UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 21 January 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the alignment of the Konark Sun Temple with celestial events? a) It is aligned with the Tropic of Cancer. b) It is oriented to track the movements of Venus in the night sky. c) It aligns with the position of the Moon during the equinox. d) It is oriented to allow the first rays of the Sun to illuminate the sanctum. Correct Solution: d) The Konark Sun Temple is oriented such that the first rays of the Sun during sunrise pass through the main entrance and illuminate the sanctum sanctorum, symbolizing the temple’s dedication to the Sun God. This alignment reflects advanced astronomical knowledge of the era. About Konark Sun Temple: Location: Situated in Konark, Odisha, near the Bay of Bengal. Built in: Constructed in the 13th century (1238–1264 CE). Built by: Commissioned by King Narasimha Deva I of the Ganga dynasty. Kingdom associated: Represents the strength and stability of the Ganga Empire. Architectural features: Chariot Design: The temple is designed as a grand chariot of Surya, the Sun God, with 24 elaborately carved wheels, each 3 meters in diameter, symbolizing time and celestial movement. Seven Horses: The temple features seven sculpted horses pulling the chariot, representing the Sun’s journey across the sky. Intricate Sculptures: The plinth and walls are adorned with detailed carvings of dancers, musicians, animals, and mythological narratives, showcasing the artistic finesse of the era. Vimana and Shikhara: The original principal sanctuary (vimana) was topped with a towering shikhara (crown), which collapsed in the 19th century. Natmandir and Jahamogana: The dance hall (natmandir) and audience hall (jahamogana) exhibit pyramidal designs, reflecting the grandeur of Kalinga temple architecture. Symbolic Motifs: Depictions of lions, mythical creatures, and erotic sculptures highlight the spiritual, cultural, and symbolic aspects of 13th-century life. Global Recognition: Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, acknowledged for its artistic ingenuity and cultural relevance, attracting tourists worldwide. Incorrect Solution: d) The Konark Sun Temple is oriented such that the first rays of the Sun during sunrise pass through the main entrance and illuminate the sanctum sanctorum, symbolizing the temple’s dedication to the Sun God. This alignment reflects advanced astronomical knowledge of the era. About Konark Sun Temple: Location: Situated in Konark, Odisha, near the Bay of Bengal. Built in: Constructed in the 13th century (1238–1264 CE). Built by: Commissioned by King Narasimha Deva I of the Ganga dynasty. Kingdom associated: Represents the strength and stability of the Ganga Empire. Architectural features: Chariot Design: The temple is designed as a grand chariot of Surya, the Sun God, with 24 elaborately carved wheels, each 3 meters in diameter, symbolizing time and celestial movement. Seven Horses: The temple features seven sculpted horses pulling the chariot, representing the Sun’s journey across the sky. Intricate Sculptures: The plinth and walls are adorned with detailed carvings of dancers, musicians, animals, and mythological narratives, showcasing the artistic finesse of the era. Vimana and Shikhara: The original principal sanctuary (vimana) was topped with a towering shikhara (crown), which collapsed in the 19th century. Natmandir and Jahamogana: The dance hall (natmandir) and audience hall (jahamogana) exhibit pyramidal designs, reflecting the grandeur of Kalinga temple architecture. Symbolic Motifs: Depictions of lions, mythical creatures, and erotic sculptures highlight the spiritual, cultural, and symbolic aspects of 13th-century life. Global Recognition: Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, acknowledged for its artistic ingenuity and cultural relevance, attracting tourists worldwide.

#### 1. Question

Which of the following best describes the alignment of the Konark Sun Temple with celestial events?

• a) It is aligned with the Tropic of Cancer.

• b) It is oriented to track the movements of Venus in the night sky.

• c) It aligns with the position of the Moon during the equinox.

• d) It is oriented to allow the first rays of the Sun to illuminate the sanctum.

Solution: d)

The Konark Sun Temple is oriented such that the first rays of the Sun during sunrise pass through the main entrance and illuminate the sanctum sanctorum, symbolizing the temple’s dedication to the Sun God. This alignment reflects advanced astronomical knowledge of the era.

About Konark Sun Temple:

• Location: Situated in Konark, Odisha, near the Bay of Bengal.

• Built in: Constructed in the 13th century (1238–1264 CE).

• Built by: Commissioned by King Narasimha Deva I of the Ganga dynasty.

• Kingdom associated: Represents the strength and stability of the Ganga Empire.

Architectural features:

• Chariot Design: The temple is designed as a grand chariot of Surya, the Sun God, with 24 elaborately carved wheels, each 3 meters in diameter, symbolizing time and celestial movement.

• Seven Horses: The temple features seven sculpted horses pulling the chariot, representing the Sun’s journey across the sky.

• Intricate Sculptures: The plinth and walls are adorned with detailed carvings of dancers, musicians, animals, and mythological narratives, showcasing the artistic finesse of the era.

• Vimana and Shikhara: The original principal sanctuary (vimana) was topped with a towering shikhara (crown), which collapsed in the 19th century.

• Natmandir and Jahamogana: The dance hall (natmandir) and audience hall (jahamogana) exhibit pyramidal designs, reflecting the grandeur of Kalinga temple architecture.

• Symbolic Motifs: Depictions of lions, mythical creatures, and erotic sculptures highlight the spiritual, cultural, and symbolic aspects of 13th-century life.

Global Recognition: Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, acknowledged for its artistic ingenuity and cultural relevance, attracting tourists worldwide.

Solution: d)

About Konark Sun Temple:

• Location: Situated in Konark, Odisha, near the Bay of Bengal.

• Built in: Constructed in the 13th century (1238–1264 CE).

• Built by: Commissioned by King Narasimha Deva I of the Ganga dynasty.

• Kingdom associated: Represents the strength and stability of the Ganga Empire.

Architectural features:

• Chariot Design: The temple is designed as a grand chariot of Surya, the Sun God, with 24 elaborately carved wheels, each 3 meters in diameter, symbolizing time and celestial movement.

• Seven Horses: The temple features seven sculpted horses pulling the chariot, representing the Sun’s journey across the sky.

• Intricate Sculptures: The plinth and walls are adorned with detailed carvings of dancers, musicians, animals, and mythological narratives, showcasing the artistic finesse of the era.

• Vimana and Shikhara: The original principal sanctuary (vimana) was topped with a towering shikhara (crown), which collapsed in the 19th century.

• Natmandir and Jahamogana: The dance hall (natmandir) and audience hall (jahamogana) exhibit pyramidal designs, reflecting the grandeur of Kalinga temple architecture.

• Symbolic Motifs: Depictions of lions, mythical creatures, and erotic sculptures highlight the spiritual, cultural, and symbolic aspects of 13th-century life.

Global Recognition: Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, acknowledged for its artistic ingenuity and cultural relevance, attracting tourists worldwide.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points What is the primary function of the National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)? a) To regulate internet access across India b) To route domestic internet traffic within India, reducing latency c) To enforce cybersecurity standards for public organizations d) To promote rural broadband connectivity Correct Solution: b) NIXI primarily operates Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) to ensure that domestic internet traffic is routed within India. This reduces latency, enhances efficiency, and improves data security by minimizing international routing. About National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI): What it is: A not-for-profit organization under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013, working under the aegis of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). Established in: June 19, 2003. Aim: To increase internet penetration and facilitate digital adoption in India by building critical infrastructure and improving internet connectivity. Functions: Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Enhance data exchange and reduce latency by routing domestic internet traffic within the country. .IN Registry: Manage and promote India’s .in domain to strengthen the country’s digital identity. Internet Registry (IRINN): Support adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for seamless internet connectivity. Data Centre Services: Provide secure and reliable data storage solutions to support India’s digital ecosystem. Key Initiatives: IPv6 Expert Panel (IP Guru): Support Indian entities in adopting IPv6 protocols. NIXI Academy: Educate individuals on internet technologies like IPv6. NIXI-IP-INDEX: Track and showcase IPv6 adoption rates in India and globally Incorrect Solution: b) NIXI primarily operates Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) to ensure that domestic internet traffic is routed within India. This reduces latency, enhances efficiency, and improves data security by minimizing international routing. About National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI): What it is: A not-for-profit organization under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013, working under the aegis of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). Established in: June 19, 2003. Aim: To increase internet penetration and facilitate digital adoption in India by building critical infrastructure and improving internet connectivity. Functions: Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Enhance data exchange and reduce latency by routing domestic internet traffic within the country. .IN Registry: Manage and promote India’s .in domain to strengthen the country’s digital identity. Internet Registry (IRINN): Support adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for seamless internet connectivity. Data Centre Services: Provide secure and reliable data storage solutions to support India’s digital ecosystem. Key Initiatives: IPv6 Expert Panel (IP Guru): Support Indian entities in adopting IPv6 protocols. NIXI Academy: Educate individuals on internet technologies like IPv6. NIXI-IP-INDEX: Track and showcase IPv6 adoption rates in India and globally

#### 2. Question

What is the primary function of the National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)?

• a) To regulate internet access across India

• b) To route domestic internet traffic within India, reducing latency

• c) To enforce cybersecurity standards for public organizations

• d) To promote rural broadband connectivity

Solution: b)

NIXI primarily operates Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) to ensure that domestic internet traffic is routed within India. This reduces latency, enhances efficiency, and improves data security by minimizing international routing.

About National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI):

• What it is: A not-for-profit organization under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013, working under the aegis of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

• Established in: June 19, 2003.

• Aim: To increase internet penetration and facilitate digital adoption in India by building critical infrastructure and improving internet connectivity.

Functions:

• Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Enhance data exchange and reduce latency by routing domestic internet traffic within the country.

• .IN Registry: Manage and promote India’s .in domain to strengthen the country’s digital identity.

• Internet Registry (IRINN): Support adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for seamless internet connectivity.

• Data Centre Services: Provide secure and reliable data storage solutions to support India’s digital ecosystem.

Key Initiatives:

• IPv6 Expert Panel (IP Guru): Support Indian entities in adopting IPv6 protocols.

• NIXI Academy: Educate individuals on internet technologies like IPv6.

• NIXI-IP-INDEX: Track and showcase IPv6 adoption rates in India and globally

Solution: b)

About National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI):

• What it is: A not-for-profit organization under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013, working under the aegis of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

• Established in: June 19, 2003.

• Aim: To increase internet penetration and facilitate digital adoption in India by building critical infrastructure and improving internet connectivity.

Functions:

• Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): Enhance data exchange and reduce latency by routing domestic internet traffic within the country.

• .IN Registry: Manage and promote India’s .in domain to strengthen the country’s digital identity.

• Internet Registry (IRINN): Support adoption of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for seamless internet connectivity.

• Data Centre Services: Provide secure and reliable data storage solutions to support India’s digital ecosystem.

Key Initiatives:

• IPv6 Expert Panel (IP Guru): Support Indian entities in adopting IPv6 protocols.

• NIXI Academy: Educate individuals on internet technologies like IPv6.

• NIXI-IP-INDEX: Track and showcase IPv6 adoption rates in India and globally

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points What is the primary aim of Exercise La Perouse? a) To promote interoperability and maritime security among navies in the Indo-Pacific b) To conduct anti-piracy drills in the Gulf of Aden c) To counter illegal fishing activities in the Indian Ocean d) To develop multilateral naval strategies for Arctic exploration Correct Solution: a) Exercise La Perouse focuses on interoperability and maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region. It involves collaborative efforts among navies to ensure a rules-based maritime order, counter threats, and enhance situational awareness in critical chokepoints like the Malacca Strait. About Exercise La Perouse: What it is: La Perouse is a multilateral naval exercise conducted to strengthen maritime security, enhance interoperability, and develop situational awareness among participating navies. Host nation: France leads the exercise, with its Carrier Strike Group spearheaded by the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. Location: Conducted in the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok straits, key chokepoints between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Members: The 2025 edition includes India, France, the U.S., Canada, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the U.K. Aim and Objectives: Maritime Safety: Address issues like illegal trafficking, environmental hazards, and maritime crises. Enhanced Cooperation: Train in maritime surveillance, air operations, and maritime interdiction. Interoperability: Use advanced systems like IORIS for synchronized crisis management. Commitment to Rules-Based Order: Promote a stable and secure Indo-Pacific aligned with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) Incorrect Solution: a) Exercise La Perouse focuses on interoperability and maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region. It involves collaborative efforts among navies to ensure a rules-based maritime order, counter threats, and enhance situational awareness in critical chokepoints like the Malacca Strait. About Exercise La Perouse: What it is: La Perouse is a multilateral naval exercise conducted to strengthen maritime security, enhance interoperability, and develop situational awareness among participating navies. Host nation: France leads the exercise, with its Carrier Strike Group spearheaded by the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. Location: Conducted in the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok straits, key chokepoints between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Members: The 2025 edition includes India, France, the U.S., Canada, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the U.K. Aim and Objectives: Maritime Safety: Address issues like illegal trafficking, environmental hazards, and maritime crises. Enhanced Cooperation: Train in maritime surveillance, air operations, and maritime interdiction. Interoperability: Use advanced systems like IORIS for synchronized crisis management. Commitment to Rules-Based Order: Promote a stable and secure Indo-Pacific aligned with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)

#### 3. Question

What is the primary aim of Exercise La Perouse?

• a) To promote interoperability and maritime security among navies in the Indo-Pacific

• b) To conduct anti-piracy drills in the Gulf of Aden

• c) To counter illegal fishing activities in the Indian Ocean

• d) To develop multilateral naval strategies for Arctic exploration

Solution: a)

Exercise La Perouse focuses on interoperability and maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region. It involves collaborative efforts among navies to ensure a rules-based maritime order, counter threats, and enhance situational awareness in critical chokepoints like the Malacca Strait.

About Exercise La Perouse:

• What it is: La Perouse is a multilateral naval exercise conducted to strengthen maritime security, enhance interoperability, and develop situational awareness among participating navies.

• Host nation: France leads the exercise, with its Carrier Strike Group spearheaded by the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle.

• Location: Conducted in the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok straits, key chokepoints between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

• Members: The 2025 edition includes India, France, the U.S., Canada, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the U.K.

Aim and Objectives:

• Maritime Safety: Address issues like illegal trafficking, environmental hazards, and maritime crises.

• Enhanced Cooperation: Train in maritime surveillance, air operations, and maritime interdiction.

• Interoperability: Use advanced systems like IORIS for synchronized crisis management.

• Commitment to Rules-Based Order: Promote a stable and secure Indo-Pacific aligned with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)

Solution: a)

About Exercise La Perouse:

• What it is: La Perouse is a multilateral naval exercise conducted to strengthen maritime security, enhance interoperability, and develop situational awareness among participating navies.

• Host nation: France leads the exercise, with its Carrier Strike Group spearheaded by the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle.

• Location: Conducted in the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok straits, key chokepoints between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

• Members: The 2025 edition includes India, France, the U.S., Canada, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the U.K.

Aim and Objectives:

• Maritime Safety: Address issues like illegal trafficking, environmental hazards, and maritime crises.

• Enhanced Cooperation: Train in maritime surveillance, air operations, and maritime interdiction.

• Interoperability: Use advanced systems like IORIS for synchronized crisis management.

• Commitment to Rules-Based Order: Promote a stable and secure Indo-Pacific aligned with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Which of the following statements best explains the phenomenon of “arribada” associated with Olive Ridley turtles? a) It is the solitary nesting behavior of turtles along scattered beaches. b) It is the migration of juvenile turtles from their nesting grounds to the ocean. c) It refers to the synchronized mass nesting of female turtles on specific beaches. d) It describes the basking behavior of turtles on coastal shores. Correct Solution: c) The term “arribada” refers to the synchronized mass nesting of female Olive Ridley turtles on specific beaches. Thousands of turtles come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs, a rare and spectacular natural phenomenon observed on beaches like Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya. About Olive Ridley Turtles: What it is: Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) are one of the smallest and most abundant sea turtles, known for their synchronized mass nesting, called arribadas. Habitat: Found in tropical regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, olive ridleys are both pelagic and coastal, frequenting nesting beaches in countries like India, Mexico, and Costa Rica. Features: Named for their olive-green, heart-shaped shell. Omnivorous, feeding on crabs, jellyfish, and algae. Capable of diving up to 500 feet to forage on the ocean floor. Mating Season: Their nesting season varies by region. In India, it spans November to March, with mass nesting observed at beaches like Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya. Protection Status: Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Appendix I of CITES Incorrect Solution: c) The term “arribada” refers to the synchronized mass nesting of female Olive Ridley turtles on specific beaches. Thousands of turtles come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs, a rare and spectacular natural phenomenon observed on beaches like Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya. About Olive Ridley Turtles: What it is: Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) are one of the smallest and most abundant sea turtles, known for their synchronized mass nesting, called arribadas. Habitat: Found in tropical regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, olive ridleys are both pelagic and coastal, frequenting nesting beaches in countries like India, Mexico, and Costa Rica. Features: Named for their olive-green, heart-shaped shell. Omnivorous, feeding on crabs, jellyfish, and algae. Capable of diving up to 500 feet to forage on the ocean floor. Mating Season: Their nesting season varies by region. In India, it spans November to March, with mass nesting observed at beaches like Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya. Protection Status: Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Appendix I of CITES

#### 4. Question

Which of the following statements best explains the phenomenon of “arribada” associated with Olive Ridley turtles?

• a) It is the solitary nesting behavior of turtles along scattered beaches.

• b) It is the migration of juvenile turtles from their nesting grounds to the ocean.

• c) It refers to the synchronized mass nesting of female turtles on specific beaches.

• d) It describes the basking behavior of turtles on coastal shores.

Solution: c)

The term “arribada” refers to the synchronized mass nesting of female Olive Ridley turtles on specific beaches. Thousands of turtles come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs, a rare and spectacular natural phenomenon observed on beaches like Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya.

About Olive Ridley Turtles:

• What it is: Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) are one of the smallest and most abundant sea turtles, known for their synchronized mass nesting, called arribadas.

• Habitat: Found in tropical regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, olive ridleys are both pelagic and coastal, frequenting nesting beaches in countries like India, Mexico, and Costa Rica.

Features:

• Named for their olive-green, heart-shaped shell.

• Omnivorous, feeding on crabs, jellyfish, and algae.

• Capable of diving up to 500 feet to forage on the ocean floor.

• Mating Season: Their nesting season varies by region. In India, it spans November to March, with mass nesting observed at beaches like Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya.

Protection Status:

• Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

• Appendix I of CITES

Solution: c)

About Olive Ridley Turtles:

• What it is: Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) are one of the smallest and most abundant sea turtles, known for their synchronized mass nesting, called arribadas.

Features:

• Named for their olive-green, heart-shaped shell.

• Omnivorous, feeding on crabs, jellyfish, and algae.

• Capable of diving up to 500 feet to forage on the ocean floor.

• Mating Season: Their nesting season varies by region. In India, it spans November to March, with mass nesting observed at beaches like Odisha’s Gahirmatha and Rushikulya.

Protection Status:

• Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

• Appendix I of CITES

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Which of the following features best distinguishes Kalaripayattu from other Indian martial arts? a) It exclusively uses metallic weapons. b) It focuses solely on unarmed combat. c) It prohibits women from training in combat techniques. d) It integrates physical combat with traditional medicine and healing practices. Correct Solution: d) Kalaripayattu is unique among Indian martial arts for its integration of physical combat, body conditioning, and traditional medicine. It includes healing practices like marma therapy and emphasizes discipline and spirituality. Women are historically included in its training, and it employs wooden and metallic weapons, as well as unarmed techniques. About Kalaripayattu: What it is: Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest martial arts in the world, combining combat techniques, physical training, and healing practices. State of origin: Originated in Kerala, it holds deep cultural and historical roots in South India. History and features: History: Mythology credits the warrior sage Parasurama with its creation. The term “Kalari” means “combat arena,” and “Payattu” means “fight” in Malayalam. Key Features: The martial art emphasizes body conditioning (Maippayattu), wooden weapons (Kolthari), metallic weapons (Angathari), and bare-handed techniques (Verumkai). It enhances strength, flexibility, reflexes, and discipline. Recognition: It was added to the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of India in 2009. Women’s Participation: Historically, women have trained in Kalaripayattu, and they continue to excel in its practice today. Incorrect Solution: d) Kalaripayattu is unique among Indian martial arts for its integration of physical combat, body conditioning, and traditional medicine. It includes healing practices like marma therapy and emphasizes discipline and spirituality. Women are historically included in its training, and it employs wooden and metallic weapons, as well as unarmed techniques. About Kalaripayattu: What it is: Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest martial arts in the world, combining combat techniques, physical training, and healing practices. State of origin: Originated in Kerala, it holds deep cultural and historical roots in South India. History and features: History: Mythology credits the warrior sage Parasurama with its creation. The term “Kalari” means “combat arena,” and “Payattu” means “fight” in Malayalam. Key Features: The martial art emphasizes body conditioning (Maippayattu), wooden weapons (Kolthari), metallic weapons (Angathari), and bare-handed techniques (Verumkai). It enhances strength, flexibility, reflexes, and discipline. Recognition: It was added to the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of India in 2009. Women’s Participation: Historically, women have trained in Kalaripayattu, and they continue to excel in its practice today.

#### 5. Question

Which of the following features best distinguishes Kalaripayattu from other Indian martial arts?

• a) It exclusively uses metallic weapons.

• b) It focuses solely on unarmed combat.

• c) It prohibits women from training in combat techniques.

• d) It integrates physical combat with traditional medicine and healing practices.

Solution: d)

Kalaripayattu is unique among Indian martial arts for its integration of physical combat, body conditioning, and traditional medicine. It includes healing practices like marma therapy and emphasizes discipline and spirituality. Women are historically included in its training, and it employs wooden and metallic weapons, as well as unarmed techniques.

About Kalaripayattu:

• What it is: Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest martial arts in the world, combining combat techniques, physical training, and healing practices.

• State of origin: Originated in Kerala, it holds deep cultural and historical roots in South India.

History and features:

• History: Mythology credits the warrior sage Parasurama with its creation. The term “Kalari” means “combat arena,” and “Payattu” means “fight” in Malayalam.

• Key Features: The martial art emphasizes body conditioning (Maippayattu), wooden weapons (Kolthari), metallic weapons (Angathari), and bare-handed techniques (Verumkai). It enhances strength, flexibility, reflexes, and discipline.

• Recognition: It was added to the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of India in 2009.

• Women’s Participation: Historically, women have trained in Kalaripayattu, and they continue to excel in its practice today.

Solution: d)

About Kalaripayattu:

• What it is: Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest martial arts in the world, combining combat techniques, physical training, and healing practices.

• State of origin: Originated in Kerala, it holds deep cultural and historical roots in South India.

History and features:

• History: Mythology credits the warrior sage Parasurama with its creation. The term “Kalari” means “combat arena,” and “Payattu” means “fight” in Malayalam.

• Recognition: It was added to the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of India in 2009.

• Women’s Participation: Historically, women have trained in Kalaripayattu, and they continue to excel in its practice today.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the sculptures of the Konark Sun Temple: Statement-I: The Konark Sun Temple’s intricate carvings depict themes of mythology, daily life, and spirituality. Statement-II: These carvings were influenced by Persian and Central Asian artistic traditions. Select the correct answer code: a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I. b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I. c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect. d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct. Correct Solution: c) Statement-I is correct: The temple’s carvings depict mythology, daily life, and spiritual themes, showcasing the artistic brilliance of the time. Statement-II is incorrect: The carvings are purely rooted in Kalinga art traditions, with no significant influence from Persian or Central Asian styles. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement-I is correct: The temple’s carvings depict mythology, daily life, and spiritual themes, showcasing the artistic brilliance of the time. Statement-II is incorrect: The carvings are purely rooted in Kalinga art traditions, with no significant influence from Persian or Central Asian styles.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the sculptures of the Konark Sun Temple:

Statement-I: The Konark Sun Temple’s intricate carvings depict themes of mythology, daily life, and spirituality. Statement-II: These carvings were influenced by Persian and Central Asian artistic traditions.

Select the correct answer code:

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.

• c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect.

• d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct.

Solution: c)

Statement-I is correct: The temple’s carvings depict mythology, daily life, and spiritual themes, showcasing the artistic brilliance of the time.

Statement-II is incorrect: The carvings are purely rooted in Kalinga art traditions, with no significant influence from Persian or Central Asian styles.

Solution: c)

Statement-I is correct: The temple’s carvings depict mythology, daily life, and spiritual themes, showcasing the artistic brilliance of the time.

Statement-II is incorrect: The carvings are purely rooted in Kalinga art traditions, with no significant influence from Persian or Central Asian styles.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Which of the following statements is correct about Mount Ibu, recently in the news? a) It is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, situated on Halmahera Island. b) It is an active stratovolcano located on Sumatra Island, Indonesia. c) It is a dormant volcanic site in the Philippines known for its historical eruptions. d) It is a volcanic site in Papua New Guinea, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Correct Solution: a) Mount Ibu is an active stratovolcano located on Halmahera Island in the North Maluku province of Indonesia. It has shown significant volcanic activity, with over 1,000 eruptions reported in January 2025. Incorrect Solution: a) Mount Ibu is an active stratovolcano located on Halmahera Island in the North Maluku province of Indonesia. It has shown significant volcanic activity, with over 1,000 eruptions reported in January 2025.

#### 7. Question

Which of the following statements is correct about Mount Ibu, recently in the news?

• a) It is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, situated on Halmahera Island.

• b) It is an active stratovolcano located on Sumatra Island, Indonesia.

• c) It is a dormant volcanic site in the Philippines known for its historical eruptions.

• d) It is a volcanic site in Papua New Guinea, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Solution: a)

Mount Ibu is an active stratovolcano located on Halmahera Island in the North Maluku province of Indonesia. It has shown significant volcanic activity, with over 1,000 eruptions reported in January 2025.

Solution: a)

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Which of the following are threats faced by Olive Ridley turtles in India? Entanglement in fishing gear Coastal development and habitat loss Predation by invasive species Rising sea levels due to climate change Select the correct answer code: a) 1, 2, and 3 only b) 2, 3, and 4 only c) 1, 3, and 4 only d) All four Correct Solution: d) Entanglement in fishing gear (1) is a leading cause of turtle mortality. Coastal development (2) leads to habitat destruction, including nesting sites. Predation by invasive species (3), such as dogs and feral pigs, threatens eggs and hatchlings. Rising sea levels (4) due to climate change impact nesting beaches by causing erosion and submergence. Incorrect Solution: d) Entanglement in fishing gear (1) is a leading cause of turtle mortality. Coastal development (2) leads to habitat destruction, including nesting sites. Predation by invasive species (3), such as dogs and feral pigs, threatens eggs and hatchlings. Rising sea levels (4) due to climate change impact nesting beaches by causing erosion and submergence.

#### 8. Question

Which of the following are threats faced by Olive Ridley turtles in India?

• Entanglement in fishing gear

• Coastal development and habitat loss

• Predation by invasive species

• Rising sea levels due to climate change

Select the correct answer code:

• a) 1, 2, and 3 only

• b) 2, 3, and 4 only

• c) 1, 3, and 4 only

• d) All four

Solution: d)

Entanglement in fishing gear (1) is a leading cause of turtle mortality.

Coastal development (2) leads to habitat destruction, including nesting sites.

Predation by invasive species (3), such as dogs and feral pigs, threatens eggs and hatchlings.

Rising sea levels (4) due to climate change impact nesting beaches by causing erosion and submergence.

Solution: d)

Entanglement in fishing gear (1) is a leading cause of turtle mortality.

Coastal development (2) leads to habitat destruction, including nesting sites.

Predation by invasive species (3), such as dogs and feral pigs, threatens eggs and hatchlings.

Rising sea levels (4) due to climate change impact nesting beaches by causing erosion and submergence.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the New Development Bank (NDB): It was established by BRICS to fund sustainable development projects in member countries only. It provides loans in local currencies to reduce dependency on major global currencies like the US dollar. The NDB has its headquarters in New Delhi, India. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect: The NDB funds projects not only in BRICS member countries but also in non-member countries. Statement 2 is correct: It promotes the use of local currencies in loans to reduce reliance on the US dollar and other major currencies. Statement 3 is incorrect: The NDB’s headquarters is located in Shanghai, China. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect: The NDB funds projects not only in BRICS member countries but also in non-member countries. Statement 2 is correct: It promotes the use of local currencies in loans to reduce reliance on the US dollar and other major currencies. Statement 3 is incorrect: The NDB’s headquarters is located in Shanghai, China.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements about the New Development Bank (NDB):

• It was established by BRICS to fund sustainable development projects in member countries only.

• It provides loans in local currencies to reduce dependency on major global currencies like the US dollar.

• The NDB has its headquarters in New Delhi, India.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: a)

Statement 1 is incorrect: The NDB funds projects not only in BRICS member countries but also in non-member countries.

Statement 2 is correct: It promotes the use of local currencies in loans to reduce reliance on the US dollar and other major currencies.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The NDB’s headquarters is located in Shanghai, China.

Solution: a)

Statement 1 is incorrect: The NDB funds projects not only in BRICS member countries but also in non-member countries.

Statement 2 is correct: It promotes the use of local currencies in loans to reduce reliance on the US dollar and other major currencies.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The NDB’s headquarters is located in Shanghai, China.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Which of the following are functions of the National Internet Exchange of India? Managing India’s .IN domain and promoting its adoption Facilitating the exchange of domestic internet traffic Supporting cybersecurity for critical government infrastructures Allocating IPv4 and IPv6 addresses through Internet Registry (IRINN) Select the correct answer code: a) 1, 2, and 4 only b) 2, 3, and 4 only c) 1 and 4 only d) All four Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is correct: NIXI manages the .IN domain and promotes its adoption to strengthen India’s digital identity. Statement 2 is correct: By operating Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), NIXI facilitates domestic traffic routing. Statement 3 is incorrect: While NIXI promotes internet adoption, cybersecurity for government infrastructures falls under other agencies like CERT-In. Statement 4 is correct: Through IRINN, NIXI allocates IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is correct: NIXI manages the .IN domain and promotes its adoption to strengthen India’s digital identity. Statement 2 is correct: By operating Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), NIXI facilitates domestic traffic routing. Statement 3 is incorrect: While NIXI promotes internet adoption, cybersecurity for government infrastructures falls under other agencies like CERT-In. Statement 4 is correct: Through IRINN, NIXI allocates IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

#### 10. Question

Which of the following are functions of the National Internet Exchange of India?

• Managing India’s .IN domain and promoting its adoption

• Facilitating the exchange of domestic internet traffic

• Supporting cybersecurity for critical government infrastructures

• Allocating IPv4 and IPv6 addresses through Internet Registry (IRINN)

Select the correct answer code:

• a) 1, 2, and 4 only

• b) 2, 3, and 4 only

• c) 1 and 4 only

• d) All four

Solution: a)

Statement 1 is correct: NIXI manages the .IN domain and promotes its adoption to strengthen India’s digital identity.

Statement 2 is correct: By operating Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), NIXI facilitates domestic traffic routing.

Statement 3 is incorrect: While NIXI promotes internet adoption, cybersecurity for government infrastructures falls under other agencies like CERT-In.

Statement 4 is correct: Through IRINN, NIXI allocates IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

Solution: a)

Statement 1 is correct: NIXI manages the .IN domain and promotes its adoption to strengthen India’s digital identity.

Statement 2 is correct: By operating Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), NIXI facilitates domestic traffic routing.

Statement 3 is incorrect: While NIXI promotes internet adoption, cybersecurity for government infrastructures falls under other agencies like CERT-In.

Statement 4 is correct: Through IRINN, NIXI allocates IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

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