UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 30 January 2025
Kartavya Desk Staff
The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.
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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the “When-Listed” platform introduced by SEBI? a) A platform allowing the trading of unlisted shares after official listing b) A secondary market for shares already listed on stock exchanges c) A regulated platform for trading IPO-allotted shares before official listing d) A grey market mechanism for pre-listing share trading Correct Solution: c) SEBI’s “When-Listed” platform aims to regulate trading in IPO shares between allotment and official listing. This helps reduce grey market trading, ensures transparency, and protects investors from speculative fluctuations. The platform operates within T+3 (allotment to listing), preventing informal transactions that were previously conducted outside SEBI’s oversight. Unlike the grey market, which is unregulated, this platform provides a formal mechanism for IPO investors. Incorrect Solution: c) SEBI’s “When-Listed” platform aims to regulate trading in IPO shares between allotment and official listing. This helps reduce grey market trading, ensures transparency, and protects investors from speculative fluctuations. The platform operates within T+3 (allotment to listing), preventing informal transactions that were previously conducted outside SEBI’s oversight. Unlike the grey market, which is unregulated, this platform provides a formal mechanism for IPO investors.
#### 1. Question
Which of the following best describes the “When-Listed” platform introduced by SEBI?
• a) A platform allowing the trading of unlisted shares after official listing
• b) A secondary market for shares already listed on stock exchanges
• c) A regulated platform for trading IPO-allotted shares before official listing
• d) A grey market mechanism for pre-listing share trading
Solution: c)
SEBI’s “When-Listed” platform aims to regulate trading in IPO shares between allotment and official listing. This helps reduce grey market trading, ensures transparency, and protects investors from speculative fluctuations. The platform operates within T+3 (allotment to listing), preventing informal transactions that were previously conducted outside SEBI’s oversight. Unlike the grey market, which is unregulated, this platform provides a formal mechanism for IPO investors.
Solution: c)
SEBI’s “When-Listed” platform aims to regulate trading in IPO shares between allotment and official listing. This helps reduce grey market trading, ensures transparency, and protects investors from speculative fluctuations. The platform operates within T+3 (allotment to listing), preventing informal transactions that were previously conducted outside SEBI’s oversight. Unlike the grey market, which is unregulated, this platform provides a formal mechanism for IPO investors.
• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Which of the following ISRO launch vehicles has successfully demonstrated cryogenic propulsion technology? a) PSLV b) GSLV Mk I and Mk II c) GSLV Mk III (LVM3) d) Both (b) and (c) Correct Solution: d) GSLV Mk I & Mk II used cryogenic upper stages (CUS), but Mk I relied on Russian cryogenic engines, while Mk II used an indigenous cryogenic engine (CE-7.5). GSLV Mk III (LVM3) uses a more advanced cryogenic stage (C25) with CE-20, India’s most powerful cryogenic engine. PSLV does not use cryogenic propulsion; it follows a solid-liquid-solid-liquid (four-stage) sequence. Incorrect Solution: d) GSLV Mk I & Mk II used cryogenic upper stages (CUS), but Mk I relied on Russian cryogenic engines, while Mk II used an indigenous cryogenic engine (CE-7.5). GSLV Mk III (LVM3) uses a more advanced cryogenic stage (C25) with CE-20, India’s most powerful cryogenic engine. PSLV does not use cryogenic propulsion; it follows a solid-liquid-solid-liquid (four-stage) sequence.
#### 2. Question
Which of the following ISRO launch vehicles has successfully demonstrated cryogenic propulsion technology?
• b) GSLV Mk I and Mk II
• c) GSLV Mk III (LVM3)
• d) Both (b) and (c)
Solution: d)
• GSLV Mk I & Mk II used cryogenic upper stages (CUS), but Mk I relied on Russian cryogenic engines, while Mk II used an indigenous cryogenic engine (CE-7.5).
• GSLV Mk III (LVM3) uses a more advanced cryogenic stage (C25) with CE-20, India’s most powerful cryogenic engine.
PSLV does not use cryogenic propulsion; it follows a solid-liquid-solid-liquid (four-stage) sequence.
Solution: d)
• GSLV Mk I & Mk II used cryogenic upper stages (CUS), but Mk I relied on Russian cryogenic engines, while Mk II used an indigenous cryogenic engine (CE-7.5).
• GSLV Mk III (LVM3) uses a more advanced cryogenic stage (C25) with CE-20, India’s most powerful cryogenic engine.
PSLV does not use cryogenic propulsion; it follows a solid-liquid-solid-liquid (four-stage) sequence.
• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the ASER Report 2024: The ASER survey is conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). The 2024 report assesses reading and arithmetic skills of children in both rural and urban areas. The report evaluates foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) in children across three age groups. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect because ASER (Annual Status of Education Report) is conducted by Pratham NGO, not the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Statement 2 is incorrect as ASER primarily covers rural schools, not urban areas. Statement 3 is correct because ASER 2024 focuses on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN), covering three groups: Pre-primary (3-5 years) Elementary (6-14 years) Older children (15-16 years) ASER tracks learning outcomes and first-time digital literacy assessment, focusing on smartphone access and online safety among 14-16-year-olds. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect because ASER (Annual Status of Education Report) is conducted by Pratham NGO, not the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Statement 2 is incorrect as ASER primarily covers rural schools, not urban areas. Statement 3 is correct because ASER 2024 focuses on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN), covering three groups: Pre-primary (3-5 years) Elementary (6-14 years) Older children (15-16 years) ASER tracks learning outcomes and first-time digital literacy assessment, focusing on smartphone access and online safety among 14-16-year-olds.
#### 3. Question
Consider the following statements regarding the ASER Report 2024:
• The ASER survey is conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
• The 2024 report assesses reading and arithmetic skills of children in both rural and urban areas.
• The report evaluates foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) in children across three age groups.
How many of the above statements are correct?
• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
Solution: a)
• Statement 1 is incorrect because ASER (Annual Status of Education Report) is conducted by Pratham NGO, not the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
• Statement 2 is incorrect as ASER primarily covers rural schools, not urban areas.
• Statement 3 is correct because ASER 2024 focuses on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN), covering three groups: Pre-primary (3-5 years) Elementary (6-14 years) Older children (15-16 years)
• Pre-primary (3-5 years)
• Elementary (6-14 years)
• Older children (15-16 years)
ASER tracks learning outcomes and first-time digital literacy assessment, focusing on smartphone access and online safety among 14-16-year-olds.
Solution: a)
• Statement 1 is incorrect because ASER (Annual Status of Education Report) is conducted by Pratham NGO, not the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
• Statement 2 is incorrect as ASER primarily covers rural schools, not urban areas.
• Statement 3 is correct because ASER 2024 focuses on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN), covering three groups: Pre-primary (3-5 years) Elementary (6-14 years) Older children (15-16 years)
• Pre-primary (3-5 years)
• Elementary (6-14 years)
• Older children (15-16 years)
ASER tracks learning outcomes and first-time digital literacy assessment, focusing on smartphone access and online safety among 14-16-year-olds.
• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding SEBI’s regulatory mechanism: SEBI regulates both primary and secondary markets in India. SEBI allows T+5 settlement cycles for IPO-listed shares. The grey market operates under SEBI’s supervision and follows formal regulations. How many of the above statements is/are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is correct as SEBI oversees both primary markets (IPO) and secondary markets (stock trading). Statement 2 is incorrect as SEBI mandates a T+3 settlement cycle, not T+5. Statement 3 is incorrect because the grey market operates outside SEBI’s regulatory framework and relies on demand-supply dynamics rather than formal regulations. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is correct as SEBI oversees both primary markets (IPO) and secondary markets (stock trading). Statement 2 is incorrect as SEBI mandates a T+3 settlement cycle, not T+5. Statement 3 is incorrect because the grey market operates outside SEBI’s regulatory framework and relies on demand-supply dynamics rather than formal regulations.
#### 4. Question
Consider the following statements regarding SEBI’s regulatory mechanism:
• SEBI regulates both primary and secondary markets in India.
• SEBI allows T+5 settlement cycles for IPO-listed shares.
• The grey market operates under SEBI’s supervision and follows formal regulations.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?
• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
Solution: a)
Statement 1 is correct as SEBI oversees both primary markets (IPO) and secondary markets (stock trading).
Statement 2 is incorrect as SEBI mandates a T+3 settlement cycle, not T+5.
Statement 3 is incorrect because the grey market operates outside SEBI’s regulatory framework and relies on demand-supply dynamics rather than formal regulations.
Solution: a)
Statement 1 is correct as SEBI oversees both primary markets (IPO) and secondary markets (stock trading).
Statement 2 is incorrect as SEBI mandates a T+3 settlement cycle, not T+5.
Statement 3 is incorrect because the grey market operates outside SEBI’s regulatory framework and relies on demand-supply dynamics rather than formal regulations.
• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Bhashini, India’s AI-powered translation platform: Bhashini is developed by NITI Aayog under the Digital India Initiative. The platform currently supports only Hindi and English languages. Bhashini is limited to government use only and does not support private applications. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect because Bhashini is developed by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), not NITI Aayog. Statement 2 is incorrect as Bhashini supports 22 Indian languages, not just Hindi and English. Statement 3 is incorrect because the platform is open-source, allowing use by startups, developers, and MSMEs, in addition to government applications. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect because Bhashini is developed by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), not NITI Aayog. Statement 2 is incorrect as Bhashini supports 22 Indian languages, not just Hindi and English. Statement 3 is incorrect because the platform is open-source, allowing use by startups, developers, and MSMEs, in addition to government applications.
#### 5. Question
Consider the following statements regarding Bhashini, India’s AI-powered translation platform:
• Bhashini is developed by NITI Aayog under the Digital India Initiative.
• The platform currently supports only Hindi and English languages.
• Bhashini is limited to government use only and does not support private applications.
How many of the above statements are correct?
• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
Solution: d)
• Statement 1 is incorrect because Bhashini is developed by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), not NITI Aayog.
• Statement 2 is incorrect as Bhashini supports 22 Indian languages, not just Hindi and English.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because the platform is open-source, allowing use by startups, developers, and MSMEs, in addition to government applications.
Solution: d)
• Statement 1 is incorrect because Bhashini is developed by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), not NITI Aayog.
• Statement 2 is incorrect as Bhashini supports 22 Indian languages, not just Hindi and English.
• Statement 3 is incorrect because the platform is open-source, allowing use by startups, developers, and MSMEs, in addition to government applications.
• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding WHO’s new guidelines on table salt: WHO recommends using higher sodium salt substitutes to improve taste and health outcomes. The guidelines apply universally, including pregnant women and children. The main goal is to reduce sodium intake to lower cardiovascular risks. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect because WHO promotes lower-sodium salt substitutes, where sodium chloride is replaced with potassium chloride. Statement 2 is incorrect as the guidelines exclude pregnant women, children, and those with kidney impairments. Statement 3 is correct, as WHO’s main objective is to reduce sodium intake to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect because WHO promotes lower-sodium salt substitutes, where sodium chloride is replaced with potassium chloride. Statement 2 is incorrect as the guidelines exclude pregnant women, children, and those with kidney impairments. Statement 3 is correct, as WHO’s main objective is to reduce sodium intake to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
#### 6. Question
Consider the following statements regarding WHO’s new guidelines on table salt:
• WHO recommends using higher sodium salt substitutes to improve taste and health outcomes.
• The guidelines apply universally, including pregnant women and children.
• The main goal is to reduce sodium intake to lower cardiovascular risks.
How many of the above statements are correct?
• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
Solution: a)
• Statement 1 is incorrect because WHO promotes lower-sodium salt substitutes, where sodium chloride is replaced with potassium chloride.
• Statement 2 is incorrect as the guidelines exclude pregnant women, children, and those with kidney impairments.
• Statement 3 is correct, as WHO’s main objective is to reduce sodium intake to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Solution: a)
• Statement 1 is incorrect because WHO promotes lower-sodium salt substitutes, where sodium chloride is replaced with potassium chloride.
• Statement 2 is incorrect as the guidelines exclude pregnant women, children, and those with kidney impairments.
• Statement 3 is correct, as WHO’s main objective is to reduce sodium intake to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Which of the following correctly describes “Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback” (RLHF), a technique used in AI models like ChatGPT? a) A supervised learning approach that does not require trial-and-error interactions b) A training paradigm that does not involve reward models or human oversight c) A method where human evaluators fine-tune the AI model by ranking generated responses d) A process where reinforcement learning models are trained exclusively using historical data Correct Solution: c) RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback) is used in models like ChatGPT to improve their responses. It involves: Training an initial model using supervised learning. Human evaluators ranking model-generated outputs, which is then used to train a reward model. The AI learns through reinforcement learning by optimizing responses based on human feedback. Incorrect Solution: c) RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback) is used in models like ChatGPT to improve their responses. It involves: Training an initial model using supervised learning. Human evaluators ranking model-generated outputs, which is then used to train a reward model. The AI learns through reinforcement learning by optimizing responses based on human feedback.
#### 7. Question
Which of the following correctly describes “Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback” (RLHF), a technique used in AI models like ChatGPT?
• a) A supervised learning approach that does not require trial-and-error interactions
• b) A training paradigm that does not involve reward models or human oversight
• c) A method where human evaluators fine-tune the AI model by ranking generated responses
• d) A process where reinforcement learning models are trained exclusively using historical data
Solution: c)
RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback) is used in models like ChatGPT to improve their responses. It involves:
• Training an initial model using supervised learning.
• Human evaluators ranking model-generated outputs, which is then used to train a reward model.
• The AI learns through reinforcement learning by optimizing responses based on human feedback.
Solution: c)
RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback) is used in models like ChatGPT to improve their responses. It involves:
• Training an initial model using supervised learning.
• Human evaluators ranking model-generated outputs, which is then used to train a reward model.
• The AI learns through reinforcement learning by optimizing responses based on human feedback.
• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding ISRO’s launch vehicles: The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the only operational launch vehicle used for interplanetary missions. The GSLV Mk III (LVM3) is designed for both heavy satellite launches and human spaceflight missions. The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) uses a hybrid propulsion system with both solid and liquid fuel stages. How many of the above statements are incorrect? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect: While PSLV was used for interplanetary missions like Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), it is not the only operational launch vehicle capable of such missions. GSLV Mk III (LVM3) can also be used for deep space exploration. Statement 2 is correct: GSLV Mk III (LVM3) is ISRO’s heaviest launch vehicle, used for satellite launches and the upcoming Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a fully solid-fuelled launch vehicle, not a hybrid propulsion system. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect: While PSLV was used for interplanetary missions like Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), it is not the only operational launch vehicle capable of such missions. GSLV Mk III (LVM3) can also be used for deep space exploration. Statement 2 is correct: GSLV Mk III (LVM3) is ISRO’s heaviest launch vehicle, used for satellite launches and the upcoming Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a fully solid-fuelled launch vehicle, not a hybrid propulsion system.
#### 8. Question
Consider the following statements regarding ISRO’s launch vehicles:
• The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the only operational launch vehicle used for interplanetary missions.
• The GSLV Mk III (LVM3) is designed for both heavy satellite launches and human spaceflight missions.
• The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) uses a hybrid propulsion system with both solid and liquid fuel stages.
How many of the above statements are incorrect?
• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
Solution: b)
• Statement 1 is incorrect: While PSLV was used for interplanetary missions like Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), it is not the only operational launch vehicle capable of such missions. GSLV Mk III (LVM3) can also be used for deep space exploration.
• Statement 2 is correct: GSLV Mk III (LVM3) is ISRO’s heaviest launch vehicle, used for satellite launches and the upcoming Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission.
• Statement 3 is incorrect: The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a fully solid-fuelled launch vehicle, not a hybrid propulsion system.
Solution: b)
• Statement 1 is incorrect: While PSLV was used for interplanetary missions like Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), it is not the only operational launch vehicle capable of such missions. GSLV Mk III (LVM3) can also be used for deep space exploration.
• Statement 2 is correct: GSLV Mk III (LVM3) is ISRO’s heaviest launch vehicle, used for satellite launches and the upcoming Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission.
• Statement 3 is incorrect: The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a fully solid-fuelled launch vehicle, not a hybrid propulsion system.
• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding WASP-127b: It is classified as a Super-Earth due to its rocky composition. The planet’s atmosphere is highly transparent, making it one of the best candidates for spectroscopic studies. It has been detected using the transit method, where its light curve is observed as it passes in front of its star. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect: WASP-127b is classified as a Hot Jupiter, not a Super-Earth. It is a gas giant, with 30% larger size than Jupiter but only 16% of its mass, making it one of the puffiest planets discovered. Statement 2 is correct: WASP-127b’s atmosphere is highly transparent, allowing scientists to detect water vapor, sodium, and possibly carbon dioxide using spectroscopic methods. Statement 3 is correct: The planet was discovered using the transit method, where a dip in stellar brightness indicates an exoplanet passing in front of its host star. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect: WASP-127b is classified as a Hot Jupiter, not a Super-Earth. It is a gas giant, with 30% larger size than Jupiter but only 16% of its mass, making it one of the puffiest planets discovered. Statement 2 is correct: WASP-127b’s atmosphere is highly transparent, allowing scientists to detect water vapor, sodium, and possibly carbon dioxide using spectroscopic methods. Statement 3 is correct: The planet was discovered using the transit method, where a dip in stellar brightness indicates an exoplanet passing in front of its host star.
#### 9. Question
Consider the following statements regarding WASP-127b:
• It is classified as a Super-Earth due to its rocky composition.
• The planet’s atmosphere is highly transparent, making it one of the best candidates for spectroscopic studies.
• It has been detected using the transit method, where its light curve is observed as it passes in front of its star.
How many of the above statements are correct?
• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
Solution: b)
• Statement 1 is incorrect: WASP-127b is classified as a Hot Jupiter, not a Super-Earth. It is a gas giant, with 30% larger size than Jupiter but only 16% of its mass, making it one of the puffiest planets discovered.
• Statement 2 is correct: WASP-127b’s atmosphere is highly transparent, allowing scientists to detect water vapor, sodium, and possibly carbon dioxide using spectroscopic methods.
• Statement 3 is correct: The planet was discovered using the transit method, where a dip in stellar brightness indicates an exoplanet passing in front of its host star.
Solution: b)
• Statement 1 is incorrect: WASP-127b is classified as a Hot Jupiter, not a Super-Earth. It is a gas giant, with 30% larger size than Jupiter but only 16% of its mass, making it one of the puffiest planets discovered.
• Statement 2 is correct: WASP-127b’s atmosphere is highly transparent, allowing scientists to detect water vapor, sodium, and possibly carbon dioxide using spectroscopic methods.
• Statement 3 is correct: The planet was discovered using the transit method, where a dip in stellar brightness indicates an exoplanet passing in front of its host star.
• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding ISRO’s future launch vehicle developments: The Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is planned to replace both PSLV and GSLV for future missions. The Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV) is being designed as a modular system to accommodate different payloads. ISRO has a fully developed reusable orbital launch system similar to SpaceX’s Starship. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct: The Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is planned to replace PSLV and GSLV for more cost-effective and efficient satellite launches. Statement 2 is correct: The Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV) is designed to be modular, meaning it can be configured for different payload requirements, reducing costs. Statement 3 is incorrect: While ISRO is working on Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) concepts, it does not yet have a fully reusable orbital-class rocket like SpaceX’s Starship. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct: The Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is planned to replace PSLV and GSLV for more cost-effective and efficient satellite launches. Statement 2 is correct: The Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV) is designed to be modular, meaning it can be configured for different payload requirements, reducing costs. Statement 3 is incorrect: While ISRO is working on Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) concepts, it does not yet have a fully reusable orbital-class rocket like SpaceX’s Starship.
#### 10. Question
Consider the following statements regarding ISRO’s future launch vehicle developments:
• The Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is planned to replace both PSLV and GSLV for future missions.
• The Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV) is being designed as a modular system to accommodate different payloads.
• ISRO has a fully developed reusable orbital launch system similar to SpaceX’s Starship.
How many of the above statements are correct?
• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) All three
Solution: b)
• Statement 1 is correct: The Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is planned to replace PSLV and GSLV for more cost-effective and efficient satellite launches.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV) is designed to be modular, meaning it can be configured for different payload requirements, reducing costs.
• Statement 3 is incorrect: While ISRO is working on Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) concepts, it does not yet have a fully reusable orbital-class rocket like SpaceX’s Starship.
Solution: b)
• Statement 1 is correct: The Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is planned to replace PSLV and GSLV for more cost-effective and efficient satellite launches.
• Statement 2 is correct: The Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV) is designed to be modular, meaning it can be configured for different payload requirements, reducing costs.
• Statement 3 is incorrect: While ISRO is working on Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) concepts, it does not yet have a fully reusable orbital-class rocket like SpaceX’s Starship.
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