UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 30 December 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points With reference to the foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC), consider the following statements: The first session of the INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay. Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose were the primary organizers of the first session. The party was initially conceived as a platform to influence British policy through constitutional methods rather than immediate mass mobilization. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct as the first session took place in Bombay in December 1885. Statement 2 is incorrect because while Surendranath Banerjee was a key leader of the era, he did not attend the first session as he was presiding over the second National Conference in Calcutta simultaneously. The first session was presided over by C. Bonnerjee and organized by A.O. Hume. Statement 3 is correct as the “Moderates” dominated the early phase (1885–1905), focusing on petitions, prayers, and protests within the legal framework to seek administrative reforms. The shift to mass mobilization occurred later, primarily under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct as the first session took place in Bombay in December 1885. Statement 2 is incorrect because while Surendranath Banerjee was a key leader of the era, he did not attend the first session as he was presiding over the second National Conference in Calcutta simultaneously. The first session was presided over by C. Bonnerjee and organized by A.O. Hume. Statement 3 is correct as the “Moderates” dominated the early phase (1885–1905), focusing on petitions, prayers, and protests within the legal framework to seek administrative reforms. The shift to mass mobilization occurred later, primarily under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership.

#### 1. Question

With reference to the foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC), consider the following statements:

• The first session of the INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay.

• Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose were the primary organizers of the first session.

• The party was initially conceived as a platform to influence British policy through constitutional methods rather than immediate mass mobilization.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct as the first session took place in Bombay in December 1885.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because while Surendranath Banerjee was a key leader of the era, he did not attend the first session as he was presiding over the second National Conference in Calcutta simultaneously. The first session was presided over by C. Bonnerjee and organized by A.O. Hume.

• Statement 3 is correct as the “Moderates” dominated the early phase (1885–1905), focusing on petitions, prayers, and protests within the legal framework to seek administrative reforms. The shift to mass mobilization occurred later, primarily under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership.

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct as the first session took place in Bombay in December 1885.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Passenger Assistance Control Room (PACR): It handles grievances related to flight delays, cancellations, and baggage. The facility is available only during peak travel hours at major metro airports. It aims to institutionalize a coordinated response during operational disruptions. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct as these are the core components of the Passenger Charter. Statement 2 is incorrect because the PACR is a 24×7 permanent facility, not limited to peak hours or specific airports; it is an integrated central hub. Statement 3 is correct; its purpose is to ensure that all stakeholders (AAI, DGCA, Airlines) respond in a coordinated manner rather than in silos. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct as these are the core components of the Passenger Charter. Statement 2 is incorrect because the PACR is a 24×7 permanent facility, not limited to peak hours or specific airports; it is an integrated central hub. Statement 3 is correct; its purpose is to ensure that all stakeholders (AAI, DGCA, Airlines) respond in a coordinated manner rather than in silos.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Passenger Assistance Control Room (PACR):

• It handles grievances related to flight delays, cancellations, and baggage.

• The facility is available only during peak travel hours at major metro airports.

• It aims to institutionalize a coordinated response during operational disruptions.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct as these are the core components of the Passenger Charter.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because the PACR is a 24×7 permanent facility, not limited to peak hours or specific airports; it is an integrated central hub.

• Statement 3 is correct; its purpose is to ensure that all stakeholders (AAI, DGCA, Airlines) respond in a coordinated manner rather than in silos.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct as these are the core components of the Passenger Charter.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because the PACR is a 24×7 permanent facility, not limited to peak hours or specific airports; it is an integrated central hub.

• Statement 3 is correct; its purpose is to ensure that all stakeholders (AAI, DGCA, Airlines) respond in a coordinated manner rather than in silos.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Which of the following are the potential applications of Industrial Hemp? Production of biodegradable plastics. Manufacturing of carbon-negative insulating materials. Extraction of oils for anti-inflammatory medicines. Pulp source for the paper industry. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: D Industrial hemp is a non-intoxicating variety of Cannabis sativacultivated for fibre, seed, and biomass, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content below 0.3%, making it unsuitable for drug use. Industrial hemp is highly versatile. It is used in bioplastics (biodegradable), construction (Hempcrete), pharmaceuticals (CBD oils for pain relief), and paper (low-chemical pulp). Its deep roots also improve soil structure and suppress weeds. Because it grows quickly (70–140 days) and has a high biomass yield, it is considered a pillar for the circular economy. Incorrect Solution: D Industrial hemp is a non-intoxicating variety of Cannabis sativacultivated for fibre, seed, and biomass, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content below 0.3%, making it unsuitable for drug use. Industrial hemp is highly versatile. It is used in bioplastics (biodegradable), construction (Hempcrete), pharmaceuticals (CBD oils for pain relief), and paper (low-chemical pulp). Its deep roots also improve soil structure and suppress weeds. Because it grows quickly (70–140 days) and has a high biomass yield, it is considered a pillar for the circular economy.

#### 3. Question

Which of the following are the potential applications of Industrial Hemp?

• Production of biodegradable plastics.

• Manufacturing of carbon-negative insulating materials.

• Extraction of oils for anti-inflammatory medicines.

• Pulp source for the paper industry.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1, 2 and 4 only

• (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: D

• Industrial hemp is a non-intoxicating variety of Cannabis sativacultivated for fibre, seed, and biomass, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content below 0.3%, making it unsuitable for drug use.

• Industrial hemp is highly versatile. It is used in bioplastics (biodegradable), construction (Hempcrete), pharmaceuticals (CBD oils for pain relief), and paper (low-chemical pulp). Its deep roots also improve soil structure and suppress weeds. Because it grows quickly (70–140 days) and has a high biomass yield, it is considered a pillar for the circular economy.

Solution: D

• Industrial hemp is a non-intoxicating variety of Cannabis sativacultivated for fibre, seed, and biomass, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content below 0.3%, making it unsuitable for drug use.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points With reference to the Gandikota Canyon, consider the following statements: It is often referred to as the “Grand Canyon of India.” The canyon is formed by the river Godavari as it cuts through the Erramala Hills. It is located in Andhra Pradesh. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct due to its spectacular gorge and red sandstone cliffs. Statement 2 is incorrect; the canyon is carved by the Penna (Pennar) River, not the Godavari. Statement 3 is correct; it is situated in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. The landscape is characterized by the Erramala Hills and steep quartzite cliffs. It is a significant geological and historical site. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct due to its spectacular gorge and red sandstone cliffs. Statement 2 is incorrect; the canyon is carved by the Penna (Pennar) River, not the Godavari. Statement 3 is correct; it is situated in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. The landscape is characterized by the Erramala Hills and steep quartzite cliffs. It is a significant geological and historical site.

#### 4. Question

With reference to the Gandikota Canyon, consider the following statements:

• It is often referred to as the “Grand Canyon of India.”

• The canyon is formed by the river Godavari as it cuts through the Erramala Hills.

• It is located in Andhra Pradesh.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct due to its spectacular gorge and red sandstone cliffs.

• Statement 2 is incorrect; the canyon is carved by the Penna (Pennar) River, not the Godavari.

• Statement 3 is correct; it is situated in the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. The landscape is characterized by the Erramala Hills and steep quartzite cliffs. It is a significant geological and historical site.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct due to its spectacular gorge and red sandstone cliffs.

• Statement 2 is incorrect; the canyon is carved by the Penna (Pennar) River, not the Godavari.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: Rare-earth elements (REEs) are indispensable for the production of permanent magnets used in wind turbines and electric vehicles. Statement II: China currently controls the majority of the midstream processing and refining of REEs globally. Statement III: REEs are evenly distributed across the Earth’s crust, making mining a low-risk economic activity for all countries. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct (REEs are vital for green tech). Statement II is correct (China dominates refining). Statement III is incorrect because REEs are not evenly distributed and mining/refining is high-risk due to environmental and technical complexities. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct (REEs are vital for green tech). Statement II is correct (China dominates refining). Statement III is incorrect because REEs are not evenly distributed and mining/refining is high-risk due to environmental and technical complexities.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: Rare-earth elements (REEs) are indispensable for the production of permanent magnets used in wind turbines and electric vehicles.

Statement II: China currently controls the majority of the midstream processing and refining of REEs globally.

Statement III: REEs are evenly distributed across the Earth’s crust, making mining a low-risk economic activity for all countries.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

• (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct (REEs are vital for green tech).

• Statement II is correct (China dominates refining).

• Statement III is incorrect because REEs are not evenly distributed and mining/refining is high-risk due to environmental and technical complexities.

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct (REEs are vital for green tech).

• Statement II is correct (China dominates refining).

• Statement III is incorrect because REEs are not evenly distributed and mining/refining is high-risk due to environmental and technical complexities.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: During an El Niño event, the fishing industry off the coast of Peru and Ecuador often faces a significant decline. Statement II: The weakening of trade winds prevents the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep sea water to the surface in the eastern Pacific. Statement III: El Niño conditions are strictly limited to the oceanic surface and do not impact the global atmospheric pressure systems. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct; the Peruvian fishing industry collapses during El Niño because the warm water lack nutrients. Statement II is correct and is the direct cause of Statement I. Normally, trade winds push surface water away from South America, allowing nutrient-rich cold water to upwell. During El Niño, trade winds weaken, upwelling stops, and fish populations dwindle. Statement III is incorrect; El Niño is a “coupled” phenomenon. It is inextricably linked to the Southern Oscillation (atmospheric pressure changes), collectively known as ENSO. It affects global weather, including the Indian Monsoon and Atlantic hurricanes. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct; the Peruvian fishing industry collapses during El Niño because the warm water lack nutrients. Statement II is correct and is the direct cause of Statement I. Normally, trade winds push surface water away from South America, allowing nutrient-rich cold water to upwell. During El Niño, trade winds weaken, upwelling stops, and fish populations dwindle. Statement III is incorrect; El Niño is a “coupled” phenomenon. It is inextricably linked to the Southern Oscillation (atmospheric pressure changes), collectively known as ENSO. It affects global weather, including the Indian Monsoon and Atlantic hurricanes.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: During an El Niño event, the fishing industry off the coast of Peru and Ecuador often faces a significant decline.

Statement II: The weakening of trade winds prevents the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep sea water to the surface in the eastern Pacific.

Statement III: El Niño conditions are strictly limited to the oceanic surface and do not impact the global atmospheric pressure systems.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

• (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct; the Peruvian fishing industry collapses during El Niño because the warm water lack nutrients.

• Statement II is correct and is the direct cause of Statement I. Normally, trade winds push surface water away from South America, allowing nutrient-rich cold water to upwell. During El Niño, trade winds weaken, upwelling stops, and fish populations dwindle.

• Statement III is incorrect; El Niño is a “coupled” phenomenon. It is inextricably linked to the Southern Oscillation (atmospheric pressure changes), collectively known as ENSO. It affects global weather, including the Indian Monsoon and Atlantic hurricanes.

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct; the Peruvian fishing industry collapses during El Niño because the warm water lack nutrients.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points With reference to the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), consider the following: They are mandated to provide credit to Small and Marginal Farmers and Self-Help Groups (SHGs). They play a critical role in the delivery of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) in rural areas. The “One State, One RRB” policy was implemented to increase the total number of RRBs across the country. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 2 only Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is correct; the primary objective of RRBs is to serve the “priority sector” in rural areas, including agricultural laborers and artisans. Statement 2 is correct; because of their deep rural reach, RRBs are essential for financial inclusion and the implementation of government schemes via DBT. Statement 3 is incorrect; the “One State, One RRB” (or “One State, One Logo”) policy and the amalgamation process were designed to reduce/consolidate the number of RRBs to achieve better economies of scale and financial viability, not to increase their number. The count has dropped from 196 to 28. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is correct; the primary objective of RRBs is to serve the “priority sector” in rural areas, including agricultural laborers and artisans. Statement 2 is correct; because of their deep rural reach, RRBs are essential for financial inclusion and the implementation of government schemes via DBT. Statement 3 is incorrect; the “One State, One RRB” (or “One State, One Logo”) policy and the amalgamation process were designed to reduce/consolidate the number of RRBs to achieve better economies of scale and financial viability, not to increase their number. The count has dropped from 196 to 28.

#### 7. Question

With reference to the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), consider the following:

• They are mandated to provide credit to Small and Marginal Farmers and Self-Help Groups (SHGs).

• They play a critical role in the delivery of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) in rural areas.

• The “One State, One RRB” policy was implemented to increase the total number of RRBs across the country.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1, 2 and 3

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1 and 2 only

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is correct; the primary objective of RRBs is to serve the “priority sector” in rural areas, including agricultural laborers and artisans.

• Statement 2 is correct; because of their deep rural reach, RRBs are essential for financial inclusion and the implementation of government schemes via DBT.

• Statement 3 is incorrect; the “One State, One RRB” (or “One State, One Logo”) policy and the amalgamation process were designed to reduce/consolidate the number of RRBs to achieve better economies of scale and financial viability, not to increase their number. The count has dropped from 196 to 28.

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is correct; the primary objective of RRBs is to serve the “priority sector” in rural areas, including agricultural laborers and artisans.

• Statement 2 is correct; because of their deep rural reach, RRBs are essential for financial inclusion and the implementation of government schemes via DBT.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points With reference to the cultivation of Makhana (Euryale ferox) in India, consider the following statements: It is an aquatic plant that is the only surviving species of its genus. The plant is predominantly cultivated in the wetlands of the Malabar Coast. It has a high glycemic index, making it a preferred snack for rapid energy release. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct because Makhana is the edible seed of Euryale ferox, which is the only surviving species of the genus Euryale. Statement 2 is incorrect as Makhana is primarily grown in Eastern India, specifically Bihar, which contributes approximately 85% of the national output, not the Malabar Coast. Statement 3 is incorrect because Makhana is known for having a low glycemic index, which means it releases energy slowly and is beneficial for managing blood sugar levels and heart health. The crop is often integrated with fisheries in shallow ponds and is highly labor-intensive. The government has recently approved a major central scheme (2025–31) to boost its export potential and value addition. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct because Makhana is the edible seed of Euryale ferox, which is the only surviving species of the genus Euryale. Statement 2 is incorrect as Makhana is primarily grown in Eastern India, specifically Bihar, which contributes approximately 85% of the national output, not the Malabar Coast. Statement 3 is incorrect because Makhana is known for having a low glycemic index, which means it releases energy slowly and is beneficial for managing blood sugar levels and heart health. The crop is often integrated with fisheries in shallow ponds and is highly labor-intensive. The government has recently approved a major central scheme (2025–31) to boost its export potential and value addition.

#### 8. Question

With reference to the cultivation of Makhana (Euryale ferox) in India, consider the following statements:

• It is an aquatic plant that is the only surviving species of its genus.

• The plant is predominantly cultivated in the wetlands of the Malabar Coast.

• It has a high glycemic index, making it a preferred snack for rapid energy release.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 1 and 2 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct because Makhana is the edible seed of Euryale ferox, which is the only surviving species of the genus Euryale.

• Statement 2 is incorrect as Makhana is primarily grown in Eastern India, specifically Bihar, which contributes approximately 85% of the national output, not the Malabar Coast.

• Statement 3 is incorrect because Makhana is known for having a low glycemic index, which means it releases energy slowly and is beneficial for managing blood sugar levels and heart health. The crop is often integrated with fisheries in shallow ponds and is highly labor-intensive. The government has recently approved a major central scheme (2025–31) to boost its export potential and value addition.

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct because Makhana is the edible seed of Euryale ferox, which is the only surviving species of the genus Euryale.

• Statement 2 is incorrect as Makhana is primarily grown in Eastern India, specifically Bihar, which contributes approximately 85% of the national output, not the Malabar Coast.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Param Vir Chakra (PVC): It was instituted on the day India became a Republic. The award is reserved for commissioned officers of the three wings of the Armed Forces. A majority of the awards conferred to date have been awarded posthumously. It is the highest military decoration awarded for valor during both peace and wartime. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct as the PVC was instituted on 26 January 1950. Statement 2 is incorrect because it is open to personnel of all ranks across the Army, Navy, Air Force, and other lawfully constituted armed forces, not just commissioned officers. Statement 3 is correct; out of the 21 awardees till date, 14 have been awarded posthumously. Statement 4 is incorrect because the PVC is specifically a wartime gallantry award. The Ashoka Chakra is the highest peacetime equivalent. Recently, the ‘Param Vir Dirgha’ was inaugurated at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing portraits of British Aide-de-Camps with those of the 21 PVC winners to move away from colonial legacies. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct as the PVC was instituted on 26 January 1950. Statement 2 is incorrect because it is open to personnel of all ranks across the Army, Navy, Air Force, and other lawfully constituted armed forces, not just commissioned officers. Statement 3 is correct; out of the 21 awardees till date, 14 have been awarded posthumously. Statement 4 is incorrect because the PVC is specifically a wartime gallantry award. The Ashoka Chakra is the highest peacetime equivalent. Recently, the ‘Param Vir Dirgha’ was inaugurated at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing portraits of British Aide-de-Camps with those of the 21 PVC winners to move away from colonial legacies.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Param Vir Chakra (PVC):

• It was instituted on the day India became a Republic.

• The award is reserved for commissioned officers of the three wings of the Armed Forces.

• A majority of the awards conferred to date have been awarded posthumously.

• It is the highest military decoration awarded for valor during both peace and wartime.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct as the PVC was instituted on 26 January 1950.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because it is open to personnel of all ranks across the Army, Navy, Air Force, and other lawfully constituted armed forces, not just commissioned officers.

• Statement 3 is correct; out of the 21 awardees till date, 14 have been awarded posthumously.

• Statement 4 is incorrect because the PVC is specifically a wartime gallantry award. The Ashoka Chakra is the highest peacetime equivalent.

• Recently, the ‘Param Vir Dirgha’ was inaugurated at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing portraits of British Aide-de-Camps with those of the 21 PVC winners to move away from colonial legacies.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct as the PVC was instituted on 26 January 1950.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because it is open to personnel of all ranks across the Army, Navy, Air Force, and other lawfully constituted armed forces, not just commissioned officers.

• Statement 3 is correct; out of the 21 awardees till date, 14 have been awarded posthumously.

• Statement 4 is incorrect because the PVC is specifically a wartime gallantry award. The Ashoka Chakra is the highest peacetime equivalent.

• Recently, the ‘Param Vir Dirgha’ was inaugurated at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing portraits of British Aide-de-Camps with those of the 21 PVC winners to move away from colonial legacies.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Which of the following statements about the Tigris River is correct? a) It originates in the Zagros Mountains and drains directly into the Red Sea. b) It flows only through Iraq before joining the Euphrates. c) It originates in the Taurus Mountains of Türkiye and joins the Euphrates to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf. d) It is the longest river of West Asia and does not form any combined river system. Correct Solution: C Statement (c) is correct. The Tigris River originates in the Taurus Mountains of southeastern Türkiye, with its headwaters associated with the Lake Hazar region. From Türkiye, it flows southeastward, briefly skirting the Syria–Iraq border before traversing Iraq. Near Al-Qurnah in southern Iraq, the Tigris joins the Euphrates River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which finally drains into the Persian Gulf. Incorrect Solution: C Statement (c) is correct. The Tigris River originates in the Taurus Mountains of southeastern Türkiye, with its headwaters associated with the Lake Hazar region. From Türkiye, it flows southeastward, briefly skirting the Syria–Iraq border before traversing Iraq. Near Al-Qurnah in southern Iraq, the Tigris joins the Euphrates River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which finally drains into the Persian Gulf.

#### 10. Question

Which of the following statements about the Tigris River is correct?

• a) It originates in the Zagros Mountains and drains directly into the Red Sea.

• b) It flows only through Iraq before joining the Euphrates.

• c) It originates in the Taurus Mountains of Türkiye and joins the Euphrates to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.

• d) It is the longest river of West Asia and does not form any combined river system.

Solution: C

Statement (c) is correct. The Tigris River originates in the Taurus Mountains of southeastern Türkiye, with its headwaters associated with the Lake Hazar region. From Türkiye, it flows southeastward, briefly skirting the Syria–Iraq border before traversing Iraq.

Near Al-Qurnah in southern Iraq, the Tigris joins the Euphrates River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which finally drains into the Persian Gulf.

Solution: C

Near Al-Qurnah in southern Iraq, the Tigris joins the Euphrates River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which finally drains into the Persian Gulf.

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