UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 18 December 2024

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements about Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): IPF is caused solely by environmental pollutants like dust and smoke. The disease leads to complications such as pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. Genetic predisposition can increase the risk of developing IPF. How many of the above statements are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect because IPF has no known exact cause (idiopathic), though environmental factors like dust and smoke can trigger or exacerbate the condition. Statement 2 is correct; IPF reduces oxygen levels, leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. Statement 3 is correct; genetic predisposition has been identified as a contributing risk factor for IPF. About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): What it is:A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult. Causes: Exact cause unknown (idiopathic). Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation. Symptoms: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Dry cough Fatigue and unintended weight loss Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. Diagnosis:Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy. Treatment: Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression). Oxygen therapy and lung exercises. Lung transplantation for advanced cases. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect because IPF has no known exact cause (idiopathic), though environmental factors like dust and smoke can trigger or exacerbate the condition. Statement 2 is correct; IPF reduces oxygen levels, leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. Statement 3 is correct; genetic predisposition has been identified as a contributing risk factor for IPF. About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): What it is:A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult. Causes: Exact cause unknown (idiopathic). Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation. Symptoms: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Dry cough Fatigue and unintended weight loss Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. Diagnosis:Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy. Treatment: Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression). Oxygen therapy and lung exercises. Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements about Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF):

• IPF is caused solely by environmental pollutants like dust and smoke.

• The disease leads to complications such as pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

• Genetic predisposition can increase the risk of developing IPF.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: b)

Statement 1 is incorrect because IPF has no known exact cause (idiopathic), though environmental factors like dust and smoke can trigger or exacerbate the condition.

Statement 2 is correct; IPF reduces oxygen levels, leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

Statement 3 is correct; genetic predisposition has been identified as a contributing risk factor for IPF.

About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF):

• What it is:A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult.

• Exact cause unknown (idiopathic).

• Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation.

• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

• Fatigue and unintended weight loss

• Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

• Diagnosis:Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy.

Treatment:

• Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression).

• Oxygen therapy and lung exercises.

• Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

Solution: b)

Statement 1 is incorrect because IPF has no known exact cause (idiopathic), though environmental factors like dust and smoke can trigger or exacerbate the condition.

Statement 2 is correct; IPF reduces oxygen levels, leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

Statement 3 is correct; genetic predisposition has been identified as a contributing risk factor for IPF.

About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF):

• What it is:A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult.

• Exact cause unknown (idiopathic).

• Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation.

• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

• Fatigue and unintended weight loss

• Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

• Diagnosis:Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy.

Treatment:

• Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression).

• Oxygen therapy and lung exercises.

• Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes El Niño? a) Warming of sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean b) Cooling of sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean c) Strengthened trade winds leading to oceanic upwelling d) Increase in cold currents along the western coast of South America Correct Solution: a) El Niño is the warming phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), characterized by above-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. It occurs when trade winds weaken, reducing the upwelling of cold water. About El Niño: What it is:The warming phase of ENSO, with higher-than-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean. How it forms:Weakened trade winds allow warm water to accumulate in the eastern and central Pacific. Global Impacts: Heavy rainfall in the southern U.S. and western South America. Severe droughts in Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa. Disruption of marine ecosystems due to warmer ocean waters. Impacts on India: Below-normal monsoons (e.g., 2023). Intense summer heat waves and prolonged droughts. Reduced agricultural output and water shortages. Incorrect Solution: a) El Niño is the warming phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), characterized by above-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. It occurs when trade winds weaken, reducing the upwelling of cold water. About El Niño: What it is:The warming phase of ENSO, with higher-than-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean. How it forms:Weakened trade winds allow warm water to accumulate in the eastern and central Pacific. Global Impacts: Heavy rainfall in the southern U.S. and western South America. Severe droughts in Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa. Disruption of marine ecosystems due to warmer ocean waters. Impacts on India: Below-normal monsoons (e.g., 2023). Intense summer heat waves and prolonged droughts. Reduced agricultural output and water shortages.

#### 2. Question

Which of the following best describes El Niño?

• a) Warming of sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean

• b) Cooling of sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean

• c) Strengthened trade winds leading to oceanic upwelling

• d) Increase in cold currents along the western coast of South America

Solution: a)

El Niño is the warming phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), characterized by above-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. It occurs when trade winds weaken, reducing the upwelling of cold water.

About El Niño:

• What it is:The warming phase of ENSO, with higher-than-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

• How it forms:Weakened trade winds allow warm water to accumulate in the eastern and central Pacific.

Global Impacts:

• Heavy rainfall in the southern U.S. and western South America.

• Severe droughts in Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa.

• Disruption of marine ecosystems due to warmer ocean waters.

Impacts on India:

• Below-normal monsoons (e.g., 2023).

• Intense summer heat waves and prolonged droughts.

• Reduced agricultural output and water shortages.

Solution: a)

About El Niño:

• What it is:The warming phase of ENSO, with higher-than-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

• How it forms:Weakened trade winds allow warm water to accumulate in the eastern and central Pacific.

Global Impacts:

• Heavy rainfall in the southern U.S. and western South America.

• Severe droughts in Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa.

• Disruption of marine ecosystems due to warmer ocean waters.

Impacts on India:

• Below-normal monsoons (e.g., 2023).

• Intense summer heat waves and prolonged droughts.

• Reduced agricultural output and water shortages.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Which of the following is the primary aim of the Credit Guarantee Scheme for e-NWR? a) To promote e-commerce platforms for agricultural products b) To ensure price stabilization for agricultural commodities c) To provide financial support through loans against electronic warehouse receipts d) To regulate warehousing standards across India Correct Solution: c) The scheme aims to provide credit guarantees for loans availed using e-NWRs (electronic negotiable warehouse receipts). This ensures financial support to farmers and traders while minimizing credit risk for lending institutions. About Credit Guarantee Scheme for e-NWR (Negotiable warehouse receipt): Launched in: December 2024. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution. Aim: To provide credit guarantee for loans availed against e-NWRs, ensuring financial support for farmers and traders while minimizing risks. Features: Total Corpus: ₹1,000 crore. Loan Coverage: Up to ₹75 lakh for small and marginal farmers. Up to ₹200 lakh for MSMEs and traders. Guarantee Coverage: 85% for loans up to ₹3 lakh. 80% for loans between ₹3 to ₹75 lakh for SMFs/women/SC/ST/PwD. 75% for MSMEs, traders, and FPOs. Guarantee Fee: 0.4% p.a. for farmers and 1% p.a. for non-farmers. Implemented by: Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA). Eligible Institutions: All scheduled banks and cooperative banks. Incorrect Solution: c) The scheme aims to provide credit guarantees for loans availed using e-NWRs (electronic negotiable warehouse receipts). This ensures financial support to farmers and traders while minimizing credit risk for lending institutions. About Credit Guarantee Scheme for e-NWR (Negotiable warehouse receipt): Launched in: December 2024. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution. Aim: To provide credit guarantee for loans availed against e-NWRs, ensuring financial support for farmers and traders while minimizing risks. Features: Total Corpus: ₹1,000 crore. Loan Coverage: Up to ₹75 lakh for small and marginal farmers. Up to ₹200 lakh for MSMEs and traders. Guarantee Coverage: 85% for loans up to ₹3 lakh. 80% for loans between ₹3 to ₹75 lakh for SMFs/women/SC/ST/PwD. 75% for MSMEs, traders, and FPOs. Guarantee Fee: 0.4% p.a. for farmers and 1% p.a. for non-farmers. Implemented by: Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA). Eligible Institutions: All scheduled banks and cooperative banks.

#### 3. Question

Which of the following is the primary aim of the Credit Guarantee Scheme for e-NWR?

• a) To promote e-commerce platforms for agricultural products

• b) To ensure price stabilization for agricultural commodities

• c) To provide financial support through loans against electronic warehouse receipts

• d) To regulate warehousing standards across India

Solution: c)

The scheme aims to provide credit guarantees for loans availed using e-NWRs (electronic negotiable warehouse receipts). This ensures financial support to farmers and traders while minimizing credit risk for lending institutions.

About Credit Guarantee Scheme for e-NWR (Negotiable warehouse receipt):

• Launched in: December 2024.

• Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution.

• Aim: To provide credit guarantee for loans availed against e-NWRs, ensuring financial support for farmers and traders while minimizing risks.

• Total Corpus: ₹1,000 crore.

Loan Coverage:

• Up to ₹75 lakh for small and marginal farmers.

• Up to ₹200 lakh for MSMEs and traders.

Guarantee Coverage:

• 85% for loans up to ₹3 lakh.

• 80% for loans between ₹3 to ₹75 lakh for SMFs/women/SC/ST/PwD.

• 75% for MSMEs, traders, and FPOs.

• Guarantee Fee: 0.4% p.a. for farmers and 1% p.a. for non-farmers.

• Implemented by: Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA).

• Eligible Institutions: All scheduled banks and cooperative banks.

Solution: c)

About Credit Guarantee Scheme for e-NWR (Negotiable warehouse receipt):

• Launched in: December 2024.

• Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution.

• Aim: To provide credit guarantee for loans availed against e-NWRs, ensuring financial support for farmers and traders while minimizing risks.

• Total Corpus: ₹1,000 crore.

Loan Coverage:

• Up to ₹75 lakh for small and marginal farmers.

• Up to ₹200 lakh for MSMEs and traders.

Guarantee Coverage:

• 85% for loans up to ₹3 lakh.

• 80% for loans between ₹3 to ₹75 lakh for SMFs/women/SC/ST/PwD.

• 75% for MSMEs, traders, and FPOs.

• Guarantee Fee: 0.4% p.a. for farmers and 1% p.a. for non-farmers.

• Implemented by: Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA).

• Eligible Institutions: All scheduled banks and cooperative banks.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points How is Hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS) primarily formed in the atmosphere? a) Direct emission from volcanic activity b) Condensation of ammonia with sulphuric acid in the absence of water c) Decomposition of sulphur dioxide at high temperatures d) Reaction of formaldehyde with sulphite ions in aerosols Correct Solution: d) Hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS) is a secondary aerosol that forms through the reaction of formaldehyde and sulphite ions in aerosol particles. This reaction requires liquid water within aerosols, often in a supercooled state, making it unique. About Hydroxymethanesulphonate: What it is: A secondary aerosol that forms from chemical reactions involving formaldehyde and sulphur dioxide in the presence of liquid water. How it is formed: Occurs when formaldehyde reacts with sulphite ions in aerosol particles. Requires liquid water within aerosol particles, even in extremely cold conditions (supercooled state). Factors favoring its formation: Low temperatures: Inhibit ammonium volatilization, reducing aerosol acidity. High ammonium ion concentrations: Neutralize acidity, enabling reactions. Supercooled liquid water: Present in aerosols at sub-zero temperatures. Incorrect Solution: d) Hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS) is a secondary aerosol that forms through the reaction of formaldehyde and sulphite ions in aerosol particles. This reaction requires liquid water within aerosols, often in a supercooled state, making it unique. About Hydroxymethanesulphonate: What it is: A secondary aerosol that forms from chemical reactions involving formaldehyde and sulphur dioxide in the presence of liquid water. How it is formed: Occurs when formaldehyde reacts with sulphite ions in aerosol particles. Requires liquid water within aerosol particles, even in extremely cold conditions (supercooled state). Factors favoring its formation: Low temperatures: Inhibit ammonium volatilization, reducing aerosol acidity. High ammonium ion concentrations: Neutralize acidity, enabling reactions. Supercooled liquid water: Present in aerosols at sub-zero temperatures.

#### 4. Question

How is Hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS) primarily formed in the atmosphere?

• a) Direct emission from volcanic activity

• b) Condensation of ammonia with sulphuric acid in the absence of water

• c) Decomposition of sulphur dioxide at high temperatures

• d) Reaction of formaldehyde with sulphite ions in aerosols

Solution: d)

Hydroxymethanesulphonate (HMS) is a secondary aerosol that forms through the reaction of formaldehyde and sulphite ions in aerosol particles. This reaction requires liquid water within aerosols, often in a supercooled state, making it unique.

About Hydroxymethanesulphonate:

• What it is: A secondary aerosol that forms from chemical reactions involving formaldehyde and sulphur dioxide in the presence of liquid water.

• How it is formed: Occurs when formaldehyde reacts with sulphite ions in aerosol particles. Requires liquid water within aerosol particles, even in extremely cold conditions (supercooled state).

• Occurs when formaldehyde reacts with sulphite ions in aerosol particles.

• Requires liquid water within aerosol particles, even in extremely cold conditions (supercooled state).

• Factors favoring its formation: Low temperatures: Inhibit ammonium volatilization, reducing aerosol acidity. High ammonium ion concentrations: Neutralize acidity, enabling reactions. Supercooled liquid water: Present in aerosols at sub-zero temperatures.

• Low temperatures: Inhibit ammonium volatilization, reducing aerosol acidity.

• High ammonium ion concentrations: Neutralize acidity, enabling reactions.

• Supercooled liquid water: Present in aerosols at sub-zero temperatures.

Solution: d)

About Hydroxymethanesulphonate:

• What it is: A secondary aerosol that forms from chemical reactions involving formaldehyde and sulphur dioxide in the presence of liquid water.

• Occurs when formaldehyde reacts with sulphite ions in aerosol particles.

• Requires liquid water within aerosol particles, even in extremely cold conditions (supercooled state).

• Low temperatures: Inhibit ammonium volatilization, reducing aerosol acidity.

• High ammonium ion concentrations: Neutralize acidity, enabling reactions.

• Supercooled liquid water: Present in aerosols at sub-zero temperatures.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points During La Niña years, India typically experiences which of the following impacts? a) Above-normal monsoons and colder winters b) Below-normal monsoons and warmer winters c) Prolonged droughts and above-average summer heat d) Increased cyclonic activity in the eastern Pacific Correct Solution: a) La Niña enhances the Indian monsoon, often resulting in above-normal rainfall. It also brings colder winters to northern India due to stronger westerlies and cooler temperatures in the region. About La Niña: What it is:A cooling phase of the Pacific Ocean, characterized by lower-than-average sea surface temperatures between Indonesia and South America. How it forms:Strengthened trade winds push warm water westward, allowing colder water to upwell in the central and eastern Pacific. Global Impacts: Increased hurricanes over the Atlantic Ocean. Droughts in Africa and western U.S. Enhanced rainfall in Southeast Asia and Australia. Impacts on India: Above-normal monsoons (e.g., 2020-2022). Colder winters in north India and cooler summer relief. Higher wind speeds, improving air quality. Incorrect Solution: a) La Niña enhances the Indian monsoon, often resulting in above-normal rainfall. It also brings colder winters to northern India due to stronger westerlies and cooler temperatures in the region. About La Niña: What it is:A cooling phase of the Pacific Ocean, characterized by lower-than-average sea surface temperatures between Indonesia and South America. How it forms:Strengthened trade winds push warm water westward, allowing colder water to upwell in the central and eastern Pacific. Global Impacts: Increased hurricanes over the Atlantic Ocean. Droughts in Africa and western U.S. Enhanced rainfall in Southeast Asia and Australia. Impacts on India: Above-normal monsoons (e.g., 2020-2022). Colder winters in north India and cooler summer relief. Higher wind speeds, improving air quality.

#### 5. Question

During La Niña years, India typically experiences which of the following impacts?

• a) Above-normal monsoons and colder winters

• b) Below-normal monsoons and warmer winters

• c) Prolonged droughts and above-average summer heat

• d) Increased cyclonic activity in the eastern Pacific

Solution: a)

La Niña enhances the Indian monsoon, often resulting in above-normal rainfall. It also brings colder winters to northern India due to stronger westerlies and cooler temperatures in the region.

About La Niña:

• What it is:A cooling phase of the Pacific Ocean, characterized by lower-than-average sea surface temperatures between Indonesia and South America.

• How it forms:Strengthened trade winds push warm water westward, allowing colder water to upwell in the central and eastern Pacific.

Global Impacts:

• Increased hurricanes over the Atlantic Ocean.

• Droughts in Africa and western U.S.

• Enhanced rainfall in Southeast Asia and Australia.

Impacts on India:

• Above-normal monsoons (e.g., 2020-2022).

• Colder winters in north India and cooler summer relief.

• Higher wind speeds, improving air quality.

Solution: a)

La Niña enhances the Indian monsoon, often resulting in above-normal rainfall. It also brings colder winters to northern India due to stronger westerlies and cooler temperatures in the region.

About La Niña:

• What it is:A cooling phase of the Pacific Ocean, characterized by lower-than-average sea surface temperatures between Indonesia and South America.

• How it forms:Strengthened trade winds push warm water westward, allowing colder water to upwell in the central and eastern Pacific.

Global Impacts:

• Increased hurricanes over the Atlantic Ocean.

• Droughts in Africa and western U.S.

• Enhanced rainfall in Southeast Asia and Australia.

Impacts on India:

• Above-normal monsoons (e.g., 2020-2022).

• Colder winters in north India and cooler summer relief.

• Higher wind speeds, improving air quality.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the impacts of a Triple Dip La Niña: It leads to below-normal monsoons in India for three consecutive years. It results in warmer-than-average winters in northern India. It decreases cyclone activity in the Atlantic Ocean and Australian region. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect: Triple Dip La Niña typically leads to above-normal monsoons in India due to stronger trade winds and enhanced moisture transport. The years 2020-2022 witnessed robust monsoons due to prolonged La Niña phases. Statement 2 is incorrect: La Niña brings cooler-than-average winters to northern India due to stronger cold winds from central Asia. Statement 3 is incorrect: La Niña increases cyclone activity in the Australian region and Atlantic Ocean due to favorable atmospheric conditions, such as reduced wind shear. About Triple Dip La Niña: What it is:When La Niña conditions persist for three consecutive years (rare occurrence). How it forms:Sustained strengthening of trade winds and persistent cooling of the Pacific over multiple cycles. Global Impacts: Extended droughts in Africa and western U.S. Increased cyclone activity in Australia and Atlantic hurricanes. Prolonged disruptions in global agricultural and marine systems. Impacts on India: Consistent above-normal rainfall (e.g., 2020-2022). Cooler winters in north India. Enhanced agricultural yield due to robust monsoons. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement 1 is incorrect: Triple Dip La Niña typically leads to above-normal monsoons in India due to stronger trade winds and enhanced moisture transport. The years 2020-2022 witnessed robust monsoons due to prolonged La Niña phases. Statement 2 is incorrect: La Niña brings cooler-than-average winters to northern India due to stronger cold winds from central Asia. Statement 3 is incorrect: La Niña increases cyclone activity in the Australian region and Atlantic Ocean due to favorable atmospheric conditions, such as reduced wind shear. About Triple Dip La Niña: What it is:When La Niña conditions persist for three consecutive years (rare occurrence). How it forms:Sustained strengthening of trade winds and persistent cooling of the Pacific over multiple cycles. Global Impacts: Extended droughts in Africa and western U.S. Increased cyclone activity in Australia and Atlantic hurricanes. Prolonged disruptions in global agricultural and marine systems. Impacts on India: Consistent above-normal rainfall (e.g., 2020-2022). Cooler winters in north India. Enhanced agricultural yield due to robust monsoons.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the impacts of a Triple Dip La Niña:

• It leads to below-normal monsoons in India for three consecutive years.

• It results in warmer-than-average winters in northern India.

• It decreases cyclone activity in the Atlantic Ocean and Australian region.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: d)

Statement 1 is incorrect: Triple Dip La Niña typically leads to above-normal monsoons in India due to stronger trade winds and enhanced moisture transport. The years 2020-2022 witnessed robust monsoons due to prolonged La Niña phases.

Statement 2 is incorrect: La Niña brings cooler-than-average winters to northern India due to stronger cold winds from central Asia.

Statement 3 is incorrect: La Niña increases cyclone activity in the Australian region and Atlantic Ocean due to favorable atmospheric conditions, such as reduced wind shear.

About Triple Dip La Niña:

• What it is:When La Niña conditions persist for three consecutive years (rare occurrence).

• How it forms:Sustained strengthening of trade winds and persistent cooling of the Pacific over multiple cycles.

Global Impacts:

• Extended droughts in Africa and western U.S.

• Increased cyclone activity in Australia and Atlantic hurricanes.

• Prolonged disruptions in global agricultural and marine systems.

Impacts on India:

• Consistent above-normal rainfall (e.g., 2020-2022).

• Cooler winters in north India.

• Enhanced agricultural yield due to robust monsoons.

Solution: d)

Statement 2 is incorrect: La Niña brings cooler-than-average winters to northern India due to stronger cold winds from central Asia.

Statement 3 is incorrect: La Niña increases cyclone activity in the Australian region and Atlantic Ocean due to favorable atmospheric conditions, such as reduced wind shear.

About Triple Dip La Niña:

• What it is:When La Niña conditions persist for three consecutive years (rare occurrence).

• How it forms:Sustained strengthening of trade winds and persistent cooling of the Pacific over multiple cycles.

Global Impacts:

• Extended droughts in Africa and western U.S.

• Increased cyclone activity in Australia and Atlantic hurricanes.

• Prolonged disruptions in global agricultural and marine systems.

Impacts on India:

• Consistent above-normal rainfall (e.g., 2020-2022).

• Cooler winters in north India.

• Enhanced agricultural yield due to robust monsoons.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Where is the island of Mayotte located? a) Between the Maldives and Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean b) In the Mozambique Channel between Madagascar and Mozambique c) Near the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf d) In the South China Sea near the Philippines Correct Solution: b) Mayotte is an overseas department of France located in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean, situated between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Its strategic position makes it important for maritime navigation and trade routes. Incorrect Solution: b) Mayotte is an overseas department of France located in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean, situated between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Its strategic position makes it important for maritime navigation and trade routes.

#### 7. Question

Where is the island of Mayotte located?

• a) Between the Maldives and Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean

• b) In the Mozambique Channel between Madagascar and Mozambique

• c) Near the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf

• d) In the South China Sea near the Philippines

Solution: b)

Mayotte is an overseas department of France located in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean, situated between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Its strategic position makes it important for maritime navigation and trade routes.

Solution: b)

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the CHARAK Initiative: It is launched under the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mandate. The initiative covers both infectious diseases like TB and non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disorders. The scheme also provides free treatment for accidental trauma and burn injuries. How many of the above statements is/are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct: The CHARAK Initiative is launched as part of NCL’s CSR mandate. Statement 2 is correct: It covers both infectious diseases like TB and non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases. Statement 3 is correct: Treatment for accidental trauma and burn injuries is included under the scheme. About CHARAK Initiative: What it is: A health-centric CSR initiative by NCL for free treatment of life-threatening diseases. Launched by: Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), under the Ministry of Coal. Aim: To provide free and specialized healthcare to economically weaker sections suffering from life-threatening diseases. Eligibility: Residents of Singrauli and Sonbhadra districts with annual family income below ₹8 Lakhs. Covered Diseases: Includes malignancy, TB, HIV complications, cardiovascular diseases, organ transplants, burns, neurological disorders, accidental trauma, etc. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct: The CHARAK Initiative is launched as part of NCL’s CSR mandate. Statement 2 is correct: It covers both infectious diseases like TB and non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases. Statement 3 is correct: Treatment for accidental trauma and burn injuries is included under the scheme. About CHARAK Initiative: What it is: A health-centric CSR initiative by NCL for free treatment of life-threatening diseases. Launched by: Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), under the Ministry of Coal. Aim: To provide free and specialized healthcare to economically weaker sections suffering from life-threatening diseases. Eligibility: Residents of Singrauli and Sonbhadra districts with annual family income below ₹8 Lakhs. Covered Diseases: Includes malignancy, TB, HIV complications, cardiovascular diseases, organ transplants, burns, neurological disorders, accidental trauma, etc.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the CHARAK Initiative:

• It is launched under the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mandate.

• The initiative covers both infectious diseases like TB and non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disorders.

• The scheme also provides free treatment for accidental trauma and burn injuries.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: c)

Statement 1 is correct: The CHARAK Initiative is launched as part of NCL’s CSR mandate.

Statement 2 is correct: It covers both infectious diseases like TB and non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases.

Statement 3 is correct: Treatment for accidental trauma and burn injuries is included under the scheme.

About CHARAK Initiative:

• What it is: A health-centric CSR initiative by NCL for free treatment of life-threatening diseases.

• Launched by: Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), under the Ministry of Coal.

• Aim: To provide free and specialized healthcare to economically weaker sections suffering from life-threatening diseases.

• Eligibility: Residents of Singrauli and Sonbhadra districts with annual family income below ₹8 Lakhs.

• Covered Diseases: Includes malignancy, TB, HIV complications, cardiovascular diseases, organ transplants, burns, neurological disorders, accidental trauma, etc.

Solution: c)

Statement 1 is correct: The CHARAK Initiative is launched as part of NCL’s CSR mandate.

Statement 2 is correct: It covers both infectious diseases like TB and non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases.

Statement 3 is correct: Treatment for accidental trauma and burn injuries is included under the scheme.

About CHARAK Initiative:

• What it is: A health-centric CSR initiative by NCL for free treatment of life-threatening diseases.

• Launched by: Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), under the Ministry of Coal.

• Aim: To provide free and specialized healthcare to economically weaker sections suffering from life-threatening diseases.

• Eligibility: Residents of Singrauli and Sonbhadra districts with annual family income below ₹8 Lakhs.

• Covered Diseases: Includes malignancy, TB, HIV complications, cardiovascular diseases, organ transplants, burns, neurological disorders, accidental trauma, etc.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): Antifibrotic medications can reverse lung damage caused by IPF. Oxygen therapy helps manage symptoms but does not stop disease progression. Lung transplantation is considered for advanced stages of the disease. Which of the statements is/are correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect; antifibrotic medications like Pirfenidone and Nintedanib only slow the progression of IPF but do not reverse the lung damage. Statement 2 is correct; oxygen therapy alleviates symptoms like breathlessness but does not halt disease progression. Statement 3 is correct; lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with advanced IPF who do not respond to other treatments. About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): What it is: A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult. Causes: Exact cause unknown (idiopathic). Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation. Symptoms: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Dry cough Fatigue and unintended weight loss Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. Diagnosis: Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy. Treatment: Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression). Oxygen therapy and lung exercises. Lung transplantation for advanced cases. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is incorrect; antifibrotic medications like Pirfenidone and Nintedanib only slow the progression of IPF but do not reverse the lung damage. Statement 2 is correct; oxygen therapy alleviates symptoms like breathlessness but does not halt disease progression. Statement 3 is correct; lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with advanced IPF who do not respond to other treatments. About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): What it is: A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult. Causes: Exact cause unknown (idiopathic). Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation. Symptoms: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Dry cough Fatigue and unintended weight loss Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. Diagnosis: Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy. Treatment: Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression). Oxygen therapy and lung exercises. Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF):

• Antifibrotic medications can reverse lung damage caused by IPF.

• Oxygen therapy helps manage symptoms but does not stop disease progression.

• Lung transplantation is considered for advanced stages of the disease.

Which of the statements is/are correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: b)

Statement 1 is incorrect; antifibrotic medications like Pirfenidone and Nintedanib only slow the progression of IPF but do not reverse the lung damage.

Statement 2 is correct; oxygen therapy alleviates symptoms like breathlessness but does not halt disease progression.

Statement 3 is correct; lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with advanced IPF who do not respond to other treatments.

About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF):

• What it is: A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult.

• Causes: Exact cause unknown (idiopathic). Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation.

• Exact cause unknown (idiopathic).

• Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation.

• Symptoms: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Dry cough Fatigue and unintended weight loss Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

• Fatigue and unintended weight loss

• Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

• Diagnosis: Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy.

• Treatment: Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression). Oxygen therapy and lung exercises. Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

• Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression).

• Oxygen therapy and lung exercises.

• Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

Solution: b)

Statement 1 is incorrect; antifibrotic medications like Pirfenidone and Nintedanib only slow the progression of IPF but do not reverse the lung damage.

Statement 2 is correct; oxygen therapy alleviates symptoms like breathlessness but does not halt disease progression.

Statement 3 is correct; lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with advanced IPF who do not respond to other treatments.

About Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF):

• What it is: A chronic, progressive lung disease causing scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, making breathing difficult.

• Causes: Exact cause unknown (idiopathic). Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation.

• Exact cause unknown (idiopathic).

• Triggered by environmental factors (smoke, dust, pollution), genetic predisposition, and chronic inflammation.

• Symptoms: Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Dry cough Fatigue and unintended weight loss Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

• Fatigue and unintended weight loss

• Low oxygen levels leading to complications like pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

• Diagnosis: Confirmed via high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occasionally lung biopsy.

• Treatment: Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression). Oxygen therapy and lung exercises. Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

• Antifibrotic medications: Pirfenidone, Nintedanib (slows progression).

• Oxygen therapy and lung exercises.

• Lung transplantation for advanced cases.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Moldova’s geographic and political features: Moldova’s landscape is dominated by mountains and high-altitude plateaus. Transnistria is an internationally recognized autonomous region within Moldova. Moldova is known for its fertile land and temperate continental climate. Which of the above statements is correct? a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect: Moldova’s terrain is mostly low-lying with rolling hills, not dominated by mountains. Statement 2 is incorrect: Transnistria is a breakaway territory and is not recognized internationally as autonomous or independent. Statement 3 is correct: Moldova is known for its fertile land and temperate continental climate, which support agriculture. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect: Moldova’s terrain is mostly low-lying with rolling hills, not dominated by mountains. Statement 2 is incorrect: Transnistria is a breakaway territory and is not recognized internationally as autonomous or independent. Statement 3 is correct: Moldova is known for its fertile land and temperate continental climate, which support agriculture.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Moldova’s geographic and political features:

• Moldova’s landscape is dominated by mountains and high-altitude plateaus.

• Transnistria is an internationally recognized autonomous region within Moldova.

• Moldova is known for its fertile land and temperate continental climate.

Which of the above statements is correct?

• a) Only one

• b) Only two

• c) All three

Solution: a)

Statement 1 is incorrect: Moldova’s terrain is mostly low-lying with rolling hills, not dominated by mountains.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Transnistria is a breakaway territory and is not recognized internationally as autonomous or independent.

Statement 3 is correct: Moldova is known for its fertile land and temperate continental climate, which support agriculture.

Solution: a)

Statement 1 is incorrect: Moldova’s terrain is mostly low-lying with rolling hills, not dominated by mountains.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Transnistria is a breakaway territory and is not recognized internationally as autonomous or independent.

Statement 3 is correct: Moldova is known for its fertile land and temperate continental climate, which support agriculture.

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