UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 27 May 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Article 317 of the Indian Constitution provides a mechanism for the removal of the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for misbehaviour. Statement-II: The provision for inquiry by the Supreme Court under Article 317 before the removal of a UPSC member for misbehaviour is designed to ensure the operational independence and impartiality of the Commission. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: a) Statement-I is correct. Article 317 of the Indian Constitution explicitly deals with the removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission, including the Chairman of the UPSC, on the ground of misbehaviour. Statement-II is also correct. The procedure laid down in Article 317, which mandates that the President refer the matter of misbehaviour to the Supreme Court for an inquiry and that the Supreme Court’s advice is binding, serves as a crucial safeguard. This rigorous process protects members from arbitrary removal and is fundamental to ensuring the operational independence and impartiality of the UPSC. By vesting the inquiry in the highest judicial body, the Constitution aims to prevent executive overreach and maintain the Commission’s ability to function without fear or favour, which is essential for merit-based recruitment to public services. Furthermore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I because the specific mechanism detailed in Article 317 (the inquiry by the Supreme Court) is precisely the constitutional tool that underpins and operationalizes the principle of ensuring UPSC’s independence and impartiality in matters of removal for misbehaviour. What is UPSC? The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution. It conducts recruitment exams for All India Services, Central Services, and other Group A & B positions. Composition of UPSC: Composed of a Chairman and other members. The President determines the strength and structure of the Commission. Usually consists of 9 to 11 members. At least 50% of members must have 10 years’ experience in government service. Appointment Process: The President appoints the Chairman and members under Article 316(1). The President also decides conditions of service and tenure. Tenure: 6 years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier. Removal Process: Members may resign or be removed in the following ways: By Resignation: Addressed to the President. By Removal by the President: If adjudged insolvent. If engaged in paid employment during tenure. If declared physically or mentally unfit. For Misbehaviour (Article 317): The President refers the matter to the Supreme Court. The Court’s advice is binding. Suspension is allowed during the enquiry. Misbehaviour includes personal interest in government contracts or gaining benefits thereof. Functions of UPSC: Conducts exams like Civil Services, Engineering Services, CDS, NDA, etc. Advises government on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary cases. Oversees appointments to civil services and inter-service transfers. Ensures merit-based recruitment and upholds administrative integrity. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement-I is correct. Article 317 of the Indian Constitution explicitly deals with the removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission, including the Chairman of the UPSC, on the ground of misbehaviour. Statement-II is also correct. The procedure laid down in Article 317, which mandates that the President refer the matter of misbehaviour to the Supreme Court for an inquiry and that the Supreme Court’s advice is binding, serves as a crucial safeguard. This rigorous process protects members from arbitrary removal and is fundamental to ensuring the operational independence and impartiality of the UPSC. By vesting the inquiry in the highest judicial body, the Constitution aims to prevent executive overreach and maintain the Commission’s ability to function without fear or favour, which is essential for merit-based recruitment to public services. Furthermore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I because the specific mechanism detailed in Article 317 (the inquiry by the Supreme Court) is precisely the constitutional tool that underpins and operationalizes the principle of ensuring UPSC’s independence and impartiality in matters of removal for misbehaviour. What is UPSC? The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution. It conducts recruitment exams for All India Services, Central Services, and other Group A & B positions. Composition of UPSC: Composed of a Chairman and other members. The President determines the strength and structure of the Commission. Usually consists of 9 to 11 members. At least 50% of members must have 10 years’ experience in government service. Appointment Process: The President appoints the Chairman and members under Article 316(1). The President also decides conditions of service and tenure. Tenure: 6 years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier. Removal Process: Members may resign or be removed in the following ways: By Resignation: Addressed to the President. By Removal by the President: If adjudged insolvent. If engaged in paid employment during tenure. If declared physically or mentally unfit. For Misbehaviour (Article 317): The President refers the matter to the Supreme Court. The Court’s advice is binding. Suspension is allowed during the enquiry. Misbehaviour includes personal interest in government contracts or gaining benefits thereof. Functions of UPSC: Conducts exams like Civil Services, Engineering Services, CDS, NDA, etc. Advises government on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary cases. Oversees appointments to civil services and inter-service transfers. Ensures merit-based recruitment and upholds administrative integrity.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: Article 317 of the Indian Constitution provides a mechanism for the removal of the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for misbehaviour.

Statement-II: The provision for inquiry by the Supreme Court under Article 317 before the removal of a UPSC member for misbehaviour is designed to ensure the operational independence and impartiality of the Commission.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: a)

• Statement-I is correct. Article 317 of the Indian Constitution explicitly deals with the removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission, including the Chairman of the UPSC, on the ground of misbehaviour.

• Statement-II is also correct. The procedure laid down in Article 317, which mandates that the President refer the matter of misbehaviour to the Supreme Court for an inquiry and that the Supreme Court’s advice is binding, serves as a crucial safeguard. This rigorous process protects members from arbitrary removal and is fundamental to ensuring the operational independence and impartiality of the UPSC.

• By vesting the inquiry in the highest judicial body, the Constitution aims to prevent executive overreach and maintain the Commission’s ability to function without fear or favour, which is essential for merit-based recruitment to public services.

• Furthermore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I because the specific mechanism detailed in Article 317 (the inquiry by the Supreme Court) is precisely the constitutional tool that underpins and operationalizes the principle of ensuring UPSC’s independence and impartiality in matters of removal for misbehaviour.

• What is UPSC? The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution. It conducts recruitment exams for All India Services, Central Services, and other Group A & B positions.

• The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution. It conducts recruitment exams for All India Services, Central Services, and other Group A & B positions.

• Composition of UPSC:

• Composed of a Chairman and other members. The President determines the strength and structure of the Commission. Usually consists of 9 to 11 members. At least 50% of members must have 10 years’ experience in government service.

• Composed of a Chairman and other members.

• The President determines the strength and structure of the Commission.

• Usually consists of 9 to 11 members.

• At least 50% of members must have 10 years’ experience in government service.

• Appointment Process:

• The President appoints the Chairman and members under Article 316(1). The President also decides conditions of service and tenure. Tenure: 6 years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.

• The President appoints the Chairman and members under Article 316(1).

• The President also decides conditions of service and tenure.

• Tenure: 6 years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.

• Removal Process: Members may resign or be removed in the following ways:

• Members may resign or be removed in the following ways:

• By Resignation: Addressed to the President. By Removal by the President: If adjudged insolvent. If engaged in paid employment during tenure. If declared physically or mentally unfit. For Misbehaviour (Article 317): The President refers the matter to the Supreme Court. The Court’s advice is binding. Suspension is allowed during the enquiry. Misbehaviour includes personal interest in government contracts or gaining benefits thereof.

• By Resignation: Addressed to the President.

• Addressed to the President.

• By Removal by the President: If adjudged insolvent. If engaged in paid employment during tenure. If declared physically or mentally unfit.

• If adjudged insolvent.

• If engaged in paid employment during tenure.

• If declared physically or mentally unfit.

• For Misbehaviour (Article 317): The President refers the matter to the Supreme Court. The Court’s advice is binding. Suspension is allowed during the enquiry. Misbehaviour includes personal interest in government contracts or gaining benefits thereof.

• The President refers the matter to the Supreme Court.

• The Court’s advice is binding.

• Suspension is allowed during the enquiry.

• Misbehaviour includes personal interest in government contracts or gaining benefits thereof.

• Functions of UPSC:

• Conducts exams like Civil Services, Engineering Services, CDS, NDA, etc. Advises government on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary cases. Oversees appointments to civil services and inter-service transfers. Ensures merit-based recruitment and upholds administrative integrity.

• Conducts exams like Civil Services, Engineering Services, CDS, NDA, etc.

• Advises government on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary cases.

• Oversees appointments to civil services and inter-service transfers.

• Ensures merit-based recruitment and upholds administrative integrity.

Solution: a)

• Composition of UPSC:

• Composed of a Chairman and other members.

• The President determines the strength and structure of the Commission.

• Usually consists of 9 to 11 members.

• At least 50% of members must have 10 years’ experience in government service.

• Appointment Process:

• The President appoints the Chairman and members under Article 316(1).

• The President also decides conditions of service and tenure.

• Tenure: 6 years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.

• Removal Process: Members may resign or be removed in the following ways:

• Members may resign or be removed in the following ways:

• By Resignation: Addressed to the President.

• Addressed to the President.

• By Removal by the President: If adjudged insolvent. If engaged in paid employment during tenure. If declared physically or mentally unfit.

• If adjudged insolvent.

• If engaged in paid employment during tenure.

• If declared physically or mentally unfit.

• The President refers the matter to the Supreme Court.

• The Court’s advice is binding.

• Suspension is allowed during the enquiry.

• Misbehaviour includes personal interest in government contracts or gaining benefits thereof.

• Functions of UPSC:

• Conducts exams like Civil Services, Engineering Services, CDS, NDA, etc.

• Advises government on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary cases.

• Oversees appointments to civil services and inter-service transfers.

• Ensures merit-based recruitment and upholds administrative integrity.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is considered an important indicator of inflation at the producer and wholesaler level. Statement-II: Changes in the WPI often precede changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), thus providing early signals of potential inflationary pressures in the economy. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: a) Statement-I is correct. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses, reflecting inflation at the producer and wholesaler level before goods reach the end consumer. It tracks price movements in wholesale markets and assesses cost pressures faced by producers and industries [WPI]. Statement-II is also correct. Since WPI captures price changes at earlier stages of the supply chain (producer/wholesale levels), movements in WPI often serve as an early indicator of inflation trends that may subsequently reflect in retail prices, which are captured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). An increase in WPI can signal rising input costs for businesses, which may then be passed on to consumers, leading to a rise in CPI. Furthermore, Statement-II provides a correct explanation for why WPI is an important indicator (as stated in Statement-I). Its position earlier in the price transmission mechanism allows it to signal future trends in consumer inflation, making it a valuable tool for economic monitoring and policy formulation, particularly for understanding input cost pressures. What is WPI? The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses. It reflects inflation at the producer level, before the goods reach the end consumer. Administering Body: Published monthly by the Office of Economic Adviser, under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Objective: To track price movements in wholesale markets and assess cost pressures faced by producers and industries. Aids in understanding supply-demand dynamics across primary, energy, and manufacturing sectors. Base Year and Calculation: Base Year: Updated to 2011–12 (from 2004–05) for alignment with GDP and IIP data. Method: Weighted average of prices from a basket of 697 items, across three main groups: Primary Articles (22.62%) Fuel and Power (13.15%) Manufactured Products (64.23%) Key Features of WPI: Covers only goods, not services. Reflects price trends before retail level, unlike Consumer price index (CPI) which tracks consumer prices. Published monthly, showing price changes over the entire month. Useful for industry cost analysis, but not used by the RBI for monetary policy decisions. Significance of WPI in India: Serves as an early indicator of inflation trends. Helps in analysing input cost pressures on producers. Essential for fiscal planning, business forecasting, and policymaking. Provides insights into sector-specific inflation—crucial for agriculture, mining, energy, and industry. Complements CPI in macro-economic analysis, though RBI prefers CPI for interest rate decisions. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement-I is correct. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses, reflecting inflation at the producer and wholesaler level before goods reach the end consumer. It tracks price movements in wholesale markets and assesses cost pressures faced by producers and industries [WPI]. Statement-II is also correct. Since WPI captures price changes at earlier stages of the supply chain (producer/wholesale levels), movements in WPI often serve as an early indicator of inflation trends that may subsequently reflect in retail prices, which are captured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). An increase in WPI can signal rising input costs for businesses, which may then be passed on to consumers, leading to a rise in CPI. Furthermore, Statement-II provides a correct explanation for why WPI is an important indicator (as stated in Statement-I). Its position earlier in the price transmission mechanism allows it to signal future trends in consumer inflation, making it a valuable tool for economic monitoring and policy formulation, particularly for understanding input cost pressures. What is WPI? The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses. It reflects inflation at the producer level, before the goods reach the end consumer. Administering Body: Published monthly by the Office of Economic Adviser, under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Objective: To track price movements in wholesale markets and assess cost pressures faced by producers and industries. Aids in understanding supply-demand dynamics across primary, energy, and manufacturing sectors. Base Year and Calculation: Base Year: Updated to 2011–12 (from 2004–05) for alignment with GDP and IIP data. Method: Weighted average of prices from a basket of 697 items, across three main groups: Primary Articles (22.62%) Fuel and Power (13.15%) Manufactured Products (64.23%) Key Features of WPI: Covers only goods, not services. Reflects price trends before retail level, unlike Consumer price index (CPI) which tracks consumer prices. Published monthly, showing price changes over the entire month. Useful for industry cost analysis, but not used by the RBI for monetary policy decisions. Significance of WPI in India: Serves as an early indicator of inflation trends. Helps in analysing input cost pressures on producers. Essential for fiscal planning, business forecasting, and policymaking. Provides insights into sector-specific inflation—crucial for agriculture, mining, energy, and industry. Complements CPI in macro-economic analysis, though RBI prefers CPI for interest rate decisions.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is considered an important indicator of inflation at the producer and wholesaler level.

Statement-II: Changes in the WPI often precede changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), thus providing early signals of potential inflationary pressures in the economy.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: a)

• Statement-I is correct. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses, reflecting inflation at the producer and wholesaler level before goods reach the end consumer. It tracks price movements in wholesale markets and assesses cost pressures faced by producers and industries [WPI].

• Statement-II is also correct. Since WPI captures price changes at earlier stages of the supply chain (producer/wholesale levels), movements in WPI often serve as an early indicator of inflation trends that may subsequently reflect in retail prices, which are captured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). An increase in WPI can signal rising input costs for businesses, which may then be passed on to consumers, leading to a rise in CPI.

• Furthermore, Statement-II provides a correct explanation for why WPI is an important indicator (as stated in Statement-I). Its position earlier in the price transmission mechanism allows it to signal future trends in consumer inflation, making it a valuable tool for economic monitoring and policy formulation, particularly for understanding input cost pressures.

• What is WPI? The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses. It reflects inflation at the producer level, before the goods reach the end consumer.

• The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses.

• It reflects inflation at the producer level, before the goods reach the end consumer.

• Administering Body:

• Published monthly by the Office of Economic Adviser, under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

• Objective:

• To track price movements in wholesale markets and assess cost pressures faced by producers and industries. Aids in understanding supply-demand dynamics across primary, energy, and manufacturing sectors.

• To track price movements in wholesale markets and assess cost pressures faced by producers and industries.

• Aids in understanding supply-demand dynamics across primary, energy, and manufacturing sectors.

• Base Year and Calculation:

• Base Year: Updated to 2011–12 (from 2004–05) for alignment with GDP and IIP data. Method: Weighted average of prices from a basket of 697 items, across three main groups: Primary Articles (22.62%) Fuel and Power (13.15%) Manufactured Products (64.23%)

• Base Year: Updated to 2011–12 (from 2004–05) for alignment with GDP and IIP data.

• Method: Weighted average of prices from a basket of 697 items, across three main groups: Primary Articles (22.62%) Fuel and Power (13.15%) Manufactured Products (64.23%)

• Primary Articles (22.62%)

• Fuel and Power (13.15%)

• Manufactured Products (64.23%)

• Key Features of WPI:

• Covers only goods, not services. Reflects price trends before retail level, unlike Consumer price index (CPI) which tracks consumer prices. Published monthly, showing price changes over the entire month. Useful for industry cost analysis, but not used by the RBI for monetary policy decisions.

• Covers only goods, not services.

• Reflects price trends before retail level, unlike Consumer price index (CPI) which tracks consumer prices.

• Published monthly, showing price changes over the entire month.

• Useful for industry cost analysis, but not used by the RBI for monetary policy decisions.

• Significance of WPI in India:

• Serves as an early indicator of inflation trends. Helps in analysing input cost pressures on producers. Essential for fiscal planning, business forecasting, and policymaking. Provides insights into sector-specific inflation—crucial for agriculture, mining, energy, and industry. Complements CPI in macro-economic analysis, though RBI prefers CPI for interest rate decisions.

• Serves as an early indicator of inflation trends.

• Helps in analysing input cost pressures on producers.

• Essential for fiscal planning, business forecasting, and policymaking.

• Provides insights into sector-specific inflation—crucial for agriculture, mining, energy, and industry.

• Complements CPI in macro-economic analysis, though RBI prefers CPI for interest rate decisions.

Solution: a)

• The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods traded in bulk by wholesalers to other businesses.

• It reflects inflation at the producer level, before the goods reach the end consumer.

• Administering Body:

• Published monthly by the Office of Economic Adviser, under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

• Objective:

• To track price movements in wholesale markets and assess cost pressures faced by producers and industries.

• Aids in understanding supply-demand dynamics across primary, energy, and manufacturing sectors.

• Base Year and Calculation:

• Base Year: Updated to 2011–12 (from 2004–05) for alignment with GDP and IIP data.

• Method: Weighted average of prices from a basket of 697 items, across three main groups: Primary Articles (22.62%) Fuel and Power (13.15%) Manufactured Products (64.23%)

• Primary Articles (22.62%)

• Fuel and Power (13.15%)

• Manufactured Products (64.23%)

• Key Features of WPI:

• Covers only goods, not services.

• Reflects price trends before retail level, unlike Consumer price index (CPI) which tracks consumer prices.

• Published monthly, showing price changes over the entire month.

• Useful for industry cost analysis, but not used by the RBI for monetary policy decisions.

• Significance of WPI in India:

• Serves as an early indicator of inflation trends.

• Helps in analysing input cost pressures on producers.

• Essential for fiscal planning, business forecasting, and policymaking.

• Provides insights into sector-specific inflation—crucial for agriculture, mining, energy, and industry.

• Complements CPI in macro-economic analysis, though RBI prefers CPI for interest rate decisions.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Chief Justice of India (CJI): The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India after mandatory consultation with the council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The CJI, in the capacity of ‘Master of the Roster’, has the sole authority to allocate cases to different benches of the Supreme Court. The CJI can tender advice to the Government of India on legal and constitutional matters even without a reference being made by the President under Article 143. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India (CJI) as per Article 124(2) of the Constitution. While the Prime Minister advises the President in this appointment, the procedure involves the Union Law Minister seeking the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, which is then forwarded to the Prime Minister who advises the President. The term “mandatory consultation with the council of ministers” in this direct manner for the CJI’s appointment is not the precise constitutional arrangement; it’s more of an executive process culminating in the President’s decision based on advice, traditionally following the seniority convention and the outgoing CJI’s recommendation. Statement 2 is correct. The Chief Justice of India is known as the ‘Master of the Roster’ and in this capacity, has the exclusive authority to constitute benches and allocate cases to different benches of the Supreme Court. This power is crucial for the administrative functioning of the apex court. Statement 3 is incorrect. The CJI, or the Supreme Court, tenders advice to the President on legal and constitutional matters under Article 143 of the Constitution only when such a reference is made by the President. The CJI does not have the authority to suo motu tender advice to the Government of India on such matters without a presidential reference. About Chief Justice of India: What It Is: The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court and the judicial system of India. They are known as the “Master of the Roster”, responsible for case allocation and judicial leadership. Constitutional Provision: Article 124(2) of the Constitution governs the appointment of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court. Appointing Authority: The President of India appoints the CJI, based on the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, following seniority convention. Procedure of Appointment: The Law Minister seeks the outgoing CJI’s recommendation. Consultation is made with senior Supreme Court judges if fitness is in doubt. The Law Minister forwards the proposal to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister advises the President, who appoints the new CJI. The oath of office is administered by the President of India. Powers and Functions of CJI: Master of the Roster: Allocates cases to benches and forms Constitution benches. Judicial Leadership: Guides judicial policy and jurisprudence. Advisory Role: Advises the government on legal and constitutional matters. Administrative Authority: Appoints court officers and oversees court functioning. Emergency Role: In rare cases, may discharge presidential duties if both President and Vice President’s offices are vacant. Appointments: Must be consulted in all appointments of SC and HC judges (except CJI himself). Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect. The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India (CJI) as per Article 124(2) of the Constitution. While the Prime Minister advises the President in this appointment, the procedure involves the Union Law Minister seeking the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, which is then forwarded to the Prime Minister who advises the President. The term “mandatory consultation with the council of ministers” in this direct manner for the CJI’s appointment is not the precise constitutional arrangement; it’s more of an executive process culminating in the President’s decision based on advice, traditionally following the seniority convention and the outgoing CJI’s recommendation. Statement 2 is correct. The Chief Justice of India is known as the ‘Master of the Roster’ and in this capacity, has the exclusive authority to constitute benches and allocate cases to different benches of the Supreme Court. This power is crucial for the administrative functioning of the apex court. Statement 3 is incorrect. The CJI, or the Supreme Court, tenders advice to the President on legal and constitutional matters under Article 143 of the Constitution only when such a reference is made by the President. The CJI does not have the authority to suo motu tender advice to the Government of India on such matters without a presidential reference. About Chief Justice of India: What It Is: The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court and the judicial system of India. They are known as the “Master of the Roster”, responsible for case allocation and judicial leadership. Constitutional Provision: Article 124(2) of the Constitution governs the appointment of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court. Appointing Authority: The President of India appoints the CJI, based on the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, following seniority convention. Procedure of Appointment: The Law Minister seeks the outgoing CJI’s recommendation. Consultation is made with senior Supreme Court judges if fitness is in doubt. The Law Minister forwards the proposal to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister advises the President, who appoints the new CJI. The oath of office is administered by the President of India. Powers and Functions of CJI: Master of the Roster: Allocates cases to benches and forms Constitution benches. Judicial Leadership: Guides judicial policy and jurisprudence. Advisory Role: Advises the government on legal and constitutional matters. Administrative Authority: Appoints court officers and oversees court functioning. Emergency Role: In rare cases, may discharge presidential duties if both President and Vice President’s offices are vacant. Appointments: Must be consulted in all appointments of SC and HC judges (except CJI himself).

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Chief Justice of India (CJI):

• The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India after mandatory consultation with the council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

• The CJI, in the capacity of ‘Master of the Roster’, has the sole authority to allocate cases to different benches of the Supreme Court.

• The CJI can tender advice to the Government of India on legal and constitutional matters even without a reference being made by the President under Article 143.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India (CJI) as per Article 124(2) of the Constitution. While the Prime Minister advises the President in this appointment, the procedure involves the Union Law Minister seeking the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, which is then forwarded to the Prime Minister who advises the President. The term “mandatory consultation with the council of ministers” in this direct manner for the CJI’s appointment is not the precise constitutional arrangement; it’s more of an executive process culminating in the President’s decision based on advice, traditionally following the seniority convention and the outgoing CJI’s recommendation.

• Statement 2 is correct. The Chief Justice of India is known as the ‘Master of the Roster’ and in this capacity, has the exclusive authority to constitute benches and allocate cases to different benches of the Supreme Court. This power is crucial for the administrative functioning of the apex court.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The CJI, or the Supreme Court, tenders advice to the President on legal and constitutional matters under Article 143 of the Constitution only when such a reference is made by the President. The CJI does not have the authority to suo motu tender advice to the Government of India on such matters without a presidential reference.

About Chief Justice of India:

• What It Is: The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court and the judicial system of India. They are known as the “Master of the Roster”, responsible for case allocation and judicial leadership.

• The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court and the judicial system of India.

• They are known as the “Master of the Roster”, responsible for case allocation and judicial leadership.

• Constitutional Provision:

• Article 124(2) of the Constitution governs the appointment of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court.

• Appointing Authority: The President of India appoints the CJI, based on the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, following seniority convention.

• Procedure of Appointment:

• The Law Minister seeks the outgoing CJI’s recommendation. Consultation is made with senior Supreme Court judges if fitness is in doubt. The Law Minister forwards the proposal to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister advises the President, who appoints the new CJI. The oath of office is administered by the President of India.

• The Law Minister seeks the outgoing CJI’s recommendation.

• Consultation is made with senior Supreme Court judges if fitness is in doubt.

• The Law Minister forwards the proposal to the Prime Minister.

• The Prime Minister advises the President, who appoints the new CJI.

• The oath of office is administered by the President of India.

• Powers and Functions of CJI:

• Master of the Roster: Allocates cases to benches and forms Constitution benches. Judicial Leadership: Guides judicial policy and jurisprudence. Advisory Role: Advises the government on legal and constitutional matters. Administrative Authority: Appoints court officers and oversees court functioning. Emergency Role: In rare cases, may discharge presidential duties if both President and Vice President’s offices are vacant. Appointments: Must be consulted in all appointments of SC and HC judges (except CJI himself).

• Master of the Roster: Allocates cases to benches and forms Constitution benches.

• Judicial Leadership: Guides judicial policy and jurisprudence.

• Advisory Role: Advises the government on legal and constitutional matters.

• Administrative Authority: Appoints court officers and oversees court functioning.

• Emergency Role: In rare cases, may discharge presidential duties if both President and Vice President’s offices are vacant.

• Appointments: Must be consulted in all appointments of SC and HC judges (except CJI himself).

Solution: b)

About Chief Justice of India:

• The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court and the judicial system of India.

• They are known as the “Master of the Roster”, responsible for case allocation and judicial leadership.

• Constitutional Provision:

• Article 124(2) of the Constitution governs the appointment of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court.

• Appointing Authority: The President of India appoints the CJI, based on the recommendation of the outgoing CJI, following seniority convention.

• Procedure of Appointment:

• The Law Minister seeks the outgoing CJI’s recommendation.

• Consultation is made with senior Supreme Court judges if fitness is in doubt.

• The Law Minister forwards the proposal to the Prime Minister.

• The Prime Minister advises the President, who appoints the new CJI.

• The oath of office is administered by the President of India.

• Powers and Functions of CJI:

• Master of the Roster: Allocates cases to benches and forms Constitution benches.

• Judicial Leadership: Guides judicial policy and jurisprudence.

• Advisory Role: Advises the government on legal and constitutional matters.

• Administrative Authority: Appoints court officers and oversees court functioning.

• Emergency Role: In rare cases, may discharge presidential duties if both President and Vice President’s offices are vacant.

• Appointments: Must be consulted in all appointments of SC and HC judges (except CJI himself).

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points With reference to 2D Metals, consider the following statements: 2D metals are defined as metallic layers that are typically between 10 to 20 atoms thick, allowing electrons to move in three dimensions with minor restrictions. A key fabrication technique involves melting metal powder between two layers of graphene-coated silicon plates under ambient pressure. Potential applications of 2D metals include the development of topological insulators for quantum computing and high-efficiency photodetectors. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is Incorrect. 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions. The thickness mentioned (10-20 atoms) and 3D electron movement are characteristic of bulk or thicker films, not true 2D metals. Statement 2 is Incorrect. A novel technique for fabricating atomically thin 2D metal sheets (e.g., bismuth, gallium, tin, lead) involves melting metal powder between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates (not graphene-coated silicon) and applying high pressure (around 200 million Pa), not ambient pressure. Statement 3 is Correct. Some 2D metals, like bismuth and tin, can act as topological insulators, conducting electricity only along their edges. This property is highly promising for applications in quantum computing (faster, low-energy systems) and photonics/optoelectronics (high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors). What are 2D Metals? 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions. Unlike bulk metals, they exhibit unique quantum properties due to quantum confinement effects. New Breakthrough: A team in China (Beijing and Dongguan) successfully created atomically thin 2D sheets of bismuth, gallium, indium, tin, and lead. Technique: Metal powder is melted between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates. Under 200 million Pa pressure, the metal flattens into an ultra-thin sheet. The result: bismuth sheets only 6.3 Å thick — around 2 atoms deep. Key Features: Thickness: Just a few angstroms (Å) – atomically thin. Quantum Confinement: Alters energy levels of electrons, leading to novel electrical behaviours. Strong Field Effect: Electrical conductivity can be externally modulated. Nonlinear Hall Effect: Generates perpendicular voltage under electric fields — a property not seen in 3D metals. Topological Properties: Some 2D metals act as topological insulators, conducting only along edges. Applications: Quantum Computing: Enables creation of faster, low-energy computing systems. Flexible Electronics: Ideal for use in next-gen sensors, transistors, and wearable devices. Photonics and Optoelectronics: Suitable for high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors. Medical Diagnostics: Could power super-sensitive biosensors and imaging tools. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is Incorrect. 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions. The thickness mentioned (10-20 atoms) and 3D electron movement are characteristic of bulk or thicker films, not true 2D metals. Statement 2 is Incorrect. A novel technique for fabricating atomically thin 2D metal sheets (e.g., bismuth, gallium, tin, lead) involves melting metal powder between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates (not graphene-coated silicon) and applying high pressure (around 200 million Pa), not ambient pressure. Statement 3 is Correct. Some 2D metals, like bismuth and tin, can act as topological insulators, conducting electricity only along their edges. This property is highly promising for applications in quantum computing (faster, low-energy systems) and photonics/optoelectronics (high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors). What are 2D Metals? 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions. Unlike bulk metals, they exhibit unique quantum properties due to quantum confinement effects. New Breakthrough: A team in China (Beijing and Dongguan) successfully created atomically thin 2D sheets of bismuth, gallium, indium, tin, and lead. Technique: Metal powder is melted between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates. Under 200 million Pa pressure, the metal flattens into an ultra-thin sheet. The result: bismuth sheets only 6.3 Å thick — around 2 atoms deep. Key Features: Thickness: Just a few angstroms (Å) – atomically thin. Quantum Confinement: Alters energy levels of electrons, leading to novel electrical behaviours. Strong Field Effect: Electrical conductivity can be externally modulated. Nonlinear Hall Effect: Generates perpendicular voltage under electric fields — a property not seen in 3D metals. Topological Properties: Some 2D metals act as topological insulators, conducting only along edges. Applications: Quantum Computing: Enables creation of faster, low-energy computing systems. Flexible Electronics: Ideal for use in next-gen sensors, transistors, and wearable devices. Photonics and Optoelectronics: Suitable for high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors. Medical Diagnostics: Could power super-sensitive biosensors and imaging tools.

#### 4. Question

With reference to 2D Metals, consider the following statements:

• 2D metals are defined as metallic layers that are typically between 10 to 20 atoms thick, allowing electrons to move in three dimensions with minor restrictions.

• A key fabrication technique involves melting metal powder between two layers of graphene-coated silicon plates under ambient pressure.

• Potential applications of 2D metals include the development of topological insulators for quantum computing and high-efficiency photodetectors.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: a)

• Statement 1 is Incorrect. 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions. The thickness mentioned (10-20 atoms) and 3D electron movement are characteristic of bulk or thicker films, not true 2D metals.

• Statement 2 is Incorrect. A novel technique for fabricating atomically thin 2D metal sheets (e.g., bismuth, gallium, tin, lead) involves melting metal powder between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates (not graphene-coated silicon) and applying high pressure (around 200 million Pa), not ambient pressure.

• Statement 3 is Correct. Some 2D metals, like bismuth and tin, can act as topological insulators, conducting electricity only along their edges. This property is highly promising for applications in quantum computing (faster, low-energy systems) and photonics/optoelectronics (high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors).

• What are 2D Metals? 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions. Unlike bulk metals, they exhibit unique quantum properties due to quantum confinement effects.

• 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions.

• Unlike bulk metals, they exhibit unique quantum properties due to quantum confinement effects.

• New Breakthrough:

• A team in China (Beijing and Dongguan) successfully created atomically thin 2D sheets of bismuth, gallium, indium, tin, and lead.

• Technique: Metal powder is melted between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates. Under 200 million Pa pressure, the metal flattens into an ultra-thin sheet. The result: bismuth sheets only 6.3 Å thick — around 2 atoms deep.

• Metal powder is melted between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates.

• Under 200 million Pa pressure, the metal flattens into an ultra-thin sheet.

• The result: bismuth sheets only 6.3 Å thick — around 2 atoms deep.

• Key Features:

• Thickness: Just a few angstroms (Å) – atomically thin. Quantum Confinement: Alters energy levels of electrons, leading to novel electrical behaviours. Strong Field Effect: Electrical conductivity can be externally modulated. Nonlinear Hall Effect: Generates perpendicular voltage under electric fields — a property not seen in 3D metals. Topological Properties: Some 2D metals act as topological insulators, conducting only along edges.

• Thickness: Just a few angstroms (Å) – atomically thin.

• Quantum Confinement: Alters energy levels of electrons, leading to novel electrical behaviours.

• Strong Field Effect: Electrical conductivity can be externally modulated.

• Nonlinear Hall Effect: Generates perpendicular voltage under electric fields — a property not seen in 3D metals.

• Topological Properties: Some 2D metals act as topological insulators, conducting only along edges.

• Applications:

• Quantum Computing: Enables creation of faster, low-energy computing systems. Flexible Electronics: Ideal for use in next-gen sensors, transistors, and wearable devices. Photonics and Optoelectronics: Suitable for high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors. Medical Diagnostics: Could power super-sensitive biosensors and imaging tools.

• Quantum Computing: Enables creation of faster, low-energy computing systems.

• Flexible Electronics: Ideal for use in next-gen sensors, transistors, and wearable devices.

• Photonics and Optoelectronics: Suitable for high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors.

• Medical Diagnostics: Could power super-sensitive biosensors and imaging tools.

Solution: a)

• 2D metals are ultra-thin layers of metal atoms, usually just 1–2 atoms thick, where electrons are confined to move only in two dimensions.

• Unlike bulk metals, they exhibit unique quantum properties due to quantum confinement effects.

• New Breakthrough:

• A team in China (Beijing and Dongguan) successfully created atomically thin 2D sheets of bismuth, gallium, indium, tin, and lead.

• Metal powder is melted between two layers of MoS₂-coated sapphire plates.

• Under 200 million Pa pressure, the metal flattens into an ultra-thin sheet.

• The result: bismuth sheets only 6.3 Å thick — around 2 atoms deep.

• Key Features:

• Thickness: Just a few angstroms (Å) – atomically thin.

• Quantum Confinement: Alters energy levels of electrons, leading to novel electrical behaviours.

• Strong Field Effect: Electrical conductivity can be externally modulated.

• Nonlinear Hall Effect: Generates perpendicular voltage under electric fields — a property not seen in 3D metals.

• Topological Properties: Some 2D metals act as topological insulators, conducting only along edges.

• Applications:

• Quantum Computing: Enables creation of faster, low-energy computing systems.

• Flexible Electronics: Ideal for use in next-gen sensors, transistors, and wearable devices.

• Photonics and Optoelectronics: Suitable for high-efficiency LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors.

• Medical Diagnostics: Could power super-sensitive biosensors and imaging tools.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Which of the following mountain passes, located in Arunachal Pradesh, serves as a critical strategic link near the tri-junction of India, Bhutan, and China (Tibet) and has historical significance in trans-Himalayan connectivity? a) Sela Pass b) Bomdila Pass c) Diphu Pass d) Bum La Pass Correct Solution: d) Bum La Pass is located in the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, at an altitude of over 15,000 feet, and is one of the most critical strategic mountain passes near the tri-junction of India, Bhutan, and China (Tibet) [Arunachal Pradesh]. It has significant historical importance, including being one of the routes for the Dalai Lama’s escape to India in 1959 and witnessing military action during the 1962 Sino-Indian War. It remains a vital point for border personnel meetings between India and China. Sela Pass and Bomdila Pass are also important passes in Arunachal Pradesh, connecting Tawang to the rest of India, but Bum La Pass is specifically noted for its proximity to the tri-junction and its strategic nature [Arunachal Pradesh]. Diphu Pass is located at the eastern tri-junction of India, China, and Myanmar. About Arunachal Pradesh: China’s Claim: China claims around 90,000 sq. km of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as “Zangnan” (South Tibet). It rejects the McMahon Line, agreed upon during the 1914 Simla Convention, as the legal boundary. Cites historical religious and cultural ties between Tawang Monastery and Lhasa to reinforce its narrative. India’s Position: India asserts that Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will remain an integral part of the country. The McMahon Line, despite Chinese objections, is internationally recognized as the de facto boundary. China’s Renaming Tactic: Since 2017, China has repeatedly issued “standardised” Chinese names for Indian locations in Arunachal. These include residential areas, rivers, mountains, and towns—clearly within Indian territory. The motive is to exert psychological and diplomatic pressure and reinforce territorial assertions. About Arunachal Pradesh: Located in Northeast India, it became the 24th state of India in 1987. Earlier known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA). Capital: Itanagar State Borders: Assam and Nagaland International Borders: China (1030 km), Myanmar (440 km), and Bhutan (160 km) Ecological Importance: Known as the “Orchid Paradise” and “Land of the Rising Sun”. Home to dense forests, medicinal herbs, and rare wildlife species. Major protected areas include: Namdapha National Park, Pakke Tiger Reserve, and Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary. Tribal Diversity: Inhabited by over 25 major tribes including Nyishi, Apatani, Mishmi, Wancho, Momba, Khamti, and Abor. Rich cultural heritage with unique festivals like Losar, Solung, Dree, Nyokum, and Boori-Boot. Geological & River Features: Rivers: Siang (Tsangpo in Tibet), Kameng, Subansiri, Lohit, Tirap – mostly snow-fed and flowing from the Himalayas. Mountain Ranges: Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi Hills Part of the Eastern Himalayas with alpine and temperate climates. Passes: Bum La, Bomdila, Tunga, and Dihang Pass provide critical border access. Incorrect Solution: d) Bum La Pass is located in the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, at an altitude of over 15,000 feet, and is one of the most critical strategic mountain passes near the tri-junction of India, Bhutan, and China (Tibet) [Arunachal Pradesh]. It has significant historical importance, including being one of the routes for the Dalai Lama’s escape to India in 1959 and witnessing military action during the 1962 Sino-Indian War. It remains a vital point for border personnel meetings between India and China. Sela Pass and Bomdila Pass are also important passes in Arunachal Pradesh, connecting Tawang to the rest of India, but Bum La Pass is specifically noted for its proximity to the tri-junction and its strategic nature [Arunachal Pradesh]. Diphu Pass is located at the eastern tri-junction of India, China, and Myanmar. About Arunachal Pradesh: China’s Claim: China claims around 90,000 sq. km of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as “Zangnan” (South Tibet). It rejects the McMahon Line, agreed upon during the 1914 Simla Convention, as the legal boundary. Cites historical religious and cultural ties between Tawang Monastery and Lhasa to reinforce its narrative. India’s Position: India asserts that Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will remain an integral part of the country. The McMahon Line, despite Chinese objections, is internationally recognized as the de facto boundary. China’s Renaming Tactic: Since 2017, China has repeatedly issued “standardised” Chinese names for Indian locations in Arunachal. These include residential areas, rivers, mountains, and towns—clearly within Indian territory. The motive is to exert psychological and diplomatic pressure and reinforce territorial assertions. About Arunachal Pradesh: Located in Northeast India, it became the 24th state of India in 1987. Earlier known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA). Capital: Itanagar State Borders: Assam and Nagaland International Borders: China (1030 km), Myanmar (440 km), and Bhutan (160 km) Ecological Importance: Known as the “Orchid Paradise” and “Land of the Rising Sun”. Home to dense forests, medicinal herbs, and rare wildlife species. Major protected areas include: Namdapha National Park, Pakke Tiger Reserve, and Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary. Tribal Diversity: Inhabited by over 25 major tribes including Nyishi, Apatani, Mishmi, Wancho, Momba, Khamti, and Abor. Rich cultural heritage with unique festivals like Losar, Solung, Dree, Nyokum, and Boori-Boot. Geological & River Features: Rivers: Siang (Tsangpo in Tibet), Kameng, Subansiri, Lohit, Tirap – mostly snow-fed and flowing from the Himalayas. Mountain Ranges: Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi Hills Part of the Eastern Himalayas with alpine and temperate climates. Passes: Bum La, Bomdila, Tunga, and Dihang Pass provide critical border access.

#### 5. Question

Which of the following mountain passes, located in Arunachal Pradesh, serves as a critical strategic link near the tri-junction of India, Bhutan, and China (Tibet) and has historical significance in trans-Himalayan connectivity?

• a) Sela Pass

• b) Bomdila Pass

• c) Diphu Pass

• d) Bum La Pass

Solution: d)

• Bum La Pass is located in the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, at an altitude of over 15,000 feet, and is one of the most critical strategic mountain passes near the tri-junction of India, Bhutan, and China (Tibet) [Arunachal Pradesh].

• It has significant historical importance, including being one of the routes for the Dalai Lama’s escape to India in 1959 and witnessing military action during the 1962 Sino-Indian War.

• It remains a vital point for border personnel meetings between India and China.

• Sela Pass and Bomdila Pass are also important passes in Arunachal Pradesh, connecting Tawang to the rest of India, but Bum La Pass is specifically noted for its proximity to the tri-junction and its strategic nature [Arunachal Pradesh].

• Diphu Pass is located at the eastern tri-junction of India, China, and Myanmar.

About Arunachal Pradesh:

• China’s Claim: China claims around 90,000 sq. km of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as “Zangnan” (South Tibet). It rejects the McMahon Line, agreed upon during the 1914 Simla Convention, as the legal boundary. Cites historical religious and cultural ties between Tawang Monastery and Lhasa to reinforce its narrative.

• China claims around 90,000 sq. km of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as “Zangnan” (South Tibet).

• It rejects the McMahon Line, agreed upon during the 1914 Simla Convention, as the legal boundary.

• Cites historical religious and cultural ties between Tawang Monastery and Lhasa to reinforce its narrative.

• India’s Position: India asserts that Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will remain an integral part of the country. The McMahon Line, despite Chinese objections, is internationally recognized as the de facto boundary.

• India asserts that Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will remain an integral part of the country.

• The McMahon Line, despite Chinese objections, is internationally recognized as the de facto boundary.

• China’s Renaming Tactic: Since 2017, China has repeatedly issued “standardised” Chinese names for Indian locations in Arunachal. These include residential areas, rivers, mountains, and towns—clearly within Indian territory. The motive is to exert psychological and diplomatic pressure and reinforce territorial assertions.

• Since 2017, China has repeatedly issued “standardised” Chinese names for Indian locations in Arunachal.

• These include residential areas, rivers, mountains, and towns—clearly within Indian territory.

• The motive is to exert psychological and diplomatic pressure and reinforce territorial assertions.

About Arunachal Pradesh:

• Located in Northeast India, it became the 24th state of India in 1987.

• Earlier known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA).

• Capital: Itanagar

• State Borders: Assam and Nagaland

• International Borders: China (1030 km), Myanmar (440 km), and Bhutan (160 km)

• Ecological Importance: Known as the “Orchid Paradise” and “Land of the Rising Sun”. Home to dense forests, medicinal herbs, and rare wildlife species. Major protected areas include: Namdapha National Park, Pakke Tiger Reserve, and Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary.

• Known as the “Orchid Paradise” and “Land of the Rising Sun”.

• Home to dense forests, medicinal herbs, and rare wildlife species.

• Major protected areas include: Namdapha National Park, Pakke Tiger Reserve, and Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary.

• Tribal Diversity: Inhabited by over 25 major tribes including Nyishi, Apatani, Mishmi, Wancho, Momba, Khamti, and Abor. Rich cultural heritage with unique festivals like Losar, Solung, Dree, Nyokum, and Boori-Boot.

• Inhabited by over 25 major tribes including Nyishi, Apatani, Mishmi, Wancho, Momba, Khamti, and Abor.

• Rich cultural heritage with unique festivals like Losar, Solung, Dree, Nyokum, and Boori-Boot.

• Geological & River Features: Rivers: Siang (Tsangpo in Tibet), Kameng, Subansiri, Lohit, Tirap – mostly snow-fed and flowing from the Himalayas. Mountain Ranges: Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi Hills Part of the Eastern Himalayas with alpine and temperate climates. Passes: Bum La, Bomdila, Tunga, and Dihang Pass provide critical border access.

• Rivers: Siang (Tsangpo in Tibet), Kameng, Subansiri, Lohit, Tirap – mostly snow-fed and flowing from the Himalayas.

• Mountain Ranges: Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi Hills Part of the Eastern Himalayas with alpine and temperate climates.

• Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi Hills

• Part of the Eastern Himalayas with alpine and temperate climates.

• Passes: Bum La, Bomdila, Tunga, and Dihang Pass provide critical border access.