UPSC Current Affairs Quiz :19 July 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Akash Prime missile system. Statement-I: The Akash Prime missile system is specifically engineered for enhanced operational effectiveness in high-altitude, low-oxygen environments. Statement-II: The system incorporates an indigenous active radar seeker and is mounted on mobile platforms, which facilitates rapid deployment in challenging mountainous terrains. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement-I is correct. The Akash Prime is an upgraded version of the Akash SAM, explicitly developed by the DRDO to perform optimally in high-altitude and low-oxygen conditions, such as those found in Ladakh and Sikkim. This specialization is its defining feature. Statement-II is correct. The system is equipped with an indigenously developed active radar seeker, which improves accuracy by enabling the missile to lock onto targets independently in the terminal phase. Furthermore, its deployment on mobile platforms ensures tactical mobility and flexibility, which is critical for operating in the rugged, mountainous border regions where it is intended to be used. Statement-II directly explains how Akash Prime achieves its enhanced operational effectiveness (Statement-I). Incorrect Solution: A Statement-I is correct. The Akash Prime is an upgraded version of the Akash SAM, explicitly developed by the DRDO to perform optimally in high-altitude and low-oxygen conditions, such as those found in Ladakh and Sikkim. This specialization is its defining feature. Statement-II is correct. The system is equipped with an indigenously developed active radar seeker, which improves accuracy by enabling the missile to lock onto targets independently in the terminal phase. Furthermore, its deployment on mobile platforms ensures tactical mobility and flexibility, which is critical for operating in the rugged, mountainous border regions where it is intended to be used. Statement-II directly explains how Akash Prime achieves its enhanced operational effectiveness (Statement-I).

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Akash Prime missile system.

Statement-I: The Akash Prime missile system is specifically engineered for enhanced operational effectiveness in high-altitude, low-oxygen environments.

Statement-II: The system incorporates an indigenous active radar seeker and is mounted on mobile platforms, which facilitates rapid deployment in challenging mountainous terrains.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement-I is correct. The Akash Prime is an upgraded version of the Akash SAM, explicitly developed by the DRDO to perform optimally in high-altitude and low-oxygen conditions, such as those found in Ladakh and Sikkim. This specialization is its defining feature.

• Statement-II is correct. The system is equipped with an indigenously developed active radar seeker, which improves accuracy by enabling the missile to lock onto targets independently in the terminal phase. Furthermore, its deployment on mobile platforms ensures tactical mobility and flexibility, which is critical for operating in the rugged, mountainous border regions where it is intended to be used.

• Statement-II directly explains how Akash Prime achieves its enhanced operational effectiveness (Statement-I).

Solution: A

• Statement-II directly explains how Akash Prime achieves its enhanced operational effectiveness (Statement-I).

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points The detection of the black hole merger event GW231123 is considered a significant astronomical discovery primarily because: (a) It was the first time a black hole merger was detected using the KAGRA observatory in Japan. (b) It confirmed the existence of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. (c) The masses of the merging black holes fall within a range that challenges established theories of stellar evolution. (d) It provided the first direct evidence of gravitational waves, confirming a key prediction of Einstein's General Relativity. Correct Solution: C Option (c) is correct. The most significant aspect of GW231123 is that the merging black holes (100 and 140 solar masses) and the resultant black hole fall into what is known as the “upper stellar mass gap” (roughly 60-130 solar masses). According to conventional models of stellar collapse, black holes in this mass range are not expected to form from a single star’s death. This discovery forces a reassessment of stellar evolution physics, supernova models, or suggests alternative formation pathways like hierarchical mergers (mergers of already-merged black holes). Incorrect Solution: C Option (c) is correct. The most significant aspect of GW231123 is that the merging black holes (100 and 140 solar masses) and the resultant black hole fall into what is known as the “upper stellar mass gap” (roughly 60-130 solar masses). According to conventional models of stellar collapse, black holes in this mass range are not expected to form from a single star’s death. This discovery forces a reassessment of stellar evolution physics, supernova models, or suggests alternative formation pathways like hierarchical mergers (mergers of already-merged black holes).

#### 2. Question

The detection of the black hole merger event GW231123 is considered a significant astronomical discovery primarily because:

• (a) It was the first time a black hole merger was detected using the KAGRA observatory in Japan.

• (b) It confirmed the existence of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies.

• (c) The masses of the merging black holes fall within a range that challenges established theories of stellar evolution.

• (d) It provided the first direct evidence of gravitational waves, confirming a key prediction of Einstein's General Relativity.

Solution: C

Option (c) is correct. The most significant aspect of GW231123 is that the merging black holes (100 and 140 solar masses) and the resultant black hole fall into what is known as the “upper stellar mass gap” (roughly 60-130 solar masses). According to conventional models of stellar collapse, black holes in this mass range are not expected to form from a single star’s death. This discovery forces a reassessment of stellar evolution physics, supernova models, or suggests alternative formation pathways like hierarchical mergers (mergers of already-merged black holes).

Solution: C

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs regarding Missile System and Primary Feature Prithvi-II: Surface-to-Air missile with a 500 km range. Agni-I: Short-Range Ballistic Missile with a payload capacity up to 1,000 kg. Akash Prime: Upgraded version designed for high-altitude, all-weather performance. How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. Prithvi-II is a Surface-to-Surface Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), not a Surface-to-Air missile. Its range is approximately 350 km, not 500 km. Pair 2 is correctly matched. Agni-I is classified as a Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), although some sources may place it in the medium-range category. Its operational range is between 700-900 km, and it is capable of carrying a payload of up to 1,000 kg. This makes it a crucial part of India’s strategic deterrence. Pair 3 is correctly matched. Akash Prime is a distinct, upgraded version of the Akash Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM). Its key improvement is its enhanced performance in the challenging conditions of high-altitude and extreme cold, making it an all-weather system specifically tailored for mountainous border regions. Incorrect Solution: B Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. Prithvi-II is a Surface-to-Surface Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), not a Surface-to-Air missile. Its range is approximately 350 km, not 500 km. Pair 2 is correctly matched. Agni-I is classified as a Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), although some sources may place it in the medium-range category. Its operational range is between 700-900 km, and it is capable of carrying a payload of up to 1,000 kg. This makes it a crucial part of India’s strategic deterrence. Pair 3 is correctly matched. Akash Prime is a distinct, upgraded version of the Akash Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM). Its key improvement is its enhanced performance in the challenging conditions of high-altitude and extreme cold, making it an all-weather system specifically tailored for mountainous border regions.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following pairs regarding Missile System and Primary Feature

• Prithvi-II: Surface-to-Air missile with a 500 km range.

• Agni-I: Short-Range Ballistic Missile with a payload capacity up to 1,000 kg.

• Akash Prime: Upgraded version designed for high-altitude, all-weather performance.

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. Prithvi-II is a Surface-to-Surface Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), not a Surface-to-Air missile. Its range is approximately 350 km, not 500 km.

• Pair 2 is correctly matched. Agni-I is classified as a Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), although some sources may place it in the medium-range category. Its operational range is between 700-900 km, and it is capable of carrying a payload of up to 1,000 kg. This makes it a crucial part of India’s strategic deterrence.

Pair 3 is correctly matched. Akash Prime is a distinct, upgraded version of the Akash Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM). Its key improvement is its enhanced performance in the challenging conditions of high-altitude and extreme cold, making it an all-weather system specifically tailored for mountainous border regions.

Solution: B

• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. Prithvi-II is a Surface-to-Surface Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM), not a Surface-to-Air missile. Its range is approximately 350 km, not 500 km.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points With reference to the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA), consider the following statements: It is a statutory body under the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. CARA’s mandate is exclusively limited to regulating in-country adoptions of Indian children. It functions as the central authority for implementing the provisions of the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, 1993. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 only Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is correct. CARA was initially set up in 1990 but was granted the status of a statutory body under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. This legislation provides it with the legal authority to frame regulations and issue binding directions related to adoption. Statement 2 is incorrect. CARA’s mandate is not exclusive to in-country adoptions. A significant part of its role involves regulating and facilitating inter-country adoptions of Indian children as well. It serves as the nodal body for all adoptions, both domestic and international, ensuring a standardized and ethical process. Statement 3 is correct. India ratified the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption in 2003. CARA is the designated Central Authority in India for the purposes of this international treaty. In this capacity, it coordinates with foreign adoption agencies and authorities to ensure that inter-country adoptions are conducted in the best interests of the child and with respect for their fundamental rights. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is correct. CARA was initially set up in 1990 but was granted the status of a statutory body under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. This legislation provides it with the legal authority to frame regulations and issue binding directions related to adoption. Statement 2 is incorrect. CARA’s mandate is not exclusive to in-country adoptions. A significant part of its role involves regulating and facilitating inter-country adoptions of Indian children as well. It serves as the nodal body for all adoptions, both domestic and international, ensuring a standardized and ethical process. Statement 3 is correct. India ratified the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption in 2003. CARA is the designated Central Authority in India for the purposes of this international treaty. In this capacity, it coordinates with foreign adoption agencies and authorities to ensure that inter-country adoptions are conducted in the best interests of the child and with respect for their fundamental rights.

#### 4. Question

With reference to the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA), consider the following statements:

• It is a statutory body under the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

• CARA’s mandate is exclusively limited to regulating in-country adoptions of Indian children.

• It functions as the central authority for implementing the provisions of the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, 1993.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 3 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3

• (d) 1 and 3 only

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is correct. CARA was initially set up in 1990 but was granted the status of a statutory body under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. This legislation provides it with the legal authority to frame regulations and issue binding directions related to adoption.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. CARA’s mandate is not exclusive to in-country adoptions. A significant part of its role involves regulating and facilitating inter-country adoptions of Indian children as well. It serves as the nodal body for all adoptions, both domestic and international, ensuring a standardized and ethical process.

Statement 3 is correct. India ratified the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption in 2003. CARA is the designated Central Authority in India for the purposes of this international treaty. In this capacity, it coordinates with foreign adoption agencies and authorities to ensure that inter-country adoptions are conducted in the best interests of the child and with respect for their fundamental rights.

Solution: D

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Bolivia. Statement-I: Bolivia is a landlocked country that shares land borders with Brazil and Chile. Statement-II: The country’s diverse geography includes high-altitude plateaus like the Altiplano, which hosts Lake Titicaca, and vast salt flats. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: B Statement-I is correct. Bolivia is one of only two landlocked countries in South America (the other being Paraguay). It shares borders with five countries: Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west. Statement-II is correct. Bolivia possesses a remarkably diverse topography. A major feature is the Altiplano, a high-elevation plateau situated in the Andes Mountains. This plateau is home to Lake Titicaca, the world’s highest navigable lake, which it shares with Peru. It also contains the Salar de Uyuni, the world’s largest salt flat, a significant geographical and economic feature. Both statements are factually correct descriptions of Bolivia. However, Statement-II, which describes Bolivia’s internal geography (plateaus, lakes, salt flats), does not provide an explanation for Statement-I. Incorrect Solution: B Statement-I is correct. Bolivia is one of only two landlocked countries in South America (the other being Paraguay). It shares borders with five countries: Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west. Statement-II is correct. Bolivia possesses a remarkably diverse topography. A major feature is the Altiplano, a high-elevation plateau situated in the Andes Mountains. This plateau is home to Lake Titicaca, the world’s highest navigable lake, which it shares with Peru. It also contains the Salar de Uyuni, the world’s largest salt flat, a significant geographical and economic feature. Both statements are factually correct descriptions of Bolivia. However, Statement-II, which describes Bolivia’s internal geography (plateaus, lakes, salt flats), does not provide an explanation for Statement-I.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Bolivia.

Statement-I: Bolivia is a landlocked country that shares land borders with Brazil and Chile.

Statement-II: The country’s diverse geography includes high-altitude plateaus like the Altiplano, which hosts Lake Titicaca, and vast salt flats.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: B

• Statement-I is correct. Bolivia is one of only two landlocked countries in South America (the other being Paraguay). It shares borders with five countries: Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.

• Statement-II is correct. Bolivia possesses a remarkably diverse topography. A major feature is the Altiplano, a high-elevation plateau situated in the Andes Mountains. This plateau is home to Lake Titicaca, the world’s highest navigable lake, which it shares with Peru. It also contains the Salar de Uyuni, the world’s largest salt flat, a significant geographical and economic feature.

Both statements are factually correct descriptions of Bolivia. However, Statement-II, which describes Bolivia’s internal geography (plateaus, lakes, salt flats), does not provide an explanation for Statement-I.

Solution: B

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points With reference to the “Group of Friends (GoF) for Accountability of Crimes against Peacekeepers”, consider the following statements: It is a formal, treaty-based organization established by a UN General Assembly resolution. The group’s primary function is to directly prosecute individuals accused of committing crimes against UN peacekeepers. India, as a co-chair, plays a leading role in this group, reflecting its status as one of the largest troop-contributing countries to UN peacekeeping missions. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Group of Friends is an informal platform, not a formal, treaty-based organization. It was launched by member states to facilitate dialogue and cooperation on a specific issue. It does not derive its authority from a binding UNGA resolution that creates a formal body, though it supports the implementation of UNSC resolutions like 2589. Statement 2 is incorrect. The GoF does not have prosecutorial powers. Its role is to promote legal and policy frameworks, facilitate dialogue, support investigation mechanisms, and advocate for accountability within the legal systems of member states and through international legal channels. It is a diplomatic and advocacy group, not a judicial body. Prosecution remains the responsibility of the host state or the peacekeeper’s home state. Statement 3 is correct. India is a co-chair and a driving force behind this initiative. This leadership role is a natural extension of India’s long-standing and significant contributions to UN peacekeeping, having contributed the highest number of peacekeepers historically. Advocating for their safety and for justice against attacks is a strategic priority for India. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. The Group of Friends is an informal platform, not a formal, treaty-based organization. It was launched by member states to facilitate dialogue and cooperation on a specific issue. It does not derive its authority from a binding UNGA resolution that creates a formal body, though it supports the implementation of UNSC resolutions like 2589. Statement 2 is incorrect. The GoF does not have prosecutorial powers. Its role is to promote legal and policy frameworks, facilitate dialogue, support investigation mechanisms, and advocate for accountability within the legal systems of member states and through international legal channels. It is a diplomatic and advocacy group, not a judicial body. Prosecution remains the responsibility of the host state or the peacekeeper’s home state. Statement 3 is correct. India is a co-chair and a driving force behind this initiative. This leadership role is a natural extension of India’s long-standing and significant contributions to UN peacekeeping, having contributed the highest number of peacekeepers historically. Advocating for their safety and for justice against attacks is a strategic priority for India.

#### 6. Question

With reference to the “Group of Friends (GoF) for Accountability of Crimes against Peacekeepers”, consider the following statements:

• It is a formal, treaty-based organization established by a UN General Assembly resolution.

• The group’s primary function is to directly prosecute individuals accused of committing crimes against UN peacekeepers.

• India, as a co-chair, plays a leading role in this group, reflecting its status as one of the largest troop-contributing countries to UN peacekeeping missions.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Group of Friends is an informal platform, not a formal, treaty-based organization. It was launched by member states to facilitate dialogue and cooperation on a specific issue. It does not derive its authority from a binding UNGA resolution that creates a formal body, though it supports the implementation of UNSC resolutions like 2589.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The GoF does not have prosecutorial powers. Its role is to promote legal and policy frameworks, facilitate dialogue, support investigation mechanisms, and advocate for accountability within the legal systems of member states and through international legal channels. It is a diplomatic and advocacy group, not a judicial body. Prosecution remains the responsibility of the host state or the peacekeeper’s home state.

Statement 3 is correct. India is a co-chair and a driving force behind this initiative. This leadership role is a natural extension of India’s long-standing and significant contributions to UN peacekeeping, having contributed the highest number of peacekeepers historically. Advocating for their safety and for justice against attacks is a strategic priority for India.

Solution: A

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Uyuni Salt Flat and Lake Titicaca: Both are located entirely within the territory of Bolivia. The Uyuni Salt Flat is the world’s largest salt flat and is situated on the Altiplano plateau. Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world and its water is saline due to the surrounding mineral deposits. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. While the Uyuni Salt Flat is located entirely within Bolivia, Lake Titicaca is a trans-boundary lake, shared between Bolivia and Peru. A significant portion of the lake lies in Peruvian territory. Statement 2 is correct. The Salar de Uyuni is indeed the world’s largest salt flat, covering over 10,000 square kilometers. It is located on the Altiplano, a high-altitude plateau in the Andes, which is a defining feature of Bolivia’s geography. Statement 3 is incorrect. While Lake Titicaca is the world’s highest navigable lake, it is a freshwater lake, not saline. Its water levels are maintained by rainfall and runoff from surrounding glaciers and rivers. The presence of a large, stable body of freshwater at such a high altitude is one of its remarkable characteristics. Incorrect Solution: A Statement 1 is incorrect. While the Uyuni Salt Flat is located entirely within Bolivia, Lake Titicaca is a trans-boundary lake, shared between Bolivia and Peru. A significant portion of the lake lies in Peruvian territory. Statement 2 is correct. The Salar de Uyuni is indeed the world’s largest salt flat, covering over 10,000 square kilometers. It is located on the Altiplano, a high-altitude plateau in the Andes, which is a defining feature of Bolivia’s geography. Statement 3 is incorrect. While Lake Titicaca is the world’s highest navigable lake, it is a freshwater lake, not saline. Its water levels are maintained by rainfall and runoff from surrounding glaciers and rivers. The presence of a large, stable body of freshwater at such a high altitude is one of its remarkable characteristics.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Uyuni Salt Flat and Lake Titicaca:

• Both are located entirely within the territory of Bolivia.

• The Uyuni Salt Flat is the world’s largest salt flat and is situated on the Altiplano plateau.

• Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world and its water is saline due to the surrounding mineral deposits.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• Statement 1 is incorrect. While the Uyuni Salt Flat is located entirely within Bolivia, Lake Titicaca is a trans-boundary lake, shared between Bolivia and Peru. A significant portion of the lake lies in Peruvian territory.

• Statement 2 is correct. The Salar de Uyuni is indeed the world’s largest salt flat, covering over 10,000 square kilometers. It is located on the Altiplano, a high-altitude plateau in the Andes, which is a defining feature of Bolivia’s geography.

Statement 3 is incorrect. While Lake Titicaca is the world’s highest navigable lake, it is a freshwater lake, not saline. Its water levels are maintained by rainfall and runoff from surrounding glaciers and rivers. The presence of a large, stable body of freshwater at such a high altitude is one of its remarkable characteristics.

Solution: A

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements. Statement-I: The Prithvi-II and Agni-I missile tests are conducted under the supervision of the Strategic Forces Command. Statement-II: The Strategic Forces Command is responsible for the management and administration of India’s tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile. Statement-III: These missiles were developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only Statement II explains Statement I (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I (d) All three statements are correct and both II and III are independent correct statements. Correct Solution: B Statement I is correct. User trials and operational tests of India’s nuclear-capable missile systems, such as Prithvi-II and Agni-I, are conducted by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) to validate their combat readiness and operational reliability. Statement II is correct. The Strategic Forces Command is the tri-service command responsible for managing and administering all of India’s strategic and tactical nuclear weapons. Its role is to operationalize the country’s nuclear deterrent. This directly explains why the SFC would be in charge of testing the delivery systems (the missiles) mentioned in Statement I. Statement III is correct. Both the Prithvi and Agni series of missiles were landmark achievements of India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), which was initiated in the 1980s under the leadership of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Statement II provides the direct reason why the SFC supervises these tests – because these missiles are nuclear delivery systems, and the SFC controls the nuclear arsenal. Statement III, while factually correct about the missiles’ origin, explains their developmental history, not the reason for the SFC’s operational supervision. Therefore, Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I. Incorrect Solution: B Statement I is correct. User trials and operational tests of India’s nuclear-capable missile systems, such as Prithvi-II and Agni-I, are conducted by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) to validate their combat readiness and operational reliability. Statement II is correct. The Strategic Forces Command is the tri-service command responsible for managing and administering all of India’s strategic and tactical nuclear weapons. Its role is to operationalize the country’s nuclear deterrent. This directly explains why the SFC would be in charge of testing the delivery systems (the missiles) mentioned in Statement I. Statement III is correct. Both the Prithvi and Agni series of missiles were landmark achievements of India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), which was initiated in the 1980s under the leadership of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Statement II provides the direct reason why the SFC supervises these tests – because these missiles are nuclear delivery systems, and the SFC controls the nuclear arsenal. Statement III, while factually correct about the missiles’ origin, explains their developmental history, not the reason for the SFC’s operational supervision. Therefore, Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements.

Statement-I: The Prithvi-II and Agni-I missile tests are conducted under the supervision of the Strategic Forces Command.

Statement-II: The Strategic Forces Command is responsible for the management and administration of India’s tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile.

Statement-III: These missiles were developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

• (b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only Statement II explains Statement I

• (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

• (d) All three statements are correct and both II and III are independent correct statements.

Solution: B

• Statement I is correct. User trials and operational tests of India’s nuclear-capable missile systems, such as Prithvi-II and Agni-I, are conducted by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) to validate their combat readiness and operational reliability.

• Statement II is correct. The Strategic Forces Command is the tri-service command responsible for managing and administering all of India’s strategic and tactical nuclear weapons. Its role is to operationalize the country’s nuclear deterrent. This directly explains why the SFC would be in charge of testing the delivery systems (the missiles) mentioned in Statement I.

• Statement III is correct. Both the Prithvi and Agni series of missiles were landmark achievements of India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), which was initiated in the 1980s under the leadership of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Statement II provides the direct reason why the SFC supervises these tests – because these missiles are nuclear delivery systems, and the SFC controls the nuclear arsenal. Statement III, while factually correct about the missiles’ origin, explains their developmental history, not the reason for the SFC’s operational supervision. Therefore, Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.

Solution: B

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: The establishment of the “Group of Friends for Accountability of Crimes against Peacekeepers” is strategically necessary for enhancing the safety and operational morale of UN peacekeepers. Statement II: A lack of accountability and prosecution for attacks on peacekeepers creates a climate of impunity, which can lead to an increase in such attacks. Statement III: UNSC Resolution 2589 (2021) is a key international instrument that mandates accountability for attacks on peacekeepers. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Statement I and Statement II are correct, and Statement III is the correct explanation for Statement II. (b) Only Statements I and III are correct. (c) All three statements are correct, and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I. (d) All three statements are correct, but there is no explanatory relationship among them. Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct. As articulated by India, accountability is a strategic necessity. Ensuring that attacks on peacekeepers do not go unpunished is vital for protecting personnel, maintaining their morale, and ensuring the overall success of high-risk peacekeeping missions. Statement II is correct. This statement explains the core problem. Impunity—the failure to bring perpetrators to justice—emboldens future attackers. If crimes against peacekeepers have no consequences, the risk to them increases, undermining peacekeeping operations globally. Statement III is correct. UNSC Resolution 2589, co-sponsored by India, is a landmark resolution that explicitly condemns attacks on peacekeepers and calls upon member states to take all necessary measures to bring those responsible to justice. The GoF’s work includes tracking the implementation of this very resolution. All three statements are correct. Statement II provides the direct causal reason (impunity leads to more attacks) that makes the action in Statement I (creating the GoF) a “strategic necessity”. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct. As articulated by India, accountability is a strategic necessity. Ensuring that attacks on peacekeepers do not go unpunished is vital for protecting personnel, maintaining their morale, and ensuring the overall success of high-risk peacekeeping missions. Statement II is correct. This statement explains the core problem. Impunity—the failure to bring perpetrators to justice—emboldens future attackers. If crimes against peacekeepers have no consequences, the risk to them increases, undermining peacekeeping operations globally. Statement III is correct. UNSC Resolution 2589, co-sponsored by India, is a landmark resolution that explicitly condemns attacks on peacekeepers and calls upon member states to take all necessary measures to bring those responsible to justice. The GoF’s work includes tracking the implementation of this very resolution. All three statements are correct. Statement II provides the direct causal reason (impunity leads to more attacks) that makes the action in Statement I (creating the GoF) a “strategic necessity”.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: The establishment of the “Group of Friends for Accountability of Crimes against Peacekeepers” is strategically necessary for enhancing the safety and operational morale of UN peacekeepers.

Statement II: A lack of accountability and prosecution for attacks on peacekeepers creates a climate of impunity, which can lead to an increase in such attacks.

Statement III: UNSC Resolution 2589 (2021) is a key international instrument that mandates accountability for attacks on peacekeepers.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Statement I and Statement II are correct, and Statement III is the correct explanation for Statement II.

• (b) Only Statements I and III are correct.

• (c) All three statements are correct, and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I.

• (d) All three statements are correct, but there is no explanatory relationship among them.

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct. As articulated by India, accountability is a strategic necessity. Ensuring that attacks on peacekeepers do not go unpunished is vital for protecting personnel, maintaining their morale, and ensuring the overall success of high-risk peacekeeping missions.

• Statement II is correct. This statement explains the core problem. Impunity—the failure to bring perpetrators to justice—emboldens future attackers. If crimes against peacekeepers have no consequences, the risk to them increases, undermining peacekeeping operations globally.

• Statement III is correct. UNSC Resolution 2589, co-sponsored by India, is a landmark resolution that explicitly condemns attacks on peacekeepers and calls upon member states to take all necessary measures to bring those responsible to justice. The GoF’s work includes tracking the implementation of this very resolution.

All three statements are correct. Statement II provides the direct causal reason (impunity leads to more attacks) that makes the action in Statement I (creating the GoF) a “strategic necessity”.

Solution: C

All three statements are correct. Statement II provides the direct causal reason (impunity leads to more attacks) that makes the action in Statement I (creating the GoF) a “strategic necessity”.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points With reference to India’s bilateral relations and diplomacy, consider the following statements: India’s recent dispatch of Measles-Rubella vaccines to Bolivia falls under its ‘Vaccine Maitri’ initiative. Bolivia is rich in lithium reserves and has engaged with India for potential collaboration in the energy and minerals sector. India and Bolivia are both members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the G77 group of developing countries. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 3 only Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect. While it is a form of vaccine diplomacy, the aid was part of the broader South-South Cooperation under India’s Development Partnership Programme. ‘Vaccine Maitri’ was the specific name for the COVID-19 vaccine supply initiative. While related in spirit, the program name is different. Statement 2 is correct. Bolivia holds some of the world’s largest lithium reserves, a critical mineral for battery technology. As a rapidly growing economy with a focus on renewable energy and electric vehicles, India has a strategic interest in securing lithium supplies and has engaged with Bolivia for collaboration in this sector. Statement 3 is correct. Both India and Bolivia have a long history of cooperation in multilateral forums that represent the interests of the developing world. They are prominent members of both the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the G77, a coalition of developing nations at the UN. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect. While it is a form of vaccine diplomacy, the aid was part of the broader South-South Cooperation under India’s Development Partnership Programme. ‘Vaccine Maitri’ was the specific name for the COVID-19 vaccine supply initiative. While related in spirit, the program name is different. Statement 2 is correct. Bolivia holds some of the world’s largest lithium reserves, a critical mineral for battery technology. As a rapidly growing economy with a focus on renewable energy and electric vehicles, India has a strategic interest in securing lithium supplies and has engaged with Bolivia for collaboration in this sector. Statement 3 is correct. Both India and Bolivia have a long history of cooperation in multilateral forums that represent the interests of the developing world. They are prominent members of both the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the G77, a coalition of developing nations at the UN.

#### 10. Question

With reference to India’s bilateral relations and diplomacy, consider the following statements:

• India’s recent dispatch of Measles-Rubella vaccines to Bolivia falls under its ‘Vaccine Maitri’ initiative.

• Bolivia is rich in lithium reserves and has engaged with India for potential collaboration in the energy and minerals sector.

• India and Bolivia are both members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the G77 group of developing countries.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) 3 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3

• (d) 2 and 3 only

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect. While it is a form of vaccine diplomacy, the aid was part of the broader South-South Cooperation under India’s Development Partnership Programme. ‘Vaccine Maitri’ was the specific name for the COVID-19 vaccine supply initiative. While related in spirit, the program name is different.

• Statement 2 is correct. Bolivia holds some of the world’s largest lithium reserves, a critical mineral for battery technology. As a rapidly growing economy with a focus on renewable energy and electric vehicles, India has a strategic interest in securing lithium supplies and has engaged with Bolivia for collaboration in this sector.

Statement 3 is correct. Both India and Bolivia have a long history of cooperation in multilateral forums that represent the interests of the developing world. They are prominent members of both the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the G77, a coalition of developing nations at the UN.

Solution: D

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