UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 19 November 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the ecological role of the Indian Wild Ass: The Indian Wild Ass plays a role in seed dispersal, contributing to vegetation growth. It primarily inhabits forested areas where it clears dense undergrowth through grazing. The grazing activity of wild asses helps in creating pathways, thereby influencing habitat creation. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: B The Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur), found primarily in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, plays a vital ecological role in arid and semi-arid landscapes. Statement 1 is correct: as a grazer and browser, it aids in seed dispersal, which contributes to vegetation regeneration and ecological balance in these dry ecosystems. Seeds consumed during grazing are excreted at different locations, facilitating plant growth across a wider area. Statement 2 is incorrect: the Indian Wild Ass does not inhabit forested regions. Instead, it thrives in open, saline desert plains, grasslands, and scrublands, where it is adapted to harsh conditions. Forests are not part of its natural habitat. Statement 3 is correct: their grazing and movement patterns help form natural trails and open up dense patches, enabling smaller species to access new areas, thus promoting microhabitat creation and increasing biodiversity. Incorrect Solution: B The Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur), found primarily in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, plays a vital ecological role in arid and semi-arid landscapes. Statement 1 is correct: as a grazer and browser, it aids in seed dispersal, which contributes to vegetation regeneration and ecological balance in these dry ecosystems. Seeds consumed during grazing are excreted at different locations, facilitating plant growth across a wider area. Statement 2 is incorrect: the Indian Wild Ass does not inhabit forested regions. Instead, it thrives in open, saline desert plains, grasslands, and scrublands, where it is adapted to harsh conditions. Forests are not part of its natural habitat. Statement 3 is correct: their grazing and movement patterns help form natural trails and open up dense patches, enabling smaller species to access new areas, thus promoting microhabitat creation and increasing biodiversity.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements about the ecological role of the Indian Wild Ass:

• The Indian Wild Ass plays a role in seed dispersal, contributing to vegetation growth.

• It primarily inhabits forested areas where it clears dense undergrowth through grazing.

• The grazing activity of wild asses helps in creating pathways, thereby influencing habitat creation.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 3 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: B

• The Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur), found primarily in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, plays a vital ecological role in arid and semi-arid landscapes.

• Statement 1 is correct: as a grazer and browser, it aids in seed dispersal, which contributes to vegetation regeneration and ecological balance in these dry ecosystems. Seeds consumed during grazing are excreted at different locations, facilitating plant growth across a wider area.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: the Indian Wild Ass does not inhabit forested regions. Instead, it thrives in open, saline desert plains, grasslands, and scrublands, where it is adapted to harsh conditions. Forests are not part of its natural habitat.

• Statement 3 is correct: their grazing and movement patterns help form natural trails and open up dense patches, enabling smaller species to access new areas, thus promoting microhabitat creation and increasing biodiversity.

Solution: B

• The Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur), found primarily in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, plays a vital ecological role in arid and semi-arid landscapes.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Great Himalayan National Park is the largest World Heritage Site in India by area. Dholavira is the first Harappan site to be declared a World Heritage Site. Bhimbetka rock shelters are recognized for their medieval temple architecture. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. While the Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP) is a significant protected area and a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, it is not the largest in India by area. That distinction goes to the Western Ghats, which span multiple states and collectively cover a vastly larger area across the southern part of the Indian peninsula. Statement 2 is correct. Dholavira, located in Gujarat’s Rann of Kutch, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021. It is notable for being the first Harappan site to be recognized by UNESCO, reflecting the urban planning and water conservation systems of the Indus Valley Civilization. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Bhimbetka rock shelters, located in Madhya Pradesh, are recognized for prehistoric cave art, dating back to the Paleolithic period. They showcase some of the earliest traces of human life, not medieval temple architecture. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect. While the Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP) is a significant protected area and a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, it is not the largest in India by area. That distinction goes to the Western Ghats, which span multiple states and collectively cover a vastly larger area across the southern part of the Indian peninsula. Statement 2 is correct. Dholavira, located in Gujarat’s Rann of Kutch, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021. It is notable for being the first Harappan site to be recognized by UNESCO, reflecting the urban planning and water conservation systems of the Indus Valley Civilization. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Bhimbetka rock shelters, located in Madhya Pradesh, are recognized for prehistoric cave art, dating back to the Paleolithic period. They showcase some of the earliest traces of human life, not medieval temple architecture.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

• The Great Himalayan National Park is the largest World Heritage Site in India by area.

• Dholavira is the first Harappan site to be declared a World Heritage Site.

• Bhimbetka rock shelters are recognized for their medieval temple architecture.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect. While the Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP) is a significant protected area and a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, it is not the largest in India by area. That distinction goes to the Western Ghats, which span multiple states and collectively cover a vastly larger area across the southern part of the Indian peninsula.

• Statement 2 is correct. Dholavira, located in Gujarat’s Rann of Kutch, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021. It is notable for being the first Harappan site to be recognized by UNESCO, reflecting the urban planning and water conservation systems of the Indus Valley Civilization.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. The Bhimbetka rock shelters, located in Madhya Pradesh, are recognized for prehistoric cave art, dating back to the Paleolithic period. They showcase some of the earliest traces of human life, not medieval temple architecture.

Solution: B

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Flamingos. Statement-I: Flamingos are typically seen in large flocks in shallow saline lakes and lagoons. Statement-II: Their survival is highly dependent on specialized feeding mechanisms that filter microscopic organisms from saline water. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: a) Statement-I is correct: Flamingos are commonly found in large flocks inhabiting shallow saline or alkaline lakes, lagoons, and estuarine wetlands. Their collective presence in such ecosystems is often an indicator of wetland health and productivity. Statement-II is also correct and directly explains the behavior described in Statement-I. Flamingos possess highly specialized beaks with lamellae (comb-like structures) that allow them to filter-feed on microscopic algae, diatoms, and invertebrates present in saline and alkaline waters. This unique feeding adaptation determines their distribution and congregational behavior in hypersaline environments that support such food sources. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement-I is correct: Flamingos are commonly found in large flocks inhabiting shallow saline or alkaline lakes, lagoons, and estuarine wetlands. Their collective presence in such ecosystems is often an indicator of wetland health and productivity. Statement-II is also correct and directly explains the behavior described in Statement-I. Flamingos possess highly specialized beaks with lamellae (comb-like structures) that allow them to filter-feed on microscopic algae, diatoms, and invertebrates present in saline and alkaline waters. This unique feeding adaptation determines their distribution and congregational behavior in hypersaline environments that support such food sources.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Flamingos.

Statement-I: Flamingos are typically seen in large flocks in shallow saline lakes and lagoons. Statement-II: Their survival is highly dependent on specialized feeding mechanisms that filter microscopic organisms from saline water.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: a)

• Statement-I is correct: Flamingos are commonly found in large flocks inhabiting shallow saline or alkaline lakes, lagoons, and estuarine wetlands. Their collective presence in such ecosystems is often an indicator of wetland health and productivity.

• Statement-II is also correct and directly explains the behavior described in Statement-I. Flamingos possess highly specialized beaks with lamellae (comb-like structures) that allow them to filter-feed on microscopic algae, diatoms, and invertebrates present in saline and alkaline waters. This unique feeding adaptation determines their distribution and congregational behavior in hypersaline environments that support such food sources.

Solution: a)

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points What is the primary composition of slag, which is used in artificial ground? a) Pure metals b) Metal oxides and silicon dioxide c) Organic materials d) Carbon-based compounds Correct Solution: B Slag is a byproduct of steel production and primarily consists of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. These components contribute to its composite nature, making it valuable in the creation of artificial ground. As an industrial byproduct, slag is often repurposed in construction and environmental restoration projects. Its mineral content and potential for carbon sequestration make it an environmentally significant material in addressing issues like greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable land use. Incorrect Solution: B Slag is a byproduct of steel production and primarily consists of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. These components contribute to its composite nature, making it valuable in the creation of artificial ground. As an industrial byproduct, slag is often repurposed in construction and environmental restoration projects. Its mineral content and potential for carbon sequestration make it an environmentally significant material in addressing issues like greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable land use.

#### 4. Question

What is the primary composition of slag, which is used in artificial ground?

• a) Pure metals

• b) Metal oxides and silicon dioxide

• c) Organic materials

• d) Carbon-based compounds

Solution: B

Slag is a byproduct of steel production and primarily consists of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. These components contribute to its composite nature, making it valuable in the creation of artificial ground. As an industrial byproduct, slag is often repurposed in construction and environmental restoration projects. Its mineral content and potential for carbon sequestration make it an environmentally significant material in addressing issues like greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable land use.

Solution: B

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the ecological changes on the Antarctic Peninsula: The extent of plant cover has increased due to rising temperatures. Invasive species may thrive, potentially threatening native flora and fauna. The increase in plant life will decrease the albedo effect, reducing the temperature rise. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: A The Antarctic Peninsula is undergoing rapid ecological changes due to climate warming. Statement 1 is correct because higher temperatures have led to an increase in the extent and density of native plant species like mosses and lichens, reflecting a significant shift in the region’s fragile ecosystems. Statement 2 is also correct; warmer conditions make the environment more hospitable for invasive species, which could outcompete and endanger native plants and animals that have evolved in extreme cold. Statement 3 is incorrect. While it is true that more plant cover reduces the surface albedo—meaning less sunlight is reflected back into space—the consequence is an acceleration of warming, not a reduction. Lower albedo leads to greater absorption of solar radiation, which further exacerbates temperature rise. Incorrect Solution: A The Antarctic Peninsula is undergoing rapid ecological changes due to climate warming. Statement 1 is correct because higher temperatures have led to an increase in the extent and density of native plant species like mosses and lichens, reflecting a significant shift in the region’s fragile ecosystems. Statement 2 is also correct; warmer conditions make the environment more hospitable for invasive species, which could outcompete and endanger native plants and animals that have evolved in extreme cold. Statement 3 is incorrect. While it is true that more plant cover reduces the surface albedo—meaning less sunlight is reflected back into space—the consequence is an acceleration of warming, not a reduction. Lower albedo leads to greater absorption of solar radiation, which further exacerbates temperature rise.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the ecological changes on the Antarctic Peninsula:

• The extent of plant cover has increased due to rising temperatures.

• Invasive species may thrive, potentially threatening native flora and fauna.

• The increase in plant life will decrease the albedo effect, reducing the temperature rise.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: A

• The Antarctic Peninsula is undergoing rapid ecological changes due to climate warming.

• Statement 1 is correct because higher temperatures have led to an increase in the extent and density of native plant species like mosses and lichens, reflecting a significant shift in the region’s fragile ecosystems.

• Statement 2 is also correct; warmer conditions make the environment more hospitable for invasive species, which could outcompete and endanger native plants and animals that have evolved in extreme cold.

• Statement 3 is incorrect. While it is true that more plant cover reduces the surface albedo—meaning less sunlight is reflected back into space—the consequence is an acceleration of warming, not a reduction. Lower albedo leads to greater absorption of solar radiation, which further exacerbates temperature rise.

Solution: A

• The Antarctic Peninsula is undergoing rapid ecological changes due to climate warming.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about the Yuva Sangam initiative: The initiative provides multi-dimensional exposure to youth in areas like tourism and development. Only students from recognized universities are eligible to participate. The initiative encourages youth to experience India’s diverse heritage firsthand. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: B The Yuva Sangam initiative, launched under the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme, aims to foster cultural understanding among Indian youth by providing multi-dimensional exposure. Statement 1 is correct because the initiative allows participants to explore fields such as tourism, culture, traditions, technology, and development, offering a holistic learning experience beyond classroom education. Statement 3 is also correct, as one of the primary objectives is to let the youth experience and appreciate India’s incredible diversity firsthand, strengthening national integration. Statement 2 is incorrect. Participation is not limited to students from recognized universities; it also includes NSS (National Service Scheme) volunteers, NYKS (Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan) members, and even young professionals who are employed or self-employed. This broader eligibility ensures a wide representation of youth across different sectors. Incorrect Solution: B The Yuva Sangam initiative, launched under the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme, aims to foster cultural understanding among Indian youth by providing multi-dimensional exposure. Statement 1 is correct because the initiative allows participants to explore fields such as tourism, culture, traditions, technology, and development, offering a holistic learning experience beyond classroom education. Statement 3 is also correct, as one of the primary objectives is to let the youth experience and appreciate India’s incredible diversity firsthand, strengthening national integration. Statement 2 is incorrect. Participation is not limited to students from recognized universities; it also includes NSS (National Service Scheme) volunteers, NYKS (Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan) members, and even young professionals who are employed or self-employed. This broader eligibility ensures a wide representation of youth across different sectors.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements about the Yuva Sangam initiative:

• The initiative provides multi-dimensional exposure to youth in areas like tourism and development.

• Only students from recognized universities are eligible to participate.

• The initiative encourages youth to experience India’s diverse heritage firsthand.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 3 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: B

• The Yuva Sangam initiative, launched under the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme, aims to foster cultural understanding among Indian youth by providing multi-dimensional exposure.

• Statement 1 is correct because the initiative allows participants to explore fields such as tourism, culture, traditions, technology, and development, offering a holistic learning experience beyond classroom education.

• Statement 3 is also correct, as one of the primary objectives is to let the youth experience and appreciate India’s incredible diversity firsthand, strengthening national integration.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. Participation is not limited to students from recognized universities; it also includes NSS (National Service Scheme) volunteers, NYKS (Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan) members, and even young professionals who are employed or self-employed. This broader eligibility ensures a wide representation of youth across different sectors.

Solution: B

• The Yuva Sangam initiative, launched under the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat programme, aims to foster cultural understanding among Indian youth by providing multi-dimensional exposure.

• Statement 3 is also correct, as one of the primary objectives is to let the youth experience and appreciate India’s incredible diversity firsthand, strengthening national integration.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about slag’s role in carbon sequestration: Slag undergoes mineral carbonation, capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Lithification of slag results in calcite cement precipitation, trapping carbon in the form of calcite. The use of slag in artificial ground increases greenhouse gas emissions due to its industrial origins. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct because slag undergoes mineral carbonation during its lithification process, where it captures carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it as a mineral, which helps in carbon sequestration. Statement 2 is correct because during lithification, calcite cement precipitation occurs, which traps atmospheric carbon dioxide in the form of calcite. This process effectively reduces the carbon footprint of steel production by reusing slag as a carbon-capturing material. Statement 3 is incorrect because slag’s use in artificial ground can actually help *reduce* greenhouse gas emissions by trapping carbon dioxide, rather than increasing them. Therefore, slag contributes positively to environmental sustainability. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct because slag undergoes mineral carbonation during its lithification process, where it captures carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it as a mineral, which helps in carbon sequestration. Statement 2 is correct because during lithification, calcite cement precipitation occurs, which traps atmospheric carbon dioxide in the form of calcite. This process effectively reduces the carbon footprint of steel production by reusing slag as a carbon-capturing material. Statement 3 is incorrect because slag’s use in artificial ground can actually help *reduce* greenhouse gas emissions by trapping carbon dioxide, rather than increasing them. Therefore, slag contributes positively to environmental sustainability.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements about slag’s role in carbon sequestration:

• Slag undergoes mineral carbonation, capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

• Lithification of slag results in calcite cement precipitation, trapping carbon in the form of calcite.

• The use of slag in artificial ground increases greenhouse gas emissions due to its industrial origins.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

Statement 1 is correct because slag undergoes mineral carbonation during its lithification process, where it captures carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it as a mineral, which helps in carbon sequestration.

Statement 2 is correct because during lithification, calcite cement precipitation occurs, which traps atmospheric carbon dioxide in the form of calcite. This process effectively reduces the carbon footprint of steel production by reusing slag as a carbon-capturing material.

Statement 3 is incorrect because slag’s use in artificial ground can actually help *reduce* greenhouse gas emissions by trapping carbon dioxide, rather than increasing them. Therefore, slag contributes positively to environmental sustainability.

Solution: B

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the UN General Assembly (UNGA): Each UNGA member state has one vote, regardless of its size or wealth. General Assembly resolutions are legally binding on UN member states. Non-member states can obtain the status of Permanent Observer in the UNGA. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A In the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), every member state—regardless of its geographical size, population, or economic power—possesses one equal vote, emphasizing the principle of sovereign equality (Statement 1 correct). However, resolutions passed by the General Assembly are generally not legally binding on member states. They mainly have a recommendatory nature, influencing international norms and public opinion but without the enforceability of international law (Statement 2 incorrect). Nonetheless, they can significantly shape the actions and policies of states through political and moral pressure. Furthermore, the UNGA allows non-member entities to participate as Permanent Observers. Entities like the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine hold Permanent Observer status, enabling them to attend and speak at meetings without voting rights (Statement 3 correct). Incorrect Solution: A In the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), every member state—regardless of its geographical size, population, or economic power—possesses one equal vote, emphasizing the principle of sovereign equality (Statement 1 correct). However, resolutions passed by the General Assembly are generally not legally binding on member states. They mainly have a recommendatory nature, influencing international norms and public opinion but without the enforceability of international law (Statement 2 incorrect). Nonetheless, they can significantly shape the actions and policies of states through political and moral pressure. Furthermore, the UNGA allows non-member entities to participate as Permanent Observers. Entities like the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine hold Permanent Observer status, enabling them to attend and speak at meetings without voting rights (Statement 3 correct).

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the UN General Assembly (UNGA):

• Each UNGA member state has one vote, regardless of its size or wealth.

• General Assembly resolutions are legally binding on UN member states.

• Non-member states can obtain the status of Permanent Observer in the UNGA.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• In the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), every member state—regardless of its geographical size, population, or economic power—possesses one equal vote, emphasizing the principle of sovereign equality (Statement 1 correct).

• However, resolutions passed by the General Assembly are generally not legally binding on member states. They mainly have a recommendatory nature, influencing international norms and public opinion but without the enforceability of international law (Statement 2 incorrect). Nonetheless, they can significantly shape the actions and policies of states through political and moral pressure.

• Furthermore, the UNGA allows non-member entities to participate as Permanent Observers. Entities like the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine hold Permanent Observer status, enabling them to attend and speak at meetings without voting rights (Statement 3 correct).

Solution: A

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Global Nuclear Order (GNO): The NPT legally obligates all signatories to completely disarm within a specific deadline. Nuclear material security measures aim to prevent theft and sabotage of nuclear facilities. International organizations like IAEA enforce binding military interventions for nuclear violations. Peaceful use of nuclear technology includes applications in medicine and agriculture. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 2 and 4 only (b) 1, 3, and 4 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: A The Global Nuclear Order (GNO) is primarily governed by treaties like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Statement 1 is incorrect because while the NPT urges nuclear-armed states to pursue disarmament, it does not impose a fixed deadline for complete nuclear disarmament, leaving the process open-ended and largely political. Statement 2 is correct — securing nuclear material is a major concern globally to prevent theft, sabotage, or use by non-state actors, which could have catastrophic consequences. Statement 3 is incorrect — organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have a mandate limited to inspections, verification, and reporting. They cannot enforce binding military action; enforcement mechanisms rely on the UN Security Council’s authority. Statement 4 is correct — the peaceful application of nuclear technology spans important sectors like medicine (e.g., cancer radiotherapy) and agriculture (e.g., mutation breeding and food preservation through irradiation). Incorrect Solution: A The Global Nuclear Order (GNO) is primarily governed by treaties like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Statement 1 is incorrect because while the NPT urges nuclear-armed states to pursue disarmament, it does not impose a fixed deadline for complete nuclear disarmament, leaving the process open-ended and largely political. Statement 2 is correct — securing nuclear material is a major concern globally to prevent theft, sabotage, or use by non-state actors, which could have catastrophic consequences. Statement 3 is incorrect — organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have a mandate limited to inspections, verification, and reporting. They cannot enforce binding military action; enforcement mechanisms rely on the UN Security Council’s authority. Statement 4 is correct — the peaceful application of nuclear technology spans important sectors like medicine (e.g., cancer radiotherapy) and agriculture (e.g., mutation breeding and food preservation through irradiation).

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Global Nuclear Order (GNO):

• The NPT legally obligates all signatories to completely disarm within a specific deadline.

• Nuclear material security measures aim to prevent theft and sabotage of nuclear facilities.

• International organizations like IAEA enforce binding military interventions for nuclear violations.

• Peaceful use of nuclear technology includes applications in medicine and agriculture.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 2 and 4 only

• (b) 1, 3, and 4 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: A

• The Global Nuclear Order (GNO) is primarily governed by treaties like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

• Statement 1 is incorrect because while the NPT urges nuclear-armed states to pursue disarmament, it does not impose a fixed deadline for complete nuclear disarmament, leaving the process open-ended and largely political.

• Statement 2 is correct — securing nuclear material is a major concern globally to prevent theft, sabotage, or use by non-state actors, which could have catastrophic consequences.

• Statement 3 is incorrect — organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have a mandate limited to inspections, verification, and reporting. They cannot enforce binding military action; enforcement mechanisms rely on the UN Security Council’s authority.

• Statement 4 is correct — the peaceful application of nuclear technology spans important sectors like medicine (e.g., cancer radiotherapy) and agriculture (e.g., mutation breeding and food preservation through irradiation).

Solution: A

• The Global Nuclear Order (GNO) is primarily governed by treaties like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

• Statement 2 is correct — securing nuclear material is a major concern globally to prevent theft, sabotage, or use by non-state actors, which could have catastrophic consequences.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding India’s refugee policy: India is bound by the principle of non-refoulement as part of customary international law. India has signed both the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: A India’s refugee policy operates largely through domestic constitutional and humanitarian principles rather than through international treaty obligations. Statement 1 is correct because the principle of non-refoulement, which prohibits the return of refugees to places where they may face danger, is part of customary international law and is considered binding even on countries like India that have not ratified specific refugee treaties. Statement 2 is incorrect — India has not signed either the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, making it unique among major refugee-hosting nations. Nevertheless, India has hosted large refugee populations over decades. Incorrect Solution: A India’s refugee policy operates largely through domestic constitutional and humanitarian principles rather than through international treaty obligations. Statement 1 is correct because the principle of non-refoulement, which prohibits the return of refugees to places where they may face danger, is part of customary international law and is considered binding even on countries like India that have not ratified specific refugee treaties. Statement 2 is incorrect — India has not signed either the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, making it unique among major refugee-hosting nations. Nevertheless, India has hosted large refugee populations over decades.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding India’s refugee policy:

• India is bound by the principle of non-refoulement as part of customary international law.

• India has signed both the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: A

• India’s refugee policy operates largely through domestic constitutional and humanitarian principles rather than through international treaty obligations.

• Statement 1 is correct because the principle of non-refoulement, which prohibits the return of refugees to places where they may face danger, is part of customary international law and is considered binding even on countries like India that have not ratified specific refugee treaties.

• Statement 2 is incorrect — India has not signed either the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, making it unique among major refugee-hosting nations. Nevertheless, India has hosted large refugee populations over decades.

Solution: A

• India’s refugee policy operates largely through domestic constitutional and humanitarian principles rather than through international treaty obligations.

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