UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 17 December 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding Nitrofurans. Statement I: The presence of nitrofuran residues in poultry products such as eggs is considered a violation of food safety standards in India. Statement II: Nitrofurans are rapidly metabolized in the avian body and do not leave any detectable residues in tissues or eggs after 24 hours of administration. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: C Statement I is correct: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched safety drives specifically to detect nitrofurans, which are banned veterinary drugs in food-producing animals. Their presence undermines consumer trust and violates established food law compliance due to their toxicity and carcinogenic nature. Statement II is incorrect: The rationale for the ban and the surveillance drive is precisely because these compounds or their metabolites can persist. If they were rapidly metabolized without leaving detectable residues within 24 hours, the public health risk regarding long-term cumulative exposure and the need for such stringent testing drives to detect “residues” would be negligible. The drive is to detect residues, implying they persist and pose a cumulative health hazard. Incorrect Solution: C Statement I is correct: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched safety drives specifically to detect nitrofurans, which are banned veterinary drugs in food-producing animals. Their presence undermines consumer trust and violates established food law compliance due to their toxicity and carcinogenic nature. Statement II is incorrect: The rationale for the ban and the surveillance drive is precisely because these compounds or their metabolites can persist. If they were rapidly metabolized without leaving detectable residues within 24 hours, the public health risk regarding long-term cumulative exposure and the need for such stringent testing drives to detect “residues” would be negligible. The drive is to detect residues, implying they persist and pose a cumulative health hazard.

#### 1. Question

Consider the following statements regarding Nitrofurans.

Statement I: The presence of nitrofuran residues in poultry products such as eggs is considered a violation of food safety standards in India.

Statement II: Nitrofurans are rapidly metabolized in the avian body and do not leave any detectable residues in tissues or eggs after 24 hours of administration.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: C

• Statement I is correct: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched safety drives specifically to detect nitrofurans, which are banned veterinary drugs in food-producing animals. Their presence undermines consumer trust and violates established food law compliance due to their toxicity and carcinogenic nature.

• Statement II is incorrect: The rationale for the ban and the surveillance drive is precisely because these compounds or their metabolites can persist. If they were rapidly metabolized without leaving detectable residues within 24 hours, the public health risk regarding long-term cumulative exposure and the need for such stringent testing drives to detect “residues” would be negligible. The drive is to detect residues, implying they persist and pose a cumulative health hazard.

Solution: C

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC): It was established as a political initiative under the leadership of former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. One of its priority areas involves strengthening the role of women as peace mediators. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Correct Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: The UNAOC was established in 2005 as a political initiative of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, with the governments of Spain and Türkiye acting as co-sponsors. Its headquarters are in New York. Statement 2 is correct: The UNAOC focuses on several priority areas to counter polarization. These include Education, Youth, Migration, Media, and explicitly, Women as peace mediators, recognizing the importance of strengthening women’s roles in peacebuilding efforts. Incorrect Solution: C Statement 1 is correct: The UNAOC was established in 2005 as a political initiative of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, with the governments of Spain and Türkiye acting as co-sponsors. Its headquarters are in New York. Statement 2 is correct: The UNAOC focuses on several priority areas to counter polarization. These include Education, Youth, Migration, Media, and explicitly, Women as peace mediators, recognizing the importance of strengthening women’s roles in peacebuilding efforts.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC):

• It was established as a political initiative under the leadership of former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan.

• One of its priority areas involves strengthening the role of women as peace mediators.

Which of the above statements are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 2 only

• (c) Both 1 and 2

• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: C

• Statement 1 is correct: The UNAOC was established in 2005 as a political initiative of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, with the governments of Spain and Türkiye acting as co-sponsors. Its headquarters are in New York.

• Statement 2 is correct: The UNAOC focuses on several priority areas to counter polarization. These include Education, Youth, Migration, Media, and explicitly, Women as peace mediators, recognizing the importance of strengthening women’s roles in peacebuilding efforts.

Solution: C

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points With reference to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), consider the following statements: India is a founding member of the ADB. The ADB is headquartered in Manila, Philippines. India is the largest shareholder of the ADB’s financial capital. The bank focuses only on public sector lending and does not invest in private sector enterprises. How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: B Statement 1 is correct: India is a founding member of the ADB, which was established in 1966. Statement 2 is correct: The headquarters of the Asian Development Bank is located in Manila, Philippines. Statement 3 is incorrect: India is the largest recipient of ADB’s financial commitments (accounting for about 14%), India is not the largest shareholder. Historically, Japan and the United States hold the largest shares in ADB. Statement 4 is incorrect: The ADB provides loans, grants, and technical assistance not just to governments but also makes equity investments and supports the private sector and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). It does not focus exclusively on public sector lending. Incorrect Solution: B Statement 1 is correct: India is a founding member of the ADB, which was established in 1966. Statement 2 is correct: The headquarters of the Asian Development Bank is located in Manila, Philippines. Statement 3 is incorrect: India is the largest recipient of ADB’s financial commitments (accounting for about 14%), India is not the largest shareholder. Historically, Japan and the United States hold the largest shares in ADB. Statement 4 is incorrect: The ADB provides loans, grants, and technical assistance not just to governments but also makes equity investments and supports the private sector and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). It does not focus exclusively on public sector lending.

#### 3. Question

With reference to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), consider the following statements:

• India is a founding member of the ADB.

• The ADB is headquartered in Manila, Philippines.

• India is the largest shareholder of the ADB’s financial capital.

• The bank focuses only on public sector lending and does not invest in private sector enterprises.

How many of the above statements are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct: India is a founding member of the ADB, which was established in 1966.

• Statement 2 is correct: The headquarters of the Asian Development Bank is located in Manila, Philippines.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: India is the largest recipient of ADB’s financial commitments (accounting for about 14%), India is not the largest shareholder. Historically, Japan and the United States hold the largest shares in ADB.

• Statement 4 is incorrect: The ADB provides loans, grants, and technical assistance not just to governments but also makes equity investments and supports the private sector and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). It does not focus exclusively on public sector lending.

Solution: B

• Statement 1 is correct: India is a founding member of the ADB, which was established in 1966.

• Statement 2 is correct: The headquarters of the Asian Development Bank is located in Manila, Philippines.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs regarding the 1971 War operations: Operation Name Description 1. Operation Searchlight Pre-emptive air strikes by Pakistan on Indian airfields 2. Operation Trident Indian Navy’s attack on Karachi harbour 3. Operation Chengiz Khan Pakistan Army’s military crackdown in Dhaka Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? (a) 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) None of the above Correct Solution: A Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Operation Searchlight was the military crackdown launched by the Pakistan Army on 25 March 1971 in Dhaka and elsewhere, which intensified the violence and drove the liberation movement. It was not the air strike on India. Pair 2 is correctly matched: Operation Trident (along with Operation Python) refers to the Indian Navy’s offensive on the Karachi harbour on 4/5 December 1971, which dealt major blows to Pakistan’s fuel storage and shipping capacity. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Operation Chengiz Khan refers to the pre-emptive air strikes launched by Pakistan on multiple Indian airfields on 3 December 1971, which served as the trigger for India’s formal entry into the full-scale war. Incorrect Solution: A Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Operation Searchlight was the military crackdown launched by the Pakistan Army on 25 March 1971 in Dhaka and elsewhere, which intensified the violence and drove the liberation movement. It was not the air strike on India. Pair 2 is correctly matched: Operation Trident (along with Operation Python) refers to the Indian Navy’s offensive on the Karachi harbour on 4/5 December 1971, which dealt major blows to Pakistan’s fuel storage and shipping capacity. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Operation Chengiz Khan refers to the pre-emptive air strikes launched by Pakistan on multiple Indian airfields on 3 December 1971, which served as the trigger for India’s formal entry into the full-scale war.

#### 4. Question

Consider the following pairs regarding the 1971 War operations:

| Operation Name | Description

1.| Operation Searchlight | Pre-emptive air strikes by Pakistan on Indian airfields
2.| Operation Trident | Indian Navy’s attack on Karachi harbour
3.| Operation Chengiz Khan | Pakistan Army’s military crackdown in Dhaka

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

• (a) 2 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) None of the above

Solution: A

• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Operation Searchlight was the military crackdown launched by the Pakistan Army on 25 March 1971 in Dhaka and elsewhere, which intensified the violence and drove the liberation movement. It was not the air strike on India.

• Pair 2 is correctly matched: Operation Trident (along with Operation Python) refers to the Indian Navy’s offensive on the Karachi harbour on 4/5 December 1971, which dealt major blows to Pakistan’s fuel storage and shipping capacity.

• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Operation Chengiz Khan refers to the pre-emptive air strikes launched by Pakistan on multiple Indian airfields on 3 December 1971, which served as the trigger for India’s formal entry into the full-scale war.

Solution: A

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding ‘Trade Deficit’: A trade deficit occurs when a country’s total exports of goods and services exceed its total imports. A merchandise trade deficit is a major component of the Current Account Deficit (CAD), although it can be offset by a surplus in services trade and remittances. A trade deficit is always detrimental to an economy as it indicates a lack of industrial competitiveness. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 2 only Correct Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect: A trade deficit occurs when the value of imports exceeds exports, not the other way around. If exports exceed imports, it is a trade surplus. Statement 2 is correct: The trade deficit (specifically merchandise) is a major driver of the Current Account Deficit (CAD). However, positive flows from services exports (like IT) and remittances can offset the goods deficit, potentially moderating the overall CAD. Statement 3 is incorrect: A trade deficit is not always “bad”. If the deficit is driven by the import of capital goods, machinery, or technology (productive investments), it can aid future productivity and growth. It is highly cyclical and depends on the composition of imports. Incorrect Solution: D Statement 1 is incorrect: A trade deficit occurs when the value of imports exceeds exports, not the other way around. If exports exceed imports, it is a trade surplus. Statement 2 is correct: The trade deficit (specifically merchandise) is a major driver of the Current Account Deficit (CAD). However, positive flows from services exports (like IT) and remittances can offset the goods deficit, potentially moderating the overall CAD. Statement 3 is incorrect: A trade deficit is not always “bad”. If the deficit is driven by the import of capital goods, machinery, or technology (productive investments), it can aid future productivity and growth. It is highly cyclical and depends on the composition of imports.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding ‘Trade Deficit’:

• A trade deficit occurs when a country’s total exports of goods and services exceed its total imports.

• A merchandise trade deficit is a major component of the Current Account Deficit (CAD), although it can be offset by a surplus in services trade and remittances.

• A trade deficit is always detrimental to an economy as it indicates a lack of industrial competitiveness.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 only

• (b) 1 and 3 only

• (c) 2 and 3 only

• (d) 2 only

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect: A trade deficit occurs when the value of imports exceeds exports, not the other way around. If exports exceed imports, it is a trade surplus.

• Statement 2 is correct: The trade deficit (specifically merchandise) is a major driver of the Current Account Deficit (CAD). However, positive flows from services exports (like IT) and remittances can offset the goods deficit, potentially moderating the overall CAD.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: A trade deficit is not always “bad”. If the deficit is driven by the import of capital goods, machinery, or technology (productive investments), it can aid future productivity and growth. It is highly cyclical and depends on the composition of imports.

Solution: D

• Statement 1 is incorrect: A trade deficit occurs when the value of imports exceeds exports, not the other way around. If exports exceed imports, it is a trade surplus.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Match the following geographical features of Ethiopia with their descriptions: Feature Description A. Ras Dejen 1. One of the hottest and lowest places on Earth B. Denakil Depression 2. Highest peak in the Ethiopian Highlands C. Great Rift Valley 3. System marked by tectonic activity and lakes running north-south Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) A-2, B-3, C-1 (b) A-3, B-1, C-2 (c) A-1, B-2, C-3 (d) A-2, B-1, C-3 Correct Solution: D A-2: Mount Ras Dejen is identified as the highest peak in the Ethiopian Highlands (often called the “Roof of Africa”). B-1: The Denakil Depression is described as one of the hottest and lowest places on Earth, featuring active volcanoes like Erta Ale. C-3: The Great Rift Valley is the geological feature running north-south through the country, marked by tectonic activity, volcanoes, and lakes. Incorrect Solution: D A-2: Mount Ras Dejen is identified as the highest peak in the Ethiopian Highlands (often called the “Roof of Africa”). B-1: The Denakil Depression is described as one of the hottest and lowest places on Earth, featuring active volcanoes like Erta Ale. C-3: The Great Rift Valley is the geological feature running north-south through the country, marked by tectonic activity, volcanoes, and lakes.

#### 6. Question

Match the following geographical features of Ethiopia with their descriptions:

Feature | Description

A. Ras Dejen | 1. One of the hottest and lowest places on Earth

B. Denakil Depression | 2. Highest peak in the Ethiopian Highlands

C. Great Rift Valley | 3. System marked by tectonic activity and lakes running north-south

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• (a) A-2, B-3, C-1

• (b) A-3, B-1, C-2

• (c) A-1, B-2, C-3

• (d) A-2, B-1, C-3

Solution: D

• A-2: Mount Ras Dejen is identified as the highest peak in the Ethiopian Highlands (often called the “Roof of Africa”).

• B-1: The Denakil Depression is described as one of the hottest and lowest places on Earth, featuring active volcanoes like Erta Ale.

• C-3: The Great Rift Valley is the geological feature running north-south through the country, marked by tectonic activity, volcanoes, and lakes.

Solution: D

• A-2: Mount Ras Dejen is identified as the highest peak in the Ethiopian Highlands (often called the “Roof of Africa”).

• B-1: The Denakil Depression is described as one of the hottest and lowest places on Earth, featuring active volcanoes like Erta Ale.

• C-3: The Great Rift Valley is the geological feature running north-south through the country, marked by tectonic activity, volcanoes, and lakes.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: Nitrofurans are classified as chemotherapeutic antibacterial agents rather than naturally occurring antibiotics. Statement II: Nitrofurans are synthetic compounds and do not originate from living microorganisms. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement I is correct: Nitrofurans are classified as chemotherapeutic This classification is distinct from “antibiotics” in strict pharmacological terms, which often implies a natural origin (though usage is loose in common parlance). Statement II is correct: They are synthetic nitrofuran-based Statement II explains Statement I. Because they are synthetic and created chemically rather than being secretions of microorganisms (like penicillin), they are accurately classified as chemotherapeutic agents rather than “natural” antibiotics. Incorrect Solution: A Statement I is correct: Nitrofurans are classified as chemotherapeutic This classification is distinct from “antibiotics” in strict pharmacological terms, which often implies a natural origin (though usage is loose in common parlance). Statement II is correct: They are synthetic nitrofuran-based Statement II explains Statement I. Because they are synthetic and created chemically rather than being secretions of microorganisms (like penicillin), they are accurately classified as chemotherapeutic agents rather than “natural” antibiotics.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: Nitrofurans are classified as chemotherapeutic antibacterial agents rather than naturally occurring antibiotics.

Statement II: Nitrofurans are synthetic compounds and do not originate from living microorganisms.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement I is correct: Nitrofurans are classified as chemotherapeutic This classification is distinct from “antibiotics” in strict pharmacological terms, which often implies a natural origin (though usage is loose in common parlance).

• Statement II is correct: They are synthetic nitrofuran-based

• Statement II explains Statement I. Because they are synthetic and created chemically rather than being secretions of microorganisms (like penicillin), they are accurately classified as chemotherapeutic agents rather than “natural” antibiotics.

Solution: A

• Statement II is correct: They are synthetic nitrofuran-based

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points In the context of the 1971 War, the term “Mukti Bahini” refers to: (a) The special forces unit of the Indian Army that conducted cross-border raids. (b) The naval blockade strategy employed by the Indian Navy in the Bay of Bengal. (c) The consolidated Bengali resistance forces comprising East Pakistani military personnel and civilians. (d) The international diplomatic corps that negotiated the surrender of Pakistani forces. Correct Solution: C Option (c) is correct: Mukti Bahini was the Bengali resistance force. Following the military crackdown by Pakistan, the resistance consolidated into the Mukti Bahini. India provided training, logistics, and sanctuary to these forces, who fought alongside Indian forces against the Pakistan Army. Incorrect Solution: C Option (c) is correct: Mukti Bahini was the Bengali resistance force. Following the military crackdown by Pakistan, the resistance consolidated into the Mukti Bahini. India provided training, logistics, and sanctuary to these forces, who fought alongside Indian forces against the Pakistan Army.

#### 8. Question

In the context of the 1971 War, the term “Mukti Bahini” refers to:

• (a) The special forces unit of the Indian Army that conducted cross-border raids.

• (b) The naval blockade strategy employed by the Indian Navy in the Bay of Bengal.

• (c) The consolidated Bengali resistance forces comprising East Pakistani military personnel and civilians.

• (d) The international diplomatic corps that negotiated the surrender of Pakistani forces.

Solution: C

• Option (c) is correct: Mukti Bahini was the Bengali resistance force. Following the military crackdown by Pakistan, the resistance consolidated into the Mukti Bahini. India provided training, logistics, and sanctuary to these forces, who fought alongside Indian forces against the Pakistan Army.

Solution: C

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points Which one of the following countries shares a land border with Ethiopia? (a) Uganda (b) Eritrea (c) Tanzania (d) Chad Correct Solution: B Option (b) is correct: Eritrea is a neighbouring nation of Ethiopia to the north. Uganda, Tanzania, and Chad do not share a direct border with Ethiopia. The other neighbouring nations are Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan. Incorrect Solution: B Option (b) is correct: Eritrea is a neighbouring nation of Ethiopia to the north. Uganda, Tanzania, and Chad do not share a direct border with Ethiopia. The other neighbouring nations are Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan.

#### 9. Question

Which one of the following countries shares a land border with Ethiopia?

• (a) Uganda

• (b) Eritrea

• (c) Tanzania

Solution: B

• Option (b) is correct: Eritrea is a neighbouring nation of Ethiopia to the north.

• Uganda, Tanzania, and Chad do not share a direct border with Ethiopia.

• The other neighbouring nations are Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan.

Solution: B

• Option (b) is correct: Eritrea is a neighbouring nation of Ethiopia to the north.

• Uganda, Tanzania, and Chad do not share a direct border with Ethiopia.

• The other neighbouring nations are Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The formation of the East African Rift Valley is primarily driven by a deep mantle superplume beneath East Africa. Statement-II: Mantle plume upwelling increases heat flow and buoyancy, causing uplift and thermal weakening of the continental lithosphere. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: A Statement-I is correct: The East African Rift is widely attributed to the presence of a deep mantle superplume (the African Superplume). This plume pushes magma and heat upwards towards the crust. Statement-II is correct and explains Statement-I: The upwelling of hot mantle material generates thermal buoyancy, which uplifts the overlying crust (creating the Ethiopian and Kenyan domes). This heat also weakens the lithosphere, making it brittle and susceptible to stretching (extension) and faulting, which creates the rift valley. Thus, the physical process in II explains the geological phenomenon in I. Incorrect Solution: A Statement-I is correct: The East African Rift is widely attributed to the presence of a deep mantle superplume (the African Superplume). This plume pushes magma and heat upwards towards the crust. Statement-II is correct and explains Statement-I: The upwelling of hot mantle material generates thermal buoyancy, which uplifts the overlying crust (creating the Ethiopian and Kenyan domes). This heat also weakens the lithosphere, making it brittle and susceptible to stretching (extension) and faulting, which creates the rift valley. Thus, the physical process in II explains the geological phenomenon in I.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The formation of the East African Rift Valley is primarily driven by a deep mantle superplume beneath East Africa.

Statement-II: Mantle plume upwelling increases heat flow and buoyancy, causing uplift and thermal weakening of the continental lithosphere.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: A

• Statement-I is correct: The East African Rift is widely attributed to the presence of a deep mantle superplume (the African Superplume). This plume pushes magma and heat upwards towards the crust.

• Statement-II is correct and explains Statement-I: The upwelling of hot mantle material generates thermal buoyancy, which uplifts the overlying crust (creating the Ethiopian and Kenyan domes). This heat also weakens the lithosphere, making it brittle and susceptible to stretching (extension) and faulting, which creates the rift valley.

• Thus, the physical process in II explains the geological phenomenon in I.

Solution: A

• Thus, the physical process in II explains the geological phenomenon in I.

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