UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 29 March 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the rights and autonomy of minority institutions in India: Minority institutions cannot admit non-minority students under any circumstances. Minority institutions are entirely exempt from educational quality standards set by the government. The Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014) ruling granted minority institutions exemption from RTE Act’s reservation provisions. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Only statement 3 is correct. In Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court ruled that minority institutions are exempt from the reservation provisions of the Right to Education (RTE) Act. Statement 1 is incorrect because minority institutions can admit non-minority students, although they may have quotas or reserved seats for minority students based on the institution’s founding purpose. Statement 2 is also incorrect because minority institutions must adhere to national standards of quality to ensure they provide proper education, although they enjoy certain autonomies in administration and admissions. Incorrect Solution: B Only statement 3 is correct. In Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court ruled that minority institutions are exempt from the reservation provisions of the Right to Education (RTE) Act. Statement 1 is incorrect because minority institutions can admit non-minority students, although they may have quotas or reserved seats for minority students based on the institution’s founding purpose. Statement 2 is also incorrect because minority institutions must adhere to national standards of quality to ensure they provide proper education, although they enjoy certain autonomies in administration and admissions.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements about the rights and autonomy of minority institutions in India:

• Minority institutions cannot admit non-minority students under any circumstances.

• Minority institutions are entirely exempt from educational quality standards set by the government.

• The Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014) ruling granted minority institutions exemption from RTE Act’s reservation provisions.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Only statement 3 is correct. In Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court ruled that minority institutions are exempt from the reservation provisions of the Right to Education (RTE) Act.

Statement 1 is incorrect because minority institutions can admit non-minority students, although they may have quotas or reserved seats for minority students based on the institution’s founding purpose.

Statement 2 is also incorrect because minority institutions must adhere to national standards of quality to ensure they provide proper education, although they enjoy certain autonomies in administration and admissions.

Solution: B

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements on customary international law in transboundary water treaties: The no-harm rule is automatically enforceable in all treaties. Equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) is a principle applied in international watercourse management. Customary law obliges states to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for projects with potential cross-border impacts. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is incorrect because, while the no-harm rule is a foundational principle in international environmental law, it is not automatically enforceable in all treaties. Its application depends on the specific terms agreed upon by the treaty parties. States may include the no-harm obligation explicitly in a treaty, making it binding for those parties. Statement 2 is correct, as equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) is widely recognized in customary international law, particularly in the context of shared water resources. ERU emphasizes balanced resource use, ensuring that no single state exploits shared watercourses to the detriment of others. Statement 3 is also correct. Customary law obliges states to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for projects with potential cross-border impacts, promoting transparency and minimizing risks to neighbouring states. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is incorrect because, while the no-harm rule is a foundational principle in international environmental law, it is not automatically enforceable in all treaties. Its application depends on the specific terms agreed upon by the treaty parties. States may include the no-harm obligation explicitly in a treaty, making it binding for those parties. Statement 2 is correct, as equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) is widely recognized in customary international law, particularly in the context of shared water resources. ERU emphasizes balanced resource use, ensuring that no single state exploits shared watercourses to the detriment of others. Statement 3 is also correct. Customary law obliges states to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for projects with potential cross-border impacts, promoting transparency and minimizing risks to neighbouring states.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements on customary international law in transboundary water treaties:

• The no-harm rule is automatically enforceable in all treaties.

• Equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) is a principle applied in international watercourse management.

• Customary law obliges states to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for projects with potential cross-border impacts.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

Statement 1 is incorrect because, while the no-harm rule is a foundational principle in international environmental law, it is not automatically enforceable in all treaties. Its application depends on the specific terms agreed upon by the treaty parties. States may include the no-harm obligation explicitly in a treaty, making it binding for those parties.

Statement 2 is correct, as equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) is widely recognized in customary international law, particularly in the context of shared water resources. ERU emphasizes balanced resource use, ensuring that no single state exploits shared watercourses to the detriment of others.

Statement 3 is also correct. Customary law obliges states to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for projects with potential cross-border impacts, promoting transparency and minimizing risks to neighbouring states.

Solution: C

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Which of the following features in 6G technology allows for the creation of dedicated, smaller networks tailored for specific types of traffic? (a) Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS) (b) Massive MIMO (c) Network Slicing (d) Terahertz (THz) Frequencies Correct Solution: C Network Slicing is an essential feature in advanced networks like 5G and 6G that allows operators to create multiple virtual networks within a single physical network. This enables customization of network resources to suit specific types of traffic and use cases, such as streaming high-definition video, managing IoT devices, or supporting industrial automation. Each slice can have different levels of latency, bandwidth, and security, tailored precisely to the needs of the application it serves. Network slicing improves network efficiency and responsiveness by allocating resources based on real-time demand, enabling dynamic scalability and cost efficiency. In 6G, this technology will likely be more granular, creating even more specialized slices. Incorrect Solution: C Network Slicing is an essential feature in advanced networks like 5G and 6G that allows operators to create multiple virtual networks within a single physical network. This enables customization of network resources to suit specific types of traffic and use cases, such as streaming high-definition video, managing IoT devices, or supporting industrial automation. Each slice can have different levels of latency, bandwidth, and security, tailored precisely to the needs of the application it serves. Network slicing improves network efficiency and responsiveness by allocating resources based on real-time demand, enabling dynamic scalability and cost efficiency. In 6G, this technology will likely be more granular, creating even more specialized slices.

#### 3. Question

Which of the following features in 6G technology allows for the creation of dedicated, smaller networks tailored for specific types of traffic?

• (a) Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS)

• (b) Massive MIMO

• (c) Network Slicing

• (d) Terahertz (THz) Frequencies

Solution: C

• Network Slicing is an essential feature in advanced networks like 5G and 6G that allows operators to create multiple virtual networks within a single physical network. This enables customization of network resources to suit specific types of traffic and use cases, such as streaming high-definition video, managing IoT devices, or supporting industrial automation.

• Each slice can have different levels of latency, bandwidth, and security, tailored precisely to the needs of the application it serves.

• Network slicing improves network efficiency and responsiveness by allocating resources based on real-time demand, enabling dynamic scalability and cost efficiency.

• In 6G, this technology will likely be more granular, creating even more specialized slices.

Solution: C

• Each slice can have different levels of latency, bandwidth, and security, tailored precisely to the needs of the application it serves.

• Network slicing improves network efficiency and responsiveness by allocating resources based on real-time demand, enabling dynamic scalability and cost efficiency.

• In 6G, this technology will likely be more granular, creating even more specialized slices.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about minority educational institutions: The National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004, provides minority institutions with absolute immunity from state interference. Only institutions established post-Independence are eligible for minority status under the Constitution. The Supreme Court in T.M.A Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002) laid down guidelines to identify minority status and autonomy in administration. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Only statement 3 is correct. In T.M.A Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court laid down guidelines to determine the minority status of institutions and the extent of their administrative autonomy. Statement 1 is incorrect as the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004, provides safeguards and legal recognition but does not grant absolute immunity from state regulation. Statement 2 is also incorrect because institutions established before the Constitution came into force can also claim minority status if they meet the criteria. Incorrect Solution: A Only statement 3 is correct. In T.M.A Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court laid down guidelines to determine the minority status of institutions and the extent of their administrative autonomy. Statement 1 is incorrect as the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004, provides safeguards and legal recognition but does not grant absolute immunity from state regulation. Statement 2 is also incorrect because institutions established before the Constitution came into force can also claim minority status if they meet the criteria.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements about minority educational institutions:

• The National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004, provides minority institutions with absolute immunity from state interference.

• Only institutions established post-Independence are eligible for minority status under the Constitution.

• The Supreme Court in T.M.A Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002) laid down guidelines to identify minority status and autonomy in administration.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 3 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

Only statement 3 is correct. In T.M.A Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court laid down guidelines to determine the minority status of institutions and the extent of their administrative autonomy.

Statement 1 is incorrect as the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004, provides safeguards and legal recognition but does not grant absolute immunity from state regulation.

Statement 2 is also incorrect because institutions established before the Constitution came into force can also claim minority status if they meet the criteria.

Solution: A

Statement 2 is also incorrect because institutions established before the Constitution came into force can also claim minority status if they meet the criteria.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding 6G technology: Terahertz frequencies in 6G enable faster data transfer but can only travel short distances. Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS) improve signal quality in areas with weak reception. Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology uses multiple antennas to enhance data transmission, supporting numerous devices simultaneously. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: D Terahertz (THz) frequencies are extremely high-frequency waves that can carry massive amounts of data, though they suffer from limited range, making them suitable for specific, localized applications or indoor environments. Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS) help boost signal quality by reflecting signals towards areas with low coverage, ensuring stronger and more reliable connections. Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology enhances the capacity and efficiency of wireless networks by using multiple antennas to support a higher number of simultaneous connections, which is crucial for the expansive connectivity needs of 6G. Incorrect Solution: D Terahertz (THz) frequencies are extremely high-frequency waves that can carry massive amounts of data, though they suffer from limited range, making them suitable for specific, localized applications or indoor environments. Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS) help boost signal quality by reflecting signals towards areas with low coverage, ensuring stronger and more reliable connections. Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology enhances the capacity and efficiency of wireless networks by using multiple antennas to support a higher number of simultaneous connections, which is crucial for the expansive connectivity needs of 6G.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding 6G technology:

• Terahertz frequencies in 6G enable faster data transfer but can only travel short distances.

• Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS) improve signal quality in areas with weak reception.

• Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology uses multiple antennas to enhance data transmission, supporting numerous devices simultaneously.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: D

Terahertz (THz) frequencies are extremely high-frequency waves that can carry massive amounts of data, though they suffer from limited range, making them suitable for specific, localized applications or indoor environments.

Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS) help boost signal quality by reflecting signals towards areas with low coverage, ensuring stronger and more reliable connections.

Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology enhances the capacity and efficiency of wireless networks by using multiple antennas to support a higher number of simultaneous connections, which is crucial for the expansive connectivity needs of 6G.

Solution: D

Integrated Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IIRS) help boost signal quality by reflecting signals towards areas with low coverage, ensuring stronger and more reliable connections.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements on equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) as per the UN Watercourses Convention: ERU ensures that upstream states have exclusive rights to water usage. ERU aims to allocate water resources based on social and economic needs of all riparian states. ERU requires states to notify each other before utilizing shared water resources. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Only Statement 2 is correct. The concept of equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) under the UN Watercourses Convention aims to promote a fair distribution of shared water resources among all riparian states, considering their social, economic, and environmental needs. ERU does not provide exclusive rights to upstream states; instead, it supports a balanced approach that prevents any single state from monopolizing the shared resource. This principle encourages cooperation and respect for each state’s needs while also acknowledging the importance of sustainable water use. Although notifying other states of water usage activities can be a part of broader cooperative measures, it is not an explicit requirement within the ERU principle itself. Incorrect Solution: A Only Statement 2 is correct. The concept of equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) under the UN Watercourses Convention aims to promote a fair distribution of shared water resources among all riparian states, considering their social, economic, and environmental needs. ERU does not provide exclusive rights to upstream states; instead, it supports a balanced approach that prevents any single state from monopolizing the shared resource. This principle encourages cooperation and respect for each state’s needs while also acknowledging the importance of sustainable water use. Although notifying other states of water usage activities can be a part of broader cooperative measures, it is not an explicit requirement within the ERU principle itself.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements on equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) as per the UN Watercourses Convention:

• ERU ensures that upstream states have exclusive rights to water usage.

• ERU aims to allocate water resources based on social and economic needs of all riparian states.

• ERU requires states to notify each other before utilizing shared water resources.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

Only Statement 2 is correct.

• The concept of equitable and reasonable utilization (ERU) under the UN Watercourses Convention aims to promote a fair distribution of shared water resources among all riparian states, considering their social, economic, and environmental needs.

• ERU does not provide exclusive rights to upstream states; instead, it supports a balanced approach that prevents any single state from monopolizing the shared resource.

• This principle encourages cooperation and respect for each state’s needs while also acknowledging the importance of sustainable water use.

• Although notifying other states of water usage activities can be a part of broader cooperative measures, it is not an explicit requirement within the ERU principle itself.

Solution: A

Only Statement 2 is correct.

• ERU does not provide exclusive rights to upstream states; instead, it supports a balanced approach that prevents any single state from monopolizing the shared resource.

• This principle encourages cooperation and respect for each state’s needs while also acknowledging the importance of sustainable water use.

• Although notifying other states of water usage activities can be a part of broader cooperative measures, it is not an explicit requirement within the ERU principle itself.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points The 2023 update to India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) emphasizes which of the following as a major part of India’s climate strategy? (a) Provision of subsidies for fossil fuel industries (b) Setting up international partnerships for non-renewable energy resources (c) Complete phase-out of coal-based energy by 2030 (d) Establishment of a domestic carbon market Correct Solution: D India’s updated NDCs in 2023 emphasized the establishment of a domestic carbon market as a key part of its climate strategy. This move aligns with the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2022, which provides a statutory basis for a Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) to help India meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement. Incorrect Solution: D India’s updated NDCs in 2023 emphasized the establishment of a domestic carbon market as a key part of its climate strategy. This move aligns with the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2022, which provides a statutory basis for a Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) to help India meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement.

#### 7. Question

The 2023 update to India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) emphasizes which of the following as a major part of India’s climate strategy?

• (a) Provision of subsidies for fossil fuel industries

• (b) Setting up international partnerships for non-renewable energy resources

• (c) Complete phase-out of coal-based energy by 2030

• (d) Establishment of a domestic carbon market

Solution: D

India’s updated NDCs in 2023 emphasized the establishment of a domestic carbon market as a key part of its climate strategy. This move aligns with the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2022, which provides a statutory basis for a Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) to help India meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement.

Solution: D

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Bharat 6G Vision and Strategy: The Bharat 6G Vision aims to achieve affordable 6G technologies specifically for rural connectivity within India. The core principles of Bharat 6G Vision is aligning with the national policy of “Make in India” to strengthen domestic telecom manufacturing. Bharat 6G Vision focuses on enhancing global intellectual property contributions from India in 6G technologies. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect because the vision extends beyond rural connectivity to include secure, intelligent, and widespread global connectivity. Statement 2 misrepresents the core principles, which focus on affordability, sustainability, and ubiquity rather than the “Make in India” initiative specifically, though it does align with the broader Atmanirbhar Bharat objective of self-reliance. Bharat 6G Vision does prioritize India’s role in global intellectual property (IP) creation for 6G technologies, which supports India’s contributions in the 6G patent landscape. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect because the vision extends beyond rural connectivity to include secure, intelligent, and widespread global connectivity. Statement 2 misrepresents the core principles, which focus on affordability, sustainability, and ubiquity rather than the “Make in India” initiative specifically, though it does align with the broader Atmanirbhar Bharat objective of self-reliance. Bharat 6G Vision does prioritize India’s role in global intellectual property (IP) creation for 6G technologies, which supports India’s contributions in the 6G patent landscape.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Bharat 6G Vision and Strategy:

• The Bharat 6G Vision aims to achieve affordable 6G technologies specifically for rural connectivity within India.

• The core principles of Bharat 6G Vision is aligning with the national policy of “Make in India” to strengthen domestic telecom manufacturing.

• Bharat 6G Vision focuses on enhancing global intellectual property contributions from India in 6G technologies.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Statement 1 is incorrect because the vision extends beyond rural connectivity to include secure, intelligent, and widespread global connectivity.

Statement 2 misrepresents the core principles, which focus on affordability, sustainability, and ubiquity rather than the “Make in India” initiative specifically, though it does align with the broader Atmanirbhar Bharat objective of self-reliance.

Bharat 6G Vision does prioritize India’s role in global intellectual property (IP) creation for 6G technologies, which supports India’s contributions in the 6G patent landscape.

Solution: B

Statement 1 is incorrect because the vision extends beyond rural connectivity to include secure, intelligent, and widespread global connectivity.

Bharat 6G Vision does prioritize India’s role in global intellectual property (IP) creation for 6G technologies, which supports India’s contributions in the 6G patent landscape.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about CSR eligibility and compliance under the Companies Act, 2013: CSR becomes mandatory for companies with a net worth of ₹500 crore or more. Companies failing to meet CSR obligations may face monetary penalties, but responsible officers are not personally liable. The law requires unspent CSR funds to be carried forward indefinitely if not utilized in the specified year. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Only Statement 1 is correct. CSR compliance is mandatory for companies with a net worth of ₹500 crore or more, an annual turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more, or a net profit of ₹5 crore or more. Statement 2 is incorrect because both the company and responsible officers may face penalties for non-compliance. Officers can be fined or even face imprisonment for failing to meet CSR obligations. Statement 3 is also incorrect as per the 2019 amendment; unspent CSR funds must be transferred to a specified fund by the end of the fiscal year and utilized within three years. If unutilized, these funds must be deposited into a government-specified fund, ensuring timely and effective CSR expenditure. Incorrect Solution: A Only Statement 1 is correct. CSR compliance is mandatory for companies with a net worth of ₹500 crore or more, an annual turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more, or a net profit of ₹5 crore or more. Statement 2 is incorrect because both the company and responsible officers may face penalties for non-compliance. Officers can be fined or even face imprisonment for failing to meet CSR obligations. Statement 3 is also incorrect as per the 2019 amendment; unspent CSR funds must be transferred to a specified fund by the end of the fiscal year and utilized within three years. If unutilized, these funds must be deposited into a government-specified fund, ensuring timely and effective CSR expenditure.

#### 9. Question

• Consider the following statements about CSR eligibility and compliance under the Companies Act, 2013:

• CSR becomes mandatory for companies with a net worth of ₹500 crore or more.

• Companies failing to meet CSR obligations may face monetary penalties, but responsible officers are not personally liable.

• The law requires unspent CSR funds to be carried forward indefinitely if not utilized in the specified year.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

Only Statement 1 is correct.

CSR compliance is mandatory for companies with a net worth of ₹500 crore or more, an annual turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more, or a net profit of ₹5 crore or more.

Statement 2 is incorrect because both the company and responsible officers may face penalties for non-compliance. Officers can be fined or even face imprisonment for failing to meet CSR obligations.

Statement 3 is also incorrect as per the 2019 amendment; unspent CSR funds must be transferred to a specified fund by the end of the fiscal year and utilized within three years. If unutilized, these funds must be deposited into a government-specified fund, ensuring timely and effective CSR expenditure.

Solution: A

Only Statement 1 is correct.

CSR compliance is mandatory for companies with a net worth of ₹500 crore or more, an annual turnover of ₹1,000 crore or more, or a net profit of ₹5 crore or more.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about Maulana Abul Kalam Azad’s contributions to education in India: He played a major role in establishing the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). He founded the Indian Statistical Institute. He advocated for liberal and universal education in post-independent India. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 2 is incorrect. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was instrumental in the establishment of premier educational institutions like the IITs and also promoted liberal, universal education for a progressive India. However, he was not the founder of the Indian Statistical Institute, which was founded by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis. Azad’s efforts in education significantly shaped India’s academic landscape. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 2 is incorrect. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was instrumental in the establishment of premier educational institutions like the IITs and also promoted liberal, universal education for a progressive India. However, he was not the founder of the Indian Statistical Institute, which was founded by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis. Azad’s efforts in education significantly shaped India’s academic landscape.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements about Maulana Abul Kalam Azad’s contributions to education in India:

• He played a major role in establishing the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).

• He founded the Indian Statistical Institute.

• He advocated for liberal and universal education in post-independent India.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Statement 2 is incorrect.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was instrumental in the establishment of premier educational institutions like the IITs and also promoted liberal, universal education for a progressive India.

However, he was not the founder of the Indian Statistical Institute, which was founded by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis. Azad’s efforts in education significantly shaped India’s academic landscape.

Solution: B

Statement 2 is incorrect.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was instrumental in the establishment of premier educational institutions like the IITs and also promoted liberal, universal education for a progressive India.

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