UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 25 December 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points With reference to the Aravalli Range, consider the following statements: It is a young fold mountain system that formed during the Cenozoic era. It serves as a natural barrier preventing the eastward expansion of the Thar Desert. It acts as a primary recharge zone for the Luni and Sabarmati rivers. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest mountain systems in the world, dating back approximately 3.2 billion years (Pre-Cambrian era), not a young fold mountain system like the Himalayas. Therefore, Statement 1 is incorrect. Geographically, the range stretches from Delhi to Gujarat and acts as a climatic shield, preventing the sands of the Thar Desert from encroaching into the fertile plains of Haryana, Rajasthan, and the Delhi-NCR region, making Statement 2 correct. Furthermore, the Aravallis have immense hydrological significance as they serve as the catchment and recharge zone for several important rivers, including Sabarmati and Luni, which are vital for the drinking water security and agriculture of the region. Thus, Statement 3 is correct. Incorrect Solution: B The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest mountain systems in the world, dating back approximately 3.2 billion years (Pre-Cambrian era), not a young fold mountain system like the Himalayas. Therefore, Statement 1 is incorrect. Geographically, the range stretches from Delhi to Gujarat and acts as a climatic shield, preventing the sands of the Thar Desert from encroaching into the fertile plains of Haryana, Rajasthan, and the Delhi-NCR region, making Statement 2 correct. Furthermore, the Aravallis have immense hydrological significance as they serve as the catchment and recharge zone for several important rivers, including Sabarmati and Luni, which are vital for the drinking water security and agriculture of the region. Thus, Statement 3 is correct.

#### 1. Question

With reference to the Aravalli Range, consider the following statements:

• It is a young fold mountain system that formed during the Cenozoic era.

• It serves as a natural barrier preventing the eastward expansion of the Thar Desert.

• It acts as a primary recharge zone for the Luni and Sabarmati rivers.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest mountain systems in the world, dating back approximately 3.2 billion years (Pre-Cambrian era), not a young fold mountain system like the Himalayas. Therefore, Statement 1 is incorrect.

• Geographically, the range stretches from Delhi to Gujarat and acts as a climatic shield, preventing the sands of the Thar Desert from encroaching into the fertile plains of Haryana, Rajasthan, and the Delhi-NCR region, making Statement 2 correct.

• Furthermore, the Aravallis have immense hydrological significance as they serve as the catchment and recharge zone for several important rivers, including Sabarmati and Luni, which are vital for the drinking water security and agriculture of the region. Thus, Statement 3 is correct.

Solution: B

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points With reference to the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), consider the following statements: It is a non-statutory body established to replace the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA). Its jurisdiction extends to the National Capital Region (NCR) and adjoining areas in Punjab and Haryana. The Chairperson of the CAQM holds office for a term of five years or until the age of 70. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A The CAQM is a statutory body established under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021. While it did replace the EPCA, it is not non-statutory; thus, Statement 1 is incorrect. The commission’s coverage includes the NCR and adjoining areas in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, where pollution sources impact Delhi’s air quality, making Statement 2 correct. Regarding the tenure, the Chairperson and members hold office for a period of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier, making Statement 3 incorrect. Incorrect Solution: A The CAQM is a statutory body established under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021. While it did replace the EPCA, it is not non-statutory; thus, Statement 1 is incorrect. The commission’s coverage includes the NCR and adjoining areas in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, where pollution sources impact Delhi’s air quality, making Statement 2 correct. Regarding the tenure, the Chairperson and members hold office for a period of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier, making Statement 3 incorrect.

#### 2. Question

With reference to the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), consider the following statements:

• It is a non-statutory body established to replace the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA).

• Its jurisdiction extends to the National Capital Region (NCR) and adjoining areas in Punjab and Haryana.

• The Chairperson of the CAQM holds office for a term of five years or until the age of 70.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• The CAQM is a statutory body established under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021. While it did replace the EPCA, it is not non-statutory; thus, Statement 1 is incorrect.

• The commission’s coverage includes the NCR and adjoining areas in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, where pollution sources impact Delhi’s air quality, making Statement 2 correct.

Regarding the tenure, the Chairperson and members hold office for a period of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier, making Statement 3 incorrect.

Solution: A

Regarding the tenure, the Chairperson and members hold office for a period of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier, making Statement 3 incorrect.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the WTO Dispute Settlement System: Statement I: The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits members from taking unilateral trade actions against other members without its authorization. Statement II: The WTO Dispute Settlement System is a rules-based mechanism that prioritizes negotiated, mutually agreed solutions through formal consultations. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A One of the fundamental pillars of the WTO is the ban on unilateral action. Members cannot simply decide a treaty has been violated and impose sanctions; they must use the multilateral system. Statement I is correct. This is because the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) provides a structured, compulsory, and rules-based framework. The system is designed to provide stability and predictability, and it specifically mandates a Consultation phase as the first step. The goal is to reach a mutually agreed solution rather than proceeding to litigation, which explains why unilateralism is forbidden—the system itself provides the legitimate path for resolution. Thus, Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I. Incorrect Solution: A One of the fundamental pillars of the WTO is the ban on unilateral action. Members cannot simply decide a treaty has been violated and impose sanctions; they must use the multilateral system. Statement I is correct. This is because the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) provides a structured, compulsory, and rules-based framework. The system is designed to provide stability and predictability, and it specifically mandates a Consultation phase as the first step. The goal is to reach a mutually agreed solution rather than proceeding to litigation, which explains why unilateralism is forbidden—the system itself provides the legitimate path for resolution. Thus, Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the WTO Dispute Settlement System:

Statement I: The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits members from taking unilateral trade actions against other members without its authorization.

Statement II: The WTO Dispute Settlement System is a rules-based mechanism that prioritizes negotiated, mutually agreed solutions through formal consultations.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• One of the fundamental pillars of the WTO is the ban on unilateral action. Members cannot simply decide a treaty has been violated and impose sanctions; they must use the multilateral system. Statement I is correct. This is because the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) provides a structured, compulsory, and rules-based framework.

• The system is designed to provide stability and predictability, and it specifically mandates a Consultation phase as the first step. The goal is to reach a mutually agreed solution rather than proceeding to litigation, which explains why unilateralism is forbidden—the system itself provides the legitimate path for resolution.

• Thus, Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.

Solution: A

• Thus, Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points With reference to Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in India, consider the following statements: Under the BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) model, the private entity owns the asset permanently. Viability Gap Funding (VGF) provides capital grants of up to 40% of the project cost for financially unviable but socially essential projects. 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in several PPP sectors through the automatic route. Which of the above statements are correct (a) 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 3 only Correct Solution: D In the BOT/ (Design–Build–Finance–Operate–Transfer) DBFOT model, the private entity designs, builds, and operates the asset for a fixed concession period, after which the ownership is transferred back to the government; it is not a permanent transfer. Thus, Statement 1 is incorrect. To encourage private participation in infrastructure projects that are economically justified but lack financial viability, the government provides Viability Gap Funding (VGF), which can cover up to 40% of the total project cost. This makes Statement 2 correct. Furthermore, to attract global capital, the Indian government allows 100% FDI through the automatic route in several infrastructure sectors involved in PPP, such as roads and ports. Thus, Statement 3 is correct. Incorrect Solution: D In the BOT/ (Design–Build–Finance–Operate–Transfer) DBFOT model, the private entity designs, builds, and operates the asset for a fixed concession period, after which the ownership is transferred back to the government; it is not a permanent transfer. Thus, Statement 1 is incorrect. To encourage private participation in infrastructure projects that are economically justified but lack financial viability, the government provides Viability Gap Funding (VGF), which can cover up to 40% of the total project cost. This makes Statement 2 correct. Furthermore, to attract global capital, the Indian government allows 100% FDI through the automatic route in several infrastructure sectors involved in PPP, such as roads and ports. Thus, Statement 3 is correct.

#### 4. Question

With reference to Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in India, consider the following statements:

• Under the BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) model, the private entity owns the asset permanently.

• Viability Gap Funding (VGF) provides capital grants of up to 40% of the project cost for financially unviable but socially essential projects.

• 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in several PPP sectors through the automatic route.

Which of the above statements are correct

• (a) 3 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3

• (d) 2 and 3 only

Solution: D

• In the BOT/ (Design–Build–Finance–Operate–Transfer) DBFOT model, the private entity designs, builds, and operates the asset for a fixed concession period, after which the ownership is transferred back to the government; it is not a permanent transfer. Thus, Statement 1 is incorrect.

• To encourage private participation in infrastructure projects that are economically justified but lack financial viability, the government provides Viability Gap Funding (VGF), which can cover up to 40% of the total project cost. This makes Statement 2 correct.

• Furthermore, to attract global capital, the Indian government allows 100% FDI through the automatic route in several infrastructure sectors involved in PPP, such as roads and ports. Thus, Statement 3 is correct.

Solution: D

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (SLHEP): It is located on the border of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. It is a reservoir-based storage project designed primarily for irrigation. The project is built on the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B The SLHEP is situated at Gerukamukh on the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border, making Statement 1 correct. However, it is a run-of-the-river hydropower project, not a storage-based irrigation project. Its primary purpose is power generation (2,000 MW), although it does provide ancillary benefits like flood moderation; thus, Statement 2 is incorrect. The project is constructed across the Subansiri River, which is officially recognized as the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River, making Statement 3 correct. This project is strategically significant as it is currently India’s largest hydroelectric undertaking. Incorrect Solution: B The SLHEP is situated at Gerukamukh on the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border, making Statement 1 correct. However, it is a run-of-the-river hydropower project, not a storage-based irrigation project. Its primary purpose is power generation (2,000 MW), although it does provide ancillary benefits like flood moderation; thus, Statement 2 is incorrect. The project is constructed across the Subansiri River, which is officially recognized as the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River, making Statement 3 correct. This project is strategically significant as it is currently India’s largest hydroelectric undertaking.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (SLHEP):

• It is located on the border of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

• It is a reservoir-based storage project designed primarily for irrigation.

• The project is built on the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• The SLHEP is situated at Gerukamukh on the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border, making Statement 1 correct.

• However, it is a run-of-the-river hydropower project, not a storage-based irrigation project. Its primary purpose is power generation (2,000 MW), although it does provide ancillary benefits like flood moderation; thus, Statement 2 is incorrect.

• The project is constructed across the Subansiri River, which is officially recognized as the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River, making Statement 3 correct. This project is strategically significant as it is currently India’s largest hydroelectric undertaking.

Solution: B

• The SLHEP is situated at Gerukamukh on the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border, making Statement 1 correct.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points With reference to the composition of the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), consider the following: The Chairperson Three independent technical experts in air pollution Representatives from all State Pollution Control Boards in India Three members from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Which of the above are members of the CAQM? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only Correct Solution: C The CAQM consists of a Chairperson, a Member-Secretary, and specific categories of members. These include three independent technical experts with experience in air pollution and three members from NGOs. While it includes representatives from the five specific states (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi), it does not include representatives from all State Pollution Control Boards across India. Therefore, point 3 is incorrect. The commission is designed to be a multi-sectoral body including central officials, state representatives, and technical experts to coordinate air quality management in the NCR specifically. Incorrect Solution: C The CAQM consists of a Chairperson, a Member-Secretary, and specific categories of members. These include three independent technical experts with experience in air pollution and three members from NGOs. While it includes representatives from the five specific states (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi), it does not include representatives from all State Pollution Control Boards across India. Therefore, point 3 is incorrect. The commission is designed to be a multi-sectoral body including central officials, state representatives, and technical experts to coordinate air quality management in the NCR specifically.

#### 6. Question

With reference to the composition of the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), consider the following:

• The Chairperson

• Three independent technical experts in air pollution

• Representatives from all State Pollution Control Boards in India

• Three members from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Which of the above are members of the CAQM?

• (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 4 only

• (d) 1, 3 and 4 only

Solution: C

• The CAQM consists of a Chairperson, a Member-Secretary, and specific categories of members. These include three independent technical experts with experience in air pollution and three members from NGOs.

• While it includes representatives from the five specific states (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi), it does not include representatives from all State Pollution Control Boards across India. Therefore, point 3 is incorrect.

• The commission is designed to be a multi-sectoral body including central officials, state representatives, and technical experts to coordinate air quality management in the NCR specifically.

Solution: C

• The commission is designed to be a multi-sectoral body including central officials, state representatives, and technical experts to coordinate air quality management in the NCR specifically.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Regarding the first PPP-model medical colleges in India, which of the following statements is correct? (a) They are being established in the urban metropolitan centers of Maharashtra. (b) They are purely private ventures with no government involvement in clinical training. (c) They are linked with existing district hospitals in tribal-dominated districts. (d) The entire funding is provided by the World Bank under the "Health for All" project. Correct Solution: C India’s first medical colleges under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model are being set up in the tribal-dominated districts of Madhya Pradesh (specifically Dhar, Betul, Katni, and Panna). These colleges are strategically linked with existing district hospitals, allowing the private partner to utilize existing infrastructure for clinical training while upgrading healthcare delivery. This model aims to address the shortage of medical professionals in underserved areas. It is not a purely private venture nor is it funded entirely by the World Bank; it involves government-private collaboration and potentially domestic incentives like Viability Gap Funding. Most space junk is found in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is the region between 200 km and 2,000 km above Earth. This is where most satellites and the International Space Station (ISS) operate. Because this area is so crowded, there is a higher risk of collisions. This junk includes old satellites, pieces of rockets, and even flecks of paint. Because these objects move at very high speeds (around 10 km per second), even a tiny piece of debris can hit a spacecraft with the force of a bullet. Incorrect Solution: C India’s first medical colleges under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model are being set up in the tribal-dominated districts of Madhya Pradesh (specifically Dhar, Betul, Katni, and Panna). These colleges are strategically linked with existing district hospitals, allowing the private partner to utilize existing infrastructure for clinical training while upgrading healthcare delivery. This model aims to address the shortage of medical professionals in underserved areas. It is not a purely private venture nor is it funded entirely by the World Bank; it involves government-private collaboration and potentially domestic incentives like Viability Gap Funding.

#### 7. Question

Regarding the first PPP-model medical colleges in India, which of the following statements is correct?

• (a) They are being established in the urban metropolitan centers of Maharashtra.

• (b) They are purely private ventures with no government involvement in clinical training.

• (c) They are linked with existing district hospitals in tribal-dominated districts.

• (d) The entire funding is provided by the World Bank under the "Health for All" project.

Solution: C

• India’s first medical colleges under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model are being set up in the tribal-dominated districts of Madhya Pradesh (specifically Dhar, Betul, Katni, and Panna).

• These colleges are strategically linked with existing district hospitals, allowing the private partner to utilize existing infrastructure for clinical training while upgrading healthcare delivery.

• This model aims to address the shortage of medical professionals in underserved areas. It is not a purely private venture nor is it funded entirely by the World Bank; it involves government-private collaboration and potentially domestic incentives like Viability Gap Funding.

Most space junk is found in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is the region between 200 km and 2,000 km above Earth. This is where most satellites and the International Space Station (ISS) operate. Because this area is so crowded, there is a higher risk of collisions. This junk includes old satellites, pieces of rockets, and even flecks of paint. Because these objects move at very high speeds (around 10 km per second), even a tiny piece of debris can hit a spacecraft with the force of a bullet.

Solution: C

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points The “India Infrastructure Project Development Fund” (IIPDF) is primarily intended for: (a) Providing 100% of the construction cost for highway projects. (b) Covering the losses of private companies in the solar sector. (c) Paying the salaries of medical staff in PPP hospitals. (d) Financing feasibility studies and project structuring for PPP projects. Correct Solution: D The IIPDF is a dedicated fund established by the government to provide financial support for the preparation stages of PPP projects. This includes funding for feasibility studies, project structuring, and hiring consultants to ensure that the projects are bankable and well-designed before being tendered to the private sector. It does not provide construction costs or operational salaries, which are typically covered by the private partner’s investment or through other mechanisms like Viability Gap Funding (VGF). Incorrect Solution: D The IIPDF is a dedicated fund established by the government to provide financial support for the preparation stages of PPP projects. This includes funding for feasibility studies, project structuring, and hiring consultants to ensure that the projects are bankable and well-designed before being tendered to the private sector. It does not provide construction costs or operational salaries, which are typically covered by the private partner’s investment or through other mechanisms like Viability Gap Funding (VGF).

#### 8. Question

The “India Infrastructure Project Development Fund” (IIPDF) is primarily intended for:

• (a) Providing 100% of the construction cost for highway projects.

• (b) Covering the losses of private companies in the solar sector.

• (c) Paying the salaries of medical staff in PPP hospitals.

• (d) Financing feasibility studies and project structuring for PPP projects.

Solution: D

• The IIPDF is a dedicated fund established by the government to provide financial support for the preparation stages of PPP projects. This includes funding for feasibility studies, project structuring, and hiring consultants to ensure that the projects are bankable and well-designed before being tendered to the private sector.

• It does not provide construction costs or operational salaries, which are typically covered by the private partner’s investment or through other mechanisms like Viability Gap Funding (VGF).

Solution: D

• It does not provide construction costs or operational salaries, which are typically covered by the private partner’s investment or through other mechanisms like Viability Gap Funding (VGF).

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points With reference to the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), consider the following statements: It has the power to issue show-cause notices to thermal power plants regarding biomass co-firing. Its decisions can be challenged only in the Supreme Court of India. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is Correct: CAQM has wide regulatory and enforcement powers, including issuing directions, advisories, and notices to polluting entities. This includes thermal power plants, particularly on compliance with air-quality measures such as biomass co-firing mandates, which are aimed at reducing stubble burning and particulate pollution. In practice, CAQM has issued compliance directions and show-cause notices to power plants failing to meet prescribed co-firing targets. Statement 2 is Incorrect: CAQM’s decisions are not challengeable only in the Supreme Court. The Act provides that appeals against CAQM’s orders lie before the National Green Tribunal (NGT). Direct recourse exclusively to the Supreme Court is not prescribed. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is Correct: CAQM has wide regulatory and enforcement powers, including issuing directions, advisories, and notices to polluting entities. This includes thermal power plants, particularly on compliance with air-quality measures such as biomass co-firing mandates, which are aimed at reducing stubble burning and particulate pollution. In practice, CAQM has issued compliance directions and show-cause notices to power plants failing to meet prescribed co-firing targets. Statement 2 is Incorrect: CAQM’s decisions are not challengeable only in the Supreme Court. The Act provides that appeals against CAQM’s orders lie before the National Green Tribunal (NGT). Direct recourse exclusively to the Supreme Court is not prescribed.

#### 9. Question

With reference to the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), consider the following statements:

• It has the power to issue show-cause notices to thermal power plants regarding biomass co-firing.

• Its decisions can be challenged only in the Supreme Court of India.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: A

Statement 1 is Correct: CAQM has wide regulatory and enforcement powers, including issuing directions, advisories, and notices to polluting entities. This includes thermal power plants, particularly on compliance with air-quality measures such as biomass co-firing mandates, which are aimed at reducing stubble burning and particulate pollution. In practice, CAQM has issued compliance directions and show-cause notices to power plants failing to meet prescribed co-firing targets.

Statement 2 is Incorrect: CAQM’s decisions are not challengeable only in the Supreme Court. The Act provides that appeals against CAQM’s orders lie before the National Green Tribunal (NGT). Direct recourse exclusively to the Supreme Court is not prescribed.

Solution: A

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points With reference to India’s defense technology, consider the following pairs: Missile/System Key Feature Developing Agency 1. Akash-NG Dual-pulse solid motor DRDO 2. Astra Beyond Visual Range ISRO 3. Helina Anti-tank Guided Missile DRDO How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Next Generation Akash (Akash-NG) is a state-of-the-art surface-to-air missile developed by the DRDO featuring a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, which allows for better engagement of high-speed targets at varied altitudes. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. While the Astra is a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile, it is developed by the DRDO, not ISRO (which focuses on space exploration). Pair 3 is correctly matched. Helina (Helicopter-launched Nag) is a third-generation, fire-and-forget Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) developed by the DRDO. The Akash-NG represents a significant leap over the legacy Akash systems by incorporating an indigenous Radio Frequency (RF) seeker, enhancing its resistance to electronic countermeasures and its ability to intercept low-altitude, high-speed threats like cruise missiles and drones. Incorrect Solution: B Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Next Generation Akash (Akash-NG) is a state-of-the-art surface-to-air missile developed by the DRDO featuring a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, which allows for better engagement of high-speed targets at varied altitudes. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. While the Astra is a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile, it is developed by the DRDO, not ISRO (which focuses on space exploration). Pair 3 is correctly matched. Helina (Helicopter-launched Nag) is a third-generation, fire-and-forget Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) developed by the DRDO. The Akash-NG represents a significant leap over the legacy Akash systems by incorporating an indigenous Radio Frequency (RF) seeker, enhancing its resistance to electronic countermeasures and its ability to intercept low-altitude, high-speed threats like cruise missiles and drones.

#### 10. Question

With reference to India’s defense technology, consider the following pairs:

Missile/System | Key Feature | Developing Agency

1.Akash-NG | Dual-pulse solid motor | DRDO
2.Astra | Beyond Visual Range | ISRO
3.Helina | Anti-tank Guided Missile | DRDO

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Next Generation Akash (Akash-NG) is a state-of-the-art surface-to-air missile developed by the DRDO featuring a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, which allows for better engagement of high-speed targets at varied altitudes.

• Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. While the Astra is a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile, it is developed by the DRDO, not ISRO (which focuses on space exploration).

• Pair 3 is correctly matched. Helina (Helicopter-launched Nag) is a third-generation, fire-and-forget Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) developed by the DRDO. The Akash-NG represents a significant leap over the legacy Akash systems by incorporating an indigenous Radio Frequency (RF) seeker, enhancing its resistance to electronic countermeasures and its ability to intercept low-altitude, high-speed threats like cruise missiles and drones.

Solution: B

• Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. While the Astra is a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile, it is developed by the DRDO, not ISRO (which focuses on space exploration).

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