UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 31 March 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Match the following TB-related initiatives with their primary focus: Initiative Focus A. Nikshay Poshan Yojana 1. Public participation through adoption of TB patients B. TB Harega Desh Jeetega 2. Nutritional support to TB patients via DBT C. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Abhiyan 3. National awareness and community participation Select the correct answer code: (a) A-2, B-3, C-1 (b) A-3, B-1, C-2 (c) A-1, B-2, C-3 (d) A-1, B-3, C-2 Correct Solution: a) A-2: Nikshay Poshan Yojana is a direct benefit transfer (DBT) scheme launched in 2018 to provide nutritional support of ₹500 per month to TB patients during their treatment, addressing malnutrition which weakens treatment outcomes. B-3: TB Harega Desh Jeetega is a national campaign aimed at raising public awareness, promoting early diagnosis, and ensuring treatment adherence through community engagement and behavior change communication. It is a broader strategic umbrella for India’s TB elimination goals. C-1: Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Abhiyan launched in 2022, focuses on public participation through the Ni-kshay Mitra initiative, where individuals, organizations, and corporates can adopt TB patients and support them with nutritional kits, diagnostic support, and vocational assistance. This model encourages community ownership in health outcomes. Incorrect Solution: a) A-2: Nikshay Poshan Yojana is a direct benefit transfer (DBT) scheme launched in 2018 to provide nutritional support of ₹500 per month to TB patients during their treatment, addressing malnutrition which weakens treatment outcomes. B-3: TB Harega Desh Jeetega is a national campaign aimed at raising public awareness, promoting early diagnosis, and ensuring treatment adherence through community engagement and behavior change communication. It is a broader strategic umbrella for India’s TB elimination goals. C-1: Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Abhiyan launched in 2022, focuses on public participation through the Ni-kshay Mitra initiative, where individuals, organizations, and corporates can adopt TB patients and support them with nutritional kits, diagnostic support, and vocational assistance. This model encourages community ownership in health outcomes.

#### 1. Question

Match the following TB-related initiatives with their primary focus:

Initiative | Focus

A. Nikshay Poshan Yojana | 1. Public participation through adoption of TB patients

B. TB Harega Desh Jeetega | 2. Nutritional support to TB patients via DBT

C. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Abhiyan | 3. National awareness and community participation

Select the correct answer code:

• (a) A-2, B-3, C-1

• (b) A-3, B-1, C-2

• (c) A-1, B-2, C-3

• (d) A-1, B-3, C-2

Solution: a)

• A-2: Nikshay Poshan Yojana is a direct benefit transfer (DBT) scheme launched in 2018 to provide nutritional support of ₹500 per month to TB patients during their treatment, addressing malnutrition which weakens treatment outcomes.

• B-3: TB Harega Desh Jeetega is a national campaign aimed at raising public awareness, promoting early diagnosis, and ensuring treatment adherence through community engagement and behavior change communication. It is a broader strategic umbrella for India’s TB elimination goals.

• C-1: Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Abhiyan launched in 2022, focuses on public participation through the Ni-kshay Mitra initiative, where individuals, organizations, and corporates can adopt TB patients and support them with nutritional kits, diagnostic support, and vocational assistance. This model encourages community ownership in health outcomes.

Solution: a)

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Fungi are considered prokaryotic organisms due to the absence of a nucleus. Lichens are made solely of fungal species. Some fungi have shown the ability to degrade synthetic plastic materials. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 3 is correct, making only one statement accurate. Certain fungal species, including some Aspergillus and Penicillium strains, have shown the potential to degrade synthetic plastics, such as polyurethane. This finding is significant in the context of bioremediation and sustainable waste management, as plastic pollution has become a global environmental crisis. Statement 1 is incorrect because fungi are eukaryotic organisms. They possess a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles, distinguishing them from prokaryotes like bacteria, which lack these features. Eukaryotic nature is a defining trait of the fungal kingdom. Statement 2 is also incorrect — lichens are symbiotic associations between a fungal partner (usually an ascomycete) and a photosynthetic partner, which may be either green algae or cyanobacteria. This mutualistic relationship allows lichens to colonize harsh environments by combining the fungus’s structural support with the photosynthetic partner’s energy production. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 3 is correct, making only one statement accurate. Certain fungal species, including some Aspergillus and Penicillium strains, have shown the potential to degrade synthetic plastics, such as polyurethane. This finding is significant in the context of bioremediation and sustainable waste management, as plastic pollution has become a global environmental crisis. Statement 1 is incorrect because fungi are eukaryotic organisms. They possess a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles, distinguishing them from prokaryotes like bacteria, which lack these features. Eukaryotic nature is a defining trait of the fungal kingdom. Statement 2 is also incorrect — lichens are symbiotic associations between a fungal partner (usually an ascomycete) and a photosynthetic partner, which may be either green algae or cyanobacteria. This mutualistic relationship allows lichens to colonize harsh environments by combining the fungus’s structural support with the photosynthetic partner’s energy production.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Fungi are considered prokaryotic organisms due to the absence of a nucleus.

• Lichens are made solely of fungal species.

• Some fungi have shown the ability to degrade synthetic plastic materials.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 3 is correct, making only one statement accurate. Certain fungal species, including some Aspergillus and Penicillium strains, have shown the potential to degrade synthetic plastics, such as polyurethane. This finding is significant in the context of bioremediation and sustainable waste management, as plastic pollution has become a global environmental crisis.

• Statement 1 is incorrect because fungi are eukaryotic organisms. They possess a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles, distinguishing them from prokaryotes like bacteria, which lack these features. Eukaryotic nature is a defining trait of the fungal kingdom.

• Statement 2 is also incorrect — lichens are symbiotic associations between a fungal partner (usually an ascomycete) and a photosynthetic partner, which may be either green algae or cyanobacteria. This mutualistic relationship allows lichens to colonize harsh environments by combining the fungus’s structural support with the photosynthetic partner’s energy production.

Solution: A

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Strike-slip faults always produce vertical displacement of land. The Indian Plate is moving southward relative to the Eurasian Plate. The epicentre is the point of origin of the earthquake beneath the Earth’s surface. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect because strike-slip faults involve horizontal displacement of tectonic plates rather than vertical. In such faults, the plates slide past each other sideways. Famous examples include the San Andreas Fault in California. Vertical movement is typically associated with normal or reverse (thrust) faults, not strike-slip faults. Statement 2 is also incorrect. The Indian Plate is moving northward, not southward, colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This northward movement is what led to the formation of the Himalayan mountain range, and it continues to cause seismic activity across the region due to ongoing tectonic stress. Statement 3 is incorrect due to a common confusion in terminology. The epicentre is the point on the Earth’s surface located directly above the focus (or hypocentre), which is the actual point of origin of the earthquake beneath the surface. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect because strike-slip faults involve horizontal displacement of tectonic plates rather than vertical. In such faults, the plates slide past each other sideways. Famous examples include the San Andreas Fault in California. Vertical movement is typically associated with normal or reverse (thrust) faults, not strike-slip faults. Statement 2 is also incorrect. The Indian Plate is moving northward, not southward, colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This northward movement is what led to the formation of the Himalayan mountain range, and it continues to cause seismic activity across the region due to ongoing tectonic stress. Statement 3 is incorrect due to a common confusion in terminology. The epicentre is the point on the Earth’s surface located directly above the focus (or hypocentre), which is the actual point of origin of the earthquake beneath the surface.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements:

• Strike-slip faults always produce vertical displacement of land.

• The Indian Plate is moving southward relative to the Eurasian Plate.

• The epicentre is the point of origin of the earthquake beneath the Earth’s surface.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect because strike-slip faults involve horizontal displacement of tectonic plates rather than vertical. In such faults, the plates slide past each other sideways. Famous examples include the San Andreas Fault in California. Vertical movement is typically associated with normal or reverse (thrust) faults, not strike-slip faults.

• Statement 2 is also incorrect. The Indian Plate is moving northward, not southward, colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This northward movement is what led to the formation of the Himalayan mountain range, and it continues to cause seismic activity across the region due to ongoing tectonic stress.

• Statement 3 is incorrect due to a common confusion in terminology. The epicentre is the point on the Earth’s surface located directly above the focus (or hypocentre), which is the actual point of origin of the earthquake beneath the surface.

Solution: D

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Which of the following best explains why photonic chips are considered superior for future technologies like 6G and quantum computing? (a) They require no electricity for operation (b) They rely solely on quantum bits (qubits) instead of classical bits (c) They offer ultra-high data transfer speeds and minimal heat generation (d) They can only be used in space applications Correct Solution: c) Photonic chips operate using photons—particles of light—rather than electrons, which makes them far more efficient for high-speed data transfer. Unlike electronic chips that suffer from resistive heating and limited bandwidth, photonic chips offer ultra-fast transmission, high bandwidth, and very low energy loss. This makes them well-suited for emerging data-intensive domains such as 6G communication, quantum computing, and AI. Moreover, photonic chips generate minimal heat and are immune to electromagnetic interference, significantly improving operational stability and efficiency in complex computing environments. Incorrect Solution: c) Photonic chips operate using photons—particles of light—rather than electrons, which makes them far more efficient for high-speed data transfer. Unlike electronic chips that suffer from resistive heating and limited bandwidth, photonic chips offer ultra-fast transmission, high bandwidth, and very low energy loss. This makes them well-suited for emerging data-intensive domains such as 6G communication, quantum computing, and AI. Moreover, photonic chips generate minimal heat and are immune to electromagnetic interference, significantly improving operational stability and efficiency in complex computing environments.

#### 4. Question

Which of the following best explains why photonic chips are considered superior for future technologies like 6G and quantum computing?

• (a) They require no electricity for operation

• (b) They rely solely on quantum bits (qubits) instead of classical bits

• (c) They offer ultra-high data transfer speeds and minimal heat generation

• (d) They can only be used in space applications

Solution: c)

• Photonic chips operate using photons—particles of light—rather than electrons, which makes them far more efficient for high-speed data transfer.

• Unlike electronic chips that suffer from resistive heating and limited bandwidth, photonic chips offer ultra-fast transmission, high bandwidth, and very low energy loss. This makes them well-suited for emerging data-intensive domains such as 6G communication, quantum computing, and AI.

Moreover, photonic chips generate minimal heat and are immune to electromagnetic interference, significantly improving operational stability and efficiency in complex computing environments.

Solution: c)

• Photonic chips operate using photons—particles of light—rather than electrons, which makes them far more efficient for high-speed data transfer.

Moreover, photonic chips generate minimal heat and are immune to electromagnetic interference, significantly improving operational stability and efficiency in complex computing environments.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Gene banks. Statement-I: Gene banks are crucial for India’s climate-resilient agriculture. Statement-II: Gene banks provide immediate high-yield varieties to farmers. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. Gene banks play a vital role in ensuring climate-resilient agriculture, especially in countries like India that face challenges such as droughts, floods, soil salinity, and changing pest patterns. These banks conserve genetic material—seeds, tissues, DNA samples—of diverse crop species and their wild relatives. Such genetic diversity is critical for plant breeders and agricultural scientists to develop crop varieties that are better adapted to extreme or shifting climate conditions. Thus, gene banks act as a foundational resource for agricultural resilience and food security. Statement-II is incorrect. While gene banks hold the genetic material necessary to develop high-yield or climate-resilient varieties, they do not directly supply such varieties to farmers. The process involves extensive research, cross-breeding, and field trials conducted by plant breeding institutions, which may take several years. Therefore, gene banks are indirect contributors, not immediate providers of improved crop varieties. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. Gene banks play a vital role in ensuring climate-resilient agriculture, especially in countries like India that face challenges such as droughts, floods, soil salinity, and changing pest patterns. These banks conserve genetic material—seeds, tissues, DNA samples—of diverse crop species and their wild relatives. Such genetic diversity is critical for plant breeders and agricultural scientists to develop crop varieties that are better adapted to extreme or shifting climate conditions. Thus, gene banks act as a foundational resource for agricultural resilience and food security. Statement-II is incorrect. While gene banks hold the genetic material necessary to develop high-yield or climate-resilient varieties, they do not directly supply such varieties to farmers. The process involves extensive research, cross-breeding, and field trials conducted by plant breeding institutions, which may take several years. Therefore, gene banks are indirect contributors, not immediate providers of improved crop varieties.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Gene banks.

Statement-I: Gene banks are crucial for India’s climate-resilient agriculture. Statement-II: Gene banks provide immediate high-yield varieties to farmers.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: c)

• Statement-I is correct. Gene banks play a vital role in ensuring climate-resilient agriculture, especially in countries like India that face challenges such as droughts, floods, soil salinity, and changing pest patterns.

• These banks conserve genetic material—seeds, tissues, DNA samples—of diverse crop species and their wild relatives. Such genetic diversity is critical for plant breeders and agricultural scientists to develop crop varieties that are better adapted to extreme or shifting climate conditions. Thus, gene banks act as a foundational resource for agricultural resilience and food security.

• Statement-II is incorrect. While gene banks hold the genetic material necessary to develop high-yield or climate-resilient varieties, they do not directly supply such varieties to farmers.

The process involves extensive research, cross-breeding, and field trials conducted by plant breeding institutions, which may take several years. Therefore, gene banks are indirect contributors, not immediate providers of improved crop varieties.

Solution: c)

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the practice of light fishing: 1. It is most commonly used in the monsoon season when fish abundance is at its peak. 2. It can interfere with the natural reproductive cycles of marine species. 3. It increases the risk of biodiversity loss by attracting non-target marine species. Which of the above statements are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: b) Light fishing is a practice that uses artificial lighting to attract fish toward nets or traps, and while it increases short-term catch efficiency, it raises several ecological concerns. Statement 1 is incorrect — light fishing is not typically practiced during the monsoon, when sea conditions are rough and fish populations are naturally abundant. Instead, it is predominantly used during lean fishing months, especially between December and February, when fish catch is low. The artificial attraction of fish during these periods boosts economic returns but comes at a cost. Statement 2 is correct — artificial lights can disrupt the natural behavioral and reproductive cycles of marine organisms. Many fish species rely on natural light cues for spawning, migration, and feeding rhythms, and the presence of continuous artificial light can lead to physiological stress or failure to spawn. Statement 3 is also correct — artificial lights attract not only target species but a wide range of marine life, including juveniles and non-target species, thereby increasing the incidence of bycatch and contributing to biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems. Incorrect Solution: b) Light fishing is a practice that uses artificial lighting to attract fish toward nets or traps, and while it increases short-term catch efficiency, it raises several ecological concerns. Statement 1 is incorrect — light fishing is not typically practiced during the monsoon, when sea conditions are rough and fish populations are naturally abundant. Instead, it is predominantly used during lean fishing months, especially between December and February, when fish catch is low. The artificial attraction of fish during these periods boosts economic returns but comes at a cost. Statement 2 is correct — artificial lights can disrupt the natural behavioral and reproductive cycles of marine organisms. Many fish species rely on natural light cues for spawning, migration, and feeding rhythms, and the presence of continuous artificial light can lead to physiological stress or failure to spawn. Statement 3 is also correct — artificial lights attract not only target species but a wide range of marine life, including juveniles and non-target species, thereby increasing the incidence of bycatch and contributing to biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements about the practice of light fishing: 1. It is most commonly used in the monsoon season when fish abundance is at its peak. 2. It can interfere with the natural reproductive cycles of marine species. 3. It increases the risk of biodiversity loss by attracting non-target marine species. Which of the above statements are correct?

• a) 1 and 2 only

• b) 2 and 3 only

• c) 1 and 3 only

• d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: b)

• Light fishing is a practice that uses artificial lighting to attract fish toward nets or traps, and while it increases short-term catch efficiency, it raises several ecological concerns.

• Statement 1 is incorrect — light fishing is not typically practiced during the monsoon, when sea conditions are rough and fish populations are naturally abundant. Instead, it is predominantly used during lean fishing months, especially between December and February, when fish catch is low. The artificial attraction of fish during these periods boosts economic returns but comes at a cost.

• Statement 2 is correct — artificial lights can disrupt the natural behavioral and reproductive cycles of marine organisms. Many fish species rely on natural light cues for spawning, migration, and feeding rhythms, and the presence of continuous artificial light can lead to physiological stress or failure to spawn.

• Statement 3 is also correct — artificial lights attract not only target species but a wide range of marine life, including juveniles and non-target species, thereby increasing the incidence of bycatch and contributing to biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems.

Solution: b)

• Light fishing is a practice that uses artificial lighting to attract fish toward nets or traps, and while it increases short-term catch efficiency, it raises several ecological concerns.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Parker Solar Probe Statement-I: Parker Solar Probe helps improve forecasting of space weather. Statement-II: Space weather has minimal effect on satellite communications and power grids on Earth. Which one of the following is correct? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) is a groundbreaking NASA mission designed to study the outer atmosphere of the Sun, particularly the solar corona. By measuring the speed, density, and electric/magnetic fields of solar wind particles, PSP provides critical data that enhances our understanding and forecasting of space weather. This forecasting capability is vital for anticipating solar storms that can affect both space and Earth-based systems. Statement-II is incorrect. Contrary to the claim, space weather does not have a minimal effect—it can have severe consequences on satellite communications, GPS navigation, power grids, aviation systems, and even oil pipeline operations. Solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite electronics, induce currents in power lines, and lead to costly infrastructure failures. PSP’s insights allow scientists to model and predict such events more accurately, enabling better preparedness. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement-I is correct. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) is a groundbreaking NASA mission designed to study the outer atmosphere of the Sun, particularly the solar corona. By measuring the speed, density, and electric/magnetic fields of solar wind particles, PSP provides critical data that enhances our understanding and forecasting of space weather. This forecasting capability is vital for anticipating solar storms that can affect both space and Earth-based systems. Statement-II is incorrect. Contrary to the claim, space weather does not have a minimal effect—it can have severe consequences on satellite communications, GPS navigation, power grids, aviation systems, and even oil pipeline operations. Solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite electronics, induce currents in power lines, and lead to costly infrastructure failures. PSP’s insights allow scientists to model and predict such events more accurately, enabling better preparedness.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Parker Solar Probe

Statement-I: Parker Solar Probe helps improve forecasting of space weather. Statement-II: Space weather has minimal effect on satellite communications and power grids on Earth.

Which one of the following is correct?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: c)

• Statement-I is correct. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) is a groundbreaking NASA mission designed to study the outer atmosphere of the Sun, particularly the solar corona. By measuring the speed, density, and electric/magnetic fields of solar wind particles, PSP provides critical data that enhances our understanding and forecasting of space weather. This forecasting capability is vital for anticipating solar storms that can affect both space and Earth-based systems.

Statement-II is incorrect. Contrary to the claim, space weather does not have a minimal effect—it can have severe consequences on satellite communications, GPS navigation, power grids, aviation systems, and even oil pipeline operations. Solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite electronics, induce currents in power lines, and lead to costly infrastructure failures. PSP’s insights allow scientists to model and predict such events more accurately, enabling better preparedness.

Solution: c)

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding xenotransplantation: It involves the transfer of live tissues or organs from one human to another. It can address organ shortages by providing alternative sources from animals. Gene editing in donor animals reduces the risk of organ rejection. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect — xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of live tissues, organs, or cells from a non-human animal to a human, not from one human to another. The latter is called allotransplantation. Xenotransplantation represents a potential solution to the global shortage of human donor organs, especially for vital organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys. Statement 2 is correct — this is the central promise of xenotransplantation. By using genetically modified animal organs (primarily from pigs due to their physiological similarities to humans), the technique could significantly reduce wait times and mortality rates for patients on transplant lists. Statement 3 is also correct — gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are used to eliminate or modify specific pig genes that trigger immune responses in humans. These genetic alterations reduce the likelihood of hyperacute or delayed rejection, increasing the viability of animal-to-human transplants. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect — xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of live tissues, organs, or cells from a non-human animal to a human, not from one human to another. The latter is called allotransplantation. Xenotransplantation represents a potential solution to the global shortage of human donor organs, especially for vital organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys. Statement 2 is correct — this is the central promise of xenotransplantation. By using genetically modified animal organs (primarily from pigs due to their physiological similarities to humans), the technique could significantly reduce wait times and mortality rates for patients on transplant lists. Statement 3 is also correct — gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are used to eliminate or modify specific pig genes that trigger immune responses in humans. These genetic alterations reduce the likelihood of hyperacute or delayed rejection, increasing the viability of animal-to-human transplants.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding xenotransplantation:

• It involves the transfer of live tissues or organs from one human to another.

• It can address organ shortages by providing alternative sources from animals.

• Gene editing in donor animals reduces the risk of organ rejection.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect — xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of live tissues, organs, or cells from a non-human animal to a human, not from one human to another. The latter is called allotransplantation. Xenotransplantation represents a potential solution to the global shortage of human donor organs, especially for vital organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.

• Statement 2 is correct — this is the central promise of xenotransplantation. By using genetically modified animal organs (primarily from pigs due to their physiological similarities to humans), the technique could significantly reduce wait times and mortality rates for patients on transplant lists.

Statement 3 is also correct — gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are used to eliminate or modify specific pig genes that trigger immune responses in humans. These genetic alterations reduce the likelihood of hyperacute or delayed rejection, increasing the viability of animal-to-human transplants.

Solution: b)

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Which of the following best defines the concept of ‘Green Grabbing’? a) Legal conservation of forest lands under community rights b) Appropriation of land and resources under environmental pretexts, displacing local people c) Plantation of exotic species for commercial timber harvesting d) Introduction of green technologies in agriculture by local governments Correct Solution: b) Green Grabbing refers to the appropriation of land, forests, water bodies, and resources under the pretext of achieving environmental goals, such as afforestation, carbon offsetting, or conservation. Often backed by governments, corporations, or international environmental regimes, such projects displace local or indigenous communities, threatening their livelihoods, food security, and traditional ecological knowledge systems. Unlike genuine community-based conservation, green grabbing commodifies nature for profit or global climate targets, frequently excluding local participation. Incorrect Solution: b) Green Grabbing refers to the appropriation of land, forests, water bodies, and resources under the pretext of achieving environmental goals, such as afforestation, carbon offsetting, or conservation. Often backed by governments, corporations, or international environmental regimes, such projects displace local or indigenous communities, threatening their livelihoods, food security, and traditional ecological knowledge systems. Unlike genuine community-based conservation, green grabbing commodifies nature for profit or global climate targets, frequently excluding local participation.

#### 9. Question

Which of the following best defines the concept of ‘Green Grabbing’?

• a) Legal conservation of forest lands under community rights

• b) Appropriation of land and resources under environmental pretexts, displacing local people

• c) Plantation of exotic species for commercial timber harvesting

• d) Introduction of green technologies in agriculture by local governments

Solution: b)

• Green Grabbing refers to the appropriation of land, forests, water bodies, and resources under the pretext of achieving environmental goals, such as afforestation, carbon offsetting, or conservation.

• Often backed by governments, corporations, or international environmental regimes, such projects displace local or indigenous communities, threatening their livelihoods, food security, and traditional ecological knowledge systems.

• Unlike genuine community-based conservation, green grabbing commodifies nature for profit or global climate targets, frequently excluding local participation.

Solution: b)

• Unlike genuine community-based conservation, green grabbing commodifies nature for profit or global climate targets, frequently excluding local participation.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements Statement-I: Fungi are vital to the ecosystem because they are primary producers of organic matter. Statement-II: Fungi break down organic material and recycle nutrients. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: d) Statement-I is incorrect because fungi are not primary producers. Primary producers, such as green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, generate organic matter through photosynthesis, using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Fungi lack chlorophyll and the ability to photosynthesize, so they cannot produce their own food. Instead, they are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients from organic material. Statement-II is correct. Fungi play a critical ecological role as decomposers. They break down complex organic matter—including dead plants, animals, and waste products—into simpler compounds. Through this process, fungi release nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon back into the soil and atmosphere, supporting nutrient cycling and soil fertility. This makes fungi essential to ecosystem functioning, particularly in forests, grasslands, and compost-rich environments. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement-I is incorrect because fungi are not primary producers. Primary producers, such as green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, generate organic matter through photosynthesis, using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Fungi lack chlorophyll and the ability to photosynthesize, so they cannot produce their own food. Instead, they are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients from organic material. Statement-II is correct. Fungi play a critical ecological role as decomposers. They break down complex organic matter—including dead plants, animals, and waste products—into simpler compounds. Through this process, fungi release nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon back into the soil and atmosphere, supporting nutrient cycling and soil fertility. This makes fungi essential to ecosystem functioning, particularly in forests, grasslands, and compost-rich environments.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements

Statement-I: Fungi are vital to the ecosystem because they are primary producers of organic matter. Statement-II: Fungi break down organic material and recycle nutrients.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: d)

• Statement-I is incorrect because fungi are not primary producers. Primary producers, such as green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, generate organic matter through photosynthesis, using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Fungi lack chlorophyll and the ability to photosynthesize, so they cannot produce their own food. Instead, they are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients from organic material.

• Statement-II is correct. Fungi play a critical ecological role as decomposers. They break down complex organic matter—including dead plants, animals, and waste products—into simpler compounds. Through this process, fungi release nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon back into the soil and atmosphere, supporting nutrient cycling and soil fertility. This makes fungi essential to ecosystem functioning, particularly in forests, grasslands, and compost-rich environments.

Solution: d)

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