UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 2 April 2025

Current Affairs Quiz : 2 April 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question Consider the following statements about Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): 1. It is funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations. 2. It involves scientific mapping of erosion, biodiversity, and pollution along coasts. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: b) • Statement 1 is incorrect. The ICZM project is funded by the World Bank, not by the GEF or the UN. It is coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to manage coastal resources in a sustainable, integrated manner. • Statement 2 is correct. ICZM promotes scientific approaches to coastal planning, including erosion mapping, biodiversity assessment, pollution studies, and disaster resilience. It integrates ecological, social, and economic concerns. Incorrect Solution: b) • Statement 1 is incorrect. The ICZM project is funded by the World Bank, not by the GEF or the UN. It is coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to manage coastal resources in a sustainable, integrated manner. • Statement 2 is correct. ICZM promotes scientific approaches to coastal planning, including erosion mapping, biodiversity assessment, pollution studies, and disaster resilience. It integrates ecological, social, and economic concerns.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements about Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): 1. It is funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations. 2. It involves scientific mapping of erosion, biodiversity, and pollution along coasts. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question Which of the following international conventions is most relevant for India’s efforts supported by the proposed Heritage Repatriation Fund? a) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 1970 b) Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 c) Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 d) Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954 Correct Solution: a) • The 1970 UNESCO Convention is the cornerstone legal instrument that enables member states to reclaim cultural property that has been illicitly imported, exported, or transferred. • India ratified this Convention in 1980 and increasingly uses it as a diplomatic and legal basis for demanding the return of stolen antiquities. • The Heritage Repatriation Fund, recently proposed by a parliamentary panel, is expected to provide the financial and legal muscle to invoke such international frameworks effectively. • It would help pursue claims, enter bilateral cultural property agreements, and engage legal experts across jurisdictions. • Other conventions, like the Hague Convention, apply in armed conflict scenarios, while the CBD deals with genetic resources. Thus, option a is correct. • What is Heritage Repatriation Fund? o A proposed financial initiative to facilitate the recovery and return of stolen Indian cultural artifacts from abroad. • Proposed by: Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture. • Ministry: Under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. • Aim: To support efforts in reclaiming India’s stolen or illegally exported antiquities from other nations. • Features and Functions: o Funding Sources: Accept contributions from corporations, wealthy individuals, and Indian diaspora through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). o Legal Support: Finance legal actions, negotiations, and purchases of disputed cultural objects. o Technological Integration: Use advanced imaging, DNA testing, and AI databases to authenticate and establish the provenance of artifacts. o Logistics & Conservation: Fund safe transportation and proper conservation of repatriated items. o Heritage Recovery Task Force: A dedicated multidisciplinary team comprising diplomats, legal experts, and art historians to identify and recover artifacts worldwide. o International Agreements: Advocate more Cultural Property Agreements (CPAs) to prevent illicit trafficking, similar to recent agreements with the USA. Incorrect Solution: a) • The 1970 UNESCO Convention is the cornerstone legal instrument that enables member states to reclaim cultural property that has been illicitly imported, exported, or transferred. • India ratified this Convention in 1980 and increasingly uses it as a diplomatic and legal basis for demanding the return of stolen antiquities. • The Heritage Repatriation Fund, recently proposed by a parliamentary panel, is expected to provide the financial and legal muscle to invoke such international frameworks effectively. • It would help pursue claims, enter bilateral cultural property agreements, and engage legal experts across jurisdictions. • Other conventions, like the Hague Convention, apply in armed conflict scenarios, while the CBD deals with genetic resources. Thus, option a is correct. • What is Heritage Repatriation Fund? o A proposed financial initiative to facilitate the recovery and return of stolen Indian cultural artifacts from abroad. • Proposed by: Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture. • Ministry: Under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. • Aim: To support efforts in reclaiming India’s stolen or illegally exported antiquities from other nations. • Features and Functions: o Funding Sources: Accept contributions from corporations, wealthy individuals, and Indian diaspora through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). o Legal Support: Finance legal actions, negotiations, and purchases of disputed cultural objects. o Technological Integration: Use advanced imaging, DNA testing, and AI databases to authenticate and establish the provenance of artifacts. o Logistics & Conservation: Fund safe transportation and proper conservation of repatriated items. o Heritage Recovery Task Force: A dedicated multidisciplinary team comprising diplomats, legal experts, and art historians to identify and recover artifacts worldwide. o International Agreements: Advocate more Cultural Property Agreements (CPAs) to prevent illicit trafficking, similar to recent agreements with the USA.

#### 2. Question

Which of the following international conventions is most relevant for India’s efforts supported by the proposed Heritage Repatriation Fund?

• a) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 1970

• b) Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961

• c) Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992

• d) Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954

Solution: a)

• The 1970 UNESCO Convention is the cornerstone legal instrument that enables member states to reclaim cultural property that has been illicitly imported, exported, or transferred. • India ratified this Convention in 1980 and increasingly uses it as a diplomatic and legal basis for demanding the return of stolen antiquities. • The Heritage Repatriation Fund, recently proposed by a parliamentary panel, is expected to provide the financial and legal muscle to invoke such international frameworks effectively. • It would help pursue claims, enter bilateral cultural property agreements, and engage legal experts across jurisdictions. • Other conventions, like the Hague Convention, apply in armed conflict scenarios, while the CBD deals with genetic resources. Thus, option a is correct.

• What is Heritage Repatriation Fund? o A proposed financial initiative to facilitate the recovery and return of stolen Indian cultural artifacts from abroad. • Proposed by: Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture. • Ministry: Under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. • Aim: To support efforts in reclaiming India’s stolen or illegally exported antiquities from other nations. • Features and Functions: o Funding Sources: Accept contributions from corporations, wealthy individuals, and Indian diaspora through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). o Legal Support: Finance legal actions, negotiations, and purchases of disputed cultural objects. o Technological Integration: Use advanced imaging, DNA testing, and AI databases to authenticate and establish the provenance of artifacts. o Logistics & Conservation: Fund safe transportation and proper conservation of repatriated items. o Heritage Recovery Task Force: A dedicated multidisciplinary team comprising diplomats, legal experts, and art historians to identify and recover artifacts worldwide. o International Agreements: Advocate more Cultural Property Agreements (CPAs) to prevent illicit trafficking, similar to recent agreements with the USA.

Solution: a)

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question Consider the following statements about Silvaguard, the wildfire detection and suppression system that was unveiled recently. 1. It uses underwater drones to monitor temperature and moisture levels in lakes near forests. 2. It operates autonomously and can detect fires before they are visible to satellites. 3. It is integrated with an IoT-based forest monitoring system for early alerts. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: b) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. • Silvaguard is built for autonomous operation and is integrated with Silvanet, Dryad’s IoT forest sensor network. These sensors are mounted in the forest environment to detect early-stage wildfires, even before flames or smoke are visible from above. The system is meant to bridge the time gap between ignition and firefighting response. • Statement 1 is incorrect—underwater drones are not part of this system. Silvaguard’s technology is entirely terrestrial and aerial, focused on drone deployment in forested environments, not aquatic ecosystems. • What is Silvaguard? o Silvaguard is a prototype drone-based wildfire detection and suppression system developed to autonomously locate and extinguish early-stage wildfires. • Developed by: Dryad Networks, a Berlin-based climate-tech company specializing in forest monitoring and environmental sensor networks. • Aim: To deliver a rapid, autonomous wildfire response system that reduces fire damage and prevents large-scale CO₂ emissions from forest fires. • Key Features of Silvaguard: o Integration with Silvanet: Works with Dryad’s Silvanet IoT sensor network deployed across forests to detect fires even before visible flames emerge. o Autonomous Launch: Upon fire detection, drones are launched automatically from solar-powered hangars. o Real-Time Imaging: Equipped with thermal cameras, obstacle avoidance systems, and infrared sensors to provide live visuals and precise fire location. o Fire Suppression Capability: Future versions to use sonic wave technology to extinguish fires using sound frequencies. Incorrect Solution: b) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. • Silvaguard is built for autonomous operation and is integrated with Silvanet, Dryad’s IoT forest sensor network. These sensors are mounted in the forest environment to detect early-stage wildfires, even before flames or smoke are visible from above. The system is meant to bridge the time gap between ignition and firefighting response. • Statement 1 is incorrect—underwater drones are not part of this system. Silvaguard’s technology is entirely terrestrial and aerial, focused on drone deployment in forested environments, not aquatic ecosystems. • What is Silvaguard? o Silvaguard is a prototype drone-based wildfire detection and suppression system developed to autonomously locate and extinguish early-stage wildfires. • Developed by: Dryad Networks, a Berlin-based climate-tech company specializing in forest monitoring and environmental sensor networks. • Aim: To deliver a rapid, autonomous wildfire response system that reduces fire damage and prevents large-scale CO₂ emissions from forest fires. • Key Features of Silvaguard: o Integration with Silvanet: Works with Dryad’s Silvanet IoT sensor network deployed across forests to detect fires even before visible flames emerge. o Autonomous Launch: Upon fire detection, drones are launched automatically from solar-powered hangars. o Real-Time Imaging: Equipped with thermal cameras, obstacle avoidance systems, and infrared sensors to provide live visuals and precise fire location. o Fire Suppression Capability: Future versions to use sonic wave technology to extinguish fires using sound frequencies.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements about Silvaguard, the wildfire detection and suppression system that was unveiled recently. 1. It uses underwater drones to monitor temperature and moisture levels in lakes near forests. 2. It operates autonomously and can detect fires before they are visible to satellites. 3. It is integrated with an IoT-based forest monitoring system for early alerts. How many of the above statements are correct?

• a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: b)

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. • Silvaguard is built for autonomous operation and is integrated with Silvanet, Dryad’s IoT forest sensor network. These sensors are mounted in the forest environment to detect early-stage wildfires, even before flames or smoke are visible from above. The system is meant to bridge the time gap between ignition and firefighting response. • Statement 1 is incorrect—underwater drones are not part of this system. Silvaguard’s technology is entirely terrestrial and aerial, focused on drone deployment in forested environments, not aquatic ecosystems.

• What is Silvaguard? o Silvaguard is a prototype drone-based wildfire detection and suppression system developed to autonomously locate and extinguish early-stage wildfires. • Developed by: Dryad Networks, a Berlin-based climate-tech company specializing in forest monitoring and environmental sensor networks. • Aim: To deliver a rapid, autonomous wildfire response system that reduces fire damage and prevents large-scale CO₂ emissions from forest fires. • Key Features of Silvaguard: o Integration with Silvanet: Works with Dryad’s Silvanet IoT sensor network deployed across forests to detect fires even before visible flames emerge. o Autonomous Launch: Upon fire detection, drones are launched automatically from solar-powered hangars. o Real-Time Imaging: Equipped with thermal cameras, obstacle avoidance systems, and infrared sensors to provide live visuals and precise fire location. o Fire Suppression Capability: Future versions to use sonic wave technology to extinguish fires using sound frequencies.

Solution: b)

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question Which of the following best characterizes the operational capability of the Nag Missile System (NAMIS)? a) Air-to-air missile designed for dogfights in contested airspace b) Precision-guided standoff missile launched from naval platforms c) Surface-to-air missile with multi-target tracking capability over long ranges d) Third-generation fire-and-forget anti-tank missile integrated on a tracked vehicle Correct Solution: d) • The Nag Missile System (NAMIS) is a third-generation fire-and-forget Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) developed by DRDO. • Its key attribute is autonomy post-launch—no manual guidance is required after firing. It is mounted on the NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier), a tracked and amphibious armoured vehicle that allows it to operate effectively across varied terrains. • The missile is equipped with an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and a tandem High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) warhead, capable of defeating armour protected by Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). • The system plays a key role in armour deterrence and is integral to mechanized infantry operations. About Nag Missile System (NAMIS): • What is NAMIS? o NAMIS (Tracked version) is a third-generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system designed for the Indian Army. • Developed By: o Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) o Procurement carried out through Armoured Vehicle Nigam Limited. • Features of Nag Missile (Mark 2): o Fire-and-Forget Capability: Allows target engagement without post-launch guidance. o High Precision Targeting: Capable of defeating tanks with Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). o Platform Integration: Mounted on NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) for greater mobility. o Indigenous Design: Fully developed under the ‘Buy (Indian-IDDM)’ category to promote self-reliance. Incorrect Solution: d) • The Nag Missile System (NAMIS) is a third-generation fire-and-forget Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) developed by DRDO. • Its key attribute is autonomy post-launch—no manual guidance is required after firing. It is mounted on the NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier), a tracked and amphibious armoured vehicle that allows it to operate effectively across varied terrains. • The missile is equipped with an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and a tandem High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) warhead, capable of defeating armour protected by Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). • The system plays a key role in armour deterrence and is integral to mechanized infantry operations. About Nag Missile System (NAMIS): • What is NAMIS? o NAMIS (Tracked version) is a third-generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system designed for the Indian Army. • Developed By: o Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) o Procurement carried out through Armoured Vehicle Nigam Limited. • Features of Nag Missile (Mark 2): o Fire-and-Forget Capability: Allows target engagement without post-launch guidance. o High Precision Targeting: Capable of defeating tanks with Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). o Platform Integration: Mounted on NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) for greater mobility. o Indigenous Design: Fully developed under the ‘Buy (Indian-IDDM)’ category to promote self-reliance.

#### 4. Question

Which of the following best characterizes the operational capability of the Nag Missile System (NAMIS)?

• a) Air-to-air missile designed for dogfights in contested airspace

• b) Precision-guided standoff missile launched from naval platforms

• c) Surface-to-air missile with multi-target tracking capability over long ranges

• d) Third-generation fire-and-forget anti-tank missile integrated on a tracked vehicle

Solution: d)

• The Nag Missile System (NAMIS) is a third-generation fire-and-forget Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) developed by DRDO. • Its key attribute is autonomy post-launch—no manual guidance is required after firing. It is mounted on the NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier), a tracked and amphibious armoured vehicle that allows it to operate effectively across varied terrains. • The missile is equipped with an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and a tandem High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) warhead, capable of defeating armour protected by Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). • The system plays a key role in armour deterrence and is integral to mechanized infantry operations.

About Nag Missile System (NAMIS): • What is NAMIS? o NAMIS (Tracked version) is a third-generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system designed for the Indian Army. • Developed By: o Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) o Procurement carried out through Armoured Vehicle Nigam Limited. • Features of Nag Missile (Mark 2): o Fire-and-Forget Capability: Allows target engagement without post-launch guidance. o High Precision Targeting: Capable of defeating tanks with Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). o Platform Integration: Mounted on NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) for greater mobility. o Indigenous Design: Fully developed under the ‘Buy (Indian-IDDM)’ category to promote self-reliance.

Solution: d)

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question Consider the following statements regarding Maasai Tribe. Statement-I: The Maasai are classified as one of the most ecologically integrated pastoralist communities in East Africa. Statement-II: Their traditional territory spans desert basins and salt flats of the Horn of Africa. Which one of the following is correct? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: c) • Statement-I is correct—Maasai pastoralism is a classic example of ecological adaptation, relying on communal grazing, mobility, and deep knowledge of vegetation and climate cycles. Their resilience in the semi-arid savannas of the Great Rift Valley shows their integration with the ecosystem. • Statement-II is incorrect—the Horn of Africa, particularly the desert basins and salt flats of Djibouti, Eritrea, and eastern Ethiopia, are not traditional Maasai zones. The Maasai inhabit the more temperate savannas and grasslands of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. About the Maasai Tribe: • Who They Are: • o The Maasai are semi-nomadic pastoralists and one of the most prominent indigenous communities of East Africa. o They speak Maa, a language from the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. • Found In: Tanzania and Kenya, particularly along the Great Rift Valley and semi-arid savannas. • Key Features: o Physical Characteristics & Identity:  Known for their distinct dress, beadwork, and warrior traditions.  Morans (young men aged 14–30) undergo bush training to build courage, endurance, and tribal discipline. o Social Structure:  Society is patrilineal with clans divided into two moieties.  Operates through age-set systems, with stages from junior warriors to senior elders over ~15-year intervals. o Livelihood:  Dependent on livestock—mainly cattle, sheep, and goats—for meat, milk, and blood. • Traditional Maasai pastoralists do consume blood as part of their cultural diet. o Practice transhumance, moving in search of pasture and water throughout the year. o Reside in kraals, circular enclosures with mud-dung houses and thorn fences. Incorrect Solution: c) • Statement-I is correct—Maasai pastoralism is a classic example of ecological adaptation, relying on communal grazing, mobility, and deep knowledge of vegetation and climate cycles. Their resilience in the semi-arid savannas of the Great Rift Valley shows their integration with the ecosystem. • Statement-II is incorrect—the Horn of Africa, particularly the desert basins and salt flats of Djibouti, Eritrea, and eastern Ethiopia, are not traditional Maasai zones. The Maasai inhabit the more temperate savannas and grasslands of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. About the Maasai Tribe: • Who They Are: • o The Maasai are semi-nomadic pastoralists and one of the most prominent indigenous communities of East Africa. o They speak Maa, a language from the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. • Found In: Tanzania and Kenya, particularly along the Great Rift Valley and semi-arid savannas. • Key Features: o Physical Characteristics & Identity:  Known for their distinct dress, beadwork, and warrior traditions.  Morans (young men aged 14–30) undergo bush training to build courage, endurance, and tribal discipline. o Social Structure:  Society is patrilineal with clans divided into two moieties.  Operates through age-set systems, with stages from junior warriors to senior elders over ~15-year intervals. o Livelihood:  Dependent on livestock—mainly cattle, sheep, and goats—for meat, milk, and blood. • Traditional Maasai pastoralists do consume blood as part of their cultural diet. o Practice transhumance, moving in search of pasture and water throughout the year. o Reside in kraals, circular enclosures with mud-dung houses and thorn fences.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Maasai Tribe. Statement-I: The Maasai are classified as one of the most ecologically integrated pastoralist communities in East Africa. Statement-II: Their traditional territory spans desert basins and salt flats of the Horn of Africa. Which one of the following is correct?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: c)

• Statement-I is correct—Maasai pastoralism is a classic example of ecological adaptation, relying on communal grazing, mobility, and deep knowledge of vegetation and climate cycles. Their resilience in the semi-arid savannas of the Great Rift Valley shows their integration with the ecosystem. • Statement-II is incorrect—the Horn of Africa, particularly the desert basins and salt flats of Djibouti, Eritrea, and eastern Ethiopia, are not traditional Maasai zones. The Maasai inhabit the more temperate savannas and grasslands of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. About the Maasai Tribe: • Who They Are: • o The Maasai are semi-nomadic pastoralists and one of the most prominent indigenous communities of East Africa. o They speak Maa, a language from the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. • Found In: Tanzania and Kenya, particularly along the Great Rift Valley and semi-arid savannas. • Key Features: o Physical Characteristics & Identity:  Known for their distinct dress, beadwork, and warrior traditions.  Morans (young men aged 14–30) undergo bush training to build courage, endurance, and tribal discipline. o Social Structure:  Society is patrilineal with clans divided into two moieties.  Operates through age-set systems, with stages from junior warriors to senior elders over ~15-year intervals. o Livelihood:  Dependent on livestock—mainly cattle, sheep, and goats—for meat, milk, and blood. • Traditional Maasai pastoralists do consume blood as part of their cultural diet. o Practice transhumance, moving in search of pasture and water throughout the year. o Reside in kraals, circular enclosures with mud-dung houses and thorn fences.

Solution: c)

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question Exercise Prachand Prahaar is strategically significant because: a) It is the first joint naval exercise conducted in the Indian Ocean with ASEAN countries. b) It was conducted in desert terrain to test long-range missile deployment. c) It validates tri-service jointness and multi-domain warfare in high-altitude environments. d) It tested India’s cyber resilience and space-based economic infrastructure. Correct Solution: c) • Exercise Prachand Prahaar was a tri-service military drill hosted in the high-altitude terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, focusing on multi-domain operations involving land, air, and space-based assets. • It validated the Indian military’s ability to conduct integrated surveillance, command and control, and precision strikes using UAVs, loitering munitions, swarm drones, and fighter aircraft. • It was not related to ASEAN, missile testing in deserts, or economic cyber-resilience. Hence, option c is correct. Incorrect Solution: c) • Exercise Prachand Prahaar was a tri-service military drill hosted in the high-altitude terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, focusing on multi-domain operations involving land, air, and space-based assets. • It validated the Indian military’s ability to conduct integrated surveillance, command and control, and precision strikes using UAVs, loitering munitions, swarm drones, and fighter aircraft. • It was not related to ASEAN, missile testing in deserts, or economic cyber-resilience. Hence, option c is correct.

#### 6. Question

Exercise Prachand Prahaar is strategically significant because:

• a) It is the first joint naval exercise conducted in the Indian Ocean with ASEAN countries.

• b) It was conducted in desert terrain to test long-range missile deployment.

• c) It validates tri-service jointness and multi-domain warfare in high-altitude environments.

• d) It tested India’s cyber resilience and space-based economic infrastructure.

Solution: c)

• Exercise Prachand Prahaar was a tri-service military drill hosted in the high-altitude terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, focusing on multi-domain operations involving land, air, and space-based assets. • It validated the Indian military’s ability to conduct integrated surveillance, command and control, and precision strikes using UAVs, loitering munitions, swarm drones, and fighter aircraft. • It was not related to ASEAN, missile testing in deserts, or economic cyber-resilience. Hence, option c is correct.

Solution: c)

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question Consider the following statements regarding Vikramashila University: 1. Vikramashila was located in present-day Nepal. 2. It declined under the patronage of the Mughal Empire. 3. The primary medium of instruction was Pali. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only c) None d) 1 and 3 only Correct Solution: c) All three statements are incorrect. • Statement 1 is wrong because Vikramashila is located in Antichak village, Bhagalpur district, Bihar, India, not Nepal. • Statement 2 is false; Vikramashila was destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji in the late 12th century, the same invader who ravaged Nalanda. This happened centuries before the Mughal Empire. • Statement 3 is incorrect because while Pali was used in early Buddhism, Sanskrit was the medium of instruction in most Mahaviharas, including Vikramashila, especially in Vajrayana and Mahayana teachings. • What is Vikramashila? o It is an ancient Buddhist monastery and leading centre of learning in medieval India. o Location: Situated at Antichak village near Kahalgaon, Bhagalpur district, Bihar. • Established by: Founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty in the late 8th or early 9th century CE. • Historical Significance: o Vikramashila ranks among India’s most distinguished Buddhist mahaviharas, alongside Nalanda and Odantapuri (Bihar). o Primarily known through Tibetan historical accounts, especially those authored by Tāranātha, a renowned Tibetan monk-historian (16th–17th century). o Noted for scholars like Atisha Dipankara, founder of the Sarma traditions in Tibetan Buddhism. o At its height during King Chanaka’s reign (955–983 CE), Vikramashila gained prominence for its structured hierarchy, as highlighted by historian Sukumar Dutt. • Major Academic and Cultural Features: o Renowned as a prominent centre of Vajrayana Buddhism, employing eminent Tantric teachers such as Buddhajñānapāda, Dīpaṁkarabhadra, and Jayabhadra. o Specialized in Buddhist Tantra, philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, logic, and occult studies. • Architectural Highlights: o Features a central cruciform stupa surrounded by 208 cells (52 cells on each side) for monks. o Hosted an advanced library with a cooling system designed for manuscript preservation. Incorrect Solution: c) All three statements are incorrect. • Statement 1 is wrong because Vikramashila is located in Antichak village, Bhagalpur district, Bihar, India, not Nepal. • Statement 2 is false; Vikramashila was destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji in the late 12th century, the same invader who ravaged Nalanda. This happened centuries before the Mughal Empire. • Statement 3 is incorrect because while Pali was used in early Buddhism, Sanskrit was the medium of instruction in most Mahaviharas, including Vikramashila, especially in Vajrayana and Mahayana teachings. • What is Vikramashila? o It is an ancient Buddhist monastery and leading centre of learning in medieval India. o Location: Situated at Antichak village near Kahalgaon, Bhagalpur district, Bihar. • Established by: Founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty in the late 8th or early 9th century CE. • Historical Significance: o Vikramashila ranks among India’s most distinguished Buddhist mahaviharas, alongside Nalanda and Odantapuri (Bihar). o Primarily known through Tibetan historical accounts, especially those authored by Tāranātha, a renowned Tibetan monk-historian (16th–17th century). o Noted for scholars like Atisha Dipankara, founder of the Sarma traditions in Tibetan Buddhism. o At its height during King Chanaka’s reign (955–983 CE), Vikramashila gained prominence for its structured hierarchy, as highlighted by historian Sukumar Dutt. • Major Academic and Cultural Features: o Renowned as a prominent centre of Vajrayana Buddhism, employing eminent Tantric teachers such as Buddhajñānapāda, Dīpaṁkarabhadra, and Jayabhadra. o Specialized in Buddhist Tantra, philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, logic, and occult studies. • Architectural Highlights: o Features a central cruciform stupa surrounded by 208 cells (52 cells on each side) for monks. o Hosted an advanced library with a cooling system designed for manuscript preservation.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Vikramashila University: 1. Vikramashila was located in present-day Nepal. 2. It declined under the patronage of the Mughal Empire. 3. The primary medium of instruction was Pali. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• b) 2 and 3 only

• d) 1 and 3 only

Solution: c)

All three statements are incorrect. • Statement 1 is wrong because Vikramashila is located in Antichak village, Bhagalpur district, Bihar, India, not Nepal. • Statement 2 is false; Vikramashila was destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji in the late 12th century, the same invader who ravaged Nalanda. This happened centuries before the Mughal Empire. • Statement 3 is incorrect because while Pali was used in early Buddhism, Sanskrit was the medium of instruction in most Mahaviharas, including Vikramashila, especially in Vajrayana and Mahayana teachings.

• What is Vikramashila? o It is an ancient Buddhist monastery and leading centre of learning in medieval India. o Location: Situated at Antichak village near Kahalgaon, Bhagalpur district, Bihar. • Established by: Founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty in the late 8th or early 9th century CE. • Historical Significance: o Vikramashila ranks among India’s most distinguished Buddhist mahaviharas, alongside Nalanda and Odantapuri (Bihar). o Primarily known through Tibetan historical accounts, especially those authored by Tāranātha, a renowned Tibetan monk-historian (16th–17th century). o Noted for scholars like Atisha Dipankara, founder of the Sarma traditions in Tibetan Buddhism. o At its height during King Chanaka’s reign (955–983 CE), Vikramashila gained prominence for its structured hierarchy, as highlighted by historian Sukumar Dutt. • Major Academic and Cultural Features: o Renowned as a prominent centre of Vajrayana Buddhism, employing eminent Tantric teachers such as Buddhajñānapāda, Dīpaṁkarabhadra, and Jayabhadra. o Specialized in Buddhist Tantra, philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, logic, and occult studies. • Architectural Highlights: o Features a central cruciform stupa surrounded by 208 cells (52 cells on each side) for monks. o Hosted an advanced library with a cooling system designed for manuscript preservation.

Solution: c)

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question Consider the following statements. Statement I: The Blue Economy Policy promotes deep-sea fishing to maximize marine resource exploitation. Statement II: Sustainable extraction and conservation are core tenets of India’s Blue Economy vision. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: d) • Statement I is incorrect. While deep-sea fishing is encouraged, the Blue Economy Policy does not aim for maximum exploitation. Instead, it focuses on sustainable harvesting, ecosystem conservation, and inclusive growth. • Statement II is correct. India’s Blue Economy Vision 2030, aligned with SDG 14 (Life Below Water), emphasizes resource use that is ecologically sustainable, economically viable, and socially inclusive. Incorrect Solution: d) • Statement I is incorrect. While deep-sea fishing is encouraged, the Blue Economy Policy does not aim for maximum exploitation. Instead, it focuses on sustainable harvesting, ecosystem conservation, and inclusive growth. • Statement II is correct. India’s Blue Economy Vision 2030, aligned with SDG 14 (Life Below Water), emphasizes resource use that is ecologically sustainable, economically viable, and socially inclusive.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements. Statement I: The Blue Economy Policy promotes deep-sea fishing to maximize marine resource exploitation. Statement II: Sustainable extraction and conservation are core tenets of India’s Blue Economy vision. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: d)

• Statement I is incorrect. While deep-sea fishing is encouraged, the Blue Economy Policy does not aim for maximum exploitation. Instead, it focuses on sustainable harvesting, ecosystem conservation, and inclusive growth. • Statement II is correct. India’s Blue Economy Vision 2030, aligned with SDG 14 (Life Below Water), emphasizes resource use that is ecologically sustainable, economically viable, and socially inclusive.

Solution: d)

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question Consider the following statements regarding Vikramashila Mahavihara: 1. It was founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty. 2. It became prominent during the Gupta Empire. 3. It was primarily known through Persian and Arab travelers’ accounts. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: a) • Statement 1 is correct. Vikramashila was established by King Dharmapala, a key Pala ruler. • Statement 2 is incorrect—it rose to prominence in the Pala era, not the Gupta period. • Statement 3 is also incorrect, as Vikramashila is primarily known from Tibetan sources, particularly from the works of Tāranātha, not Persian or Arab accounts. Incorrect Solution: a) • Statement 1 is correct. Vikramashila was established by King Dharmapala, a key Pala ruler. • Statement 2 is incorrect—it rose to prominence in the Pala era, not the Gupta period. • Statement 3 is also incorrect, as Vikramashila is primarily known from Tibetan sources, particularly from the works of Tāranātha, not Persian or Arab accounts.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Vikramashila Mahavihara: 1. It was founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty. 2. It became prominent during the Gupta Empire. 3. It was primarily known through Persian and Arab travelers’ accounts. How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: a)

• Statement 1 is correct. Vikramashila was established by King Dharmapala, a key Pala ruler. • Statement 2 is incorrect—it rose to prominence in the Pala era, not the Gupta period. • Statement 3 is also incorrect, as Vikramashila is primarily known from Tibetan sources, particularly from the works of Tāranātha, not Persian or Arab accounts.

Solution: a)

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question With reference to International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)’s operations and mission, consider the following statements: 1. It works only in national parks declared by the United Nations Environment Programme. 2. IFAW promotes coexistence strategies between wildlife and local communities. 3. IFAW supports legal policy reforms in animal trafficking and rescue operations. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: b) • Statement 1 is incorrect—IFAW does not limit itself to UNEP-declared parks; it works in a wide array of protected areas, community lands, and even disaster-affected zones. Hence, option a is correct. • IFAW is headquartered in the USA and works globally, including in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Arctic. • It is known for its “Room to Roam” strategy, which encourages wildlife corridors, community partnerships, and conflict mitigation. • It actively lobbies for policy reform, especially under CITES and domestic wildlife laws, to curb illegal trade and boost rescue networks. About International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW): • What is IFAW? o A leading global non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to animal welfare and conservation. o Established: In 1969 by Brian Davies. o Headquarters: Based in the USA, with operations spanning over 40 countries. • Objective: o Protect and rescue individual animals and wildlife populations globally. o Conserve natural habitats to maintain ecological balance. • Key Functions: o Wildlife Rescue: Saving animals from emergencies, natural disasters, or exploitation. o Habitat Preservation: Ensuring safe ecosystems through habitat restoration projects. o Advocacy: Promoting strong legal frameworks and public policies to protect animals. o Public Awareness: Educating communities on coexistence and animal welfare. Incorrect Solution: b) • Statement 1 is incorrect—IFAW does not limit itself to UNEP-declared parks; it works in a wide array of protected areas, community lands, and even disaster-affected zones. Hence, option a is correct. • IFAW is headquartered in the USA and works globally, including in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Arctic. • It is known for its “Room to Roam” strategy, which encourages wildlife corridors, community partnerships, and conflict mitigation. • It actively lobbies for policy reform, especially under CITES and domestic wildlife laws, to curb illegal trade and boost rescue networks. About International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW): • What is IFAW? o A leading global non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to animal welfare and conservation. o Established: In 1969 by Brian Davies. o Headquarters: Based in the USA, with operations spanning over 40 countries. • Objective: o Protect and rescue individual animals and wildlife populations globally. o Conserve natural habitats to maintain ecological balance. • Key Functions: o Wildlife Rescue: Saving animals from emergencies, natural disasters, or exploitation. o Habitat Preservation: Ensuring safe ecosystems through habitat restoration projects. o Advocacy: Promoting strong legal frameworks and public policies to protect animals. o Public Awareness: Educating communities on coexistence and animal welfare.

#### 10. Question

With reference to International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)’s operations and mission, consider the following statements: 1. It works only in national parks declared by the United Nations Environment Programme. 2. IFAW promotes coexistence strategies between wildlife and local communities. 3. IFAW supports legal policy reforms in animal trafficking and rescue operations. How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is incorrect—IFAW does not limit itself to UNEP-declared parks; it works in a wide array of protected areas, community lands, and even disaster-affected zones. Hence, option a is correct. • IFAW is headquartered in the USA and works globally, including in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Arctic. • It is known for its “Room to Roam” strategy, which encourages wildlife corridors, community partnerships, and conflict mitigation. • It actively lobbies for policy reform, especially under CITES and domestic wildlife laws, to curb illegal trade and boost rescue networks.

About International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW): • What is IFAW? o A leading global non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to animal welfare and conservation. o Established: In 1969 by Brian Davies. o Headquarters: Based in the USA, with operations spanning over 40 countries. • Objective: o Protect and rescue individual animals and wildlife populations globally. o Conserve natural habitats to maintain ecological balance. • Key Functions: o Wildlife Rescue: Saving animals from emergencies, natural disasters, or exploitation. o Habitat Preservation: Ensuring safe ecosystems through habitat restoration projects. o Advocacy: Promoting strong legal frameworks and public policies to protect animals. o Public Awareness: Educating communities on coexistence and animal welfare.

Solution: b)

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