UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 23 March 2024

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The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Manas river: It is a river that flows between southern Bhutan and India. It is a right-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra River. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Ans: (c) Explanation: The Manas river flows through Bhutan and Assam in India before it joins the right bank of the Brahmaputra river. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/india-bhutan-relations-cooperation-and-challenges/ Incorrect Ans: (c) Explanation: The Manas river flows through Bhutan and Assam in India before it joins the right bank of the Brahmaputra river. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/india-bhutan-relations-cooperation-and-challenges/

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements about the Manas river:

• It is a river that flows between southern Bhutan and India. It is a right-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra River.

• It is a river that flows between southern Bhutan and India.

• It is a right-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra River.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation:

• The Manas river flows through Bhutan and Assam in India before it joins the right bank of the Brahmaputra river.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/india-bhutan-relations-cooperation-and-challenges/

Explanation:

• The Manas river flows through Bhutan and Assam in India before it joins the right bank of the Brahmaputra river.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/india-bhutan-relations-cooperation-and-challenges/

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Strait of Gibraltar: It is one of the narrowest straits in the world. It separates the Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea. It was formed as a result of volcanic activity in the last 100 years. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Ans:(b) Explanation: Only statements 1 and 2 are correct. Context: A modeling study suggests that a dormant subduction zone beneath the Gibraltar Strait could become active and migrate into the Atlantic Ocean, potentially forming an Atlantic “Ring of Fire” in about 20 million years. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/ Incorrect Ans:(b) Explanation: Only statements 1 and 2 are correct. Context: A modeling study suggests that a dormant subduction zone beneath the Gibraltar Strait could become active and migrate into the Atlantic Ocean, potentially forming an Atlantic “Ring of Fire” in about 20 million years. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements about the Strait of Gibraltar:

• It is one of the narrowest straits in the world. It separates the Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea. It was formed as a result of volcanic activity in the last 100 years.

• It is one of the narrowest straits in the world.

• It separates the Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea.

• It was formed as a result of volcanic activity in the last 100 years.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Explanation:

• Only statements 1 and 2 are correct.

• Context: A modeling study suggests that a dormant subduction zone beneath the Gibraltar Strait could become active and migrate into the Atlantic Ocean, potentially forming an Atlantic “Ring of Fire” in about 20 million years.

• The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

Explanation:

• Only statements 1 and 2 are correct.

• The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to the Ring of Fire, consider the following statements: The Ring of Fire is a region characterized by high volcanic activity but no seismic activity. The Ring of Fire is primarily located in the Indian Ocean and is home to numerous coral reefs. It is associated with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to tectonic plate movements. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only One (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Ans:(a) Explanation: Only statement 3 is correct. The Ring of Fire is associated with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to the movement of tectonic plates. It is where several tectonic plates meet, resulting in significant geological activity, including the formation of volcanoes and seismic events. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/ Incorrect Ans:(a) Explanation: Only statement 3 is correct. The Ring of Fire is associated with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to the movement of tectonic plates. It is where several tectonic plates meet, resulting in significant geological activity, including the formation of volcanoes and seismic events. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

#### 3. Question

With reference to the Ring of Fire, consider the following statements:

• The Ring of Fire is a region characterized by high volcanic activity but no seismic activity. The Ring of Fire is primarily located in the Indian Ocean and is home to numerous coral reefs. It is associated with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to tectonic plate movements.

• The Ring of Fire is a region characterized by high volcanic activity but no seismic activity.

• The Ring of Fire is primarily located in the Indian Ocean and is home to numerous coral reefs.

• It is associated with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to tectonic plate movements.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only One

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Explanation:

• Only statement 3 is correct.

• The Ring of Fire is associated with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to the movement of tectonic plates. It is where several tectonic plates meet, resulting in significant geological activity, including the formation of volcanoes and seismic events.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

Explanation:

• Only statement 3 is correct.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points ‘Summit for Democracy’, a virtual summit, recently in news, hosted by the (a) Democracy International (b) International IDEA (c) World Economic Forum (d) None of the above Correct Ans: (d) Explanation: About the Summit for Democracy: The Summit for Democracy, launched by the US in 2021, is a platform for democracies worldwide to share experiences, strengthen democratic institutions, protect human rights, and combat corruption. It aims to promote collaboration among democratic nations and advance initiatives for democratic renewal, including efforts to enhance technology for democracy and defend free and fair elections. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/democracy-in-india/ Incorrect Ans: (d) Explanation: About the Summit for Democracy: The Summit for Democracy, launched by the US in 2021, is a platform for democracies worldwide to share experiences, strengthen democratic institutions, protect human rights, and combat corruption. It aims to promote collaboration among democratic nations and advance initiatives for democratic renewal, including efforts to enhance technology for democracy and defend free and fair elections. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/democracy-in-india/

#### 4. Question

‘Summit for Democracy’, a virtual summit, recently in news, hosted by the

• (a) Democracy International

• (b) International IDEA

• (c) World Economic Forum

• (d) None of the above

Explanation: About the Summit for Democracy:

• The Summit for Democracy, launched by the US in 2021, is a platform for democracies worldwide to share experiences, strengthen democratic institutions, protect human rights, and combat corruption. It aims to promote collaboration among democratic nations and advance initiatives for democratic renewal, including efforts to enhance technology for democracy and defend free and fair elections.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/democracy-in-india/

Explanation: About the Summit for Democracy:

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/democracy-in-india/

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points ‘Project Gaia’ was in news recently, is associated with the (a) Banking reforms (b) Climate risk analysis (c) AI and cyber security (d) Climate smart agriculture Correct Ans: (b) Explanation: Context: Central banks, including the European Central Bank and the Bank of Spain, have introduced Project Gaia, utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate climate-related financial risks. This innovative program addresses the lack of uniform reporting standards by analysing firm carbon emissions, green bonds, and net-zero commitment disclosures. The initiative aims to democratize climate risk research by potentially opening Gaia to the public as an online tool. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/project-gaia/ Incorrect Ans: (b) Explanation: Context: Central banks, including the European Central Bank and the Bank of Spain, have introduced Project Gaia, utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate climate-related financial risks. This innovative program addresses the lack of uniform reporting standards by analysing firm carbon emissions, green bonds, and net-zero commitment disclosures. The initiative aims to democratize climate risk research by potentially opening Gaia to the public as an online tool. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/project-gaia/

#### 5. Question

‘Project Gaia’ was in news recently, is associated with the

• (a) Banking reforms

• (b) Climate risk analysis

• (c) AI and cyber security

• (d) Climate smart agriculture

Explanation:

• Context: Central banks, including the European Central Bank and the Bank of Spain, have introduced Project Gaia, utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate climate-related financial risks.

• This innovative program addresses the lack of uniform reporting standards by analysing firm carbon emissions, green bonds, and net-zero commitment disclosures.

• The initiative aims to democratize climate risk research by potentially opening Gaia to the public as an online tool.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/project-gaia/

Explanation:

• This innovative program addresses the lack of uniform reporting standards by analysing firm carbon emissions, green bonds, and net-zero commitment disclosures.

• The initiative aims to democratize climate risk research by potentially opening Gaia to the public as an online tool.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/project-gaia/

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Recently, which of the following has been recognized as a Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE)? (a) Coal India Limited (b) Steel Authority of India Limited (c) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (d) Grid Controller of India Limited Correct Ans: (d) Explanation: Context: Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-INDIA) has been recognized as a Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) by the Ministry of Power, Government of India. Established in 2009, GRID-INDIA plays a crucial role in overseeing the operation of the Indian Power System, ensuring efficient power transfer within and across regions, and facilitating transnational power exchanges. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/grid-india/ Incorrect Ans: (d) Explanation: Context: Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-INDIA) has been recognized as a Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) by the Ministry of Power, Government of India. Established in 2009, GRID-INDIA plays a crucial role in overseeing the operation of the Indian Power System, ensuring efficient power transfer within and across regions, and facilitating transnational power exchanges. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/grid-india/

#### 6. Question

Recently, which of the following has been recognized as a Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE)?

• (a) Coal India Limited

• (b) Steel Authority of India Limited

• (c) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

• (d) Grid Controller of India Limited

Explanation:

• Context: Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-INDIA) has been recognized as a Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) by the Ministry of Power, Government of India.

• Established in 2009, GRID-INDIA plays a crucial role in overseeing the operation of the Indian Power System, ensuring efficient power transfer within and across regions, and facilitating transnational power exchanges.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/grid-india/

Explanation:

• Context: Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-INDIA) has been recognized as a Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) by the Ministry of Power, Government of India.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/grid-india/

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Which of the following statements about sound waves is true? (a) Sound waves cannot travel through solids. (b) The speed of sound in air decreases with increasing temperature. (c) Sound waves are longitudinal waves that require a medium for propagation. (d) Sound waves always travel at the same speed regardless of the medium. Correct Ans: (c) Explanation: Context: Scientists in China have developed a ground-breaking “sound laser” that emits particles of sound instead of light, making it the most powerful of its kind. Unlike traditional lasers that emit photons, this laser releases particle-like chunks of sound known as phonons in a narrow beam. Sound waves are mechanical waves that propagate through a medium via the vibration of particles in that medium. They travel in a longitudinal motion, meaning the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/sound-laser/ Incorrect Ans: (c) Explanation: Context: Scientists in China have developed a ground-breaking “sound laser” that emits particles of sound instead of light, making it the most powerful of its kind. Unlike traditional lasers that emit photons, this laser releases particle-like chunks of sound known as phonons in a narrow beam. Sound waves are mechanical waves that propagate through a medium via the vibration of particles in that medium. They travel in a longitudinal motion, meaning the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/sound-laser/

#### 7. Question

Which of the following statements about sound waves is true?

• (a) Sound waves cannot travel through solids.

• (b) The speed of sound in air decreases with increasing temperature.

• (c) Sound waves are longitudinal waves that require a medium for propagation.

• (d) Sound waves always travel at the same speed regardless of the medium.

Explanation:

• Context: Scientists in China have developed a ground-breaking “sound laser” that emits particles of sound instead of light, making it the most powerful of its kind. Unlike traditional lasers that emit photons, this laser releases particle-like chunks of sound known as phonons in a narrow beam.

• Unlike traditional lasers that emit photons, this laser releases particle-like chunks of sound known as phonons in a narrow beam.

• Sound waves are mechanical waves that propagate through a medium via the vibration of particles in that medium. They travel in a longitudinal motion, meaning the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/sound-laser/

Explanation:

• Unlike traditional lasers that emit photons, this laser releases particle-like chunks of sound known as phonons in a narrow beam.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/sound-laser/

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Which of the following statements about Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is true? (a) It is primarily composed of methane, with small amounts of other hydrocarbons. (b) It is stored and transported at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. (c) It produces higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions compared to other fossil fuels. (d) Its terminals are typically located far away from population centers due to safety concerns. Correct Ans: (a) Explanation: Option A: This statement is correct. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is mainly composed of methane, typically around 90-95%, with small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbons. Option B: This statement is incorrect. LNG is stored and transported at extremely low temperatures, typically around -162 degrees Celsius (-260 degrees Fahrenheit), to keep it in its liquid state. It needs to be kept in insulated tanks under pressure to maintain its liquefied form. Option C: This statement is incorrect. LNG is often considered a cleaner-burning fossil fuel compared to coal and oil, as it produces fewer emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants when burned for energy. However, it is still a fossil fuel and does emit greenhouse gases when burned. Option D: This statement is incorrect. LNG terminals are often strategically located near population centers and industrial areas to facilitate distribution. Safety concerns are indeed addressed through strict regulations and safety protocols, but proximity to demand centers is important for efficient distribution and utilization of LNG. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/small-scale-liquefied-natural-gas-sslng-unit-vijaipur/ Incorrect Ans: (a) Explanation: Option A: This statement is correct. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is mainly composed of methane, typically around 90-95%, with small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbons. Option B: This statement is incorrect. LNG is stored and transported at extremely low temperatures, typically around -162 degrees Celsius (-260 degrees Fahrenheit), to keep it in its liquid state. It needs to be kept in insulated tanks under pressure to maintain its liquefied form. Option C: This statement is incorrect. LNG is often considered a cleaner-burning fossil fuel compared to coal and oil, as it produces fewer emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants when burned for energy. However, it is still a fossil fuel and does emit greenhouse gases when burned. Option D: This statement is incorrect. LNG terminals are often strategically located near population centers and industrial areas to facilitate distribution. Safety concerns are indeed addressed through strict regulations and safety protocols, but proximity to demand centers is important for efficient distribution and utilization of LNG. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/small-scale-liquefied-natural-gas-sslng-unit-vijaipur/

#### 8. Question

Which of the following statements about Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is true?

• (a) It is primarily composed of methane, with small amounts of other hydrocarbons.

• (b) It is stored and transported at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.

• (c) It produces higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions compared to other fossil fuels.

• (d) Its terminals are typically located far away from population centers due to safety concerns.

Explanation:

• Option A: This statement is correct. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is mainly composed of methane, typically around 90-95%, with small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbons.

• Option B: This statement is incorrect. LNG is stored and transported at extremely low temperatures, typically around -162 degrees Celsius (-260 degrees Fahrenheit), to keep it in its liquid state. It needs to be kept in insulated tanks under pressure to maintain its liquefied form.

• Option C: This statement is incorrect. LNG is often considered a cleaner-burning fossil fuel compared to coal and oil, as it produces fewer emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants when burned for energy. However, it is still a fossil fuel and does emit greenhouse gases when burned.

• Option D: This statement is incorrect. LNG terminals are often strategically located near population centers and industrial areas to facilitate distribution. Safety concerns are indeed addressed through strict regulations and safety protocols, but proximity to demand centers is important for efficient distribution and utilization of LNG.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/small-scale-liquefied-natural-gas-sslng-unit-vijaipur/

Explanation:

• Option A: This statement is correct. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is mainly composed of methane, typically around 90-95%, with small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbons.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/small-scale-liquefied-natural-gas-sslng-unit-vijaipur/

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements. Basmati rice cultivation is largely dependent on rainwater as it takes place during the main monsoon season. In some states, Basmati rice is procured by the Government at Minimum Support Price (MSP). More than one state in India have Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Basmati rice How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Ans: (b) Explanation: Context: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) scientists have raised concerns about the unauthorized cultivation of Indian basmati rice varieties in Pakistan. Paddy is procured by the Union government on MSP for distribution under the Public Distribution System. Basmati is neither procured by the government nor has any fixed price. It is procured by traders and exporters as Indian Basmati has large demand abroad. Experts say that 4,000 litres of water are required to grow a kilo of paddy. Basmati cultivation, on the other hand, is largely dependent on rainwater as it takes place during the main monsoon season. Even if some early varieties are sown in June, they are harvested at least a month before the main basmati and paddy varieties, thus saving water. Basmati cultivation can also reduce stubble burning — farmers use its stubble for fodder. Punjab is among the states and Union Territories (Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are the others) that have a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Basmati. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/pusa-1121-and-1509-basmati-varieties/ Incorrect Ans: (b) Explanation: Context: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) scientists have raised concerns about the unauthorized cultivation of Indian basmati rice varieties in Pakistan. Paddy is procured by the Union government on MSP for distribution under the Public Distribution System. Basmati is neither procured by the government nor has any fixed price. It is procured by traders and exporters as Indian Basmati has large demand abroad. Experts say that 4,000 litres of water are required to grow a kilo of paddy. Basmati cultivation, on the other hand, is largely dependent on rainwater as it takes place during the main monsoon season. Even if some early varieties are sown in June, they are harvested at least a month before the main basmati and paddy varieties, thus saving water. Basmati cultivation can also reduce stubble burning — farmers use its stubble for fodder. Punjab is among the states and Union Territories (Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are the others) that have a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Basmati. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/pusa-1121-and-1509-basmati-varieties/

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements.

• Basmati rice cultivation is largely dependent on rainwater as it takes place during the main monsoon season. In some states, Basmati rice is procured by the Government at Minimum Support Price (MSP). More than one state in India have Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Basmati rice

• Basmati rice cultivation is largely dependent on rainwater as it takes place during the main monsoon season.

• In some states, Basmati rice is procured by the Government at Minimum Support Price (MSP).

• More than one state in India have Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Basmati rice

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Explanation:

• Context: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) scientists have raised concerns about the unauthorized cultivation of Indian basmati rice varieties in Pakistan.

• Paddy is procured by the Union government on MSP for distribution under the Public Distribution System. Basmati is neither procured by the government nor has any fixed price. It is procured by traders and exporters as Indian Basmati has large demand abroad.

• Experts say that 4,000 litres of water are required to grow a kilo of paddy. Basmati cultivation, on the other hand, is largely dependent on rainwater as it takes place during the main monsoon season. Even if some early varieties are sown in June, they are harvested at least a month before the main basmati and paddy varieties, thus saving water. Basmati cultivation can also reduce stubble burning — farmers use its stubble for fodder.

• Punjab is among the states and Union Territories (Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are the others) that have a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Basmati.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/pusa-1121-and-1509-basmati-varieties/

Explanation:

• Context: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) scientists have raised concerns about the unauthorized cultivation of Indian basmati rice varieties in Pakistan.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/pusa-1121-and-1509-basmati-varieties/

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the theory of Plate tectonics. It is another name for the theory of continental drift. It is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle. It discards the conventional geological view that there is convectional current flowing in the mantle. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Ans: (a) Explanation: Only statement 2 is correct. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth’s mantle. This strong outer layer is called lithosphere. Plate tectonics is the modern version of continental drift, a theory first proposed by scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912. Wegener didn’t have an explanation for how continents could move around the planet, but researchers do now. Plate tectonics is thus said to be the unifying theory of geology. The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection in the mantle. Hot material near Earth’s core rises, and colder mantle rock sinks. In terms of analogy, it is kind of a pot boiling on a stove. The convection drives plate tectonics through a combination of pushing and spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges and pulling and sinking downwards at subduction zones. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/ Incorrect Ans: (a) Explanation: Only statement 2 is correct. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth’s mantle. This strong outer layer is called lithosphere. Plate tectonics is the modern version of continental drift, a theory first proposed by scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912. Wegener didn’t have an explanation for how continents could move around the planet, but researchers do now. Plate tectonics is thus said to be the unifying theory of geology. The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection in the mantle. Hot material near Earth’s core rises, and colder mantle rock sinks. In terms of analogy, it is kind of a pot boiling on a stove. The convection drives plate tectonics through a combination of pushing and spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges and pulling and sinking downwards at subduction zones. Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the theory of Plate tectonics.

• It is another name for the theory of continental drift. It is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle. It discards the conventional geological view that there is convectional current flowing in the mantle.

• It is another name for the theory of continental drift.

• It is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle.

• It discards the conventional geological view that there is convectional current flowing in the mantle.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Explanation:

• Only statement 2 is correct.

• The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth’s mantle. This strong outer layer is called lithosphere.

• Plate tectonics is the modern version of continental drift, a theory first proposed by scientist Alfred Wegener in 1912. Wegener didn’t have an explanation for how continents could move around the planet, but researchers do now.

• Plate tectonics is thus said to be the unifying theory of geology.

• The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection in the mantle. Hot material near Earth’s core rises, and colder mantle rock sinks. In terms of analogy, it is kind of a pot boiling on a stove.

• The convection drives plate tectonics through a combination of pushing and spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges and pulling and sinking downwards at subduction zones.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

Explanation:

• Only statement 2 is correct.

• The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth’s mantle. This strong outer layer is called lithosphere.

• Plate tectonics is thus said to be the unifying theory of geology.

• The convection drives plate tectonics through a combination of pushing and spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges and pulling and sinking downwards at subduction zones.

Refer: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2024/03/22/gibraltar-strait/

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