UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 3 September 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points With reference to the CEREBO diagnostic tool, which of the following statements is correct? a) It is an invasive surgical tool used for treating severe traumatic brain injuries. b) It primarily uses Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) principles in a portable format. c) It employs near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning to detect intracranial abnormalities. d) Its use is restricted to highly skilled neurosurgeons in tertiary care hospitals. Correct Solution: C CEREBO is a hand-held, portable, and non-invasive diagnostic device, not a surgical tool. Its core technology is the integration of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with machine learning algorithms. NIRS works by shining near-infrared light through the skull; the light is absorbed and scattered differently by oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood, and other tissues. The device captures these patterns, and the machine learning model analyzes them to detect abnormalities like intracranial bleeding (hematoma) or swelling (edema) with high accuracy. This technology is fundamentally different from MRI, which uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves. A key design feature of CEREBO is its user-friendliness, allowing it to be operated by paramedics and minimally trained staff, making it suitable for pre-hospital settings like ambulances and rural clinics, thereby decentralizing brain injury diagnosis. Incorrect Solution: C CEREBO is a hand-held, portable, and non-invasive diagnostic device, not a surgical tool. Its core technology is the integration of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with machine learning algorithms. NIRS works by shining near-infrared light through the skull; the light is absorbed and scattered differently by oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood, and other tissues. The device captures these patterns, and the machine learning model analyzes them to detect abnormalities like intracranial bleeding (hematoma) or swelling (edema) with high accuracy. This technology is fundamentally different from MRI, which uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves. A key design feature of CEREBO is its user-friendliness, allowing it to be operated by paramedics and minimally trained staff, making it suitable for pre-hospital settings like ambulances and rural clinics, thereby decentralizing brain injury diagnosis.

#### 1. Question

With reference to the CEREBO diagnostic tool, which of the following statements is correct?

• a) It is an invasive surgical tool used for treating severe traumatic brain injuries.

• b) It primarily uses Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) principles in a portable format.

• c) It employs near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning to detect intracranial abnormalities.

• d) Its use is restricted to highly skilled neurosurgeons in tertiary care hospitals.

Solution: C

• CEREBO is a hand-held, portable, and non-invasive diagnostic device, not a surgical tool. Its core technology is the integration of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with machine learning algorithms. NIRS works by shining near-infrared light through the skull; the light is absorbed and scattered differently by oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood, and other tissues.

• The device captures these patterns, and the machine learning model analyzes them to detect abnormalities like intracranial bleeding (hematoma) or swelling (edema) with high accuracy. This technology is fundamentally different from MRI, which uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves.

• A key design feature of CEREBO is its user-friendliness, allowing it to be operated by paramedics and minimally trained staff, making it suitable for pre-hospital settings like ambulances and rural clinics, thereby decentralizing brain injury diagnosis.

Solution: C

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points The choice of Fort Wainwright, Alaska, as the venue for Yudh Abhyas 2025 holds particular strategic importance primarily because: a) It allows for the direct surveillance of Russian and Chinese military activities in the Arctic circle. b) It offers an extreme cold climate and high-altitude terrain, providing crucial acclimatization and operational experience relevant to the Himalayan theatre. c) It is the headquarters of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, facilitating better logistical integration between the two armies. d) It enables the seamless integration of army drills with the naval manoeuvres of the Malabar Exercise. Correct Solution: B The strategic significance of conducting Yudh Abhyas in Alaska lies in its unique environmental conditions. The subarctic climate, extreme cold, and mountainous terrain of Fort Wainwright provide an ideal training ground for high-altitude and extreme cold climate operations. This experience is directly transferable and invaluable for the Indian Army, which is perennially deployed along the high-altitude, mountainous border with China in the Himalayan theatre. Incorrect Solution: B The strategic significance of conducting Yudh Abhyas in Alaska lies in its unique environmental conditions. The subarctic climate, extreme cold, and mountainous terrain of Fort Wainwright provide an ideal training ground for high-altitude and extreme cold climate operations. This experience is directly transferable and invaluable for the Indian Army, which is perennially deployed along the high-altitude, mountainous border with China in the Himalayan theatre.

#### 2. Question

The choice of Fort Wainwright, Alaska, as the venue for Yudh Abhyas 2025 holds particular strategic importance primarily because:

• a) It allows for the direct surveillance of Russian and Chinese military activities in the Arctic circle.

• b) It offers an extreme cold climate and high-altitude terrain, providing crucial acclimatization and operational experience relevant to the Himalayan theatre.

• c) It is the headquarters of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, facilitating better logistical integration between the two armies.

• d) It enables the seamless integration of army drills with the naval manoeuvres of the Malabar Exercise.

Solution: B

The strategic significance of conducting Yudh Abhyas in Alaska lies in its unique environmental conditions. The subarctic climate, extreme cold, and mountainous terrain of Fort Wainwright provide an ideal training ground for high-altitude and extreme cold climate operations. This experience is directly transferable and invaluable for the Indian Army, which is perennially deployed along the high-altitude, mountainous border with China in the Himalayan theatre.

Solution: B

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), consider the following statements: It mandates the distribution of 35 kg of foodgrains per month to every household covered under the NFSA, including both Priority Households (PHH) and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households. Since its inception, all foodgrains distributed under this scheme have been provided completely free of cost. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: D About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): What it is? A free foodgrain distribution scheme under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013. Provides rice/wheat free of cost to eligible households through the Public Distribution System (PDS). Launched in: March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, as a relief measure for vulnerable populations. Ministry: Implemented by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Statement 1 is incorrect. The entitlement is differentiated. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households receive 35 kg per family per month, while Priority Households (PHH) are entitled to 5 kg per person per month. The distribution is not a uniform 35 kg for all. Statement 2 is incorrect. The scheme made foodgrains entirely free of cost only from January 2023. Prior to this, beneficiaries under the NFSA paid a nominal, highly subsidized price (e.g., ₹3/kg for rice, ₹2/kg for wheat). The 2020 scheme provided an additional 5kg free, over and above the subsidized entitlement. Incorrect Solution: D About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): What it is? A free foodgrain distribution scheme under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013. Provides rice/wheat free of cost to eligible households through the Public Distribution System (PDS). Launched in: March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, as a relief measure for vulnerable populations. Ministry: Implemented by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Statement 1 is incorrect. The entitlement is differentiated. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households receive 35 kg per family per month, while Priority Households (PHH) are entitled to 5 kg per person per month. The distribution is not a uniform 35 kg for all. Statement 2 is incorrect. The scheme made foodgrains entirely free of cost only from January 2023. Prior to this, beneficiaries under the NFSA paid a nominal, highly subsidized price (e.g., ₹3/kg for rice, ₹2/kg for wheat). The 2020 scheme provided an additional 5kg free, over and above the subsidized entitlement.

#### 3. Question

With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), consider the following statements:

• It mandates the distribution of 35 kg of foodgrains per month to every household covered under the NFSA, including both Priority Households (PHH) and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households.

• Since its inception, all foodgrains distributed under this scheme have been provided completely free of cost.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: D

About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY):

What it is?

• A free foodgrain distribution scheme under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013.

• Provides rice/wheat free of cost to eligible households through the Public Distribution System (PDS).

Launched in:

• March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, as a relief measure for vulnerable populations.

Ministry:

• Implemented by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The entitlement is differentiated. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households receive 35 kg per family per month, while Priority Households (PHH) are entitled to 5 kg per person per month. The distribution is not a uniform 35 kg for all.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The scheme made foodgrains entirely free of cost only from January 2023. Prior to this, beneficiaries under the NFSA paid a nominal, highly subsidized price (e.g., ₹3/kg for rice, ₹2/kg for wheat). The 2020 scheme provided an additional 5kg free, over and above the subsidized entitlement.

Solution: D

About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY):

What it is?

• A free foodgrain distribution scheme under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013.

• Provides rice/wheat free of cost to eligible households through the Public Distribution System (PDS).

Launched in:

• March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, as a relief measure for vulnerable populations.

Ministry:

• Implemented by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the High-Performance Biomanufacturing Platforms: These platforms are established as a national network to provide startups and academic institutions with access to advanced infrastructure for scaling up bio-innovations. The initiative is a component of the BioE3 Policy and aims to enhance India’s self-reliance in the biotechnology sector. The scope of these platforms is limited to the development of pharmaceuticals like mRNA-based medicines and cell therapies. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The initiative’s core purpose is to create a national network of advanced bio-foundries and hubs. This network provides shared, world-class infrastructure and technology, enabling startups, SMEs, and academia to move their innovations from the laboratory phase to large-scale production without having to make prohibitive capital investments themselves. Statement 2 is correct. The launch of these platforms is under the BioE3 (Bioeconomy, Bio-energy, Bio-environment) Policy. A key goal is to reduce reliance on imports for critical biotechnological products and foster indigenous manufacturing, which directly aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) Statement 3 is incorrect. The platforms have a broad scope covering diverse areas beyond just pharmaceuticals. Areas such as microbial strains, smart proteins, probiotics, bio-based chemicals, marine bio-innovations, and sustainable biofuels, indicate a holistic approach to building the bioeconomy. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. The initiative’s core purpose is to create a national network of advanced bio-foundries and hubs. This network provides shared, world-class infrastructure and technology, enabling startups, SMEs, and academia to move their innovations from the laboratory phase to large-scale production without having to make prohibitive capital investments themselves. Statement 2 is correct. The launch of these platforms is under the BioE3 (Bioeconomy, Bio-energy, Bio-environment) Policy. A key goal is to reduce reliance on imports for critical biotechnological products and foster indigenous manufacturing, which directly aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) Statement 3 is incorrect. The platforms have a broad scope covering diverse areas beyond just pharmaceuticals. Areas such as microbial strains, smart proteins, probiotics, bio-based chemicals, marine bio-innovations, and sustainable biofuels, indicate a holistic approach to building the bioeconomy.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the High-Performance Biomanufacturing Platforms:

• These platforms are established as a national network to provide startups and academic institutions with access to advanced infrastructure for scaling up bio-innovations.

• The initiative is a component of the BioE3 Policy and aims to enhance India’s self-reliance in the biotechnology sector.

• The scope of these platforms is limited to the development of pharmaceuticals like mRNA-based medicines and cell therapies.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. The initiative’s core purpose is to create a national network of advanced bio-foundries and hubs. This network provides shared, world-class infrastructure and technology, enabling startups, SMEs, and academia to move their innovations from the laboratory phase to large-scale production without having to make prohibitive capital investments themselves.

• Statement 2 is correct. The launch of these platforms is under the BioE3 (Bioeconomy, Bio-energy, Bio-environment) Policy. A key goal is to reduce reliance on imports for critical biotechnological products and foster indigenous manufacturing, which directly aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India)

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The platforms have a broad scope covering diverse areas beyond just pharmaceuticals. Areas such as microbial strains, smart proteins, probiotics, bio-based chemicals, marine bio-innovations, and sustainable biofuels, indicate a holistic approach to building the bioeconomy.

Solution: B

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Match the geographical feature of Afghanistan. Column-I (Feature) Column-II (Type) Column-III (Description/Location) 1. Hindu Kush A. River i. Forms the northern frontier with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan 2. Amu Darya B. Mountain Pass ii. The longest river in Afghanistan, draining into the Sistan Basin 3. Helmand C. Mountain Range iii. A crucial pass connecting Afghanistan to Pakistan, historically significant for trade and invasions 4. Khyber Pass D. River iv. The dominant mountain system, part of the greater Himalayan chain, and a zone of high seismic activity Select the correct combination: a) 1-C-iv, 2-D-i, 3-A-ii, 4-B-iii b) 1-C-i, 2-A-iv, 3-D-iii, 4-B-ii c) 1-A-iv, 2-C-i, 3-B-ii, 4-D-iii d) 1-C-iv, 2-A-i, 3-D-ii, 4-B-iii Correct Solution: D Hindu Kush (1) is a major Mountain Range (C) that dominates Afghanistan’s topography. It is an extension of the greater Himalayan chain and is located on a tectonically active zone, making it prone to earthquakes (iv). Amu Darya (2) is a major River (A) that originates in the Pamir Mountains and flows westward, forming a significant part of Afghanistan’s northern border with Central Asian countries like Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan (i). Helmand (3) is another significant River (D). It is the longest river flowing entirely within Afghanistan’s borders, travelling southwest through the desert regions and emptying into the Sistan Basin on the border with Iran (ii). Khyber Pass (4) is a famous Mountain Pass (B) that cuts through the mountains on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan (iii). It has historically been a vital trade route and strategic military chokepoint. Incorrect Solution: D Hindu Kush (1) is a major Mountain Range (C) that dominates Afghanistan’s topography. It is an extension of the greater Himalayan chain and is located on a tectonically active zone, making it prone to earthquakes (iv). Amu Darya (2) is a major River (A) that originates in the Pamir Mountains and flows westward, forming a significant part of Afghanistan’s northern border with Central Asian countries like Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan (i). Helmand (3) is another significant River (D). It is the longest river flowing entirely within Afghanistan’s borders, travelling southwest through the desert regions and emptying into the Sistan Basin on the border with Iran (ii). Khyber Pass (4) is a famous Mountain Pass (B) that cuts through the mountains on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan (iii). It has historically been a vital trade route and strategic military chokepoint.

#### 5. Question

Match the geographical feature of Afghanistan.

Column-I (Feature) | Column-II (Type) | Column-III (Description/Location)

1.Hindu Kush | A. River | i. Forms the northern frontier with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan
2.Amu Darya | B. Mountain Pass | ii. The longest river in Afghanistan, draining into the Sistan Basin
3.Helmand | C. Mountain Range | iii. A crucial pass connecting Afghanistan to Pakistan, historically significant for trade and invasions
4.Khyber Pass | D. River | iv. The dominant mountain system, part of the greater Himalayan chain, and a zone of high seismic activity

Select the correct combination:

• a) 1-C-iv, 2-D-i, 3-A-ii, 4-B-iii

• b) 1-C-i, 2-A-iv, 3-D-iii, 4-B-ii

• c) 1-A-iv, 2-C-i, 3-B-ii, 4-D-iii

• d) 1-C-iv, 2-A-i, 3-D-ii, 4-B-iii

Solution: D

• Hindu Kush (1) is a major Mountain Range (C) that dominates Afghanistan’s topography. It is an extension of the greater Himalayan chain and is located on a tectonically active zone, making it prone to earthquakes (iv).

• Amu Darya (2) is a major River (A) that originates in the Pamir Mountains and flows westward, forming a significant part of Afghanistan’s northern border with Central Asian countries like Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan (i).

• Helmand (3) is another significant River (D). It is the longest river flowing entirely within Afghanistan’s borders, travelling southwest through the desert regions and emptying into the Sistan Basin on the border with Iran (ii).

• Khyber Pass (4) is a famous Mountain Pass (B) that cuts through the mountains on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan (iii). It has historically been a vital trade route and strategic military chokepoint.

Solution: D

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the CEREBO tool: It is a radiation-free device, making it safe for use on infants and pregnant women. The development of this tool was a collaborative effort involving governmental research bodies and private sector entities. It can only diagnose brain edema and is not capable of detecting intracranial bleeding. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. CEREBO uses near-infrared spectroscopy, which involves low-energy light and is non-ionizing. This makes it radiation-free and safe for vulnerable populations like infants and pregnant women, for whom radiation-based imaging like CT scans is a significant concern. Statement 2 is correct. The development was a multi-institutional collaboration. It involved the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and its Medical Device & Diagnostics Mission Secretariat (MDMS), along with premier institutions like AIIMS Bhopal and NIMHANS Bengaluru, and a private company, Bioscan Research. This public-private partnership model is crucial for translating research into viable medical products. Statement 3 is incorrect. The device is specifically designed to detect both major types of critical brain abnormalities following trauma: intracranial bleeding (hemorrhage) and brain swelling (edema) within a minute, enabling rapid triage of patients. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. CEREBO uses near-infrared spectroscopy, which involves low-energy light and is non-ionizing. This makes it radiation-free and safe for vulnerable populations like infants and pregnant women, for whom radiation-based imaging like CT scans is a significant concern. Statement 2 is correct. The development was a multi-institutional collaboration. It involved the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and its Medical Device & Diagnostics Mission Secretariat (MDMS), along with premier institutions like AIIMS Bhopal and NIMHANS Bengaluru, and a private company, Bioscan Research. This public-private partnership model is crucial for translating research into viable medical products. Statement 3 is incorrect. The device is specifically designed to detect both major types of critical brain abnormalities following trauma: intracranial bleeding (hemorrhage) and brain swelling (edema) within a minute, enabling rapid triage of patients.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the CEREBO tool:

• It is a radiation-free device, making it safe for use on infants and pregnant women.

• The development of this tool was a collaborative effort involving governmental research bodies and private sector entities.

• It can only diagnose brain edema and is not capable of detecting intracranial bleeding.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct. CEREBO uses near-infrared spectroscopy, which involves low-energy light and is non-ionizing. This makes it radiation-free and safe for vulnerable populations like infants and pregnant women, for whom radiation-based imaging like CT scans is a significant concern.

• Statement 2 is correct. The development was a multi-institutional collaboration. It involved the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and its Medical Device & Diagnostics Mission Secretariat (MDMS), along with premier institutions like AIIMS Bhopal and NIMHANS Bengaluru, and a private company, Bioscan Research. This public-private partnership model is crucial for translating research into viable medical products.

Statement 3 is incorrect. The device is specifically designed to detect both major types of critical brain abnormalities following trauma: intracranial bleeding (hemorrhage) and brain swelling (edema) within a minute, enabling rapid triage of patients.

Solution: A

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Digital Yen (DCJPY): DCJPY is a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) issued directly by the Bank of Japan to replace physical currency. The value of DCJPY is algorithmically stabilized and is not backed by any physical assets. Its primary design objective is to enable anonymous peer-to-peer transactions outside the traditional banking system. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect. DCJPY is not a CBDC. It is a blockchain-based deposit currency issued by a commercial bank, Japan Post Bank, not the central bank (Bank of Japan). It represents a tokenized form of commercial bank money, not central bank liability. Statement 2 is incorrect. DCJPY is fully backed 1:1 by fiat yen deposits. This makes it a fully collateralized digital currency, not an algorithmic one. Its value is directly tied to the yen held in reserve, ensuring stability and eliminating the volatility risk associated with unbacked or algorithmically stabilized cryptocurrencies. Statement 3 is incorrect. DCJPY operates within the regulated banking system. Transactions are ledgered on a blockchain for transparency and traceability, not anonymity. Its purpose is to integrate blockchain technology into mainstream finance for things like instant settlement of digital securities, making transactions more efficient and transparent for registered depositors, not to operate outside the banking system. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect. DCJPY is not a CBDC. It is a blockchain-based deposit currency issued by a commercial bank, Japan Post Bank, not the central bank (Bank of Japan). It represents a tokenized form of commercial bank money, not central bank liability. Statement 2 is incorrect. DCJPY is fully backed 1:1 by fiat yen deposits. This makes it a fully collateralized digital currency, not an algorithmic one. Its value is directly tied to the yen held in reserve, ensuring stability and eliminating the volatility risk associated with unbacked or algorithmically stabilized cryptocurrencies. Statement 3 is incorrect. DCJPY operates within the regulated banking system. Transactions are ledgered on a blockchain for transparency and traceability, not anonymity. Its purpose is to integrate blockchain technology into mainstream finance for things like instant settlement of digital securities, making transactions more efficient and transparent for registered depositors, not to operate outside the banking system.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements about the Digital Yen (DCJPY):

• DCJPY is a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) issued directly by the Bank of Japan to replace physical currency.

• The value of DCJPY is algorithmically stabilized and is not backed by any physical assets.

• Its primary design objective is to enable anonymous peer-to-peer transactions outside the traditional banking system.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect. DCJPY is not a CBDC. It is a blockchain-based deposit currency issued by a commercial bank, Japan Post Bank, not the central bank (Bank of Japan). It represents a tokenized form of commercial bank money, not central bank liability.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. DCJPY is fully backed 1:1 by fiat yen deposits. This makes it a fully collateralized digital currency, not an algorithmic one. Its value is directly tied to the yen held in reserve, ensuring stability and eliminating the volatility risk associated with unbacked or algorithmically stabilized cryptocurrencies.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. DCJPY operates within the regulated banking system. Transactions are ledgered on a blockchain for transparency and traceability, not anonymity. Its purpose is to integrate blockchain technology into mainstream finance for things like instant settlement of digital securities, making transactions more efficient and transparent for registered depositors, not to operate outside the banking system.

Solution: D

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points The Government of India’s recent decision to review the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) is primarily driven by the need to: a) Transition completely from in-kind food distribution to a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) model. b) Increase the quantity of foodgrains provided to each beneficiary to combat rising malnutrition. c) Rationalize the massive food subsidy expenditure by improving targeting efficiency and eliminating inclusion errors. d) Expand the scheme's coverage to include the entire population of the country as a universal food security net. Correct Solution: C The review of PMGKAY is being undertaken as the food subsidy bill has crossed ₹2 lakh crore in FY26. The primary objective of this review is fiscal consolidation by making the scheme more efficient. This is being achieved by focusing on better targeting of beneficiaries. The “re-verification drive” to “weed out ineligible beneficiaries” is a direct measure to reduce inclusion errors—where people who do not qualify for the scheme are still availing its benefits. By removing these beneficiaries, the government aims to rationalize its expenditure and ensure that the subsidy reaches only the intended poor and vulnerable populations. Incorrect Solution: C The review of PMGKAY is being undertaken as the food subsidy bill has crossed ₹2 lakh crore in FY26. The primary objective of this review is fiscal consolidation by making the scheme more efficient. This is being achieved by focusing on better targeting of beneficiaries. The “re-verification drive” to “weed out ineligible beneficiaries” is a direct measure to reduce inclusion errors—where people who do not qualify for the scheme are still availing its benefits. By removing these beneficiaries, the government aims to rationalize its expenditure and ensure that the subsidy reaches only the intended poor and vulnerable populations.

#### 8. Question

The Government of India’s recent decision to review the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) is primarily driven by the need to:

• a) Transition completely from in-kind food distribution to a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) model.

• b) Increase the quantity of foodgrains provided to each beneficiary to combat rising malnutrition.

• c) Rationalize the massive food subsidy expenditure by improving targeting efficiency and eliminating inclusion errors.

• d) Expand the scheme's coverage to include the entire population of the country as a universal food security net.

Solution: C

• The review of PMGKAY is being undertaken as the food subsidy bill has crossed ₹2 lakh crore in FY26. The primary objective of this review is fiscal consolidation by making the scheme more efficient. This is being achieved by focusing on better targeting of beneficiaries.

• The “re-verification drive” to “weed out ineligible beneficiaries” is a direct measure to reduce inclusion errors—where people who do not qualify for the scheme are still availing its benefits. By removing these beneficiaries, the government aims to rationalize its expenditure and ensure that the subsidy reaches only the intended poor and vulnerable populations.

Solution: C

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding High-Performance Biomanufacturing Platforms: Statement I: The establishment of High-Performance Biomanufacturing Platforms is a strategic step towards making India a leading global power in the bioeconomy. Statement II: The platforms lower the financial and technical barriers for innovators to commercialize their research by providing shared access to cutting-edge manufacturing infrastructure. Statement III: By focusing on diverse and sustainable areas like biofuels and bio-based chemicals, the initiative helps build a green industrial ecosystem in line with national climate commitments. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I presents the overarching strategic goal: positioning India as a global bioeconomy leader. This is the main assertion. Statement II explains one of the key mechanisms by which this goal is achieved. By providing shared, advanced infrastructure, the platforms solve a major problem for startups and researchers – the high cost of scaling up. This accelerates commercialization, which is essential for economic growth and leadership in the sector. Thus, Statement II correctly explains one aspect of how Statement I is being pursued. Statement III explains another crucial aspect. Leadership in the 21st-century bioeconomy is not just about volume but also about sustainability and diversification. By supporting green technologies like biofuels and bio-based chemicals, India aligns its economic ambitions with its climate commitments and builds a modern, environmentally conscious bio-industry. This strategic focus is also essential for becoming a global leader. Therefore, both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both provide distinct, critical explanations for how the initiative supports the strategic ambition laid out in Statement I. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I presents the overarching strategic goal: positioning India as a global bioeconomy leader. This is the main assertion. Statement II explains one of the key mechanisms by which this goal is achieved. By providing shared, advanced infrastructure, the platforms solve a major problem for startups and researchers – the high cost of scaling up. This accelerates commercialization, which is essential for economic growth and leadership in the sector. Thus, Statement II correctly explains one aspect of how Statement I is being pursued. Statement III explains another crucial aspect. Leadership in the 21st-century bioeconomy is not just about volume but also about sustainability and diversification. By supporting green technologies like biofuels and bio-based chemicals, India aligns its economic ambitions with its climate commitments and builds a modern, environmentally conscious bio-industry. This strategic focus is also essential for becoming a global leader. Therefore, both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both provide distinct, critical explanations for how the initiative supports the strategic ambition laid out in Statement I.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding High-Performance Biomanufacturing Platforms:

Statement I: The establishment of High-Performance Biomanufacturing Platforms is a strategic step towards making India a leading global power in the bioeconomy.

Statement II: The platforms lower the financial and technical barriers for innovators to commercialize their research by providing shared access to cutting-edge manufacturing infrastructure.

Statement III: By focusing on diverse and sustainable areas like biofuels and bio-based chemicals, the initiative helps build a green industrial ecosystem in line with national climate commitments.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

• (d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I presents the overarching strategic goal: positioning India as a global bioeconomy leader. This is the main assertion.

• Statement II explains one of the key mechanisms by which this goal is achieved. By providing shared, advanced infrastructure, the platforms solve a major problem for startups and researchers – the high cost of scaling up. This accelerates commercialization, which is essential for economic growth and leadership in the sector. Thus, Statement II correctly explains one aspect of how Statement I is being pursued.

• Statement III explains another crucial aspect. Leadership in the 21st-century bioeconomy is not just about volume but also about sustainability and diversification. By supporting green technologies like biofuels and bio-based chemicals, India aligns its economic ambitions with its climate commitments and builds a modern, environmentally conscious bio-industry. This strategic focus is also essential for becoming a global leader.

• Therefore, both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both provide distinct, critical explanations for how the initiative supports the strategic ambition laid out in Statement I.

Solution: A

• Statement I presents the overarching strategic goal: positioning India as a global bioeconomy leader. This is the main assertion.

• Therefore, both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both provide distinct, critical explanations for how the initiative supports the strategic ambition laid out in Statement I.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points The high frequency and intensity of earthquakes in Afghanistan, particularly in its eastern and central regions, are primarily a direct consequence of: a) The collapse of underground caverns due to extensive mining activities. b) The country's geographical position at the complex and active tectonic boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates. c) Isostatic rebound resulting from the melting of glaciers in the Hindu Kush mountains. d) Volcanic activity along the Hari Rud fault line in the western part of the country. Correct Solution: B Afghanistan is situated in one of the most seismically active regions in the world. This is because it lies at the junction of several tectonic plates, most notably the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate is continuously moving northward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This immense geological pressure is the force that created the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountain ranges. The stress from this collision is released through frequent and often powerful earthquakes along the numerous fault lines that crisscross the country. The recent earthquake near Jalalabad is a direct manifestation of this ongoing tectonic activity. Incorrect Solution: B Afghanistan is situated in one of the most seismically active regions in the world. This is because it lies at the junction of several tectonic plates, most notably the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate is continuously moving northward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This immense geological pressure is the force that created the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountain ranges. The stress from this collision is released through frequent and often powerful earthquakes along the numerous fault lines that crisscross the country. The recent earthquake near Jalalabad is a direct manifestation of this ongoing tectonic activity.

#### 10. Question

The high frequency and intensity of earthquakes in Afghanistan, particularly in its eastern and central regions, are primarily a direct consequence of:

• a) The collapse of underground caverns due to extensive mining activities.

• b) The country's geographical position at the complex and active tectonic boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

• c) Isostatic rebound resulting from the melting of glaciers in the Hindu Kush mountains.

• d) Volcanic activity along the Hari Rud fault line in the western part of the country.

Solution: B

• Afghanistan is situated in one of the most seismically active regions in the world. This is because it lies at the junction of several tectonic plates, most notably the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate is continuously moving northward and colliding with the Eurasian Plate. This immense geological pressure is the force that created the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountain ranges.

• The stress from this collision is released through frequent and often powerful earthquakes along the numerous fault lines that crisscross the country. The recent earthquake near Jalalabad is a direct manifestation of this ongoing tectonic activity.

Solution: B

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