UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 30 June 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Kolhapuri Chappal: It is a handcrafted leather sandal that received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag registered jointly for artisans in Maharashtra and Karnataka. The traditional manufacturing process involves the use of vegetable-tanned buffalo hide and is characterized by the absence of nails. The GI tag provides robust legal grounds for Indian artisans to claim monetary compensation for design imitation by international brands, irrespective of whether the “Kolhapuri” name is used. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: The Kolhapuri chappal was granted a GI tag in 2019. Importantly, this registration is not limited to Kolhapur district in Maharashtra but is a joint tag covering artisans in several districts of both Maharashtra and Karnataka, including Belgaum, Bagalkot, and Dharwad, acknowledging the craft’s regional spread. Statement 2 is correct: The uniqueness of the Kolhapuri chappal lies in its traditional, eco-friendly production method. It is crafted using vegetable-tanned buffalo hide, which makes it biodegradable. A defining feature is that the pieces are stitched and braided together, and the entire footwear is made without the use of any nails, which contributes to its flexibility and comfort. Statement 3 is incorrect: This statement highlights a critical limitation of IP laws concerning community crafts. The GI protection primarily safeguards against the misuse of the registered name (e.g., marketing a product as “Kolhapuri” when it’s not from the designated region). It does not automatically permit monetary claims for design imitation if the protected name is not used. As seen in the Prada issue, since the brand did not use the term “Kolhapuri,” infringement claims under the current GI framework are weak. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: The Kolhapuri chappal was granted a GI tag in 2019. Importantly, this registration is not limited to Kolhapur district in Maharashtra but is a joint tag covering artisans in several districts of both Maharashtra and Karnataka, including Belgaum, Bagalkot, and Dharwad, acknowledging the craft’s regional spread. Statement 2 is correct: The uniqueness of the Kolhapuri chappal lies in its traditional, eco-friendly production method. It is crafted using vegetable-tanned buffalo hide, which makes it biodegradable. A defining feature is that the pieces are stitched and braided together, and the entire footwear is made without the use of any nails, which contributes to its flexibility and comfort. Statement 3 is incorrect: This statement highlights a critical limitation of IP laws concerning community crafts. The GI protection primarily safeguards against the misuse of the registered name (e.g., marketing a product as “Kolhapuri” when it’s not from the designated region). It does not automatically permit monetary claims for design imitation if the protected name is not used. As seen in the Prada issue, since the brand did not use the term “Kolhapuri,” infringement claims under the current GI framework are weak.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Kolhapuri Chappal:

• It is a handcrafted leather sandal that received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag registered jointly for artisans in Maharashtra and Karnataka.

• The traditional manufacturing process involves the use of vegetable-tanned buffalo hide and is characterized by the absence of nails.

• The GI tag provides robust legal grounds for Indian artisans to claim monetary compensation for design imitation by international brands, irrespective of whether the “Kolhapuri” name is used.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1 and 3 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 2 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct: The Kolhapuri chappal was granted a GI tag in 2019. Importantly, this registration is not limited to Kolhapur district in Maharashtra but is a joint tag covering artisans in several districts of both Maharashtra and Karnataka, including Belgaum, Bagalkot, and Dharwad, acknowledging the craft’s regional spread.

• Statement 2 is correct: The uniqueness of the Kolhapuri chappal lies in its traditional, eco-friendly production method. It is crafted using vegetable-tanned buffalo hide, which makes it biodegradable. A defining feature is that the pieces are stitched and braided together, and the entire footwear is made without the use of any nails, which contributes to its flexibility and comfort.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: This statement highlights a critical limitation of IP laws concerning community crafts. The GI protection primarily safeguards against the misuse of the registered name (e.g., marketing a product as “Kolhapuri” when it’s not from the designated region). It does not automatically permit monetary claims for design imitation if the protected name is not used. As seen in the Prada issue, since the brand did not use the term “Kolhapuri,” infringement claims under the current GI framework are weak.

Solution: C

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Sugamya Bharat App: The Sugamya Bharat App primarily serves as a one-stop platform for Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) to apply for government jobs. Launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, the app leverages crowdsourcing to identify accessibility barriers in public infrastructure. The complaint redressal mechanism within the app is limited to flagging issues, without any provision for tracking their resolution status. How many of the statements given above are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect: The primary objective of the Sugamya Bharat App is not job applications. Its main purpose is to make India more accessible for Persons with Disabilities and the elderly. It functions as a crowdsourcing platform where users can report accessibility-related issues in infrastructure, transport, and ICT systems, thereby fostering an inclusive environment. Statement 2 is correct: The app was launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. A key feature is its reliance on citizen participation (Jan-Bhagidari), where users can report barriers, effectively crowdsourcing data on inaccessibility across the country as part of the Accessible India Campaign. Statement 3 is incorrect: The app features a comprehensive complaint redressal system. Users can upload geo-tagged photos to report issues, and the system allows for tracking the status of these complaints. A high resolution rate (1,897 out of 2,705 complaints resolved by June 2025), indicates that the mechanism includes resolution and not just flagging. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect: The primary objective of the Sugamya Bharat App is not job applications. Its main purpose is to make India more accessible for Persons with Disabilities and the elderly. It functions as a crowdsourcing platform where users can report accessibility-related issues in infrastructure, transport, and ICT systems, thereby fostering an inclusive environment. Statement 2 is correct: The app was launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. A key feature is its reliance on citizen participation (Jan-Bhagidari), where users can report barriers, effectively crowdsourcing data on inaccessibility across the country as part of the Accessible India Campaign. Statement 3 is incorrect: The app features a comprehensive complaint redressal system. Users can upload geo-tagged photos to report issues, and the system allows for tracking the status of these complaints. A high resolution rate (1,897 out of 2,705 complaints resolved by June 2025), indicates that the mechanism includes resolution and not just flagging.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Sugamya Bharat App:

• The Sugamya Bharat App primarily serves as a one-stop platform for Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) to apply for government jobs.

• Launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, the app leverages crowdsourcing to identify accessibility barriers in public infrastructure.

• The complaint redressal mechanism within the app is limited to flagging issues, without any provision for tracking their resolution status.

How many of the statements given above are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The primary objective of the Sugamya Bharat App is not job applications. Its main purpose is to make India more accessible for Persons with Disabilities and the elderly. It functions as a crowdsourcing platform where users can report accessibility-related issues in infrastructure, transport, and ICT systems, thereby fostering an inclusive environment.

• Statement 2 is correct: The app was launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. A key feature is its reliance on citizen participation (Jan-Bhagidari), where users can report barriers, effectively crowdsourcing data on inaccessibility across the country as part of the Accessible India Campaign.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: The app features a comprehensive complaint redressal system. Users can upload geo-tagged photos to report issues, and the system allows for tracking the status of these complaints. A high resolution rate (1,897 out of 2,705 complaints resolved by June 2025), indicates that the mechanism includes resolution and not just flagging.

Solution: B

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to the Court of Arbitration on the Kishenganga and Ratle Hydroelectric Projects, consider the following statements: Statement I: India has rejected the recent “supplemental award” by the Court of Arbitration concerning the Kishenganga and Ratle projects. Statement II: India views the constitution of this Court of Arbitration as unilateral and a contravention of the procedural requirements laid out in the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) of 1960. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement-I is correct: India has officially gone on record to reject the “supplemental award” issued by the Court of Arbitration (COA). India’s position is that this award has no legal standing and is not binding, as it emanates from a body whose very formation is contested. Statement-II is correct: The fundamental reason for India’s rejection lies in its stance on the court’s legitimacy. India maintains that the Court of Arbitration was “illegally constituted”. This is because it was formed unilaterally at Pakistan’s behest, bypassing the graded mechanism of dispute resolution outlined in the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). The IWT requires mutual agreement for such a court to be formed under Annexure G. Statement-II provides the direct and primary explanation for Statement-I. Incorrect Solution: A Statement-I is correct: India has officially gone on record to reject the “supplemental award” issued by the Court of Arbitration (COA). India’s position is that this award has no legal standing and is not binding, as it emanates from a body whose very formation is contested. Statement-II is correct: The fundamental reason for India’s rejection lies in its stance on the court’s legitimacy. India maintains that the Court of Arbitration was “illegally constituted”. This is because it was formed unilaterally at Pakistan’s behest, bypassing the graded mechanism of dispute resolution outlined in the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). The IWT requires mutual agreement for such a court to be formed under Annexure G. Statement-II provides the direct and primary explanation for Statement-I.

#### 3. Question

With reference to the Court of Arbitration on the Kishenganga and Ratle Hydroelectric Projects, consider the following statements:

Statement I: India has rejected the recent “supplemental award” by the Court of Arbitration concerning the Kishenganga and Ratle projects.

Statement II: India views the constitution of this Court of Arbitration as unilateral and a contravention of the procedural requirements laid out in the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) of 1960.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement-I is correct: India has officially gone on record to reject the “supplemental award” issued by the Court of Arbitration (COA). India’s position is that this award has no legal standing and is not binding, as it emanates from a body whose very formation is contested.

• Statement-II is correct: The fundamental reason for India’s rejection lies in its stance on the court’s legitimacy. India maintains that the Court of Arbitration was “illegally constituted”. This is because it was formed unilaterally at Pakistan’s behest, bypassing the graded mechanism of dispute resolution outlined in the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). The IWT requires mutual agreement for such a court to be formed under Annexure G.

• Statement-II provides the direct and primary explanation for Statement-I.

Solution: A

• Statement-II provides the direct and primary explanation for Statement-I.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Dhole (Asiatic wild dog): It is a social carnivore classified as ‘Vulnerable’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In India, its distribution is limited to the Western Ghats and the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape. Dhole packs are typically led by a dominant male and play a crucial role as apex predators in their habitat. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect: The Dhole (Cuon alpinus) is classified as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List, not ‘Vulnerable’. This higher threat category reflects its declining population due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and disease. Statement 2 is incorrect: The distribution of dholes in India is not limited to just two locations. While they are found in the Western Ghats and have reappeared in the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape, their habitat also includes the Eastern Ghats, parts of central India, and the northeast, indicating a wider, albeit fragmented, distribution. Statement 3 is incorrect: Dhole packs are known to be matriarchal, meaning they are typically led by a dominant female, not a male. While they are highly coordinated and effective hunters, this detail about their social structure is a key characteristic of the species. They are vital for maintaining ecological balance by regulating prey populations. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect: The Dhole (Cuon alpinus) is classified as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List, not ‘Vulnerable’. This higher threat category reflects its declining population due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and disease. Statement 2 is incorrect: The distribution of dholes in India is not limited to just two locations. While they are found in the Western Ghats and have reappeared in the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape, their habitat also includes the Eastern Ghats, parts of central India, and the northeast, indicating a wider, albeit fragmented, distribution. Statement 3 is incorrect: Dhole packs are known to be matriarchal, meaning they are typically led by a dominant female, not a male. While they are highly coordinated and effective hunters, this detail about their social structure is a key characteristic of the species. They are vital for maintaining ecological balance by regulating prey populations.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Dhole (Asiatic wild dog):

• It is a social carnivore classified as ‘Vulnerable’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

• In India, its distribution is limited to the Western Ghats and the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape.

• Dhole packs are typically led by a dominant male and play a crucial role as apex predators in their habitat.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Dhole (Cuon alpinus) is classified as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List, not ‘Vulnerable’. This higher threat category reflects its declining population due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and disease.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The distribution of dholes in India is not limited to just two locations. While they are found in the Western Ghats and have reappeared in the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape, their habitat also includes the Eastern Ghats, parts of central India, and the northeast, indicating a wider, albeit fragmented, distribution.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: Dhole packs are known to be matriarchal, meaning they are typically led by a dominant female, not a male. While they are highly coordinated and effective hunters, this detail about their social structure is a key characteristic of the species. They are vital for maintaining ecological balance by regulating prey populations.

Solution: D

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points ‘Operation Deep Manifest’, recently in the news, is associated with: (a) A mission by the Ministry of Health to ensure the last-mile delivery of essential medicines in remote areas. (b) A special operation to provide deep-sea surveillance capabilities to the Indian Navy in the Indian Ocean Region. (c) The detection and disruption of illicit trade routes for smuggling banned Pakistani-origin goods into India. (d) The documentation and preservation of ancient manuscripts and cultural artifacts by the Archaeological Survey of India. Correct Solution: C ‘Operation Deep Manifest’ was a targeted enforcement operation conducted by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI). The primary objective of this operation was to identify and dismantle sophisticated smuggling networks. These networks were attempting to circumvent India’s import ban on Pakistani goods, which was imposed for security and political reasons. The operation successfully intercepted dozens of containers where goods originating from Pakistan were being falsely declared as originating from other countries, such as the UAE, and routed through third-country ports like Dubai’s Jebel Ali. The operation highlighted the use of data analytics and intelligence by the DRI to protect India’s economic security and enforce its trade policies. Incorrect Solution: C ‘Operation Deep Manifest’ was a targeted enforcement operation conducted by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI). The primary objective of this operation was to identify and dismantle sophisticated smuggling networks. These networks were attempting to circumvent India’s import ban on Pakistani goods, which was imposed for security and political reasons. The operation successfully intercepted dozens of containers where goods originating from Pakistan were being falsely declared as originating from other countries, such as the UAE, and routed through third-country ports like Dubai’s Jebel Ali. The operation highlighted the use of data analytics and intelligence by the DRI to protect India’s economic security and enforce its trade policies.

#### 5. Question

‘Operation Deep Manifest’, recently in the news, is associated with:

• (a) A mission by the Ministry of Health to ensure the last-mile delivery of essential medicines in remote areas.

• (b) A special operation to provide deep-sea surveillance capabilities to the Indian Navy in the Indian Ocean Region.

• (c) The detection and disruption of illicit trade routes for smuggling banned Pakistani-origin goods into India.

• (d) The documentation and preservation of ancient manuscripts and cultural artifacts by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Solution: C

‘Operation Deep Manifest’ was a targeted enforcement operation conducted by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI). The primary objective of this operation was to identify and dismantle sophisticated smuggling networks. These networks were attempting to circumvent India’s import ban on Pakistani goods, which was imposed for security and political reasons.

The operation successfully intercepted dozens of containers where goods originating from Pakistan were being falsely declared as originating from other countries, such as the UAE, and routed through third-country ports like Dubai’s Jebel Ali. The operation highlighted the use of data analytics and intelligence by the DRI to protect India’s economic security and enforce its trade policies.

Solution: C

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Ratle and Kishenganga Hydroelectric Projects: The Ratle Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the-river project located on the Jhelum river. The Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project diverts water from the Kishenganga river to the Chenab basin for power generation. Both projects are located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ratle Hydroelectric Project is indeed a run-of-the-river project, but it is situated on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar district, not the Jhelum river. Statement 2 is incorrect: The Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project diverts water from the Kishenganga River (a tributary of the Jhelum). However, the water is diverted into the Jhelum basin (specifically to Bonar Nallah, another tributary of Jhelum) to maximize the hydraulic head for power generation. It is not diverted to the Chenab basin. Statement 3 is correct: Both projects are located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The Ratle project is in the Kishtwar district, and the Kishenganga project is in the Bandipora district. Their location in this sensitive region underlines their strategic importance for energy security and regional development. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ratle Hydroelectric Project is indeed a run-of-the-river project, but it is situated on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar district, not the Jhelum river. Statement 2 is incorrect: The Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project diverts water from the Kishenganga River (a tributary of the Jhelum). However, the water is diverted into the Jhelum basin (specifically to Bonar Nallah, another tributary of Jhelum) to maximize the hydraulic head for power generation. It is not diverted to the Chenab basin. Statement 3 is correct: Both projects are located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The Ratle project is in the Kishtwar district, and the Kishenganga project is in the Bandipora district. Their location in this sensitive region underlines their strategic importance for energy security and regional development.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Ratle and Kishenganga Hydroelectric Projects:

• The Ratle Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the-river project located on the Jhelum river.

• The Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project diverts water from the Kishenganga river to the Chenab basin for power generation.

• Both projects are located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ratle Hydroelectric Project is indeed a run-of-the-river project, but it is situated on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar district, not the Jhelum river.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project diverts water from the Kishenganga River (a tributary of the Jhelum). However, the water is diverted into the Jhelum basin (specifically to Bonar Nallah, another tributary of Jhelum) to maximize the hydraulic head for power generation. It is not diverted to the Chenab basin.

• Statement 3 is correct: Both projects are located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The Ratle project is in the Kishtwar district, and the Kishenganga project is in the Bandipora district. Their location in this sensitive region underlines their strategic importance for energy security and regional development.

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ratle Hydroelectric Project is indeed a run-of-the-river project, but it is situated on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar district, not the Jhelum river.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: India has claimed the right to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), citing Pakistan’s backing of cross-border terrorism. Statement II: The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) provides for the termination or suspension of a treaty’s operation in response to a material breach by another party. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is a factual premise about India’s stated position. India has indicated that it might suspend the IWT, linking this to what it considers Pakistan’s failure to prevent cross-border terrorism, which India views as a breach of mutual trust and obligations. Statement II is correct and directly relates to Statement I. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 60) is the primary international legal instrument that codifies the principle of responding to a breach. It explicitly allows a party to invoke the material breach of a treaty by another party as a ground for suspending its operation. This is the legal basis India cites for its position. Therefore, Statement II correctly explains the legal foundation for the action mentioned in Statement I. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is a factual premise about India’s stated position. India has indicated that it might suspend the IWT, linking this to what it considers Pakistan’s failure to prevent cross-border terrorism, which India views as a breach of mutual trust and obligations. Statement II is correct and directly relates to Statement I. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 60) is the primary international legal instrument that codifies the principle of responding to a breach. It explicitly allows a party to invoke the material breach of a treaty by another party as a ground for suspending its operation. This is the legal basis India cites for its position. Therefore, Statement II correctly explains the legal foundation for the action mentioned in Statement I.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: India has claimed the right to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), citing Pakistan’s backing of cross-border terrorism.

Statement II: The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) provides for the termination or suspension of a treaty’s operation in response to a material breach by another party.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is a factual premise about India’s stated position. India has indicated that it might suspend the IWT, linking this to what it considers Pakistan’s failure to prevent cross-border terrorism, which India views as a breach of mutual trust and obligations.

• Statement II is correct and directly relates to Statement I. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 60) is the primary international legal instrument that codifies the principle of responding to a breach. It explicitly allows a party to invoke the material breach of a treaty by another party as a ground for suspending its operation. This is the legal basis India cites for its position. Therefore, Statement II correctly explains the legal foundation for the action mentioned in Statement I.

Solution: A

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the cultivation and export of Litchi from India: Litchi, a fruit native to the Indian subcontinent, requires a tropical climate with high humidity throughout the year for cultivation. West Bengal is the largest producer of litchi in India, while Punjab has the highest productivity per hectare. The One District One Product (ODOP) initiative facilitates the integration of litchi farmers into global markets. The export of fresh litchi utilizes specialized reefer pallets to maintain the fruit’s freshness over long distances. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect: Litchi is native to Southern China, not the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, its ideal agro-climatic condition is not uniformly tropical; it specifically requires dry, cool winters for successful flowering, followed by warmer temperatures for fruit growth. Continuous high humidity is not ideal. Statement 2 is incorrect: Bihar is the largest producer of litchi in India in terms of total output (~221.7 thousand MT). West Bengal is noted for its high productivity (output per hectare), but not for being the largest producer overall. Punjab is also a significant producer but not the leader in either category mentioned in the statement. Statement 3 is correct: Government initiatives like the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme are designed to promote products with specific regional identities. This initiative plays a role in promoting litchi from areas like Pathankot (Punjab), helping farmers by creating export opportunities and connecting them with global markets, as seen in the consignment to Qatar. Statement 4 is correct: Litchi is a highly perishable fruit. To export it while preserving its quality and freshness, specialized logistics are essential. The use of reefer pallets (refrigerated pallets) is a standard practice in the cold chain to maintain a controlled temperature during transit, which is crucial for high-value horticultural exports. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect: Litchi is native to Southern China, not the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, its ideal agro-climatic condition is not uniformly tropical; it specifically requires dry, cool winters for successful flowering, followed by warmer temperatures for fruit growth. Continuous high humidity is not ideal. Statement 2 is incorrect: Bihar is the largest producer of litchi in India in terms of total output (~221.7 thousand MT). West Bengal is noted for its high productivity (output per hectare), but not for being the largest producer overall. Punjab is also a significant producer but not the leader in either category mentioned in the statement. Statement 3 is correct: Government initiatives like the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme are designed to promote products with specific regional identities. This initiative plays a role in promoting litchi from areas like Pathankot (Punjab), helping farmers by creating export opportunities and connecting them with global markets, as seen in the consignment to Qatar. Statement 4 is correct: Litchi is a highly perishable fruit. To export it while preserving its quality and freshness, specialized logistics are essential. The use of reefer pallets (refrigerated pallets) is a standard practice in the cold chain to maintain a controlled temperature during transit, which is crucial for high-value horticultural exports.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the cultivation and export of Litchi from India:

• Litchi, a fruit native to the Indian subcontinent, requires a tropical climate with high humidity throughout the year for cultivation.

• West Bengal is the largest producer of litchi in India, while Punjab has the highest productivity per hectare.

• The One District One Product (ODOP) initiative facilitates the integration of litchi farmers into global markets.

• The export of fresh litchi utilizes specialized reefer pallets to maintain the fruit’s freshness over long distances.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Litchi is native to Southern China, not the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, its ideal agro-climatic condition is not uniformly tropical; it specifically requires dry, cool winters for successful flowering, followed by warmer temperatures for fruit growth. Continuous high humidity is not ideal.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: Bihar is the largest producer of litchi in India in terms of total output (~221.7 thousand MT). West Bengal is noted for its high productivity (output per hectare), but not for being the largest producer overall. Punjab is also a significant producer but not the leader in either category mentioned in the statement.

• Statement 3 is correct: Government initiatives like the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme are designed to promote products with specific regional identities. This initiative plays a role in promoting litchi from areas like Pathankot (Punjab), helping farmers by creating export opportunities and connecting them with global markets, as seen in the consignment to Qatar.

• Statement 4 is correct: Litchi is a highly perishable fruit. To export it while preserving its quality and freshness, specialized logistics are essential. The use of reefer pallets (refrigerated pallets) is a standard practice in the cold chain to maintain a controlled temperature during transit, which is crucial for high-value horticultural exports.

Solution: B

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following protected areas and geographical features: Kaziranga National Park Ntanki National Park Brahmaputra River Pakke Tiger Reserve The Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL), a significant corridor for megafauna, encompasses or is linked to which of the above? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: D The Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL) is a vast, continuous forest patch crucial for the long-term survival of many species in Northeast India. 1. Kaziranga National Park: This is the core and most famous component of the landscape, lying to the north of the Karbi Anglong hills. 2. Ntanki National Park: The KKAL provides linkages to several protected areas, including Ntanki National Park, which is located in Nagaland. This highlights the trans-state nature of this ecological corridor. 3. Brahmaputra River: The landscape is explicitly described as lying to the south of the Brahmaputra River. The river forms the northern boundary of Kaziranga, making it a defining geographical feature of the entire landscape. 4. Pakke Tiger Reserve: Pakke Tiger Reserve (in Arunachal Pradesh) is one of the protected areas to which the KKAL is linked, facilitating genetic exchange and movement of animals like tigers and elephants. Incorrect Solution: D The Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL) is a vast, continuous forest patch crucial for the long-term survival of many species in Northeast India. 1. Kaziranga National Park: This is the core and most famous component of the landscape, lying to the north of the Karbi Anglong hills. 2. Ntanki National Park: The KKAL provides linkages to several protected areas, including Ntanki National Park, which is located in Nagaland. This highlights the trans-state nature of this ecological corridor. 3. Brahmaputra River: The landscape is explicitly described as lying to the south of the Brahmaputra River. The river forms the northern boundary of Kaziranga, making it a defining geographical feature of the entire landscape. 4. Pakke Tiger Reserve: Pakke Tiger Reserve (in Arunachal Pradesh) is one of the protected areas to which the KKAL is linked, facilitating genetic exchange and movement of animals like tigers and elephants.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following protected areas and geographical features:

• Kaziranga National Park

• Ntanki National Park

• Brahmaputra River

• Pakke Tiger Reserve

The Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL), a significant corridor for megafauna, encompasses or is linked to which of the above?

• (a) 1 and 3 only

• (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

• (c) 1, 3 and 4 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: D

The Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL) is a vast, continuous forest patch crucial for the long-term survival of many species in Northeast India.

• 1. Kaziranga National Park: This is the core and most famous component of the landscape, lying to the north of the Karbi Anglong hills.

• 2. Ntanki National Park: The KKAL provides linkages to several protected areas, including Ntanki National Park, which is located in Nagaland. This highlights the trans-state nature of this ecological corridor.

• 3. Brahmaputra River: The landscape is explicitly described as lying to the south of the Brahmaputra River. The river forms the northern boundary of Kaziranga, making it a defining geographical feature of the entire landscape.

• 4. Pakke Tiger Reserve: Pakke Tiger Reserve (in Arunachal Pradesh) is one of the protected areas to which the KKAL is linked, facilitating genetic exchange and movement of animals like tigers and elephants.

Solution: D

The Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape (KKAL) is a vast, continuous forest patch crucial for the long-term survival of many species in Northeast India.

• 1. Kaziranga National Park: This is the core and most famous component of the landscape, lying to the north of the Karbi Anglong hills.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the legal framework of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960: The formation of a Court of Arbitration under the treaty is the first step in the dispute resolution mechanism. The treaty permits India to divert water from the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) for consumptive use without any conditions. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect: The IWT provides a graded, three-tier mechanism for dispute resolution. The first step involves raising the issue at the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC). If the PIC cannot resolve the “question,” it can be taken to a ‘Neutral Expert’. The Court of Arbitration is the final and third step in the process, meant for resolving “disputes” rather than “questions,” and its formation has strict procedural requirements. It is not the first step. Statement 2 is incorrect: The IWT allocates the waters of the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan. India is permitted certain uses, including domestic, non-consumptive, and agricultural use, and importantly, for run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects. However, these uses are subject to strict conditions and limitations on design and storage capacity to ensure unrestricted flow to Pakistan. The use is not unconditional. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect: The IWT provides a graded, three-tier mechanism for dispute resolution. The first step involves raising the issue at the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC). If the PIC cannot resolve the “question,” it can be taken to a ‘Neutral Expert’. The Court of Arbitration is the final and third step in the process, meant for resolving “disputes” rather than “questions,” and its formation has strict procedural requirements. It is not the first step. Statement 2 is incorrect: The IWT allocates the waters of the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan. India is permitted certain uses, including domestic, non-consumptive, and agricultural use, and importantly, for run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects. However, these uses are subject to strict conditions and limitations on design and storage capacity to ensure unrestricted flow to Pakistan. The use is not unconditional.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the legal framework of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960:

• The formation of a Court of Arbitration under the treaty is the first step in the dispute resolution mechanism.

• The treaty permits India to divert water from the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) for consumptive use without any conditions.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The IWT provides a graded, three-tier mechanism for dispute resolution. The first step involves raising the issue at the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC). If the PIC cannot resolve the “question,” it can be taken to a ‘Neutral Expert’. The Court of Arbitration is the final and third step in the process, meant for resolving “disputes” rather than “questions,” and its formation has strict procedural requirements. It is not the first step.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The IWT allocates the waters of the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan. India is permitted certain uses, including domestic, non-consumptive, and agricultural use, and importantly, for run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects. However, these uses are subject to strict conditions and limitations on design and storage capacity to ensure unrestricted flow to Pakistan. The use is not unconditional.

Solution: D

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