UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 24 November 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Uranium Enrichment: U-235 is less stable than U-238 in terms of nuclear decay. Highly enriched uranium (>90% U-235) is essential for thermonuclear fusion devices. Light water reactors can operate on natural uranium without enrichment. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B In uranium enrichment and nuclear technology, Statement 1 is correct — U-235 is less stable compared to U-238, making it more prone to undergo fission, which is why it is preferred as fuel in nuclear reactors and weapons. Statement 2 is incorrect — Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), which has over 90% U-235, is primarily used in fission-based atomic bombs, not for thermonuclear (fusion) weapons directly. Fusion weapons primarily rely on isotopes like deuterium and tritium; fission bombs may serve as triggers but not through the direct use of HEU for fusion itself. Statement 3 is also incorrect — light water reactors (LWRs) cannot operate efficiently on natural uranium (which has only 0.7% U-235). They require uranium to be enriched to about 3-5% U-235 to sustain a chain reaction. Incorrect Solution: B In uranium enrichment and nuclear technology, Statement 1 is correct — U-235 is less stable compared to U-238, making it more prone to undergo fission, which is why it is preferred as fuel in nuclear reactors and weapons. Statement 2 is incorrect — Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), which has over 90% U-235, is primarily used in fission-based atomic bombs, not for thermonuclear (fusion) weapons directly. Fusion weapons primarily rely on isotopes like deuterium and tritium; fission bombs may serve as triggers but not through the direct use of HEU for fusion itself. Statement 3 is also incorrect — light water reactors (LWRs) cannot operate efficiently on natural uranium (which has only 0.7% U-235). They require uranium to be enriched to about 3-5% U-235 to sustain a chain reaction.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Uranium Enrichment:

• U-235 is less stable than U-238 in terms of nuclear decay.

• Highly enriched uranium (>90% U-235) is essential for thermonuclear fusion devices.

• Light water reactors can operate on natural uranium without enrichment.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• In uranium enrichment and nuclear technology, Statement 1 is correct — U-235 is less stable compared to U-238, making it more prone to undergo fission, which is why it is preferred as fuel in nuclear reactors and weapons.

• Statement 2 is incorrect — Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), which has over 90% U-235, is primarily used in fission-based atomic bombs, not for thermonuclear (fusion) weapons directly.

• Fusion weapons primarily rely on isotopes like deuterium and tritium; fission bombs may serve as triggers but not through the direct use of HEU for fusion itself.

• Statement 3 is also incorrect — light water reactors (LWRs) cannot operate efficiently on natural uranium (which has only 0.7% U-235). They require uranium to be enriched to about 3-5% U-235 to sustain a chain reaction.

Solution: B

• Fusion weapons primarily rely on isotopes like deuterium and tritium; fission bombs may serve as triggers but not through the direct use of HEU for fusion itself.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) prevents non-nuclear-weapon states from developing nuclear weapons. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) mainly focuses on promoting disarmament negotiations among nuclear powers. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans the development of civilian nuclear power plants globally. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a key international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology. It legally binds non-nuclear-weapon states (those that had not tested nuclear weapons before 1967) to refrain from developing or acquiring nuclear weapons, while promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy and encouraging disarmament efforts among existing nuclear-weapon states. Statement 2 is incorrect. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is not primarily a disarmament negotiation forum. Instead, it functions as a technical body focused on monitoring the peaceful use of nuclear energy, enforcing safeguards to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for weapons purposes. Disarmament negotiations are mainly carried out through diplomatic forums such as the United Nations Conference on Disarmament. Statement 3 is also incorrect. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) only prohibits all nuclear explosions, whether for military or peaceful purposes. It does not ban the development of civilian nuclear power plants. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct. The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a key international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology. It legally binds non-nuclear-weapon states (those that had not tested nuclear weapons before 1967) to refrain from developing or acquiring nuclear weapons, while promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy and encouraging disarmament efforts among existing nuclear-weapon states. Statement 2 is incorrect. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is not primarily a disarmament negotiation forum. Instead, it functions as a technical body focused on monitoring the peaceful use of nuclear energy, enforcing safeguards to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for weapons purposes. Disarmament negotiations are mainly carried out through diplomatic forums such as the United Nations Conference on Disarmament. Statement 3 is also incorrect. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) only prohibits all nuclear explosions, whether for military or peaceful purposes. It does not ban the development of civilian nuclear power plants.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements.

• Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) prevents non-nuclear-weapon states from developing nuclear weapons.

• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) mainly focuses on promoting disarmament negotiations among nuclear powers.

• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans the development of civilian nuclear power plants globally.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct. The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a key international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology. It legally binds non-nuclear-weapon states (those that had not tested nuclear weapons before 1967) to refrain from developing or acquiring nuclear weapons, while promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy and encouraging disarmament efforts among existing nuclear-weapon states.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is not primarily a disarmament negotiation forum. Instead, it functions as a technical body focused on monitoring the peaceful use of nuclear energy, enforcing safeguards to prevent diversion of nuclear materials for weapons purposes. Disarmament negotiations are mainly carried out through diplomatic forums such as the United Nations Conference on Disarmament.

• Statement 3 is also incorrect. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) only prohibits all nuclear explosions, whether for military or peaceful purposes. It does not ban the development of civilian nuclear power plants.

Solution: A

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the advantages of EEG (Electroencephalography): EEG is highly portable compared to MRI machines. EEG requires exposure to mild radiation to enhance signal capture. EEG is particularly effective in real-time brain activity monitoring. EEG results are entirely unaffected by scalp hair or skin conditions. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. EEG (Electroencephalography) systems are highly portable, especially compared to large and immobile machines like MRI scanners. This portability allows for bedside monitoring, field studies, and use in emergency or intensive care settings, making EEG a convenient and accessible neurodiagnostic tool. Statement 2 is incorrect. One of the major advantages of EEG is that it is a non-invasive and radiation-free It records the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp and does not involve any form of radiation exposure, making it safe even for repeated use. Statement 3 is correct. EEG is excellent for real-time monitoring of brain activity, as it captures electrical signals with millisecond precision. This real-time capability is crucial in applications such as epilepsy detection, sleep studies, and intraoperative brain monitoring. Statement 4 is incorrect. While EEG is generally effective, scalp hair and skin conditions can affect signal quality. Thick, curly, oily, or unclean hair can hinder proper electrode contact with the scalp, and dry or irritated skin may also affect electrode adhesion and signal transmission. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct. EEG (Electroencephalography) systems are highly portable, especially compared to large and immobile machines like MRI scanners. This portability allows for bedside monitoring, field studies, and use in emergency or intensive care settings, making EEG a convenient and accessible neurodiagnostic tool. Statement 2 is incorrect. One of the major advantages of EEG is that it is a non-invasive and radiation-free It records the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp and does not involve any form of radiation exposure, making it safe even for repeated use. Statement 3 is correct. EEG is excellent for real-time monitoring of brain activity, as it captures electrical signals with millisecond precision. This real-time capability is crucial in applications such as epilepsy detection, sleep studies, and intraoperative brain monitoring. Statement 4 is incorrect. While EEG is generally effective, scalp hair and skin conditions can affect signal quality. Thick, curly, oily, or unclean hair can hinder proper electrode contact with the scalp, and dry or irritated skin may also affect electrode adhesion and signal transmission.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements about the advantages of EEG (Electroencephalography):

• EEG is highly portable compared to MRI machines.

• EEG requires exposure to mild radiation to enhance signal capture.

• EEG is particularly effective in real-time brain activity monitoring.

• EEG results are entirely unaffected by scalp hair or skin conditions.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct. EEG (Electroencephalography) systems are highly portable, especially compared to large and immobile machines like MRI scanners. This portability allows for bedside monitoring, field studies, and use in emergency or intensive care settings, making EEG a convenient and accessible neurodiagnostic tool.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. One of the major advantages of EEG is that it is a non-invasive and radiation-free It records the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp and does not involve any form of radiation exposure, making it safe even for repeated use.

• Statement 3 is correct. EEG is excellent for real-time monitoring of brain activity, as it captures electrical signals with millisecond precision. This real-time capability is crucial in applications such as epilepsy detection, sleep studies, and intraoperative brain monitoring.

• Statement 4 is incorrect. While EEG is generally effective, scalp hair and skin conditions can affect signal quality. Thick, curly, oily, or unclean hair can hinder proper electrode contact with the scalp, and dry or irritated skin may also affect electrode adhesion and signal transmission.

Solution: B

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the UN General Assembly (UNGA): UNGA’s decisions related to peace and security issues are binding on all UN members. The UN Charter clearly defines the rights and privileges of Permanent Observers. Important decisions in the UNGA, such as budget approvals, require a two-thirds majority. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. Unlike the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) does not have binding authority on matters related to peace and security. Its resolutions are recommendations, not mandatory obligations, and are meant to express collective opinions or encourage action, but they do not carry the force of international law for member states. Statement 2 is incorrect. The UN Charter does not explicitly mention or define the concept of Permanent Observers. This status has evolved through diplomatic practice. Entities such as the Holy See and Palestine are examples of Permanent Observers who may participate in General Assembly debates but do not have voting rights. Statement 3 is correct. For important questions, including budgetary issues, admission of new members, and questions related to peace and security, a two-thirds majority vote is required in the General Assembly. This ensures broader consensus on decisions of significant consequence. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. Unlike the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) does not have binding authority on matters related to peace and security. Its resolutions are recommendations, not mandatory obligations, and are meant to express collective opinions or encourage action, but they do not carry the force of international law for member states. Statement 2 is incorrect. The UN Charter does not explicitly mention or define the concept of Permanent Observers. This status has evolved through diplomatic practice. Entities such as the Holy See and Palestine are examples of Permanent Observers who may participate in General Assembly debates but do not have voting rights. Statement 3 is correct. For important questions, including budgetary issues, admission of new members, and questions related to peace and security, a two-thirds majority vote is required in the General Assembly. This ensures broader consensus on decisions of significant consequence.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the UN General Assembly (UNGA):

• UNGA’s decisions related to peace and security issues are binding on all UN members.

• The UN Charter clearly defines the rights and privileges of Permanent Observers.

• Important decisions in the UNGA, such as budget approvals, require a two-thirds majority.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Unlike the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) does not have binding authority on matters related to peace and security. Its resolutions are recommendations, not mandatory obligations, and are meant to express collective opinions or encourage action, but they do not carry the force of international law for member states.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The UN Charter does not explicitly mention or define the concept of Permanent Observers. This status has evolved through diplomatic practice. Entities such as the Holy See and Palestine are examples of Permanent Observers who may participate in General Assembly debates but do not have voting rights.

• Statement 3 is correct. For important questions, including budgetary issues, admission of new members, and questions related to peace and security, a two-thirds majority vote is required in the General Assembly. This ensures broader consensus on decisions of significant consequence.

Solution: B

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Which of the following best explains why artificial solar eclipses are significant in solar studies? a) They help focus sunlight onto solar panels in orbit for energy generation. b) They prevent solar winds from reaching the Earth. c) They allow permanent blocking of sunlight across the Earth's surface. d) They facilitate continuous corona observations beyond the limits of natural eclipses. Correct Solution: D Artificial solar eclipses are a powerful innovation in solar science, designed to overcome the temporal and geographical limitations of natural eclipses. In this setup, a satellite or spacecraft (the occulter) blocks the intense light from the solar disk, mimicking the Moon’s role during a natural eclipse. Another instrument (the coronagraph) observes the fainter outer atmosphere of the Sun, known as the corona, which is typically hidden by the Sun’s glare. Natural solar eclipses last only a few minutes and are visible from a narrow path on Earth. In contrast, artificial eclipses can be engineered for long-duration and stable observations, allowing for continuous and detailed study of the solar corona. This is crucial for understanding phenomena like coronal heating, solar flares, and space weather impacts on Earth. Such insights are vital for satellite safety, communication systems, and power grid management. Incorrect Solution: D Artificial solar eclipses are a powerful innovation in solar science, designed to overcome the temporal and geographical limitations of natural eclipses. In this setup, a satellite or spacecraft (the occulter) blocks the intense light from the solar disk, mimicking the Moon’s role during a natural eclipse. Another instrument (the coronagraph) observes the fainter outer atmosphere of the Sun, known as the corona, which is typically hidden by the Sun’s glare. Natural solar eclipses last only a few minutes and are visible from a narrow path on Earth. In contrast, artificial eclipses can be engineered for long-duration and stable observations, allowing for continuous and detailed study of the solar corona. This is crucial for understanding phenomena like coronal heating, solar flares, and space weather impacts on Earth. Such insights are vital for satellite safety, communication systems, and power grid management.

#### 5. Question

Which of the following best explains why artificial solar eclipses are significant in solar studies?

• a) They help focus sunlight onto solar panels in orbit for energy generation.

• b) They prevent solar winds from reaching the Earth.

• c) They allow permanent blocking of sunlight across the Earth's surface.

• d) They facilitate continuous corona observations beyond the limits of natural eclipses.

Solution: D

• Artificial solar eclipses are a powerful innovation in solar science, designed to overcome the temporal and geographical limitations of natural eclipses. In this setup, a satellite or spacecraft (the occulter) blocks the intense light from the solar disk, mimicking the Moon’s role during a natural eclipse. Another instrument (the coronagraph) observes the fainter outer atmosphere of the Sun, known as the corona, which is typically hidden by the Sun’s glare.

• Natural solar eclipses last only a few minutes and are visible from a narrow path on Earth. In contrast, artificial eclipses can be engineered for long-duration and stable observations, allowing for continuous and detailed study of the solar corona. This is crucial for understanding phenomena like coronal heating, solar flares, and space weather impacts on Earth. Such insights are vital for satellite safety, communication systems, and power grid management.

Solution: D

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Why do deep neural networks (DNNs) require large datasets for effective learning? a) The learning rate of a neural network decreases as the dataset size increases. b) Neural networks work only with labelled data and cannot process unlabelled information. c) DNNs have a high number of parameters, making them prone to overfitting on small datasets. d) DNNs do not require large datasets, as they use transfer learning for every task. Correct Solution: C Option a is incorrect – The learning rate does not necessarily decrease with dataset size; it is a hyperparameter set during training. Option b is incorrect – Neural networks can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data (through supervised or unsupervised learning techniques). Option c is correct – Deep Neural Networks have millions of parameters, and if trained on small datasets, they tend to memorize rather than generalize, leading to overfitting. Option d is incorrect – Transfer learning is useful for some tasks but is not always a substitute for large datasets. What are Neural Networks? Neural networks, also called artificial neural networks (ANNs), are a machine learning technique that mimics the human brain. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process and interpret data to identify patterns and make decisions. How Neural Networks Work? Neural networks have three main layers: Input Layer: Receives raw data (e.g., images, text, or numbers). Hidden Layers: Process and refine information by adjusting weights and biases. Output Layer: Produces the final result based on the processed inputs. The model learns by adjusting the strength of connections between neurons using algorithms like backpropagation. Training a neural network requires large datasets to improve accuracy over time. Significance of Neural Networks: Automates Decision-Making: Enables AI systems to function with minimal human intervention. Handles Complex Data: Processes unstructured data like images, text, and speech with high accuracy. Improves Predictions: Used in weather forecasting, stock market analysis, and medical diagnostics. Enhances Language Processing: Powers AI assistants like ChatGPT, Siri, and Google Assistant. Drives Deep Learning: Forms the backbone of computer vision, speech recognition, and autonomous systems. Incorrect Solution: C Option a is incorrect – The learning rate does not necessarily decrease with dataset size; it is a hyperparameter set during training. Option b is incorrect – Neural networks can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data (through supervised or unsupervised learning techniques). Option c is correct – Deep Neural Networks have millions of parameters, and if trained on small datasets, they tend to memorize rather than generalize, leading to overfitting. Option d is incorrect – Transfer learning is useful for some tasks but is not always a substitute for large datasets. What are Neural Networks? Neural networks, also called artificial neural networks (ANNs), are a machine learning technique that mimics the human brain. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process and interpret data to identify patterns and make decisions. How Neural Networks Work? Neural networks have three main layers: Input Layer: Receives raw data (e.g., images, text, or numbers). Hidden Layers: Process and refine information by adjusting weights and biases. Output Layer: Produces the final result based on the processed inputs. The model learns by adjusting the strength of connections between neurons using algorithms like backpropagation. Training a neural network requires large datasets to improve accuracy over time. Significance of Neural Networks: Automates Decision-Making: Enables AI systems to function with minimal human intervention. Handles Complex Data: Processes unstructured data like images, text, and speech with high accuracy. Improves Predictions: Used in weather forecasting, stock market analysis, and medical diagnostics. Enhances Language Processing: Powers AI assistants like ChatGPT, Siri, and Google Assistant. Drives Deep Learning: Forms the backbone of computer vision, speech recognition, and autonomous systems.

#### 6. Question

Why do deep neural networks (DNNs) require large datasets for effective learning?

• a) The learning rate of a neural network decreases as the dataset size increases.

• b) Neural networks work only with labelled data and cannot process unlabelled information.

• c) DNNs have a high number of parameters, making them prone to overfitting on small datasets.

• d) DNNs do not require large datasets, as they use transfer learning for every task.

Solution: C

• Option a is incorrect – The learning rate does not necessarily decrease with dataset size; it is a hyperparameter set during training.

• Option b is incorrect – Neural networks can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data (through supervised or unsupervised learning techniques).

• Option c is correct – Deep Neural Networks have millions of parameters, and if trained on small datasets, they tend to memorize rather than generalize, leading to overfitting.

• Option d is incorrect – Transfer learning is useful for some tasks but is not always a substitute for large datasets.

• What are Neural Networks?

• Neural networks, also called artificial neural networks (ANNs), are a machine learning technique that mimics the human brain. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process and interpret data to identify patterns and make decisions.

• Neural networks, also called artificial neural networks (ANNs), are a machine learning technique that mimics the human brain.

• They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process and interpret data to identify patterns and make decisions.

• How Neural Networks Work?

• Neural networks have three main layers: Input Layer: Receives raw data (e.g., images, text, or numbers). Hidden Layers: Process and refine information by adjusting weights and biases. Output Layer: Produces the final result based on the processed inputs. The model learns by adjusting the strength of connections between neurons using algorithms like backpropagation. Training a neural network requires large datasets to improve accuracy over time.

• Input Layer: Receives raw data (e.g., images, text, or numbers).

• Hidden Layers: Process and refine information by adjusting weights and biases.

• Output Layer: Produces the final result based on the processed inputs.

• The model learns by adjusting the strength of connections between neurons using algorithms like backpropagation.

• Training a neural network requires large datasets to improve accuracy over time.

• Significance of Neural Networks:

• Automates Decision-Making: Enables AI systems to function with minimal human intervention. Handles Complex Data: Processes unstructured data like images, text, and speech with high accuracy. Improves Predictions: Used in weather forecasting, stock market analysis, and medical diagnostics. Enhances Language Processing: Powers AI assistants like ChatGPT, Siri, and Google Assistant. Drives Deep Learning: Forms the backbone of computer vision, speech recognition, and autonomous systems.

• Automates Decision-Making: Enables AI systems to function with minimal human intervention.

• Handles Complex Data: Processes unstructured data like images, text, and speech with high accuracy.

• Improves Predictions: Used in weather forecasting, stock market analysis, and medical diagnostics.

• Enhances Language Processing: Powers AI assistants like ChatGPT, Siri, and Google Assistant.

• Drives Deep Learning: Forms the backbone of computer vision, speech recognition, and autonomous systems.

Solution: C

• Option a is incorrect – The learning rate does not necessarily decrease with dataset size; it is a hyperparameter set during training.

• Option b is incorrect – Neural networks can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data (through supervised or unsupervised learning techniques).

• Option c is correct – Deep Neural Networks have millions of parameters, and if trained on small datasets, they tend to memorize rather than generalize, leading to overfitting.

• Option d is incorrect – Transfer learning is useful for some tasks but is not always a substitute for large datasets.

• What are Neural Networks?

• Neural networks, also called artificial neural networks (ANNs), are a machine learning technique that mimics the human brain.

• They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process and interpret data to identify patterns and make decisions.

• How Neural Networks Work?

• Input Layer: Receives raw data (e.g., images, text, or numbers).

• Hidden Layers: Process and refine information by adjusting weights and biases.

• Output Layer: Produces the final result based on the processed inputs.

• The model learns by adjusting the strength of connections between neurons using algorithms like backpropagation.

• Training a neural network requires large datasets to improve accuracy over time.

• Significance of Neural Networks:

• Automates Decision-Making: Enables AI systems to function with minimal human intervention.

• Handles Complex Data: Processes unstructured data like images, text, and speech with high accuracy.

• Improves Predictions: Used in weather forecasting, stock market analysis, and medical diagnostics.

• Enhances Language Processing: Powers AI assistants like ChatGPT, Siri, and Google Assistant.

• Drives Deep Learning: Forms the backbone of computer vision, speech recognition, and autonomous systems.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Article 142: It enables the Supreme Court to pass orders that have the force of law even if there is no corresponding statute. The power under Article 142 is available to both the Supreme Court and High Courts. Article 142(2) empowers the Supreme Court to punish individuals for contempt across India. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is correct — Article 142(1) allows the Supreme Court to issue enforceable orders even when there is no supporting statutory framework, as long as the purpose is to deliver “complete justice.” It was famously used in the Bhopal Gas tragedy case and others where legal provisions were inadequate. Statement 2 is incorrect — This power is exclusive to the Supreme Court. High Courts do not enjoy similar discretionary powers under Article 142. Their powers are limited by statutory and constitutional frameworks like Article 226. Statement 3 is correct — Article 142(2) explicitly empowers the Court to punish for contempt, secure the presence of persons, and enforce its orders throughout the territory of India. What is Article 142? Allows the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order “necessary for doing complete justice” in any case pending before it. Objective: Originally intended as a tool to bridge gaps in law where strict adherence to legal procedures would deny justice. Constitutional Provision: Article 142(1): Enables passing enforceable decrees or orders to ensure complete justice. Article 142(2): Empowers the Court to secure attendance, document production, and punishment for contempt across India. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is correct — Article 142(1) allows the Supreme Court to issue enforceable orders even when there is no supporting statutory framework, as long as the purpose is to deliver “complete justice.” It was famously used in the Bhopal Gas tragedy case and others where legal provisions were inadequate. Statement 2 is incorrect — This power is exclusive to the Supreme Court. High Courts do not enjoy similar discretionary powers under Article 142. Their powers are limited by statutory and constitutional frameworks like Article 226. Statement 3 is correct — Article 142(2) explicitly empowers the Court to punish for contempt, secure the presence of persons, and enforce its orders throughout the territory of India. What is Article 142? Allows the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order “necessary for doing complete justice” in any case pending before it. Objective: Originally intended as a tool to bridge gaps in law where strict adherence to legal procedures would deny justice. Constitutional Provision: Article 142(1): Enables passing enforceable decrees or orders to ensure complete justice. Article 142(2): Empowers the Court to secure attendance, document production, and punishment for contempt across India.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Article 142:

• It enables the Supreme Court to pass orders that have the force of law even if there is no corresponding statute.

• The power under Article 142 is available to both the Supreme Court and High Courts.

• Article 142(2) empowers the Supreme Court to punish individuals for contempt across India.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is correct — Article 142(1) allows the Supreme Court to issue enforceable orders even when there is no supporting statutory framework, as long as the purpose is to deliver “complete justice.” It was famously used in the Bhopal Gas tragedy case and others where legal provisions were inadequate.

• Statement 2 is incorrect — This power is exclusive to the Supreme Court. High Courts do not enjoy similar discretionary powers under Article 142. Their powers are limited by statutory and constitutional frameworks like Article 226.

• Statement 3 is correct — Article 142(2) explicitly empowers the Court to punish for contempt, secure the presence of persons, and enforce its orders throughout the territory of India.

What is Article 142?

• Allows the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order “necessary for doing complete justice” in any case pending before it.

• Objective: Originally intended as a tool to bridge gaps in law where strict adherence to legal procedures would deny justice.

Constitutional Provision:

• Article 142(1): Enables passing enforceable decrees or orders to ensure complete justice.

• Article 142(2): Empowers the Court to secure attendance, document production, and punishment for contempt across India.

Solution: A

What is Article 142?

• Allows the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order “necessary for doing complete justice” in any case pending before it.

• Objective: Originally intended as a tool to bridge gaps in law where strict adherence to legal procedures would deny justice.

Constitutional Provision:

• Article 142(1): Enables passing enforceable decrees or orders to ensure complete justice.

• Article 142(2): Empowers the Court to secure attendance, document production, and punishment for contempt across India.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about decarbonisation pathways: Green hydrogen is a key enabler for decarbonising heavy industries like steel and cement. Carbon offset mechanisms directly reduce domestic carbon emissions. Electrification of mobility aids decarbonisation by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct — Green hydrogen is critical for hard-to-abate sectors like steel, cement, and refining, where direct electrification is inefficient or impossible. Statement 3 is correct — Electrification of transport, especially when powered by renewables, can substantially reduce emissions from the oil-dependent mobility sector. Statement 2 is incorrect — Carbon offsetting involves compensating for emissions (e.g., planting trees or investing in renewables elsewhere), but it does not reduce domestic emissions directly. It is a mitigation measure, not a decarbonisation technology in itself. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct — Green hydrogen is critical for hard-to-abate sectors like steel, cement, and refining, where direct electrification is inefficient or impossible. Statement 3 is correct — Electrification of transport, especially when powered by renewables, can substantially reduce emissions from the oil-dependent mobility sector. Statement 2 is incorrect — Carbon offsetting involves compensating for emissions (e.g., planting trees or investing in renewables elsewhere), but it does not reduce domestic emissions directly. It is a mitigation measure, not a decarbonisation technology in itself.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements about decarbonisation pathways:

• Green hydrogen is a key enabler for decarbonising heavy industries like steel and cement.

• Carbon offset mechanisms directly reduce domestic carbon emissions.

• Electrification of mobility aids decarbonisation by reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Statement 1 is correct — Green hydrogen is critical for hard-to-abate sectors like steel, cement, and refining, where direct electrification is inefficient or impossible. Statement 3 is correct — Electrification of transport, especially when powered by renewables, can substantially reduce emissions from the oil-dependent mobility sector. Statement 2 is incorrect — Carbon offsetting involves compensating for emissions (e.g., planting trees or investing in renewables elsewhere), but it does not reduce domestic emissions directly. It is a mitigation measure, not a decarbonisation technology in itself.

Solution: B

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Harare Declaration. Statement-I: The Harare Declaration emphasizes the need to build climate-resilient health systems in Africa. Statement-II: Africa has historically been the least contributor to global emissions but is disproportionately affected by climate-induced health risks. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Both statements are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I. Africa’s low historical emissions do not shield it from high climate vulnerability, including rising infectious diseases, malnutrition, and heat stress. This disproportionate burden makes it essential for African nations to adapt their health systems, which is the foundational rationale behind the Harare Declaration. What is the Harare Declaration? It is a landmark collective commitment to address the health impacts of climate change in Africa through resilient health systems, stronger research, and inclusive policymaking. Objectives: Recognize climate change as a public health emergency. Strengthen Africa’s role in shaping its own climate and health responses through scientific, local, and traditional knowledge. Foster collaboration among governments, researchers, civil society, and communities. Key Features: Build Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Upgrade infrastructure, train workforce, and improve healthcare delivery amid climate impacts. Strengthen Research and Surveillance: Invest in studies assessing climate’s health impacts and develop early warning systems. Enhance Community Engagement: Promote inclusion of local and traditional knowledge systems. Promote Equitable Partnerships: Create fair research collaborations and boost African research capacity. Incorrect Solution: A Both statements are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I. Africa’s low historical emissions do not shield it from high climate vulnerability, including rising infectious diseases, malnutrition, and heat stress. This disproportionate burden makes it essential for African nations to adapt their health systems, which is the foundational rationale behind the Harare Declaration. What is the Harare Declaration? It is a landmark collective commitment to address the health impacts of climate change in Africa through resilient health systems, stronger research, and inclusive policymaking. Objectives: Recognize climate change as a public health emergency. Strengthen Africa’s role in shaping its own climate and health responses through scientific, local, and traditional knowledge. Foster collaboration among governments, researchers, civil society, and communities. Key Features: Build Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Upgrade infrastructure, train workforce, and improve healthcare delivery amid climate impacts. Strengthen Research and Surveillance: Invest in studies assessing climate’s health impacts and develop early warning systems. Enhance Community Engagement: Promote inclusion of local and traditional knowledge systems. Promote Equitable Partnerships: Create fair research collaborations and boost African research capacity.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Harare Declaration.

Statement-I: The Harare Declaration emphasizes the need to build climate-resilient health systems in Africa. Statement-II: Africa has historically been the least contributor to global emissions but is disproportionately affected by climate-induced health risks.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

Both statements are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I. Africa’s low historical emissions do not shield it from high climate vulnerability, including rising infectious diseases, malnutrition, and heat stress. This disproportionate burden makes it essential for African nations to adapt their health systems, which is the foundational rationale behind the Harare Declaration.

• What is the Harare Declaration?

• It is a landmark collective commitment to address the health impacts of climate change in Africa through resilient health systems, stronger research, and inclusive policymaking.

• Objectives:

• Recognize climate change as a public health emergency. Strengthen Africa’s role in shaping its own climate and health responses through scientific, local, and traditional knowledge. Foster collaboration among governments, researchers, civil society, and communities.

• Recognize climate change as a public health emergency.

• Strengthen Africa’s role in shaping its own climate and health responses through scientific, local, and traditional knowledge.

• Foster collaboration among governments, researchers, civil society, and communities.

• Key Features:

• Build Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Upgrade infrastructure, train workforce, and improve healthcare delivery amid climate impacts. Strengthen Research and Surveillance: Invest in studies assessing climate’s health impacts and develop early warning systems. Enhance Community Engagement: Promote inclusion of local and traditional knowledge systems. Promote Equitable Partnerships: Create fair research collaborations and boost African research capacity.

• Build Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Upgrade infrastructure, train workforce, and improve healthcare delivery amid climate impacts.

• Strengthen Research and Surveillance: Invest in studies assessing climate’s health impacts and develop early warning systems.

• Enhance Community Engagement: Promote inclusion of local and traditional knowledge systems.

• Promote Equitable Partnerships: Create fair research collaborations and boost African research capacity.

Solution: A

• What is the Harare Declaration?

• It is a landmark collective commitment to address the health impacts of climate change in Africa through resilient health systems, stronger research, and inclusive policymaking.

• Objectives:

• Recognize climate change as a public health emergency.

• Strengthen Africa’s role in shaping its own climate and health responses through scientific, local, and traditional knowledge.

• Foster collaboration among governments, researchers, civil society, and communities.

• Key Features:

• Build Climate-Resilient Health Systems: Upgrade infrastructure, train workforce, and improve healthcare delivery amid climate impacts.

• Strengthen Research and Surveillance: Invest in studies assessing climate’s health impacts and develop early warning systems.

• Enhance Community Engagement: Promote inclusion of local and traditional knowledge systems.

• Promote Equitable Partnerships: Create fair research collaborations and boost African research capacity.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Digital giant companies. Statement I: Digital giants pose unique regulatory challenges due to their cross-border operations and digital platform models. Statement II: Most digital giants are headquartered in countries with weak legal systems, allowing them to escape accountability. Select the correct answer code: a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct — the cross-jurisdictional nature of digital giants makes it difficult for any one country to effectively regulate them. Their operations often fall between regulatory cracks, allowing them to exploit tax loopholes, delay compliance, or forum shop. Statement II is incorrect — most digital giants are headquartered in countries with strong legal systems, like the USA. The challenge is not the weakness of these systems but rather their inability to control global reach and the lag in updating laws to digital realities. What are Digital Giant Companies? Definition: Digital giants are large technology companies that dominate global markets through data-driven platforms, such as social media, e-commerce, and search engines. Examples: Meta (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram), Google, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft. Market Influence: They control vast user data, enabling hyper-targeted advertising and personalized services, creating high entry barriers for competitors. Global Reach: These companies operate across multiple jurisdictions, often leveraging their dominance to influence markets and consumer behaviour. Economic Impact: They contribute significantly to the digital economy but also raise concerns about monopolistic practices and data privacy. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct — the cross-jurisdictional nature of digital giants makes it difficult for any one country to effectively regulate them. Their operations often fall between regulatory cracks, allowing them to exploit tax loopholes, delay compliance, or forum shop. Statement II is incorrect — most digital giants are headquartered in countries with strong legal systems, like the USA. The challenge is not the weakness of these systems but rather their inability to control global reach and the lag in updating laws to digital realities. What are Digital Giant Companies? Definition: Digital giants are large technology companies that dominate global markets through data-driven platforms, such as social media, e-commerce, and search engines. Examples: Meta (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram), Google, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft. Market Influence: They control vast user data, enabling hyper-targeted advertising and personalized services, creating high entry barriers for competitors. Global Reach: These companies operate across multiple jurisdictions, often leveraging their dominance to influence markets and consumer behaviour. Economic Impact: They contribute significantly to the digital economy but also raise concerns about monopolistic practices and data privacy.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Digital giant companies.

Statement I: Digital giants pose unique regulatory challenges due to their cross-border operations and digital platform models. Statement II: Most digital giants are headquartered in countries with weak legal systems, allowing them to escape accountability.

Select the correct answer code:

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: C

Statement I is correct — the cross-jurisdictional nature of digital giants makes it difficult for any one country to effectively regulate them. Their operations often fall between regulatory cracks, allowing them to exploit tax loopholes, delay compliance, or forum shop. Statement II is incorrect — most digital giants are headquartered in countries with strong legal systems, like the USA. The challenge is not the weakness of these systems but rather their inability to control global reach and the lag in updating laws to digital realities.

What are Digital Giant Companies?

• Definition: Digital giants are large technology companies that dominate global markets through data-driven platforms, such as social media, e-commerce, and search engines.

• Examples: Meta (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram), Google, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft.

• Market Influence: They control vast user data, enabling hyper-targeted advertising and personalized services, creating high entry barriers for competitors.

• Global Reach: These companies operate across multiple jurisdictions, often leveraging their dominance to influence markets and consumer behaviour.

• Economic Impact: They contribute significantly to the digital economy but also raise concerns about monopolistic practices and data privacy.

Solution: C

What are Digital Giant Companies?

• Definition: Digital giants are large technology companies that dominate global markets through data-driven platforms, such as social media, e-commerce, and search engines.

• Examples: Meta (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram), Google, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft.

• Market Influence: They control vast user data, enabling hyper-targeted advertising and personalized services, creating high entry barriers for competitors.

• Global Reach: These companies operate across multiple jurisdictions, often leveraging their dominance to influence markets and consumer behaviour.

• Economic Impact: They contribute significantly to the digital economy but also raise concerns about monopolistic practices and data privacy.

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