UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 4 June 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) scheme: An individual whose great-grandparents were citizens of India on or after January 26, 1950, is eligible to apply for an OCI card. OCI cardholders are exempt from registration with the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer (FRRO) regardless of the duration of their stay in India. An OCI card can be renounced voluntarily by the cardholder. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct. Eligibility criteria for OCI include persons who are children, grandchildren, or great-grandchildren of individuals who were citizens of India on or after January 26, 1950, or were eligible to become citizens then. Statement 2 is correct. A key benefit for OCI cardholders is the exemption from FRRO registration, irrespective of the duration of their stay in India. This simplifies long-term stays for them. Statement 3 is correct. The provisions for OCI include the option for any OCI cardholder to voluntarily renounce their OCI status. Upon registration of such renunciation, they cease to be OCI holders, and this also applies to their minor children registered under the scheme. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct. Eligibility criteria for OCI include persons who are children, grandchildren, or great-grandchildren of individuals who were citizens of India on or after January 26, 1950, or were eligible to become citizens then. Statement 2 is correct. A key benefit for OCI cardholders is the exemption from FRRO registration, irrespective of the duration of their stay in India. This simplifies long-term stays for them. Statement 3 is correct. The provisions for OCI include the option for any OCI cardholder to voluntarily renounce their OCI status. Upon registration of such renunciation, they cease to be OCI holders, and this also applies to their minor children registered under the scheme.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) scheme:

• An individual whose great-grandparents were citizens of India on or after January 26, 1950, is eligible to apply for an OCI card.

• OCI cardholders are exempt from registration with the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer (FRRO) regardless of the duration of their stay in India.

• An OCI card can be renounced voluntarily by the cardholder.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: c)

• Statement 1 is correct. Eligibility criteria for OCI include persons who are children, grandchildren, or great-grandchildren of individuals who were citizens of India on or after January 26, 1950, or were eligible to become citizens then.

• Statement 2 is correct. A key benefit for OCI cardholders is the exemption from FRRO registration, irrespective of the duration of their stay in India. This simplifies long-term stays for them.

• Statement 3 is correct. The provisions for OCI include the option for any OCI cardholder to voluntarily renounce their OCI status. Upon registration of such renunciation, they cease to be OCI holders, and this also applies to their minor children registered under the scheme.

Solution: c)

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Match List-I (Author/Translator) with List-II (Associated Work/Role) List-I (Author/Translator) List-II (Associated Work/Role) A. Geetanjali Shree 1. Translator of “Heart Lamp” B. Banu Mushtaq 2. Author of “Tomb of Sand” C. Deepa Bhasthi 3. Author of “Heart Lamp” D. Daisy Rockwell 4. Translator of “Tomb of Sand” Select the correct answer using the code given below the lists: a) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 b) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 c) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 Correct Solution: a) The International Booker Prize celebrates both authors and their translators. Geetanjali Shree is the author of “Tomb of Sand” (Ret Samadhi in Hindi), which won the International Booker Prize in 2022. (A-2) Banu Mushtaq is the author of “Heart Lamp,” the winner of the International Booker Prize in 2025. (B-3) Deepa Bhasthi is the translator of Banu Mushtaq’s “Heart Lamp” from Kannada into English. She also became the first Indian translator to win this prize. (C-1) Daisy Rockwell translated Geetanjali Shree’s “Tomb of Sand” from Hindi into English, sharing the 2022 prize. (D-4) The prize money of £50,000 is shared equally between the author and the translator, underscoring the importance of both roles in bringing diverse literary voices to a global English-speaking audience. Incorrect Solution: a) The International Booker Prize celebrates both authors and their translators. Geetanjali Shree is the author of “Tomb of Sand” (Ret Samadhi in Hindi), which won the International Booker Prize in 2022. (A-2) Banu Mushtaq is the author of “Heart Lamp,” the winner of the International Booker Prize in 2025. (B-3) Deepa Bhasthi is the translator of Banu Mushtaq’s “Heart Lamp” from Kannada into English. She also became the first Indian translator to win this prize. (C-1) Daisy Rockwell translated Geetanjali Shree’s “Tomb of Sand” from Hindi into English, sharing the 2022 prize. (D-4) The prize money of £50,000 is shared equally between the author and the translator, underscoring the importance of both roles in bringing diverse literary voices to a global English-speaking audience.

#### 2. Question

Match List-I (Author/Translator) with List-II (Associated Work/Role)

List-I (Author/Translator) | List-II (Associated Work/Role)

A. Geetanjali Shree | 1. Translator of “Heart Lamp”

B. Banu Mushtaq | 2. Author of “Tomb of Sand”

C. Deepa Bhasthi | 3. Author of “Heart Lamp”

D. Daisy Rockwell | 4. Translator of “Tomb of Sand”

Select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:

• a) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

• b) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

• c) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

• d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Solution: a)

The International Booker Prize celebrates both authors and their translators.

• Geetanjali Shree is the author of “Tomb of Sand” (Ret Samadhi in Hindi), which won the International Booker Prize in 2022. (A-2)

• Banu Mushtaq is the author of “Heart Lamp,” the winner of the International Booker Prize in 2025. (B-3)

• Deepa Bhasthi is the translator of Banu Mushtaq’s “Heart Lamp” from Kannada into English. She also became the first Indian translator to win this prize. (C-1)

• Daisy Rockwell translated Geetanjali Shree’s “Tomb of Sand” from Hindi into English, sharing the 2022 prize. (D-4)

The prize money of £50,000 is shared equally between the author and the translator, underscoring the importance of both roles in bringing diverse literary voices to a global English-speaking audience.

Solution: a)

The International Booker Prize celebrates both authors and their translators.

• Geetanjali Shree is the author of “Tomb of Sand” (Ret Samadhi in Hindi), which won the International Booker Prize in 2022. (A-2)

• Banu Mushtaq is the author of “Heart Lamp,” the winner of the International Booker Prize in 2025. (B-3)

• Deepa Bhasthi is the translator of Banu Mushtaq’s “Heart Lamp” from Kannada into English. She also became the first Indian translator to win this prize. (C-1)

• Daisy Rockwell translated Geetanjali Shree’s “Tomb of Sand” from Hindi into English, sharing the 2022 prize. (D-4)

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the ULLAS Scheme: It is a Central Sector Scheme fully funded by the Union Government. The scheme primarily targets school-going children below the age of 15. The implementation relies exclusively on certified professional teachers for adult learners. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect. The ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) Scheme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, not a Central Sector Scheme. This means it has a shared funding model. Statement 2 is incorrect. The ULLAS scheme specifically targets non-literates aged 15 and above across India. Its focus is on adult education and lifelong learning, not primarily school-going children below 15, who are covered under different educational programs. Statement 3 is incorrect. A key feature of the ULLAS scheme’s implementation is its volunteer-based teaching model. It uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners, rather than relying exclusively on certified professional teachers. About ULLAS Scheme (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society): Launched: FY 2022–2027 Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme Ministry: Ministry of Education Budget Outlay: ₹1037.90 crore (₹700 Cr Centre + ₹337.90 Cr State share) Objectives: Promote inclusive adult education aligning with NEP 2020 Target non-literates aged 15+ across India Enhance functional literacy, digital skills, and vocational learning Key Components: Foundational Literacy & Numeracy (FLN): Teaches basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills to non-literate adults. Critical Life Skills: Covers essential knowledge like health awareness, financial literacy, and family welfare. Basic Education: Offers education equivalent to primary, middle, and secondary schooling. Vocational Skills: Imparts job-oriented skills to boost employability at the local level. Continuing Education: Provides lifelong learning through cultural, scientific, and recreational courses. Implementation Features: Volunteer-Based Teaching: Uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners. Digital-First Delivery: Learning materials are delivered via mobile apps, TV, radio, and online platforms. Enrolment Stats: Over 2.37 crore learners and 40.84 lakh volunteer teachers have registered as of 2025. Assessment Method: Learners are evaluated through the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT). Incorrect Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect. The ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) Scheme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, not a Central Sector Scheme. This means it has a shared funding model. Statement 2 is incorrect. The ULLAS scheme specifically targets non-literates aged 15 and above across India. Its focus is on adult education and lifelong learning, not primarily school-going children below 15, who are covered under different educational programs. Statement 3 is incorrect. A key feature of the ULLAS scheme’s implementation is its volunteer-based teaching model. It uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners, rather than relying exclusively on certified professional teachers. About ULLAS Scheme (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society): Launched: FY 2022–2027 Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme Ministry: Ministry of Education Budget Outlay: ₹1037.90 crore (₹700 Cr Centre + ₹337.90 Cr State share) Objectives: Promote inclusive adult education aligning with NEP 2020 Target non-literates aged 15+ across India Enhance functional literacy, digital skills, and vocational learning Key Components: Foundational Literacy & Numeracy (FLN): Teaches basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills to non-literate adults. Critical Life Skills: Covers essential knowledge like health awareness, financial literacy, and family welfare. Basic Education: Offers education equivalent to primary, middle, and secondary schooling. Vocational Skills: Imparts job-oriented skills to boost employability at the local level. Continuing Education: Provides lifelong learning through cultural, scientific, and recreational courses. Implementation Features: Volunteer-Based Teaching: Uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners. Digital-First Delivery: Learning materials are delivered via mobile apps, TV, radio, and online platforms. Enrolment Stats: Over 2.37 crore learners and 40.84 lakh volunteer teachers have registered as of 2025. Assessment Method: Learners are evaluated through the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT).

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the ULLAS Scheme:

• It is a Central Sector Scheme fully funded by the Union Government.

• The scheme primarily targets school-going children below the age of 15.

• The implementation relies exclusively on certified professional teachers for adult learners.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: d)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) Scheme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, not a Central Sector Scheme. This means it has a shared funding model.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The ULLAS scheme specifically targets non-literates aged 15 and above across India. Its focus is on adult education and lifelong learning, not primarily school-going children below 15, who are covered under different educational programs.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. A key feature of the ULLAS scheme’s implementation is its volunteer-based teaching model. It uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners, rather than relying exclusively on certified professional teachers.

About ULLAS Scheme (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society):

• Launched: FY 2022–2027

• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme

• Ministry: Ministry of Education

• Budget Outlay: ₹1037.90 crore (₹700 Cr Centre + ₹337.90 Cr State share)

Objectives:

• Promote inclusive adult education aligning with NEP 2020

• Target non-literates aged 15+ across India

• Enhance functional literacy, digital skills, and vocational learning

• Key Components:

• Foundational Literacy & Numeracy (FLN): Teaches basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills to non-literate adults. Critical Life Skills: Covers essential knowledge like health awareness, financial literacy, and family welfare. Basic Education: Offers education equivalent to primary, middle, and secondary schooling. Vocational Skills: Imparts job-oriented skills to boost employability at the local level. Continuing Education: Provides lifelong learning through cultural, scientific, and recreational courses.

• Foundational Literacy & Numeracy (FLN): Teaches basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills to non-literate adults.

• Critical Life Skills: Covers essential knowledge like health awareness, financial literacy, and family welfare.

• Basic Education: Offers education equivalent to primary, middle, and secondary schooling.

• Vocational Skills: Imparts job-oriented skills to boost employability at the local level.

• Continuing Education: Provides lifelong learning through cultural, scientific, and recreational courses.

• Implementation Features:

• Volunteer-Based Teaching: Uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners. Digital-First Delivery: Learning materials are delivered via mobile apps, TV, radio, and online platforms. Enrolment Stats: Over 2.37 crore learners and 40.84 lakh volunteer teachers have registered as of 2025. Assessment Method: Learners are evaluated through the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT).

• Volunteer-Based Teaching: Uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners.

• Digital-First Delivery: Learning materials are delivered via mobile apps, TV, radio, and online platforms.

• Enrolment Stats: Over 2.37 crore learners and 40.84 lakh volunteer teachers have registered as of 2025.

• Assessment Method: Learners are evaluated through the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT).

Solution: d)

About ULLAS Scheme (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society):

• Launched: FY 2022–2027

• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme

• Ministry: Ministry of Education

• Budget Outlay: ₹1037.90 crore (₹700 Cr Centre + ₹337.90 Cr State share)

Objectives:

• Promote inclusive adult education aligning with NEP 2020

• Target non-literates aged 15+ across India

• Enhance functional literacy, digital skills, and vocational learning

• Key Components:

• Foundational Literacy & Numeracy (FLN): Teaches basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills to non-literate adults.

• Critical Life Skills: Covers essential knowledge like health awareness, financial literacy, and family welfare.

• Basic Education: Offers education equivalent to primary, middle, and secondary schooling.

• Vocational Skills: Imparts job-oriented skills to boost employability at the local level.

• Continuing Education: Provides lifelong learning through cultural, scientific, and recreational courses.

• Implementation Features:

• Volunteer-Based Teaching: Uses trained community volunteers as educators for adult learners.

• Digital-First Delivery: Learning materials are delivered via mobile apps, TV, radio, and online platforms.

• Enrolment Stats: Over 2.37 crore learners and 40.84 lakh volunteer teachers have registered as of 2025.

• Assessment Method: Learners are evaluated through the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT).

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points The “Blue Talks” initiative, hosted by India, is primarily aimed at supporting dialogue ahead of which upcoming international conference? a) 1st United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC1) b) 2nd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC2) c) The BBNJ Agreement Ratification Summit d) 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) Correct Solution: d) India hosted the Second Blue Talks in collaboration with France and Costa Rica to support global marine conservation goals. The event aimed to strengthen dialogue ahead of the 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) scheduled in Nice, France. About Blue Talks: What It Is? A multilateral consultation platform that brings together governments, scientists, and civil society to build consensus for sustainable ocean use. Held At: New Delhi, hosted by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), in partnership with the Embassies of France and Costa Rica. Objectives: Foster stakeholder dialogues on the future of ocean sustainability. Accelerate progress on SDG 14 (Life Below Water). Promote global cooperation in marine research, education, and innovation. Launch strategic knowledge tools. About 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) What It Is? A global UN event to advance marine conservation and sustainable use of ocean resources under SDG 14. Hosted by: France and Costa Rica Organised by: United Nations with participation from member states, NGOs, academia, civil society, private sector, and international bodies. Objectives: Support actions to conserve oceans, reduce marine pollution, and build global partnerships. Promote BBNJ Agreement ratification for biodiversity governance in high seas. Adopt the “Nice Ocean Action Plan” — a legally non-binding but politically impactful declaration. Conference History: 1st UNOC (2017) – Held in New York, USA focused on raising awareness and voluntary commitments. 2nd UNOC (2022) – Hosted by Portugal, emphasized innovation and science-led solutions. Upcoming 3rd UNOC (2025) Venue: Nice, France Theme: “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean.” Incorrect Solution: d) India hosted the Second Blue Talks in collaboration with France and Costa Rica to support global marine conservation goals. The event aimed to strengthen dialogue ahead of the 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) scheduled in Nice, France. About Blue Talks: What It Is? A multilateral consultation platform that brings together governments, scientists, and civil society to build consensus for sustainable ocean use. Held At: New Delhi, hosted by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), in partnership with the Embassies of France and Costa Rica. Objectives: Foster stakeholder dialogues on the future of ocean sustainability. Accelerate progress on SDG 14 (Life Below Water). Promote global cooperation in marine research, education, and innovation. Launch strategic knowledge tools. About 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) What It Is? A global UN event to advance marine conservation and sustainable use of ocean resources under SDG 14. Hosted by: France and Costa Rica Organised by: United Nations with participation from member states, NGOs, academia, civil society, private sector, and international bodies. Objectives: Support actions to conserve oceans, reduce marine pollution, and build global partnerships. Promote BBNJ Agreement ratification for biodiversity governance in high seas. Adopt the “Nice Ocean Action Plan” — a legally non-binding but politically impactful declaration. Conference History: 1st UNOC (2017) – Held in New York, USA focused on raising awareness and voluntary commitments. 2nd UNOC (2022) – Hosted by Portugal, emphasized innovation and science-led solutions. Upcoming 3rd UNOC (2025) Venue: Nice, France Theme: “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean.”

#### 4. Question

The “Blue Talks” initiative, hosted by India, is primarily aimed at supporting dialogue ahead of which upcoming international conference?

• a) 1st United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC1)

• b) 2nd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC2)

• c) The BBNJ Agreement Ratification Summit

• d) 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3)

Solution: d)

India hosted the Second Blue Talks in collaboration with France and Costa Rica to support global marine conservation goals.

• The event aimed to strengthen dialogue ahead of the 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) scheduled in Nice, France.

About Blue Talks:

• What It Is?

• A multilateral consultation platform that brings together governments, scientists, and civil society to build consensus for sustainable ocean use.

• Held At: New Delhi, hosted by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), in partnership with the Embassies of France and Costa Rica.

• Objectives:

• Foster stakeholder dialogues on the future of ocean sustainability. Accelerate progress on SDG 14 (Life Below Water). Promote global cooperation in marine research, education, and innovation. Launch strategic knowledge tools.

• Foster stakeholder dialogues on the future of ocean sustainability.

• Accelerate progress on SDG 14 (Life Below Water).

• Promote global cooperation in marine research, education, and innovation.

• Launch strategic knowledge tools.

About 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3)

• What It Is?

• A global UN event to advance marine conservation and sustainable use of ocean resources under SDG 14.

• Hosted by: France and Costa Rica

• Organised by: United Nations with participation from member states, NGOs, academia, civil society, private sector, and international bodies.

• Objectives:

• Support actions to conserve oceans, reduce marine pollution, and build global partnerships. Promote BBNJ Agreement ratification for biodiversity governance in high seas. Adopt the “Nice Ocean Action Plan” — a legally non-binding but politically impactful declaration.

• Support actions to conserve oceans, reduce marine pollution, and build global partnerships.

• Promote BBNJ Agreement ratification for biodiversity governance in high seas.

• Adopt the “Nice Ocean Action Plan” — a legally non-binding but politically impactful declaration.

• Conference History:

• 1st UNOC (2017) – Held in New York, USA focused on raising awareness and voluntary commitments. 2nd UNOC (2022) – Hosted by Portugal, emphasized innovation and science-led solutions. Upcoming 3rd UNOC (2025) Venue: Nice, France Theme: “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean.”

• 1st UNOC (2017) – Held in New York, USA focused on raising awareness and voluntary commitments.

• 2nd UNOC (2022) – Hosted by Portugal, emphasized innovation and science-led solutions.

• Upcoming 3rd UNOC (2025) Venue: Nice, France Theme: “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean.”

• Venue: Nice, France

• Theme: “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean.”

Solution: d)

India hosted the Second Blue Talks in collaboration with France and Costa Rica to support global marine conservation goals.

• The event aimed to strengthen dialogue ahead of the 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) scheduled in Nice, France.

About Blue Talks:

• What It Is?

• A multilateral consultation platform that brings together governments, scientists, and civil society to build consensus for sustainable ocean use.

• Held At: New Delhi, hosted by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), in partnership with the Embassies of France and Costa Rica.

• Objectives:

• Foster stakeholder dialogues on the future of ocean sustainability.

• Accelerate progress on SDG 14 (Life Below Water).

• Promote global cooperation in marine research, education, and innovation.

• Launch strategic knowledge tools.

About 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3)

• What It Is?

• A global UN event to advance marine conservation and sustainable use of ocean resources under SDG 14.

• Hosted by: France and Costa Rica

• Organised by: United Nations with participation from member states, NGOs, academia, civil society, private sector, and international bodies.

• Objectives:

• Support actions to conserve oceans, reduce marine pollution, and build global partnerships.

• Promote BBNJ Agreement ratification for biodiversity governance in high seas.

• Adopt the “Nice Ocean Action Plan” — a legally non-binding but politically impactful declaration.

• Conference History:

• 1st UNOC (2017) – Held in New York, USA focused on raising awareness and voluntary commitments.

• 2nd UNOC (2022) – Hosted by Portugal, emphasized innovation and science-led solutions.

• Upcoming 3rd UNOC (2025) Venue: Nice, France Theme: “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean.”

• Venue: Nice, France

• Theme: “Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean.”

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the proposed ‘Golden Dome’ missile defence system: It is primarily designed to intercept short-range projectiles similar to Israel’s Iron Dome. The system integrates space-based technologies, including satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), for early missile interception. A key objective of the Golden Dome is to protect US territory from long-range missile threats, including ICBMs. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, which targets short-range projectiles, the Golden Dome is designed to counter long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, including Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and hypersonic missiles. Its scope is significantly broader and more strategic. Statement 2 is correct. A key feature of the Golden Dome is its integration of space-based and terrestrial technologies. This includes deploying thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept missile threats during their launch phase, representing a significant step towards space warfare capability. Statement 3 is correct. The primary objective of the Golden Dome is to protect US territory from long-range missile threats, particularly ICBMs from nations like Russia and China. It aims to create a strategic shield covering the entire continental US, thereby enhancing national security against advanced missile capabilities. What is the Golden Dome? A proposed next-gen missile defence system integrating space-based and terrestrial technologies. Conceptualized as a strategic shield for intercepting ballistic and hypersonic missiles at launch. Launched By: Announced by Donald Trump in January 2025, under the US Department of defence. Objective: To protect US territory from long-range missile threats including ICBMs from rival nations like Russia and China. Aims to operationalize space-based weapons for early missile interception — effectively realizing space warfare capability. Key Features of the Golden Dome: Space-Based Interceptors: Thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept threats at launch phase. Satellite-Enabled Targeting: Advanced surveillance, detection, and response systems leveraging AI and real-time data. Ground and Sea Integration: Complements satellite systems with radar arrays, sensor grids, and naval/missile units on Earth. Inspired by Iron Dome, Beyond in Scope: Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, it targets long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, not just short-range projectiles. Strategic Scale: Designed to cover the entire continental US, unlike the Iron Dome which defends compact territories. Significance: Strategic Superiority: Positions the US ahead in space militarization amidst growing threats from China and Russia. Technological Leap: Would become the first true space-based missile defence system if operationalized. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, which targets short-range projectiles, the Golden Dome is designed to counter long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, including Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and hypersonic missiles. Its scope is significantly broader and more strategic. Statement 2 is correct. A key feature of the Golden Dome is its integration of space-based and terrestrial technologies. This includes deploying thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept missile threats during their launch phase, representing a significant step towards space warfare capability. Statement 3 is correct. The primary objective of the Golden Dome is to protect US territory from long-range missile threats, particularly ICBMs from nations like Russia and China. It aims to create a strategic shield covering the entire continental US, thereby enhancing national security against advanced missile capabilities. What is the Golden Dome? A proposed next-gen missile defence system integrating space-based and terrestrial technologies. Conceptualized as a strategic shield for intercepting ballistic and hypersonic missiles at launch. Launched By: Announced by Donald Trump in January 2025, under the US Department of defence. Objective: To protect US territory from long-range missile threats including ICBMs from rival nations like Russia and China. Aims to operationalize space-based weapons for early missile interception — effectively realizing space warfare capability. Key Features of the Golden Dome: Space-Based Interceptors: Thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept threats at launch phase. Satellite-Enabled Targeting: Advanced surveillance, detection, and response systems leveraging AI and real-time data. Ground and Sea Integration: Complements satellite systems with radar arrays, sensor grids, and naval/missile units on Earth. Inspired by Iron Dome, Beyond in Scope: Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, it targets long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, not just short-range projectiles. Strategic Scale: Designed to cover the entire continental US, unlike the Iron Dome which defends compact territories. Significance: Strategic Superiority: Positions the US ahead in space militarization amidst growing threats from China and Russia. Technological Leap: Would become the first true space-based missile defence system if operationalized.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the proposed ‘Golden Dome’ missile defence system:

• It is primarily designed to intercept short-range projectiles similar to Israel’s Iron Dome.

• The system integrates space-based technologies, including satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), for early missile interception.

• A key objective of the Golden Dome is to protect US territory from long-range missile threats, including ICBMs.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, which targets short-range projectiles, the Golden Dome is designed to counter long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, including Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and hypersonic missiles. Its scope is significantly broader and more strategic.

• Statement 2 is correct. A key feature of the Golden Dome is its integration of space-based and terrestrial technologies. This includes deploying thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept missile threats during their launch phase, representing a significant step towards space warfare capability.

• Statement 3 is correct. The primary objective of the Golden Dome is to protect US territory from long-range missile threats, particularly ICBMs from nations like Russia and China. It aims to create a strategic shield covering the entire continental US, thereby enhancing national security against advanced missile capabilities.

• What is the Golden Dome?

• A proposed next-gen missile defence system integrating space-based and terrestrial technologies. Conceptualized as a strategic shield for intercepting ballistic and hypersonic missiles at launch.

• A proposed next-gen missile defence system integrating space-based and terrestrial technologies.

• Conceptualized as a strategic shield for intercepting ballistic and hypersonic missiles at launch.

• Launched By: Announced by Donald Trump in January 2025, under the US Department of defence.

• Objective:

• To protect US territory from long-range missile threats including ICBMs from rival nations like Russia and China. Aims to operationalize space-based weapons for early missile interception — effectively realizing space warfare capability.

• To protect US territory from long-range missile threats including ICBMs from rival nations like Russia and China.

• Aims to operationalize space-based weapons for early missile interception — effectively realizing space warfare capability.

• Key Features of the Golden Dome:

• Space-Based Interceptors: Thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept threats at launch phase. Satellite-Enabled Targeting: Advanced surveillance, detection, and response systems leveraging AI and real-time data. Ground and Sea Integration: Complements satellite systems with radar arrays, sensor grids, and naval/missile units on Earth. Inspired by Iron Dome, Beyond in Scope: Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, it targets long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, not just short-range projectiles. Strategic Scale: Designed to cover the entire continental US, unlike the Iron Dome which defends compact territories.

• Space-Based Interceptors: Thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept threats at launch phase.

• Satellite-Enabled Targeting: Advanced surveillance, detection, and response systems leveraging AI and real-time data.

• Ground and Sea Integration: Complements satellite systems with radar arrays, sensor grids, and naval/missile units on Earth.

• Inspired by Iron Dome, Beyond in Scope: Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, it targets long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, not just short-range projectiles.

• Strategic Scale: Designed to cover the entire continental US, unlike the Iron Dome which defends compact territories.

• Significance:

• Strategic Superiority: Positions the US ahead in space militarization amidst growing threats from China and Russia. Technological Leap: Would become the first true space-based missile defence system if operationalized.

• Strategic Superiority: Positions the US ahead in space militarization amidst growing threats from China and Russia.

• Technological Leap: Would become the first true space-based missile defence system if operationalized.

Solution: b)

• What is the Golden Dome?

• A proposed next-gen missile defence system integrating space-based and terrestrial technologies.

• Conceptualized as a strategic shield for intercepting ballistic and hypersonic missiles at launch.

• Launched By: Announced by Donald Trump in January 2025, under the US Department of defence.

• Objective:

• To protect US territory from long-range missile threats including ICBMs from rival nations like Russia and China.

• Aims to operationalize space-based weapons for early missile interception — effectively realizing space warfare capability.

• Key Features of the Golden Dome:

• Space-Based Interceptors: Thousands of small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) to track and intercept threats at launch phase.

• Satellite-Enabled Targeting: Advanced surveillance, detection, and response systems leveraging AI and real-time data.

• Ground and Sea Integration: Complements satellite systems with radar arrays, sensor grids, and naval/missile units on Earth.

• Inspired by Iron Dome, Beyond in Scope: Unlike Israel’s Iron Dome, it targets long-range, high-altitude, and spaceborne threats, not just short-range projectiles.

• Strategic Scale: Designed to cover the entire continental US, unlike the Iron Dome which defends compact territories.

• Significance:

• Strategic Superiority: Positions the US ahead in space militarization amidst growing threats from China and Russia.

• Technological Leap: Would become the first true space-based missile defence system if operationalized.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points A primary advantage of the BrahMos-NG missile over the original BrahMos missile is its: a) Increased payload capacity b) Hypersonic speed capability c) Miniaturization, allowing integration on more platforms d) Exclusive anti-submarine warfare role Correct Solution: c) One of the most significant advantages of the BrahMos-NG (Next Generation) missile over the original BrahMos is its miniaturization. The BrahMos-NG weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes compared to the original’s 2.5 tonnes. This reduction in size and weight is crucial because it allows the missile to be integrated on a wider range of platforms, including lighter fighter aircraft like the LCA Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29, in addition to ships and submarines. About BrahMos-NG (Next Generation): What It Is? BrahMos-NG is a smaller, lighter, and more versatile supersonic cruise missile designed for deployment across a wider range of platforms, including fighter aircraft, ships, and submarines. Developed By: Jointly developed by India’s DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia under the BrahMos Aerospace partnership. Objective: To offer a miniaturized, stealthier, and more agile missile system capable of engaging land and sea-based targets with ultra-precision. Designed to equip multiple platforms, including LCA Tejas, Su-30MKI, naval vessels, and submarines. Key Features of BrahMos-NG: Reduced Size & Weight: Weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes vs. the original’s 2.5 tonnes, allowing integration on more platforms including light fighters. High Speed & Range: Maintains Mach 2.8 speed with a 400–450 km range, with ongoing tests extending range up to 800 km. Stealth Capabilities: Enhanced with next-gen stealth technology and low radar signature. Versatile Launch Options: Can be launched from air, land, ships, submarines (via torpedo tubes and vertical launch systems). Advanced ECCM: Improved Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) for better resistance against jamming. Precision Targeting: Suitable for land-attack roles, anti-ship missions, and underwater warfare scenarios. BrahMos-NG is Superior to BrahMos: Miniaturization enables compatibility with more aircraft including Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29. Faster deployment and reload cycles due to reduced logistics burden. Higher platform density: Multiple missiles can be mounted on a single aircraft or ship. Future-proof design aligned with modern stealth, mobility, and modularity requirements. Incorrect Solution: c) One of the most significant advantages of the BrahMos-NG (Next Generation) missile over the original BrahMos is its miniaturization. The BrahMos-NG weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes compared to the original’s 2.5 tonnes. This reduction in size and weight is crucial because it allows the missile to be integrated on a wider range of platforms, including lighter fighter aircraft like the LCA Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29, in addition to ships and submarines. About BrahMos-NG (Next Generation): What It Is? BrahMos-NG is a smaller, lighter, and more versatile supersonic cruise missile designed for deployment across a wider range of platforms, including fighter aircraft, ships, and submarines. Developed By: Jointly developed by India’s DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia under the BrahMos Aerospace partnership. Objective: To offer a miniaturized, stealthier, and more agile missile system capable of engaging land and sea-based targets with ultra-precision. Designed to equip multiple platforms, including LCA Tejas, Su-30MKI, naval vessels, and submarines. Key Features of BrahMos-NG: Reduced Size & Weight: Weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes vs. the original’s 2.5 tonnes, allowing integration on more platforms including light fighters. High Speed & Range: Maintains Mach 2.8 speed with a 400–450 km range, with ongoing tests extending range up to 800 km. Stealth Capabilities: Enhanced with next-gen stealth technology and low radar signature. Versatile Launch Options: Can be launched from air, land, ships, submarines (via torpedo tubes and vertical launch systems). Advanced ECCM: Improved Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) for better resistance against jamming. Precision Targeting: Suitable for land-attack roles, anti-ship missions, and underwater warfare scenarios. BrahMos-NG is Superior to BrahMos: Miniaturization enables compatibility with more aircraft including Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29. Faster deployment and reload cycles due to reduced logistics burden. Higher platform density: Multiple missiles can be mounted on a single aircraft or ship. Future-proof design aligned with modern stealth, mobility, and modularity requirements.

#### 6. Question

A primary advantage of the BrahMos-NG missile over the original BrahMos missile is its:

• a) Increased payload capacity

• b) Hypersonic speed capability

• c) Miniaturization, allowing integration on more platforms

• d) Exclusive anti-submarine warfare role

Solution: c)

• One of the most significant advantages of the BrahMos-NG (Next Generation) missile over the original BrahMos is its miniaturization. The BrahMos-NG weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes compared to the original’s 2.5 tonnes. This reduction in size and weight is crucial because it allows the missile to be integrated on a wider range of platforms, including lighter fighter aircraft like the LCA Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29, in addition to ships and submarines.

About BrahMos-NG (Next Generation):

• What It Is?

• BrahMos-NG is a smaller, lighter, and more versatile supersonic cruise missile designed for deployment across a wider range of platforms, including fighter aircraft, ships, and submarines.

• Developed By: Jointly developed by India’s DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia under the BrahMos Aerospace partnership.

• Objective:

• To offer a miniaturized, stealthier, and more agile missile system capable of engaging land and sea-based targets with ultra-precision. Designed to equip multiple platforms, including LCA Tejas, Su-30MKI, naval vessels, and submarines.

• To offer a miniaturized, stealthier, and more agile missile system capable of engaging land and sea-based targets with ultra-precision.

• Designed to equip multiple platforms, including LCA Tejas, Su-30MKI, naval vessels, and submarines.

• Key Features of BrahMos-NG:

• Reduced Size & Weight: Weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes vs. the original’s 2.5 tonnes, allowing integration on more platforms including light fighters. High Speed & Range: Maintains Mach 2.8 speed with a 400–450 km range, with ongoing tests extending range up to 800 km. Stealth Capabilities: Enhanced with next-gen stealth technology and low radar signature. Versatile Launch Options: Can be launched from air, land, ships, submarines (via torpedo tubes and vertical launch systems). Advanced ECCM: Improved Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) for better resistance against jamming. Precision Targeting: Suitable for land-attack roles, anti-ship missions, and underwater warfare scenarios.

• Reduced Size & Weight: Weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes vs. the original’s 2.5 tonnes, allowing integration on more platforms including light fighters.

• High Speed & Range: Maintains Mach 2.8 speed with a 400–450 km range, with ongoing tests extending range up to 800 km.

• Stealth Capabilities: Enhanced with next-gen stealth technology and low radar signature.

• Versatile Launch Options: Can be launched from air, land, ships, submarines (via torpedo tubes and vertical launch systems).

• Advanced ECCM: Improved Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) for better resistance against jamming.

• Precision Targeting: Suitable for land-attack roles, anti-ship missions, and underwater warfare scenarios.

• BrahMos-NG is Superior to BrahMos:

• Miniaturization enables compatibility with more aircraft including Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29. Faster deployment and reload cycles due to reduced logistics burden. Higher platform density: Multiple missiles can be mounted on a single aircraft or ship. Future-proof design aligned with modern stealth, mobility, and modularity requirements.

• Miniaturization enables compatibility with more aircraft including Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29.

• Faster deployment and reload cycles due to reduced logistics burden.

• Higher platform density: Multiple missiles can be mounted on a single aircraft or ship.

• Future-proof design aligned with modern stealth, mobility, and modularity requirements.

Solution: c)

About BrahMos-NG (Next Generation):

• What It Is?

• Developed By: Jointly developed by India’s DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia under the BrahMos Aerospace partnership.

• Objective:

• To offer a miniaturized, stealthier, and more agile missile system capable of engaging land and sea-based targets with ultra-precision.

• Designed to equip multiple platforms, including LCA Tejas, Su-30MKI, naval vessels, and submarines.

• Key Features of BrahMos-NG:

• Reduced Size & Weight: Weighs approximately 1.5 tonnes vs. the original’s 2.5 tonnes, allowing integration on more platforms including light fighters.

• High Speed & Range: Maintains Mach 2.8 speed with a 400–450 km range, with ongoing tests extending range up to 800 km.

• Stealth Capabilities: Enhanced with next-gen stealth technology and low radar signature.

• Versatile Launch Options: Can be launched from air, land, ships, submarines (via torpedo tubes and vertical launch systems).

• Advanced ECCM: Improved Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) for better resistance against jamming.

• Precision Targeting: Suitable for land-attack roles, anti-ship missions, and underwater warfare scenarios.

• BrahMos-NG is Superior to BrahMos:

• Miniaturization enables compatibility with more aircraft including Tejas, Rafale, and MiG-29.

• Faster deployment and reload cycles due to reduced logistics burden.

• Higher platform density: Multiple missiles can be mounted on a single aircraft or ship.

• Future-proof design aligned with modern stealth, mobility, and modularity requirements.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Which of the following Indian states does NOT border the Arabian Sea? a) Gujarat b) Karnataka c) Tamil Nadu d) Goa Correct Solution: c) The Arabian Sea is a northwestern extension of the Indian Ocean. The Indian states that have a coastline along the Arabian Sea are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. The Union Territory of Lakshadweep is also situated in the Arabian Sea. Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, primarily borders the Bay of Bengal to its east and the Indian Ocean to its south. While its southernmost tip (Kanyakumari) is at the confluence of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean, its main coastline is not along the Arabian Sea in the same way as the other listed states. Incorrect Solution: c) The Arabian Sea is a northwestern extension of the Indian Ocean. The Indian states that have a coastline along the Arabian Sea are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. The Union Territory of Lakshadweep is also situated in the Arabian Sea. Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, primarily borders the Bay of Bengal to its east and the Indian Ocean to its south. While its southernmost tip (Kanyakumari) is at the confluence of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean, its main coastline is not along the Arabian Sea in the same way as the other listed states.

#### 7. Question

Which of the following Indian states does NOT border the Arabian Sea?

• a) Gujarat

• b) Karnataka

• c) Tamil Nadu

Solution: c)

The Arabian Sea is a northwestern extension of the Indian Ocean. The Indian states that have a coastline along the Arabian Sea are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. The Union Territory of Lakshadweep is also situated in the Arabian Sea. Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, primarily borders the Bay of Bengal to its east and the Indian Ocean to its south. While its southernmost tip (Kanyakumari) is at the confluence of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean, its main coastline is not along the Arabian Sea in the same way as the other listed states.

Solution: c)

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points What distinguishes INSV Kaundinya from modern naval vessels? a) It is India's first fully solar-powered naval ship b) It was built without any metallic fasteners c) It is the first naval ship named after a river d) It is based on ship designs from the Harappan seals Correct Solution: b) The INSV Kaundinya is built using the ancient “stitched plank” technique, which involves binding wooden planks with coir ropes and natural resin instead of using iron nails or modern welding. This reflects a lost tradition of Indian maritime craftsmanship. Option (a) is incorrect—this ship is sail-powered, not solar. Option (c) is irrelevant; the ship is named after Kaundinya, not a river. Option (d) is incorrect because while it features a Harappan-style stone anchor, the design itself is modeled on a ship depicted in the Ajanta Caves (5th-century CE), not Harappan seals. About INSV Kaundinya – Stitched Sail Ship: What It Is? A fully functional stitched sailing ship built using ancient Indian shipbuilding techniques, inducted as an Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV). Inspiration: Modeled on a 5th-century CE ship depicted in Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra — showcasing India’s maritime heritage through art. Developed By: Jointly developed under a tripartite agreement (July 2023) between: Ministry of Culture (Funding Agency) Indian Navy (Technical Validation & Oversight) Hodi Innovations (Shipbuilder) Objectives: Revive and demonstrate traditional Indian shipbuilding methods. Celebrate India’s ancient maritime trade and navigation skills. Promote cultural diplomacy and heritage awareness globally. Key Features: Construction Technique: Built using stitched plank technique, where wooden planks are joined using coir rope, coconut fibre, and natural resin — no nails used. Design Validation: Reconstructed using iconographic extrapolation from Ajanta paintings, with hydrodynamic testing at IIT Madras. Artistic Elements: Sails feature Gandabherunda and Sun motifs, bow has a Simha Yali, deck holds a Harappan-style stone anchor. Traditional Rigging: Equipped with square sails and steering oars, replicating ancient sea-faring designs. Naming Legacy: Named after Kaundinya, the legendary Indian mariner who sailed to Southeast Asia, symbolizing historical Indo-Pacific ties. Incorrect Solution: b) The INSV Kaundinya is built using the ancient “stitched plank” technique, which involves binding wooden planks with coir ropes and natural resin instead of using iron nails or modern welding. This reflects a lost tradition of Indian maritime craftsmanship. Option (a) is incorrect—this ship is sail-powered, not solar. Option (c) is irrelevant; the ship is named after Kaundinya, not a river. Option (d) is incorrect because while it features a Harappan-style stone anchor, the design itself is modeled on a ship depicted in the Ajanta Caves (5th-century CE), not Harappan seals. About INSV Kaundinya – Stitched Sail Ship: What It Is? A fully functional stitched sailing ship built using ancient Indian shipbuilding techniques, inducted as an Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV). Inspiration: Modeled on a 5th-century CE ship depicted in Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra — showcasing India’s maritime heritage through art. Developed By: Jointly developed under a tripartite agreement (July 2023) between: Ministry of Culture (Funding Agency) Indian Navy (Technical Validation & Oversight) Hodi Innovations (Shipbuilder) Objectives: Revive and demonstrate traditional Indian shipbuilding methods. Celebrate India’s ancient maritime trade and navigation skills. Promote cultural diplomacy and heritage awareness globally. Key Features: Construction Technique: Built using stitched plank technique, where wooden planks are joined using coir rope, coconut fibre, and natural resin — no nails used. Design Validation: Reconstructed using iconographic extrapolation from Ajanta paintings, with hydrodynamic testing at IIT Madras. Artistic Elements: Sails feature Gandabherunda and Sun motifs, bow has a Simha Yali, deck holds a Harappan-style stone anchor. Traditional Rigging: Equipped with square sails and steering oars, replicating ancient sea-faring designs. Naming Legacy: Named after Kaundinya, the legendary Indian mariner who sailed to Southeast Asia, symbolizing historical Indo-Pacific ties.

#### 8. Question

What distinguishes INSV Kaundinya from modern naval vessels?

• a) It is India's first fully solar-powered naval ship

• b) It was built without any metallic fasteners

• c) It is the first naval ship named after a river

• d) It is based on ship designs from the Harappan seals

Solution: b)

The INSV Kaundinya is built using the ancient “stitched plank” technique, which involves binding wooden planks with coir ropes and natural resin instead of using iron nails or modern welding. This reflects a lost tradition of Indian maritime craftsmanship.

Option (a) is incorrect—this ship is sail-powered, not solar.

Option (c) is irrelevant; the ship is named after Kaundinya, not a river.

Option (d) is incorrect because while it features a Harappan-style stone anchor, the design itself is modeled on a ship depicted in the Ajanta Caves (5th-century CE), not Harappan seals.

About INSV Kaundinya – Stitched Sail Ship:

• What It Is?

• A fully functional stitched sailing ship built using ancient Indian shipbuilding techniques, inducted as an Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV).

• Inspiration: Modeled on a 5th-century CE ship depicted in Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra — showcasing India’s maritime heritage through art.

• Developed By: Jointly developed under a tripartite agreement (July 2023) between: Ministry of Culture (Funding Agency) Indian Navy (Technical Validation & Oversight) Hodi Innovations (Shipbuilder)

• Ministry of Culture (Funding Agency)

• Indian Navy (Technical Validation & Oversight)

• Hodi Innovations (Shipbuilder)

• Objectives:

• Revive and demonstrate traditional Indian shipbuilding methods. Celebrate India’s ancient maritime trade and navigation skills. Promote cultural diplomacy and heritage awareness globally.

• Revive and demonstrate traditional Indian shipbuilding methods.

• Celebrate India’s ancient maritime trade and navigation skills.

• Promote cultural diplomacy and heritage awareness globally.

• Key Features:

• Construction Technique: Built using stitched plank technique, where wooden planks are joined using coir rope, coconut fibre, and natural resin — no nails used. Design Validation: Reconstructed using iconographic extrapolation from Ajanta paintings, with hydrodynamic testing at IIT Madras. Artistic Elements: Sails feature Gandabherunda and Sun motifs, bow has a Simha Yali, deck holds a Harappan-style stone anchor. Traditional Rigging: Equipped with square sails and steering oars, replicating ancient sea-faring designs. Naming Legacy: Named after Kaundinya, the legendary Indian mariner who sailed to Southeast Asia, symbolizing historical Indo-Pacific ties.

• Construction Technique: Built using stitched plank technique, where wooden planks are joined using coir rope, coconut fibre, and natural resin — no nails used.

• Design Validation: Reconstructed using iconographic extrapolation from Ajanta paintings, with hydrodynamic testing at IIT Madras.

• Artistic Elements: Sails feature Gandabherunda and Sun motifs, bow has a Simha Yali, deck holds a Harappan-style stone anchor.

• Traditional Rigging: Equipped with square sails and steering oars, replicating ancient sea-faring designs.

• Naming Legacy: Named after Kaundinya, the legendary Indian mariner who sailed to Southeast Asia, symbolizing historical Indo-Pacific ties.

Solution: b)

Option (a) is incorrect—this ship is sail-powered, not solar.

Option (c) is irrelevant; the ship is named after Kaundinya, not a river.

Option (d) is incorrect because while it features a Harappan-style stone anchor, the design itself is modeled on a ship depicted in the Ajanta Caves (5th-century CE), not Harappan seals.

About INSV Kaundinya – Stitched Sail Ship:

• What It Is?

• A fully functional stitched sailing ship built using ancient Indian shipbuilding techniques, inducted as an Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV).

• Inspiration: Modeled on a 5th-century CE ship depicted in Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra — showcasing India’s maritime heritage through art.

• Ministry of Culture (Funding Agency)

• Indian Navy (Technical Validation & Oversight)

• Hodi Innovations (Shipbuilder)

• Objectives:

• Revive and demonstrate traditional Indian shipbuilding methods.

• Celebrate India’s ancient maritime trade and navigation skills.

• Promote cultural diplomacy and heritage awareness globally.

• Key Features:

• Construction Technique: Built using stitched plank technique, where wooden planks are joined using coir rope, coconut fibre, and natural resin — no nails used.

• Design Validation: Reconstructed using iconographic extrapolation from Ajanta paintings, with hydrodynamic testing at IIT Madras.

• Artistic Elements: Sails feature Gandabherunda and Sun motifs, bow has a Simha Yali, deck holds a Harappan-style stone anchor.

• Traditional Rigging: Equipped with square sails and steering oars, replicating ancient sea-faring designs.

• Naming Legacy: Named after Kaundinya, the legendary Indian mariner who sailed to Southeast Asia, symbolizing historical Indo-Pacific ties.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Regarding the Asian Productivity Organization (APO), which one of the following statements is correct? (a) The APO was established in the 21st century with its headquarters in New Delhi, India. (b) India recently joined the APO in 2025, assuming its chairmanship immediately. (c) The APO is an intergovernmental body with fewer than 15 member economies, primarily focused on industrial productivity. (d) India is a founding member of the APO, which was established in 1961 and is headquartered in Tokyo. Correct Solution: d) The Asian Productivity Organization (APO) is an intergovernmental body established in 1961. India is a founding member of this organization. Its headquarters are located in Tokyo, Japan, not New Delhi. Statement (a) is incorrect on both the establishment date and headquarters. Statement (b) is incorrect as India is a founding member, not a recent entrant, though it has assumed chairmanship for 2025-26. Statement (c) is incorrect as APO has 21 member economies and its focus is broader than just industrial productivity, encompassing agriculture, services, and public sectors to promote sustainable socioeconomic growth and inclusive, innovation-led development. Incorrect Solution: d) The Asian Productivity Organization (APO) is an intergovernmental body established in 1961. India is a founding member of this organization. Its headquarters are located in Tokyo, Japan, not New Delhi. Statement (a) is incorrect on both the establishment date and headquarters. Statement (b) is incorrect as India is a founding member, not a recent entrant, though it has assumed chairmanship for 2025-26. Statement (c) is incorrect as APO has 21 member economies and its focus is broader than just industrial productivity, encompassing agriculture, services, and public sectors to promote sustainable socioeconomic growth and inclusive, innovation-led development.

#### 9. Question

Regarding the Asian Productivity Organization (APO), which one of the following statements is correct?

• (a) The APO was established in the 21st century with its headquarters in New Delhi, India.

• (b) India recently joined the APO in 2025, assuming its chairmanship immediately.

• (c) The APO is an intergovernmental body with fewer than 15 member economies, primarily focused on industrial productivity.

• (d) India is a founding member of the APO, which was established in 1961 and is headquartered in Tokyo.

Solution: d)

The Asian Productivity Organization (APO) is an intergovernmental body established in 1961. India is a founding member of this organization. Its headquarters are located in Tokyo, Japan, not New Delhi.

Statement (a) is incorrect on both the establishment date and headquarters.

Statement (b) is incorrect as India is a founding member, not a recent entrant, though it has assumed chairmanship for 2025-26.

Statement (c) is incorrect as APO has 21 member economies and its focus is broader than just industrial productivity, encompassing agriculture, services, and public sectors to promote sustainable socioeconomic growth and inclusive, innovation-led development.

Solution: d)

Statement (a) is incorrect on both the establishment date and headquarters.

Statement (b) is incorrect as India is a founding member, not a recent entrant, though it has assumed chairmanship for 2025-26.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Konkan Railway. Statement-I: The Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) was intentionally structured as a separate entity from the mainline Indian Railways system. Statement-II: The challenging terrain of the Western Ghats required innovative engineering solutions and a flexible decision-making structure for the timely completion of the Konkan Railway line. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: a) Statement-I is correct. The Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) was indeed established in 1990 as a special purpose vehicle and was distinct from Indian Railways. It was structured as a joint venture. Statement-II is also correct. The construction of the Konkan Railway line across the Western Ghats involved overcoming extreme geographical challenges, necessitating significant engineering innovation. Its separation allowed for independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography. Statement-II provides a strong rationale for Statement-I. About Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL): What It Is? KRCL is a special purpose vehicle created under the Ministry of Railways in 1990, distinct from Indian Railways. Coverage: The line stretches 741 km through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and coastal Kerala, connecting Roha to Mangaluru. Strategic Importance: Built across the Western Ghats, it overcame extreme terrain with engineering innovation, showcasing Indian technical expertise. Acts as a lifeline for passengers and freight, reducing travel time significantly and enabling economic integration of the Konkan region. Why Separate from Indian Railways? KRCL was structured as a joint venture model: GOI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa and Kerala (6% each). Its separation allowed independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography. Additional information: The Indian Railways have 70 divisions under its 17 zones. Recent addition is Jammu Railway division. If you include Metro Railway and Kolkata India has 19 zones in total. Each zone has a General Manager (GM) in charge. A Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) leads each division. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement-I is correct. The Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) was indeed established in 1990 as a special purpose vehicle and was distinct from Indian Railways. It was structured as a joint venture. Statement-II is also correct. The construction of the Konkan Railway line across the Western Ghats involved overcoming extreme geographical challenges, necessitating significant engineering innovation. Its separation allowed for independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography. Statement-II provides a strong rationale for Statement-I. About Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL): What It Is? KRCL is a special purpose vehicle created under the Ministry of Railways in 1990, distinct from Indian Railways. Coverage: The line stretches 741 km through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and coastal Kerala, connecting Roha to Mangaluru. Strategic Importance: Built across the Western Ghats, it overcame extreme terrain with engineering innovation, showcasing Indian technical expertise. Acts as a lifeline for passengers and freight, reducing travel time significantly and enabling economic integration of the Konkan region. Why Separate from Indian Railways? KRCL was structured as a joint venture model: GOI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa and Kerala (6% each). Its separation allowed independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography. Additional information: The Indian Railways have 70 divisions under its 17 zones. Recent addition is Jammu Railway division. If you include Metro Railway and Kolkata India has 19 zones in total. Each zone has a General Manager (GM) in charge. A Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) leads each division.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Konkan Railway.

Statement-I: The Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) was intentionally structured as a separate entity from the mainline Indian Railways system.

Statement-II: The challenging terrain of the Western Ghats required innovative engineering solutions and a flexible decision-making structure for the timely completion of the Konkan Railway line.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: a)

• Statement-I is correct. The Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) was indeed established in 1990 as a special purpose vehicle and was distinct from Indian Railways. It was structured as a joint venture.

• Statement-II is also correct. The construction of the Konkan Railway line across the Western Ghats involved overcoming extreme geographical challenges, necessitating significant engineering innovation. Its separation allowed for independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography.

• Statement-II provides a strong rationale for Statement-I.

About Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL):

• What It Is?

• KRCL is a special purpose vehicle created under the Ministry of Railways in 1990, distinct from Indian Railways.

• Coverage: The line stretches 741 km through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and coastal Kerala, connecting Roha to Mangaluru.

• Strategic Importance:

• Built across the Western Ghats, it overcame extreme terrain with engineering innovation, showcasing Indian technical expertise. Acts as a lifeline for passengers and freight, reducing travel time significantly and enabling economic integration of the Konkan region.

• Built across the Western Ghats, it overcame extreme terrain with engineering innovation, showcasing Indian technical expertise.

• Acts as a lifeline for passengers and freight, reducing travel time significantly and enabling economic integration of the Konkan region.

• Why Separate from Indian Railways?

• KRCL was structured as a joint venture model: GOI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa and Kerala (6% each). Its separation allowed independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography.

• KRCL was structured as a joint venture model: GOI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa and Kerala (6% each).

• GOI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa and Kerala (6% each).

• Its separation allowed independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography.

• Additional information:

• The Indian Railways have 70 divisions under its 17 zones. Recent addition is Jammu Railway division. If you include Metro Railway and Kolkata India has 19 zones in total. Each zone has a General Manager (GM) in charge. A Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) leads each division.

• The Indian Railways have 70 divisions under its 17 zones. Recent addition is Jammu Railway division. If you include Metro Railway and Kolkata India has 19 zones in total.

• Recent addition is Jammu Railway division.

• If you include Metro Railway and Kolkata India has 19 zones in total.

• Each zone has a General Manager (GM) in charge. A Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) leads each division.

Solution: a)

• Statement-II provides a strong rationale for Statement-I.

About Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL):

• What It Is?

• KRCL is a special purpose vehicle created under the Ministry of Railways in 1990, distinct from Indian Railways.

• Coverage: The line stretches 741 km through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and coastal Kerala, connecting Roha to Mangaluru.

• Strategic Importance:

• Built across the Western Ghats, it overcame extreme terrain with engineering innovation, showcasing Indian technical expertise.

• Acts as a lifeline for passengers and freight, reducing travel time significantly and enabling economic integration of the Konkan region.

• Why Separate from Indian Railways?

• KRCL was structured as a joint venture model: GOI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa and Kerala (6% each).

• GOI (51%), Maharashtra (22%), Karnataka (15%), Goa and Kerala (6% each).

• Its separation allowed independent decision-making and faster project execution in difficult geography.

• Additional information:

• The Indian Railways have 70 divisions under its 17 zones. Recent addition is Jammu Railway division. If you include Metro Railway and Kolkata India has 19 zones in total.

• Recent addition is Jammu Railway division.

• If you include Metro Railway and Kolkata India has 19 zones in total.

• Each zone has a General Manager (GM) in charge. A Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) leads each division.

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