UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 31 December 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points With reference to INSV Kaundinya, consider the following statements: It is a modern naval vessel constructed using the traditional “stitched-ship” technique without the use of metal nails. The design of the vessel is inspired by ship depictions found in the Ajanta Cave paintings. The vessel is named after a legendary Indian mariner associated with early maritime links to Southeast Asia. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: C INSV Kaundinya is a unique Indian Naval Sailing Vessel built using the ancient stitched-ship technique, where wooden planks are joined using coconut coir rope and natural resin instead of modern metal fastenings. This reflects ancient shipbuilding wisdom aimed at providing flexibility and strength in rough seas. The ship’s design specifically recreates a 5th-century CE ship depicted in the Ajanta Cave paintings, showcasing India’s long-standing ocean-going traditions. It is named after Kaundinya, a legendary figure credited with establishing early maritime and cultural links between India and Southeast Asia. The vessel’s voyage from Porbandar to Muscat serves to symbolically retrace India’s ancient maritime routes. Incorrect Solution: C INSV Kaundinya is a unique Indian Naval Sailing Vessel built using the ancient stitched-ship technique, where wooden planks are joined using coconut coir rope and natural resin instead of modern metal fastenings. This reflects ancient shipbuilding wisdom aimed at providing flexibility and strength in rough seas. The ship’s design specifically recreates a 5th-century CE ship depicted in the Ajanta Cave paintings, showcasing India’s long-standing ocean-going traditions. It is named after Kaundinya, a legendary figure credited with establishing early maritime and cultural links between India and Southeast Asia. The vessel’s voyage from Porbandar to Muscat serves to symbolically retrace India’s ancient maritime routes.

#### 1. Question

With reference to INSV Kaundinya, consider the following statements:

• It is a modern naval vessel constructed using the traditional “stitched-ship” technique without the use of metal nails.

• The design of the vessel is inspired by ship depictions found in the Ajanta Cave paintings.

• The vessel is named after a legendary Indian mariner associated with early maritime links to Southeast Asia.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: C

• INSV Kaundinya is a unique Indian Naval Sailing Vessel built using the ancient stitched-ship technique, where wooden planks are joined using coconut coir rope and natural resin instead of modern metal fastenings. This reflects ancient shipbuilding wisdom aimed at providing flexibility and strength in rough seas.

• The ship’s design specifically recreates a 5th-century CE ship depicted in the Ajanta Cave paintings, showcasing India’s long-standing ocean-going traditions. It is named after Kaundinya, a legendary figure credited with establishing early maritime and cultural links between India and Southeast Asia.

• The vessel’s voyage from Porbandar to Muscat serves to symbolically retrace India’s ancient maritime routes.

Solution: C

• The vessel’s voyage from Porbandar to Muscat serves to symbolically retrace India’s ancient maritime routes.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points With reference to the Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket (LRGR-120), consider the following statements: Statement I: The Pinaka LRGR-120 significantly enhances the Indian Army’s long-range precision strike capability. Statement II: The system utilizes advanced navigation and control for target discrimination while remaining compatible with existing Pinaka launchers. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is correct as the Pinaka LRGR-120 is a force multiplier that increases the range to 120 km. Statement II is also correct and provides the reason why Statement I is true: the combination of precision guidance (for accuracy) and launcher compatibility (for ease of deployment) is what creates this enhanced capability. The precision guidance allows for better target discrimination and minimal collateral damage, while the use of existing infrastructure makes it an operationally versatile asset. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is correct as the Pinaka LRGR-120 is a force multiplier that increases the range to 120 km. Statement II is also correct and provides the reason why Statement I is true: the combination of precision guidance (for accuracy) and launcher compatibility (for ease of deployment) is what creates this enhanced capability. The precision guidance allows for better target discrimination and minimal collateral damage, while the use of existing infrastructure makes it an operationally versatile asset.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket (LRGR-120), consider the following statements:

Statement I: The Pinaka LRGR-120 significantly enhances the Indian Army’s long-range precision strike capability.

Statement II: The system utilizes advanced navigation and control for target discrimination while remaining compatible with existing Pinaka launchers.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct as the Pinaka LRGR-120 is a force multiplier that increases the range to 120 km.

Statement II is also correct and provides the reason why Statement I is true: the combination of precision guidance (for accuracy) and launcher compatibility (for ease of deployment) is what creates this enhanced capability. The precision guidance allows for better target discrimination and minimal collateral damage, while the use of existing infrastructure makes it an operationally versatile asset.

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct as the Pinaka LRGR-120 is a force multiplier that increases the range to 120 km.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Which of the following motifs are commonly found in Narsapuram Lace Craft, recently in news? Floral patterns Paisley designs Geometric patterns Architectural motifs from Ajanta Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: A The design motifs of Narsapuram Lace Craft are inspired by nature and traditional aesthetics. They include floral, paisley, and geometric patterns. These are used to create a wide range of products like doilies, bedspreads, and garments. The craft is prized for its delicate structures and is a significant indigenous textile tradition of Andhra Pradesh. Incorrect Solution: A The design motifs of Narsapuram Lace Craft are inspired by nature and traditional aesthetics. They include floral, paisley, and geometric patterns. These are used to create a wide range of products like doilies, bedspreads, and garments. The craft is prized for its delicate structures and is a significant indigenous textile tradition of Andhra Pradesh.

#### 3. Question

Which of the following motifs are commonly found in Narsapuram Lace Craft, recently in news?

• Floral patterns

• Paisley designs

• Geometric patterns

• Architectural motifs from Ajanta

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 4 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: A

• The design motifs of Narsapuram Lace Craft are inspired by nature and traditional aesthetics. They include floral, paisley, and geometric patterns. These are used to create a wide range of products like doilies, bedspreads, and garments.

• The craft is prized for its delicate structures and is a significant indigenous textile tradition of Andhra Pradesh.

Solution: A

• The craft is prized for its delicate structures and is a significant indigenous textile tradition of Andhra Pradesh.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points With reference to the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), consider the following statements: It is the highest decision-making body for capital defence procurements in India. The Council is chaired by the Prime Minister of India. It grants the ‘Acceptance of Necessity’ (AoN), which is the first formal step in the procurement process. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 and 3 are correct. The DAC is the supreme body for capital acquisitions. The Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) is the critical first step for any procurement project to be included in the Five Year Plans. Statement 2 is incorrect because the DAC is chaired by the Raksha Mantri (Minister of Defence), not the Prime Minister. The council was established based on the recommendations of the Group of Ministers on Reforming the National Security System to streamline decision-making and reduce delays in military hardware acquisition. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 and 3 are correct. The DAC is the supreme body for capital acquisitions. The Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) is the critical first step for any procurement project to be included in the Five Year Plans. Statement 2 is incorrect because the DAC is chaired by the Raksha Mantri (Minister of Defence), not the Prime Minister. The council was established based on the recommendations of the Group of Ministers on Reforming the National Security System to streamline decision-making and reduce delays in military hardware acquisition.

#### 4. Question

With reference to the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), consider the following statements:

• It is the highest decision-making body for capital defence procurements in India.

• The Council is chaired by the Prime Minister of India.

• It grants the ‘Acceptance of Necessity’ (AoN), which is the first formal step in the procurement process.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 and 3 are correct. The DAC is the supreme body for capital acquisitions. The Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) is the critical first step for any procurement project to be included in the Five Year Plans.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because the DAC is chaired by the Raksha Mantri (Minister of Defence), not the Prime Minister. The council was established based on the recommendations of the Group of Ministers on Reforming the National Security System to streamline decision-making and reduce delays in military hardware acquisition.

Solution: B

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points In which of the following regions is Santhali primarily spoken? Jharkhand Odisha West Bengal Bangladesh Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: D Santhali is spoken by approximately 7 million people. Its primary concentration is in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Bihar. However, the Santhal community and their language also extend into neighboring Nepal and Bangladesh, making it a cross-border tribal language. It serves as a vital marker of cultural identity, tribal self-respect, and community cohesion. Incorrect Solution: D Santhali is spoken by approximately 7 million people. Its primary concentration is in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Bihar. However, the Santhal community and their language also extend into neighboring Nepal and Bangladesh, making it a cross-border tribal language. It serves as a vital marker of cultural identity, tribal self-respect, and community cohesion.

#### 5. Question

In which of the following regions is Santhali primarily spoken?

• West Bengal

• Bangladesh

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1 and 3 only

• (b) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 4 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: D

Santhali is spoken by approximately 7 million people. Its primary concentration is in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Bihar. However, the Santhal community and their language also extend into neighboring Nepal and Bangladesh, making it a cross-border tribal language. It serves as a vital marker of cultural identity, tribal self-respect, and community cohesion.

Solution: D

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points With reference to Kolleru Lake, consider the following statements: It is one of the largest saltwater lakes in India, located in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is situated between the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers. It acts as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for both the Krishna and Godavari rivers. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect; Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India and is located in Andhra Pradesh (Krishna and West Godavari districts). Statements 2 and 3 are correct. It lies in the inter-deltaic plain of the Krishna and Godavari. One of its most critical ecological functions is acting as a natural flood-balancing reservoir, absorbing excess monsoon flows and reducing the intensity of downstream floods in coastal regions. It is fed by seasonal streams and canals from both major rivers. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect; Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India and is located in Andhra Pradesh (Krishna and West Godavari districts). Statements 2 and 3 are correct. It lies in the inter-deltaic plain of the Krishna and Godavari. One of its most critical ecological functions is acting as a natural flood-balancing reservoir, absorbing excess monsoon flows and reducing the intensity of downstream floods in coastal regions. It is fed by seasonal streams and canals from both major rivers.

#### 6. Question

With reference to Kolleru Lake, consider the following statements:

• It is one of the largest saltwater lakes in India, located in the state of Tamil Nadu.

• It is situated between the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers.

• It acts as a natural flood-balancing reservoir for both the Krishna and Godavari rivers.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect; Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India and is located in Andhra Pradesh (Krishna and West Godavari districts).

• Statements 2 and 3 are correct. It lies in the inter-deltaic plain of the Krishna and Godavari. One of its most critical ecological functions is acting as a natural flood-balancing reservoir, absorbing excess monsoon flows and reducing the intensity of downstream floods in coastal regions. It is fed by seasonal streams and canals from both major rivers.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect; Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India and is located in Andhra Pradesh (Krishna and West Godavari districts).

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: India is the world’s largest producer of Makhana, accounting for nearly 80% of global production. Statement II: The National Makhana Board was established mainly to regulate the MSP and procurement of aquatic crops in the North-Eastern states. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct as India dominates the global makhana market, producing around 80% of the world’s supply. Statement II is incorrect because while the government has set up the National Makhana Board, its primary purpose is to boost value addition, productivity, branding, and exports through a ₹476.03 crore scheme (2025–31), rather than focusing solely on MSP or procurement in North-Eastern states. The hub of production is actually Bihar (85% of India’s output). The policy focus aims to leverage the rising global demand for healthy, gluten-free snacks and improve the economic livelihood of small farmers and fishermen who cultivate this aquatic crop. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct as India dominates the global makhana market, producing around 80% of the world’s supply. Statement II is incorrect because while the government has set up the National Makhana Board, its primary purpose is to boost value addition, productivity, branding, and exports through a ₹476.03 crore scheme (2025–31), rather than focusing solely on MSP or procurement in North-Eastern states. The hub of production is actually Bihar (85% of India’s output). The policy focus aims to leverage the rising global demand for healthy, gluten-free snacks and improve the economic livelihood of small farmers and fishermen who cultivate this aquatic crop.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: India is the world’s largest producer of Makhana, accounting for nearly 80% of global production.

Statement II: The National Makhana Board was established mainly to regulate the MSP and procurement of aquatic crops in the North-Eastern states.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct as India dominates the global makhana market, producing around 80% of the world’s supply.

• Statement II is incorrect because while the government has set up the National Makhana Board, its primary purpose is to boost value addition, productivity, branding, and exports through a ₹476.03 crore scheme (2025–31), rather than focusing solely on MSP or procurement in North-Eastern states. The hub of production is actually Bihar (85% of India’s output). The policy focus aims to leverage the rising global demand for healthy, gluten-free snacks and improve the economic livelihood of small farmers and fishermen who cultivate this aquatic crop.

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct as India dominates the global makhana market, producing around 80% of the world’s supply.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Tianjin Declaration 2025: It was adopted by the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO. It asserts that all countries have equal rights to develop and use Artificial Intelligence. It officially proposed the establishment of a Regional AI Centre in Tashkent. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect; the declaration was adopted by the Council of Heads of State (the supreme body), not the Council of Heads of Government. Statement 2 is correct; it emphasizes equal rights to AI development, aligning with UNGA resolutions on capacity building. Statement 3 is incorrect because the declaration welcomed the proposal for a Regional AI Centre in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), not Tashkent. The declaration focuses on risk mitigation, transparency, and the implementation of the SCO AI Cooperation Roadmap to guide joint research and standards. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect; the declaration was adopted by the Council of Heads of State (the supreme body), not the Council of Heads of Government. Statement 2 is correct; it emphasizes equal rights to AI development, aligning with UNGA resolutions on capacity building. Statement 3 is incorrect because the declaration welcomed the proposal for a Regional AI Centre in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), not Tashkent. The declaration focuses on risk mitigation, transparency, and the implementation of the SCO AI Cooperation Roadmap to guide joint research and standards.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Tianjin Declaration 2025:

• It was adopted by the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO.

• It asserts that all countries have equal rights to develop and use Artificial Intelligence.

• It officially proposed the establishment of a Regional AI Centre in Tashkent.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect; the declaration was adopted by the Council of Heads of State (the supreme body), not the Council of Heads of Government.

• Statement 2 is correct; it emphasizes equal rights to AI development, aligning with UNGA resolutions on capacity building.

• Statement 3 is incorrect because the declaration welcomed the proposal for a Regional AI Centre in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), not Tashkent. The declaration focuses on risk mitigation, transparency, and the implementation of the SCO AI Cooperation Roadmap to guide joint research and standards.

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect; the declaration was adopted by the Council of Heads of State (the supreme body), not the Council of Heads of Government.

• Statement 2 is correct; it emphasizes equal rights to AI development, aligning with UNGA resolutions on capacity building.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points With reference to the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Act, 2025, which of the following statements are correct? It replaces both the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has been granted statutory status under this Act. The Atomic Energy Redressal Advisory Council serves as the final appellate body, with no further appeal possible. Foreign-incorporated companies are now allowed to own and operate nuclear plants in India. Select the correct answer code: a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 b) 2 and 3 only c) 1, 2 and 4 only d) 1 and 2 only Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is correct; the Act creates a unified framework by repealing the two major previous legislations. Statement 2 is correct; the AERB has finally been given legal backing, enhancing its independence and authority to ensure nuclear safety. Statement 3 is incorrect because while the Redressal Advisory Council is a new appellate body, its decisions can be further challenged in the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity. Statement 4 is incorrect; while the sector is opened to non-government entities like Indian private firms and JVs, foreign-incorporated companies remain excluded from owning or operating plants to safeguard national interests. The Act also retains the no-fault liability principle, meaning the operator is liable for damage regardless of fault, ensuring victims are compensated quickly through compulsory insurance. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is correct; the Act creates a unified framework by repealing the two major previous legislations. Statement 2 is correct; the AERB has finally been given legal backing, enhancing its independence and authority to ensure nuclear safety. Statement 3 is incorrect because while the Redressal Advisory Council is a new appellate body, its decisions can be further challenged in the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity. Statement 4 is incorrect; while the sector is opened to non-government entities like Indian private firms and JVs, foreign-incorporated companies remain excluded from owning or operating plants to safeguard national interests. The Act also retains the no-fault liability principle, meaning the operator is liable for damage regardless of fault, ensuring victims are compensated quickly through compulsory insurance.

#### 9. Question

With reference to the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Act, 2025, which of the following statements are correct?

• It replaces both the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010.

• The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has been granted statutory status under this Act.

• The Atomic Energy Redressal Advisory Council serves as the final appellate body, with no further appeal possible.

• Foreign-incorporated companies are now allowed to own and operate nuclear plants in India.

Select the correct answer code:

• a) 1, 2, 3 and 4

• b) 2 and 3 only

• c) 1, 2 and 4 only

• d) 1 and 2 only

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is correct; the Act creates a unified framework by repealing the two major previous legislations.

• Statement 2 is correct; the AERB has finally been given legal backing, enhancing its independence and authority to ensure nuclear safety.

• Statement 3 is incorrect because while the Redressal Advisory Council is a new appellate body, its decisions can be further challenged in the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity.

• Statement 4 is incorrect; while the sector is opened to non-government entities like Indian private firms and JVs, foreign-incorporated companies remain excluded from owning or operating plants to safeguard national interests.

• The Act also retains the no-fault liability principle, meaning the operator is liable for damage regardless of fault, ensuring victims are compensated quickly through compulsory insurance.

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is correct; the Act creates a unified framework by repealing the two major previous legislations.

• Statement 2 is correct; the AERB has finally been given legal backing, enhancing its independence and authority to ensure nuclear safety.

• Statement 3 is incorrect because while the Redressal Advisory Council is a new appellate body, its decisions can be further challenged in the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity.

• The Act also retains the no-fault liability principle, meaning the operator is liable for damage regardless of fault, ensuring victims are compensated quickly through compulsory insurance.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points With reference to the location of Lothal, consider the following statements: Lothal is situated between the Sabarmati River and its tributary, the Bhogavo, in Gujarat. The site provided evidence of a bead-making factory and a sophisticated drainage system. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: C Lothal’s geography was key to its success as a port. Statement 1 is correct; it is located in the Saragwala village in Ahmedabad district, positioned in the fertile Bhal region between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers. Statement 2 is correct; archaeological excavations revealed that Lothal was an industrial powerhouse of the Harappan civilization, featuring a large bead-making factory and the same advanced urban planning (including drainage) seen in Mohenjo-daro. Incorrect Solution: C Lothal’s geography was key to its success as a port. Statement 1 is correct; it is located in the Saragwala village in Ahmedabad district, positioned in the fertile Bhal region between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers. Statement 2 is correct; archaeological excavations revealed that Lothal was an industrial powerhouse of the Harappan civilization, featuring a large bead-making factory and the same advanced urban planning (including drainage) seen in Mohenjo-daro.

#### 10. Question

With reference to the location of Lothal, consider the following statements:

• Lothal is situated between the Sabarmati River and its tributary, the Bhogavo, in Gujarat.

• The site provided evidence of a bead-making factory and a sophisticated drainage system.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: C

Lothal’s geography was key to its success as a port. Statement 1 is correct; it is located in the Saragwala village in Ahmedabad district, positioned in the fertile Bhal region between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers. Statement 2 is correct; archaeological excavations revealed that Lothal was an industrial powerhouse of the Harappan civilization, featuring a large bead-making factory and the same advanced urban planning (including drainage) seen in Mohenjo-daro.

Solution: C

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