infection levels.

• ELQ-453 + ELQ-613: Prevent parasite maturation when used in combination.

• Mechanism of Action: These agents target the parasite during oocyst development in the mosquito. They do not rely on insecticidal action, avoiding typical resistance routes.

• These agents target the parasite during oocyst development in the mosquito.

• They do not rely on insecticidal action, avoiding typical resistance routes.

• Features of the New Agents:

• Resistance-Proof: Effective even in insecticide-resistant mosquito strains. Long-Lasting: Remain potent after a year of open-air exposure. Contact-Based: Work even if mosquitoes briefly touch treated surfaces. Cost-Effective: Can be easily synthesized and mass-produced. Safe for Use in Bed Nets: Incorporated into polyethylene films for mosquito nets.

• Resistance-Proof: Effective even in insecticide-resistant mosquito strains.

• Long-Lasting: Remain potent after a year of open-air exposure.

• Contact-Based: Work even if mosquitoes briefly touch treated surfaces.

• Cost-Effective: Can be easily synthesized and mass-produced.

• Safe for Use in Bed Nets: Incorporated into polyethylene films for mosquito nets.

• Limitations:

• Not yet in commercial use – requires further trials and regulatory approvals. May induce resistance in the long term within the parasite if misused. Initial infrastructure cost for re-engineering bed nets with compound-infused polymers.

• Not yet in commercial use – requires further trials and regulatory approvals.

• May induce resistance in the long term within the parasite if misused.

• Initial infrastructure cost for re-engineering bed nets with compound-infused polymers.

Solution: c)

About Antimalarial Agents:

• What Are They?

• These are chemical compounds that target the malaria parasite inside Anopheles mosquitoes, without killing the mosquito itself.

• Key Compounds Identified:

• A class of antimicrobial agents effective against parasites.

• ELQ-456: Fully blocks infection of P. falciparum.

• ELQ-331: Significantly reduces infection levels.

• ELQ-453 + ELQ-613: Prevent parasite maturation when used in combination.

• Mechanism of Action: These agents target the parasite during oocyst development in the mosquito. They do not rely on insecticidal action, avoiding typical resistance routes.

• These agents target the parasite during oocyst development in the mosquito.

• They do not rely on insecticidal action, avoiding typical resistance routes.

• Features of the New Agents:

• Resistance-Proof: Effective even in insecticide-resistant mosquito strains.

• Long-Lasting: Remain potent after a year of open-air exposure.

• Contact-Based: Work even if mosquitoes briefly touch treated surfaces.

• Cost-Effective: Can be easily synthesized and mass-produced.

• Safe for Use in Bed Nets: Incorporated into polyethylene films for mosquito nets.

• Limitations:

• Not yet in commercial use – requires further trials and regulatory approvals.

• May induce resistance in the long term within the parasite if misused.

• Initial infrastructure cost for re-engineering bed nets with compound-infused polymers.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding India’s new economic status as the 4th largest economy: This ranking is based on the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP, as confirmed by the World Bank. In the new global rank order for 2025, India has surpassed both Japan and the United Kingdom. NITI Aayog projects that India will become the second-largest economy globally within the next three years. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect. The ranking is based on nominal GDP, not PPP. Statement 2 is incorrect. India surpassed Japan to move from 5th to 4th place. (India had already surpassed the UK in a previous year to become the 5th largest). The new rank order is US, China, Germany, India, and Japan. Statement 3 is incorrect. NITI Aayog projects India will overtake Germany to become the third-largest economy globally in the next 2.5–3 years, not the second-largest. About India – 4th Largest Economy in World: What is it? As per the IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025), India’s nominal GDP is projected at $4.19 trillion, surpassing Japan’s GDP of $4.18 trillion. This marks a major shift in global economic order and India’s rising influence. India’s New Economic Status Current Rank: 4th largest economy globally Previous Rank (2024): 5th, behind Japan New Rank Order (2025): United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan Significance of the Achievement: Global Confidence Boost: Reinforces India’s role as a key global economic power, attracting increased FDI and international partnerships. Domestic Economic Growth: India’s GDP doubled from $2 trillion (2014) to $4+ trillion (2025) and per capita income rose from $1,438 (2014) to $2,880 (2025). Strategic Manufacturing Hub: India remains a cost-effective production base despite global reshoring discussions, such as Apple’s US manufacturing push. Leadership Impact: Economic trajectory credited to policy reforms, infrastructure growth, and Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat missions. Future Potential: Projected to overtake Germany in the next 2.5–3 years and become the third-largest economy globally, as per NITI Aayog projections. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect. The ranking is based on nominal GDP, not PPP. Statement 2 is incorrect. India surpassed Japan to move from 5th to 4th place. (India had already surpassed the UK in a previous year to become the 5th largest). The new rank order is US, China, Germany, India, and Japan. Statement 3 is incorrect. NITI Aayog projects India will overtake Germany to become the third-largest economy globally in the next 2.5–3 years, not the second-largest. About India – 4th Largest Economy in World: What is it? As per the IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025), India’s nominal GDP is projected at $4.19 trillion, surpassing Japan’s GDP of $4.18 trillion. This marks a major shift in global economic order and India’s rising influence. India’s New Economic Status Current Rank: 4th largest economy globally Previous Rank (2024): 5th, behind Japan New Rank Order (2025): United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan Significance of the Achievement: Global Confidence Boost: Reinforces India’s role as a key global economic power, attracting increased FDI and international partnerships. Domestic Economic Growth: India’s GDP doubled from $2 trillion (2014) to $4+ trillion (2025) and per capita income rose from $1,438 (2014) to $2,880 (2025). Strategic Manufacturing Hub: India remains a cost-effective production base despite global reshoring discussions, such as Apple’s US manufacturing push. Leadership Impact: Economic trajectory credited to policy reforms, infrastructure growth, and Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat missions. Future Potential: Projected to overtake Germany in the next 2.5–3 years and become the third-largest economy globally, as per NITI Aayog projections.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding India’s new economic status as the 4th largest economy:

• This ranking is based on the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP, as confirmed by the World Bank.

• In the new global rank order for 2025, India has surpassed both Japan and the United Kingdom.

• NITI Aayog projects that India will become the second-largest economy globally within the next three years.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: d)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The ranking is based on nominal GDP, not PPP.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. India surpassed Japan to move from 5th to 4th place. (India had already surpassed the UK in a previous year to become the 5th largest). The new rank order is US, China, Germany, India, and Japan.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. NITI Aayog projects India will overtake Germany to become the third-largest economy globally in the next 2.5–3 years, not the second-largest.

About India – 4th Largest Economy in World:

• What is it?

• As per the IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025), India’s nominal GDP is projected at $4.19 trillion, surpassing Japan’s GDP of $4.18 trillion. This marks a major shift in global economic order and India’s rising influence.

• As per the IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025), India’s nominal GDP is projected at $4.19 trillion, surpassing Japan’s GDP of $4.18 trillion.

• This marks a major shift in global economic order and India’s rising influence.

• India’s New Economic Status

• Current Rank: 4th largest economy globally Previous Rank (2024): 5th, behind Japan New Rank Order (2025): United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan

• Current Rank: 4th largest economy globally

• Previous Rank (2024): 5th, behind Japan

• New Rank Order (2025): United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan

• Significance of the Achievement:

• Global Confidence Boost: Reinforces India’s role as a key global economic power, attracting increased FDI and international partnerships. Domestic Economic Growth: India’s GDP doubled from $2 trillion (2014) to $4+ trillion (2025) and per capita income rose from $1,438 (2014) to $2,880 (2025). Strategic Manufacturing Hub: India remains a cost-effective production base despite global reshoring discussions, such as Apple’s US manufacturing push. Leadership Impact: Economic trajectory credited to policy reforms, infrastructure growth, and Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat missions. Future Potential: Projected to overtake Germany in the next 2.5–3 years and become the third-largest economy globally, as per NITI Aayog projections.

• Global Confidence Boost: Reinforces India’s role as a key global economic power, attracting increased FDI and international partnerships.

• Domestic Economic Growth: India’s GDP doubled from $2 trillion (2014) to $4+ trillion (2025) and per capita income rose from $1,438 (2014) to $2,880 (2025).

• Strategic Manufacturing Hub: India remains a cost-effective production base despite global reshoring discussions, such as Apple’s US manufacturing push.

• Leadership Impact: Economic trajectory credited to policy reforms, infrastructure growth, and Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat missions.

• Future Potential: Projected to overtake Germany in the next 2.5–3 years and become the third-largest economy globally, as per NITI Aayog projections.

Solution: d)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The ranking is based on nominal GDP, not PPP.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. NITI Aayog projects India will overtake Germany to become the third-largest economy globally in the next 2.5–3 years, not the second-largest.

About India – 4th Largest Economy in World:

• What is it?

• As per the IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025), India’s nominal GDP is projected at $4.19 trillion, surpassing Japan’s GDP of $4.18 trillion.

• This marks a major shift in global economic order and India’s rising influence.

• India’s New Economic Status

• Current Rank: 4th largest economy globally Previous Rank (2024): 5th, behind Japan New Rank Order (2025): United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan

• Current Rank: 4th largest economy globally

• Previous Rank (2024): 5th, behind Japan

• New Rank Order (2025): United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan

• Significance of the Achievement:

• Global Confidence Boost: Reinforces India’s role as a key global economic power, attracting increased FDI and international partnerships.

• Domestic Economic Growth: India’s GDP doubled from $2 trillion (2014) to $4+ trillion (2025) and per capita income rose from $1,438 (2014) to $2,880 (2025).

• Strategic Manufacturing Hub: India remains a cost-effective production base despite global reshoring discussions, such as Apple’s US manufacturing push.

• Leadership Impact: Economic trajectory credited to policy reforms, infrastructure growth, and Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat missions.

• Future Potential: Projected to overtake Germany in the next 2.5–3 years and become the third-largest economy globally, as per NITI Aayog projections.

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