UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 17 February 2026

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the ‘PM RAHAT’ Scheme: It provides cashless treatment up to ₹1.5 lakh for road accident victims, limited to a duration of 7 days from the date of the accident. The National Health Authority (NHA) provides the policy oversight, while the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoHUA) handles claims processing. The scheme is funded through the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund (MVAF) for insured cases. How many of the above statements are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: A PM RAHAT (Road Accident Victim Hospitalization and Assured Treatment) is a national cashless emergency scheme. Statement 1 is correct as it offers financial coverage of ₹1.5 lakh per victim for a 7-day window, emphasizing the Golden Hour Statement 2 is incorrect. MoRTH provides policy oversight and the eDAR platform, while the NHA handles claims processing via its Transaction Management System (TMS 2.0). Statement 3 is correct regarding the funding mechanism. The Motor Vehicle Accident Fund (MVAF) covers insured cases through insurance contributions, while budgetary support handles uninsured or ‘Hit & Run’ cases. This ensures that hospitals have financial certainty, encouraging them to provide immediate, uninterrupted treatment without worrying about payment from the victim. Incorrect Solution: A PM RAHAT (Road Accident Victim Hospitalization and Assured Treatment) is a national cashless emergency scheme. Statement 1 is correct as it offers financial coverage of ₹1.5 lakh per victim for a 7-day window, emphasizing the Golden Hour Statement 2 is incorrect. MoRTH provides policy oversight and the eDAR platform, while the NHA handles claims processing via its Transaction Management System (TMS 2.0). Statement 3 is correct regarding the funding mechanism. The Motor Vehicle Accident Fund (MVAF) covers insured cases through insurance contributions, while budgetary support handles uninsured or ‘Hit & Run’ cases. This ensures that hospitals have financial certainty, encouraging them to provide immediate, uninterrupted treatment without worrying about payment from the victim.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the ‘PM RAHAT’ Scheme:

• It provides cashless treatment up to ₹1.5 lakh for road accident victims, limited to a duration of 7 days from the date of the accident.

• The National Health Authority (NHA) provides the policy oversight, while the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoHUA) handles claims processing.

• The scheme is funded through the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund (MVAF) for insured cases.

How many of the above statements are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: A

• PM RAHAT (Road Accident Victim Hospitalization and Assured Treatment) is a national cashless emergency scheme.

• Statement 1 is correct as it offers financial coverage of ₹1.5 lakh per victim for a 7-day window, emphasizing the Golden Hour

• Statement 2 is incorrect. MoRTH provides policy oversight and the eDAR platform, while the NHA handles claims processing via its Transaction Management System (TMS 2.0).

Statement 3 is correct regarding the funding mechanism. The Motor Vehicle Accident Fund (MVAF) covers insured cases through insurance contributions, while budgetary support handles uninsured or ‘Hit & Run’ cases. This ensures that hospitals have financial certainty, encouraging them to provide immediate, uninterrupted treatment without worrying about payment from the victim.

Solution: A

• PM RAHAT (Road Accident Victim Hospitalization and Assured Treatment) is a national cashless emergency scheme.

• Statement 1 is correct as it offers financial coverage of ₹1.5 lakh per victim for a 7-day window, emphasizing the Golden Hour

• Statement 2 is incorrect. MoRTH provides policy oversight and the eDAR platform, while the NHA handles claims processing via its Transaction Management System (TMS 2.0).

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: The Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 (FoF 2.0) does not invest directly in individual startup entities. Statement II: FoF 2.0 is designed to mobilize long-term domestic capital by investing in SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs). Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is correct. The “Fund of Funds” model is a multi-tier investment strategy where the government does not pick individual startups to fund. Statement II correctly explains that the government invests its ₹10,000 crore corpus into Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs). These AIFs, which are registered with SEBI, then use their professional expertise to identify and invest in high-potential startups. This structure leverages private sector expertise and multiplies the impact of government capital. The FoF 2.0 specifically focuses on deep-tech and innovative manufacturing, sectors that often face “high-risk capital gaps.” By supporting smaller AIFs, the government aims to deepen the local venture capital ecosystem and reduce reliance on foreign funding for early-stage Indian innovations. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is correct. The “Fund of Funds” model is a multi-tier investment strategy where the government does not pick individual startups to fund. Statement II correctly explains that the government invests its ₹10,000 crore corpus into Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs). These AIFs, which are registered with SEBI, then use their professional expertise to identify and invest in high-potential startups. This structure leverages private sector expertise and multiplies the impact of government capital. The FoF 2.0 specifically focuses on deep-tech and innovative manufacturing, sectors that often face “high-risk capital gaps.” By supporting smaller AIFs, the government aims to deepen the local venture capital ecosystem and reduce reliance on foreign funding for early-stage Indian innovations.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: The Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 (FoF 2.0) does not invest directly in individual startup entities.

Statement II: FoF 2.0 is designed to mobilize long-term domestic capital by investing in SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct. The “Fund of Funds” model is a multi-tier investment strategy where the government does not pick individual startups to fund.

• Statement II correctly explains that the government invests its ₹10,000 crore corpus into Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs). These AIFs, which are registered with SEBI, then use their professional expertise to identify and invest in high-potential startups. This structure leverages private sector expertise and multiplies the impact of government capital.

• The FoF 2.0 specifically focuses on deep-tech and innovative manufacturing, sectors that often face “high-risk capital gaps.” By supporting smaller AIFs, the government aims to deepen the local venture capital ecosystem and reduce reliance on foreign funding for early-stage Indian innovations.

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct. The “Fund of Funds” model is a multi-tier investment strategy where the government does not pick individual startups to fund.

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to ‘Bio-based Chemicals and Enzymes’, consider the following statements: Bio-based chemicals are derived from fossil hydrocarbons but processed using biological catalysts. Enzymes are biological catalysts that typically require higher temperatures and pressures compared to traditional chemical catalysts. The production of bio-based chemicals generally results in a lower carbon footprint compared to petrochemical pathways. India’s BioE3 policy prioritizes these substances to reduce dependence on petrochemical imports. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect because bio-based chemicals are derived from renewable biological feedstocks (like sugarcane or agricultural residues), not fossil hydrocarbons. Statement 2 is incorrect because one of the primary advantages of enzymes is that they operate at lower temperatures and pressures, making them more energy-efficient than traditional industrial catalysts. Statement 3 is correct as the use of biomass and efficient enzymatic processes leads to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. Statement 4 is correct; the BioE3 policy (Economy, Environment, and Employment) by the Department of Biotechnology specifically targets these sectors to foster sustainable manufacturing and enhance India’s self-reliance by cutting down on expensive and environmentally taxing petrochemical imports. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is incorrect because bio-based chemicals are derived from renewable biological feedstocks (like sugarcane or agricultural residues), not fossil hydrocarbons. Statement 2 is incorrect because one of the primary advantages of enzymes is that they operate at lower temperatures and pressures, making them more energy-efficient than traditional industrial catalysts. Statement 3 is correct as the use of biomass and efficient enzymatic processes leads to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. Statement 4 is correct; the BioE3 policy (Economy, Environment, and Employment) by the Department of Biotechnology specifically targets these sectors to foster sustainable manufacturing and enhance India’s self-reliance by cutting down on expensive and environmentally taxing petrochemical imports.

#### 3. Question

With reference to ‘Bio-based Chemicals and Enzymes’, consider the following statements:

• Bio-based chemicals are derived from fossil hydrocarbons but processed using biological catalysts.

• Enzymes are biological catalysts that typically require higher temperatures and pressures compared to traditional chemical catalysts.

• The production of bio-based chemicals generally results in a lower carbon footprint compared to petrochemical pathways.

• India’s BioE3 policy prioritizes these substances to reduce dependence on petrochemical imports.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect because bio-based chemicals are derived from renewable biological feedstocks (like sugarcane or agricultural residues), not fossil hydrocarbons.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because one of the primary advantages of enzymes is that they operate at lower temperatures and pressures, making them more energy-efficient than traditional industrial catalysts.

• Statement 3 is correct as the use of biomass and efficient enzymatic processes leads to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Statement 4 is correct; the BioE3 policy (Economy, Environment, and Employment) by the Department of Biotechnology specifically targets these sectors to foster sustainable manufacturing and enhance India’s self-reliance by cutting down on expensive and environmentally taxing petrochemical imports.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is incorrect because bio-based chemicals are derived from renewable biological feedstocks (like sugarcane or agricultural residues), not fossil hydrocarbons.

• Statement 3 is correct as the use of biomass and efficient enzymatic processes leads to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the ‘CBDC-based Public Distribution System (PDS)’: It utilizes the Digital Rupee issued by the Reserve Bank of India for transactions within the ration distribution mechanism. The Ministry of Finance is the primary nodal agency for the implementation and oversight of this specific PDS reform. The system incorporates an automated machine capable of dispensing food grains with high accuracy in a time-bound manner. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct as the system integrates Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), also known as the Digital Rupee, to ensure secure and traceable transactions. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is the nodal ministry for PDS reforms, while the RBI acts as the issuer of the currency. Statement 3 is correct; the system uses the ‘Annapurna’ machine, which can dispense 25 kg of grain in just 35 seconds, ensuring both speed and precision. This initiative, first launched in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, aims to fulfill the vision of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” by reducing human intervention, preventing leakages, and ensuring that subsidies reach the intended 80 crore beneficiaries transparently. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct as the system integrates Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), also known as the Digital Rupee, to ensure secure and traceable transactions. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is the nodal ministry for PDS reforms, while the RBI acts as the issuer of the currency. Statement 3 is correct; the system uses the ‘Annapurna’ machine, which can dispense 25 kg of grain in just 35 seconds, ensuring both speed and precision. This initiative, first launched in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, aims to fulfill the vision of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” by reducing human intervention, preventing leakages, and ensuring that subsidies reach the intended 80 crore beneficiaries transparently.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the ‘CBDC-based Public Distribution System (PDS)’:

• It utilizes the Digital Rupee issued by the Reserve Bank of India for transactions within the ration distribution mechanism.

• The Ministry of Finance is the primary nodal agency for the implementation and oversight of this specific PDS reform.

• The system incorporates an automated machine capable of dispensing food grains with high accuracy in a time-bound manner.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct as the system integrates Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), also known as the Digital Rupee, to ensure secure and traceable transactions.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is the nodal ministry for PDS reforms, while the RBI acts as the issuer of the currency.

Statement 3 is correct; the system uses the ‘Annapurna’ machine, which can dispense 25 kg of grain in just 35 seconds, ensuring both speed and precision. This initiative, first launched in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, aims to fulfill the vision of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” by reducing human intervention, preventing leakages, and ensuring that subsidies reach the intended 80 crore beneficiaries transparently.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct as the system integrates Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), also known as the Digital Rupee, to ensure secure and traceable transactions.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is the nodal ministry for PDS reforms, while the RBI acts as the issuer of the currency.

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points With reference to the ‘Brahmaputra River’, consider the following pairs: Region/Nation Name of the River 1. Tibet Yarlung Tsangpo 2. Arunachal Pradesh Siang/Dihang 3. Bangladesh Jamuna Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: D The Brahmaputra is a transboundary river with various names across its course. In Tibet, where it originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier, it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo. As it enters India through Arunachal Pradesh, it is called the Siang or Dihang. After flowing through the plains of Assam, where it becomes the Brahmaputra, it enters Bangladesh and is renamed the Jamuna. It later merges with the Padma (Ganga) and the Meghna before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The river is notable for its highly braided channel in Assam due to heavy siltation and its role in forming the world’s largest delta. Incorrect Solution: D The Brahmaputra is a transboundary river with various names across its course. In Tibet, where it originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier, it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo. As it enters India through Arunachal Pradesh, it is called the Siang or Dihang. After flowing through the plains of Assam, where it becomes the Brahmaputra, it enters Bangladesh and is renamed the Jamuna. It later merges with the Padma (Ganga) and the Meghna before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The river is notable for its highly braided channel in Assam due to heavy siltation and its role in forming the world’s largest delta.

#### 5. Question

With reference to the ‘Brahmaputra River’, consider the following pairs:

Region/Nation | Name of the River

1.Tibet | Yarlung Tsangpo
2.Arunachal Pradesh | Siang/Dihang
3.Bangladesh | Jamuna

Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: D

• The Brahmaputra is a transboundary river with various names across its course.

• In Tibet, where it originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier, it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo.

• As it enters India through Arunachal Pradesh, it is called the Siang or Dihang.

• After flowing through the plains of Assam, where it becomes the Brahmaputra, it enters Bangladesh and is renamed the Jamuna. It later merges with the Padma (Ganga) and the Meghna before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

• The river is notable for its highly braided channel in Assam due to heavy siltation and its role in forming the world’s largest delta.

Solution: D

• The Brahmaputra is a transboundary river with various names across its course.

• In Tibet, where it originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier, it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo.

• As it enters India through Arunachal Pradesh, it is called the Siang or Dihang.

• The river is notable for its highly braided channel in Assam due to heavy siltation and its role in forming the world’s largest delta.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points With reference to the ‘Brahmaputra River’, consider the following statements: It originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier near Lake Mapam in Tibet. The drainage basin of the river in India is limited to the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. It flows through the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, which is among the deepest gorges globally. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct; the river begins its journey in the high altitudes of Tibet. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the main stem of the river flows primarily through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, its drainage basin (the area from which it collects water through tributaries) is much wider. It covers parts of Nagaland, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Sikkim. Statement 3 is correct; the river is famous for cutting through the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, a massive geological feature created as the river turns south to enter India. This region is characterized by extreme descent and massive water volume, contributing to the river’s status as one of the world’s highest discharge rivers. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct; the river begins its journey in the high altitudes of Tibet. Statement 2 is incorrect because while the main stem of the river flows primarily through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, its drainage basin (the area from which it collects water through tributaries) is much wider. It covers parts of Nagaland, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Sikkim. Statement 3 is correct; the river is famous for cutting through the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, a massive geological feature created as the river turns south to enter India. This region is characterized by extreme descent and massive water volume, contributing to the river’s status as one of the world’s highest discharge rivers.

#### 6. Question

With reference to the ‘Brahmaputra River’, consider the following statements:

• It originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier near Lake Mapam in Tibet.

• The drainage basin of the river in India is limited to the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

• It flows through the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, which is among the deepest gorges globally.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct; the river begins its journey in the high altitudes of Tibet.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because while the main stem of the river flows primarily through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, its drainage basin (the area from which it collects water through tributaries) is much wider. It covers parts of Nagaland, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Sikkim.

• Statement 3 is correct; the river is famous for cutting through the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, a massive geological feature created as the river turns south to enter India. This region is characterized by extreme descent and massive water volume, contributing to the river’s status as one of the world’s highest discharge rivers.

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct; the river begins its journey in the high altitudes of Tibet.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding ‘Bio-based Chemicals’: Lactic acid and bio-alcohols are examples of organic intermediates produced via fermentation. These chemicals are primarily used as substitutes for metals in heavy industrial manufacturing. Microbial fermentation is a common process used for the formation of these chemicals. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) 2 only (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct; lactic acid and bio-alcohols are classic examples of bio-based chemicals derived from biomass through biological processes. Statement 2 is incorrect because these chemicals are substitutes for petrochemicals (derivatives of oil and gas), not metals. They are used in plastics, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Statement 3 is correct; microbial fermentation and enzymatic conversion are the primary methods for transforming raw biomass (like corn or starch) into these useful chemical intermediates. By shifting to these methods, industries can move toward a bioeconomy, which integrates biology with industrial production to create sustainable, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral products that reduce the global reliance on fossil fuels. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct; lactic acid and bio-alcohols are classic examples of bio-based chemicals derived from biomass through biological processes. Statement 2 is incorrect because these chemicals are substitutes for petrochemicals (derivatives of oil and gas), not metals. They are used in plastics, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Statement 3 is correct; microbial fermentation and enzymatic conversion are the primary methods for transforming raw biomass (like corn or starch) into these useful chemical intermediates. By shifting to these methods, industries can move toward a bioeconomy, which integrates biology with industrial production to create sustainable, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral products that reduce the global reliance on fossil fuels.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements regarding ‘Bio-based Chemicals’:

• Lactic acid and bio-alcohols are examples of organic intermediates produced via fermentation.

• These chemicals are primarily used as substitutes for metals in heavy industrial manufacturing.

• Microbial fermentation is a common process used for the formation of these chemicals.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) 2 only

• (c) All three

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct; lactic acid and bio-alcohols are classic examples of bio-based chemicals derived from biomass through biological processes.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because these chemicals are substitutes for petrochemicals (derivatives of oil and gas), not metals. They are used in plastics, solvents, and pharmaceuticals.

• Statement 3 is correct; microbial fermentation and enzymatic conversion are the primary methods for transforming raw biomass (like corn or starch) into these useful chemical intermediates. By shifting to these methods, industries can move toward a bioeconomy, which integrates biology with industrial production to create sustainable, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral products that reduce the global reliance on fossil fuels.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct; lactic acid and bio-alcohols are classic examples of bio-based chemicals derived from biomass through biological processes.

• Statement 2 is incorrect because these chemicals are substitutes for petrochemicals (derivatives of oil and gas), not metals. They are used in plastics, solvents, and pharmaceuticals.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points The ‘Urban Challenge Fund (UCF)’ focuses on which of the following project verticals? Cities as Growth Hubs Creative Redevelopment Water and Sanitation Rural-Urban Migration Control Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Correct Solution: A The UCF is structured around specific high-impact areas to drive urban transformation. The three main verticals are Cities as Growth Hubs (focusing on economic productivity), Creative Redevelopment (revitalizing existing urban spaces), and Water & Sanitation (essential infrastructure for health and resilience). Statement 4 is incorrect as the fund’s mandate is to manage and improve existing urban infrastructure rather than implementing direct demographic controls like migration restriction. The scheme aims to make cities climate-responsive and inclusive, using the ₹1 lakh crore central assistance to catalyze a total investment of approximately ₹4 lakh crore. This is achieved by making projects “bankable” and attractive to private investors. Incorrect Solution: A The UCF is structured around specific high-impact areas to drive urban transformation. The three main verticals are Cities as Growth Hubs (focusing on economic productivity), Creative Redevelopment (revitalizing existing urban spaces), and Water & Sanitation (essential infrastructure for health and resilience). Statement 4 is incorrect as the fund’s mandate is to manage and improve existing urban infrastructure rather than implementing direct demographic controls like migration restriction. The scheme aims to make cities climate-responsive and inclusive, using the ₹1 lakh crore central assistance to catalyze a total investment of approximately ₹4 lakh crore. This is achieved by making projects “bankable” and attractive to private investors.

#### 8. Question

The ‘Urban Challenge Fund (UCF)’ focuses on which of the following project verticals?

• Cities as Growth Hubs

• Creative Redevelopment

• Water and Sanitation

• Rural-Urban Migration Control

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Solution: A

• The UCF is structured around specific high-impact areas to drive urban transformation. The three main verticals are Cities as Growth Hubs (focusing on economic productivity), Creative Redevelopment (revitalizing existing urban spaces), and Water & Sanitation (essential infrastructure for health and resilience).

• Statement 4 is incorrect as the fund’s mandate is to manage and improve existing urban infrastructure rather than implementing direct demographic controls like migration restriction.

• The scheme aims to make cities climate-responsive and inclusive, using the ₹1 lakh crore central assistance to catalyze a total investment of approximately ₹4 lakh crore. This is achieved by making projects “bankable” and attractive to private investors.

Solution: A

• Statement 4 is incorrect as the fund’s mandate is to manage and improve existing urban infrastructure rather than implementing direct demographic controls like migration restriction.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR): It is an air-breathing propulsion system that uses atmospheric oxygen for combustion, thereby eliminating the need for an onboard oxidiser. The technology uses liquid fuel burned in a controlled manner to provide sustained thrust at subsonic speeds. Initial acceleration to the required Mach number is provided by a nozzle-less ground booster. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: C Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) is a cutting-edge air-breathing propulsion system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Unlike conventional rocket motors that carry both fuel and oxidiser, SFDR utilises atmospheric oxygen for combustion. This design significantly reduces the weight of the missile, allowing for a larger fuel load and, consequently, a vastly extended operational range. The system operates by burning solid fuel in a controlled manner, regulated by a fuel flow controller, to provide sustained thrust. A crucial distinction is that SFDR is designed for supersonic speeds rather than subsonic ones. To reach the speeds necessary for the ramjet to function, the missile uses a nozzle-less ground booster for initial acceleration. Once the required Mach number is achieved, the booster is jettisoned, and the ramjet takes over. This technology is a major breakthrough for India’s Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missiles (BVRAAM). It ensures that the missile maintains high energy throughout its flight, particularly in the terminal phase. This high velocity in the end-game makes it extremely difficult for enemy aircraft to perform evasive manoeuvres. The successful demonstration at the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, marks a significant step toward Atmanirbhar Bharat in advanced missile propulsion, reducing dependence on foreign military technology. Incorrect Solution: C Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) is a cutting-edge air-breathing propulsion system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Unlike conventional rocket motors that carry both fuel and oxidiser, SFDR utilises atmospheric oxygen for combustion. This design significantly reduces the weight of the missile, allowing for a larger fuel load and, consequently, a vastly extended operational range. The system operates by burning solid fuel in a controlled manner, regulated by a fuel flow controller, to provide sustained thrust. A crucial distinction is that SFDR is designed for supersonic speeds rather than subsonic ones. To reach the speeds necessary for the ramjet to function, the missile uses a nozzle-less ground booster for initial acceleration. Once the required Mach number is achieved, the booster is jettisoned, and the ramjet takes over. This technology is a major breakthrough for India’s Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missiles (BVRAAM). It ensures that the missile maintains high energy throughout its flight, particularly in the terminal phase. This high velocity in the end-game makes it extremely difficult for enemy aircraft to perform evasive manoeuvres. The successful demonstration at the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, marks a significant step toward Atmanirbhar Bharat in advanced missile propulsion, reducing dependence on foreign military technology.

#### 9. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR):

• It is an air-breathing propulsion system that uses atmospheric oxygen for combustion, thereby eliminating the need for an onboard oxidiser.

• The technology uses liquid fuel burned in a controlled manner to provide sustained thrust at subsonic speeds.

• Initial acceleration to the required Mach number is provided by a nozzle-less ground booster.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

• Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) is a cutting-edge air-breathing propulsion system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Unlike conventional rocket motors that carry both fuel and oxidiser, SFDR utilises atmospheric oxygen for combustion. This design significantly reduces the weight of the missile, allowing for a larger fuel load and, consequently, a vastly extended operational range.

• The system operates by burning solid fuel in a controlled manner, regulated by a fuel flow controller, to provide sustained thrust. A crucial distinction is that SFDR is designed for supersonic speeds rather than subsonic ones. To reach the speeds necessary for the ramjet to function, the missile uses a nozzle-less ground booster for initial acceleration. Once the required Mach number is achieved, the booster is jettisoned, and the ramjet takes over.

• This technology is a major breakthrough for India’s Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missiles (BVRAAM). It ensures that the missile maintains high energy throughout its flight, particularly in the terminal phase. This high velocity in the end-game makes it extremely difficult for enemy aircraft to perform evasive manoeuvres. The successful demonstration at the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, marks a significant step toward Atmanirbhar Bharat in advanced missile propulsion, reducing dependence on foreign military technology.

Solution: C

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Which of the following best describes the primary objective of ‘Project Vault’ recently launched by the United States? (a) A mission to establish a permanent human colony on the lunar south pole. (b) A cybersecurity framework to protect federal agencies from ransomware attacks. (c) A strategic maritime alliance to counter piracy in the Western Indian Ocean. (d) A $12 billion initiative to stockpile critical minerals and rare earth elements. Correct Solution: D Project Vault is a strategic initiative launched by the United States government, specifically announced by Donald Trump, aimed at securing the nation’s supply of critical minerals and rare earth elements. With a funding of $12 billion, the project is modeled after the concept of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) but focuses on minerals like cobalt, gallium, and rare earths which are essential for high-tech industries and national defence. The primary driver behind this initiative is the need to reduce strategic dependence on China, which currently dominates the global processing and supply chains of these minerals. Global supply shocks, geopolitical tensions, and export controls have highlighted the vulnerability of American industries, including aerospace, automotive (specifically EVs), and defence manufacturing. By creating a robust stockpile, the U.S. aims to ensure uninterrupted access to these materials during times of crisis or market volatility. The project is unique because it employs a public-private stockpiling model. Incorrect Solution: D Project Vault is a strategic initiative launched by the United States government, specifically announced by Donald Trump, aimed at securing the nation’s supply of critical minerals and rare earth elements. With a funding of $12 billion, the project is modeled after the concept of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) but focuses on minerals like cobalt, gallium, and rare earths which are essential for high-tech industries and national defence. The primary driver behind this initiative is the need to reduce strategic dependence on China, which currently dominates the global processing and supply chains of these minerals. Global supply shocks, geopolitical tensions, and export controls have highlighted the vulnerability of American industries, including aerospace, automotive (specifically EVs), and defence manufacturing. By creating a robust stockpile, the U.S. aims to ensure uninterrupted access to these materials during times of crisis or market volatility. The project is unique because it employs a public-private stockpiling model.

#### 10. Question

Which of the following best describes the primary objective of ‘Project Vault’ recently launched by the United States?

• (a) A mission to establish a permanent human colony on the lunar south pole.

• (b) A cybersecurity framework to protect federal agencies from ransomware attacks.

• (c) A strategic maritime alliance to counter piracy in the Western Indian Ocean.

• (d) A $12 billion initiative to stockpile critical minerals and rare earth elements.

Solution: D

• Project Vault is a strategic initiative launched by the United States government, specifically announced by Donald Trump, aimed at securing the nation’s supply of critical minerals and rare earth elements. With a funding of $12 billion, the project is modeled after the concept of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) but focuses on minerals like cobalt, gallium, and rare earths which are essential for high-tech industries and national defence.

• The primary driver behind this initiative is the need to reduce strategic dependence on China, which currently dominates the global processing and supply chains of these minerals. Global supply shocks, geopolitical tensions, and export controls have highlighted the vulnerability of American industries, including aerospace, automotive (specifically EVs), and defence manufacturing. By creating a robust stockpile, the U.S. aims to ensure uninterrupted access to these materials during times of crisis or market volatility.

• The project is unique because it employs a public-private stockpiling model.

Solution: D

• The project is unique because it employs a public-private stockpiling model.

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