UPSC Current Affairs Quiz : 16 June 2025

The Current Affairs Quiz 2024 is a daily quiz based on the DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS AND PIB SUMMARY from the previous day, as posted on our website. It covers all relevant news sources and is designed to test your knowledge of current events. Solving these questions will help you retain both concepts and facts relevant to the UPSC IAS civil services exam.

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• Question 1 of 10 1. Question 1 points The recent glacier collapse in the Lonza Valley has drawn international attention. This valley is located in: (a) The Pyrenees, France (b) The Southern Alps, New Zealand (c) The Aosta Valley, Italy (d) The canton of Valais, Switzerland Correct Solution: d) About Lonza Valley: Location: Loetschental (Lonza) Valley is located in the *canton of Valais*, in *southern Switzerland*, within the Alpine region. Country Involved: Switzerland is directly affected, with international attention on climate-induced glacial hazards. Key Features: River Lonza flows through the valley, fed by Alpine glaciers. The valley is part of a fragile high-altitude ecosystem highly sensitive to global warming. It houses small Alpine settlements like Blatten, known for their proximity to glaciers and scenic landscapes. It is vulnerable to glacial retreat, permafrost thawing, and associated hazards like landslides and flash floods. Incorrect Solution: d) About Lonza Valley: Location: Loetschental (Lonza) Valley is located in the *canton of Valais*, in *southern Switzerland*, within the Alpine region. Country Involved: Switzerland is directly affected, with international attention on climate-induced glacial hazards. Key Features: River Lonza flows through the valley, fed by Alpine glaciers. The valley is part of a fragile high-altitude ecosystem highly sensitive to global warming. It houses small Alpine settlements like Blatten, known for their proximity to glaciers and scenic landscapes. It is vulnerable to glacial retreat, permafrost thawing, and associated hazards like landslides and flash floods.

#### 1. Question

The recent glacier collapse in the Lonza Valley has drawn international attention. This valley is located in:

• (a) The Pyrenees, France

• (b) The Southern Alps, New Zealand

• (c) The Aosta Valley, Italy

• (d) The canton of Valais, Switzerland

Solution: d)

About Lonza Valley:

• Location: Loetschental (Lonza) Valley is located in the *canton of Valais*, in *southern Switzerland*, within the Alpine region.

• Country Involved: Switzerland is directly affected, with international attention on climate-induced glacial hazards.

Key Features:

• River Lonza flows through the valley, fed by Alpine glaciers.

• The valley is part of a fragile high-altitude ecosystem highly sensitive to global warming.

• It houses small Alpine settlements like Blatten, known for their proximity to glaciers and scenic landscapes.

• It is vulnerable to glacial retreat, permafrost thawing, and associated hazards like landslides and flash floods.

Solution: d)

About Lonza Valley:

• Location: Loetschental (Lonza) Valley is located in the *canton of Valais*, in *southern Switzerland*, within the Alpine region.

• Country Involved: Switzerland is directly affected, with international attention on climate-induced glacial hazards.

Key Features:

• River Lonza flows through the valley, fed by Alpine glaciers.

• The valley is part of a fragile high-altitude ecosystem highly sensitive to global warming.

• It houses small Alpine settlements like Blatten, known for their proximity to glaciers and scenic landscapes.

• It is vulnerable to glacial retreat, permafrost thawing, and associated hazards like landslides and flash floods.

• Question 2 of 10 2. Question 1 points Consider the following pairs: Initiative/Technology Primary Objective/Association 1. DHRUVA Creating a national digital addressing infrastructure. 2. IndiaAI Mission Funding indigenous thrombectomy device development. 3. Ghatampur Project Establishing a Zero Liquid Discharge thermal power plant. How many of the above pairs is/are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: b) Pair 1 is correctly matched. DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) is a policy framework by the Department of Posts to create a national-level digital addressing infrastructure. It aims to provide an ‘Address-as-a-Service’ (AaaS) by leveraging geospatial technology and the DIGIPIN system, transforming physical addresses into a digital public good for use in e-commerce, logistics, and governance. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The development of India’s first indigenous mechanical thrombectomy device was funded by the Technology Development Board (TDB), which is under the Department of Science & Technology (DST). The IndiaAI Mission, on the other hand, is focused on building the AI ecosystem, including compute infrastructure, datasets, and AI startups. The two are distinct initiatives under different ministries. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Ghatampur Thermal Power Project in Uttar Pradesh is designed with advanced environmental safeguards. A key feature is its Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system. This means that all wastewater generated during the power plant’s operations is treated and reused on-site, ensuring that no industrial effluent is discharged into rivers or onto land, thereby preventing water pollution. Incorrect Solution: b) Pair 1 is correctly matched. DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) is a policy framework by the Department of Posts to create a national-level digital addressing infrastructure. It aims to provide an ‘Address-as-a-Service’ (AaaS) by leveraging geospatial technology and the DIGIPIN system, transforming physical addresses into a digital public good for use in e-commerce, logistics, and governance. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The development of India’s first indigenous mechanical thrombectomy device was funded by the Technology Development Board (TDB), which is under the Department of Science & Technology (DST). The IndiaAI Mission, on the other hand, is focused on building the AI ecosystem, including compute infrastructure, datasets, and AI startups. The two are distinct initiatives under different ministries. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Ghatampur Thermal Power Project in Uttar Pradesh is designed with advanced environmental safeguards. A key feature is its Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system. This means that all wastewater generated during the power plant’s operations is treated and reused on-site, ensuring that no industrial effluent is discharged into rivers or onto land, thereby preventing water pollution.

#### 2. Question

Consider the following pairs:

Initiative/Technology | Primary Objective/Association

1.DHRUVA | Creating a national digital addressing infrastructure.
2.IndiaAI Mission | Funding indigenous thrombectomy device development.
3.Ghatampur Project | Establishing a Zero Liquid Discharge thermal power plant.

How many of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: b)

Pair 1 is correctly matched. DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) is a policy framework by the Department of Posts to create a national-level digital addressing infrastructure. It aims to provide an ‘Address-as-a-Service’ (AaaS) by leveraging geospatial technology and the DIGIPIN system, transforming physical addresses into a digital public good for use in e-commerce, logistics, and governance.

Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The development of India’s first indigenous mechanical thrombectomy device was funded by the Technology Development Board (TDB), which is under the Department of Science & Technology (DST). The IndiaAI Mission, on the other hand, is focused on building the AI ecosystem, including compute infrastructure, datasets, and AI startups. The two are distinct initiatives under different ministries.

Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Ghatampur Thermal Power Project in Uttar Pradesh is designed with advanced environmental safeguards. A key feature is its Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system. This means that all wastewater generated during the power plant’s operations is treated and reused on-site, ensuring that no industrial effluent is discharged into rivers or onto land, thereby preventing water pollution.

Solution: b)

• Question 3 of 10 3. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the reign and contributions of Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar: She shifted the capital of her kingdom to Maheshwar on the banks of the Narmada river. Her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was the ruler of the Malwa kingdom who trained her in administration. She personally led military campaigns and was instrumental in founding the Holkar army. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is correct. Ahilyabai Holkar ruled over the Malwa region and established her capital at Maheshwar, located in present-day Madhya Pradesh. This city became the hub of her administrative and cultural activities. Statement 2 is incorrect. While her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was a village head who ensured she was educated, he was not the ruler of the Malwa kingdom. She became the ruler after the death of her husband, Khanderao Holkar, and her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, who was the founder of the Holkar dynasty of the Malwa kingdom. Her accession was approved by the Peshwa. Statement 3 is correct. Devi Ahilyabai was not just a benevolent administrator but also a capable military leader. She is noted for having personally led her armies in various campaigns to protect her kingdom and also for formally founding the Holkar army in 1792, showcasing her strategic and martial prowess during a politically turbulent era in 18th-century India. About Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar: Born: 31 May 1725, Chondi village, Ahmednagar (Maharashtra). Father: Mankoji Rao Shinde, village head who educated her. Married: Khanderao Holkar, son of Malhar Rao Holkar of the Malwa kingdom. Became ruler of Malwa in 1767 after approval from the Peshwa. Kingdom and Reign: Ruled over the Malwa region, capital at Maheshwar (Madhya Pradesh). Known for wise, just, and inclusive governance during politically volatile times. Personally led military campaigns and founded the Holkar army in 1792. Administrative & Governance: Held daily public audiences to address people’s grievances. Introduced public welfare reforms focusing on: Farmers, Artisans, and Tribal communities. Promoted irrigation, crop diversity, and rural entrepreneurship. Cultural & Religious Contributions: Rebuilt and restored hundreds of temples, including: Kashi Vishwanath Temple (1780) and Somnath Temple (Old Juna Mandir). Commissioned ghats, tanks, wells, and dharamshalas across India. Built two Jyotirlinga temples and extended religious support nationally. Social Reforms & Women Empowerment: Advocated: Raising minimum age of marriage for girls Property rights for women Widow remarriage Formed women’s army and village-level safety units. Nation-Building Initiatives: Constructed roads and rest houses across pilgrimage routes: Rameshwaram, Haridwar, Kashi, Somnath Established gurukuls and schools to promote education. Legacy: Died: 13 August 1795, aged 70. Founded the Maheshwari saree textile industry, still famous today. Known as the ‘Philosopher Queen’ for her wisdom and spiritual outlook. Remembered for combining development with dharma (duty). Her work continues to influence India’s cultural preservation and grassroots governance. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is correct. Ahilyabai Holkar ruled over the Malwa region and established her capital at Maheshwar, located in present-day Madhya Pradesh. This city became the hub of her administrative and cultural activities. Statement 2 is incorrect. While her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was a village head who ensured she was educated, he was not the ruler of the Malwa kingdom. She became the ruler after the death of her husband, Khanderao Holkar, and her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, who was the founder of the Holkar dynasty of the Malwa kingdom. Her accession was approved by the Peshwa. Statement 3 is correct. Devi Ahilyabai was not just a benevolent administrator but also a capable military leader. She is noted for having personally led her armies in various campaigns to protect her kingdom and also for formally founding the Holkar army in 1792, showcasing her strategic and martial prowess during a politically turbulent era in 18th-century India. About Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar: Born: 31 May 1725, Chondi village, Ahmednagar (Maharashtra). Father: Mankoji Rao Shinde, village head who educated her. Married: Khanderao Holkar, son of Malhar Rao Holkar of the Malwa kingdom. Became ruler of Malwa in 1767 after approval from the Peshwa. Kingdom and Reign: Ruled over the Malwa region, capital at Maheshwar (Madhya Pradesh). Known for wise, just, and inclusive governance during politically volatile times. Personally led military campaigns and founded the Holkar army in 1792. Administrative & Governance: Held daily public audiences to address people’s grievances. Introduced public welfare reforms focusing on: Farmers, Artisans, and Tribal communities. Promoted irrigation, crop diversity, and rural entrepreneurship. Cultural & Religious Contributions: Rebuilt and restored hundreds of temples, including: Kashi Vishwanath Temple (1780) and Somnath Temple (Old Juna Mandir). Commissioned ghats, tanks, wells, and dharamshalas across India. Built two Jyotirlinga temples and extended religious support nationally. Social Reforms & Women Empowerment: Advocated: Raising minimum age of marriage for girls Property rights for women Widow remarriage Formed women’s army and village-level safety units. Nation-Building Initiatives: Constructed roads and rest houses across pilgrimage routes: Rameshwaram, Haridwar, Kashi, Somnath Established gurukuls and schools to promote education. Legacy: Died: 13 August 1795, aged 70. Founded the Maheshwari saree textile industry, still famous today. Known as the ‘Philosopher Queen’ for her wisdom and spiritual outlook. Remembered for combining development with dharma (duty). Her work continues to influence India’s cultural preservation and grassroots governance.

#### 3. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the reign and contributions of Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar:

• She shifted the capital of her kingdom to Maheshwar on the banks of the Narmada river.

• Her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was the ruler of the Malwa kingdom who trained her in administration.

• She personally led military campaigns and was instrumental in founding the Holkar army.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: a)

• Statement 1 is correct. Ahilyabai Holkar ruled over the Malwa region and established her capital at Maheshwar, located in present-day Madhya Pradesh. This city became the hub of her administrative and cultural activities.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. While her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was a village head who ensured she was educated, he was not the ruler of the Malwa kingdom. She became the ruler after the death of her husband, Khanderao Holkar, and her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, who was the founder of the Holkar dynasty of the Malwa kingdom. Her accession was approved by the Peshwa.

• Statement 3 is correct. Devi Ahilyabai was not just a benevolent administrator but also a capable military leader. She is noted for having personally led her armies in various campaigns to protect her kingdom and also for formally founding the Holkar army in 1792, showcasing her strategic and martial prowess during a politically turbulent era in 18th-century India.

About Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar:

• Born: 31 May 1725, Chondi village, Ahmednagar (Maharashtra).

• Father: Mankoji Rao Shinde, village head who educated her.

• Married: Khanderao Holkar, son of Malhar Rao Holkar of the Malwa kingdom.

• Became ruler of Malwa in 1767 after approval from the Peshwa.

• Kingdom and Reign:

• Ruled over the Malwa region, capital at Maheshwar (Madhya Pradesh). Known for wise, just, and inclusive governance during politically volatile times. Personally led military campaigns and founded the Holkar army in 1792.

• Ruled over the Malwa region, capital at Maheshwar (Madhya Pradesh).

• Known for wise, just, and inclusive governance during politically volatile times.

• Personally led military campaigns and founded the Holkar army in 1792.

• Administrative & Governance:

• Held daily public audiences to address people’s grievances. Introduced public welfare reforms focusing on: Farmers, Artisans, and Tribal communities. Promoted irrigation, crop diversity, and rural entrepreneurship.

• Held daily public audiences to address people’s grievances.

• Introduced public welfare reforms focusing on: Farmers, Artisans, and Tribal communities.

• Promoted irrigation, crop diversity, and rural entrepreneurship.

• Cultural & Religious Contributions:

• Rebuilt and restored hundreds of temples, including: Kashi Vishwanath Temple (1780) and Somnath Temple (Old Juna Mandir). Commissioned ghats, tanks, wells, and dharamshalas across India. Built two Jyotirlinga temples and extended religious support nationally.

• Rebuilt and restored hundreds of temples, including: Kashi Vishwanath Temple (1780) and Somnath Temple (Old Juna Mandir).

• Commissioned ghats, tanks, wells, and dharamshalas across India.

• Built two Jyotirlinga temples and extended religious support nationally.

• Social Reforms & Women Empowerment:

• Advocated: Raising minimum age of marriage for girls Property rights for women Widow remarriage Formed women’s army and village-level safety units.

• Advocated: Raising minimum age of marriage for girls Property rights for women Widow remarriage

• Raising minimum age of marriage for girls

• Property rights for women

• Widow remarriage

• Formed women’s army and village-level safety units.

• Nation-Building Initiatives:

• Constructed roads and rest houses across pilgrimage routes: Rameshwaram, Haridwar, Kashi, Somnath Established gurukuls and schools to promote education.

• Constructed roads and rest houses across pilgrimage routes: Rameshwaram, Haridwar, Kashi, Somnath

• Established gurukuls and schools to promote education.

• Legacy:

• Died: 13 August 1795, aged 70. Founded the Maheshwari saree textile industry, still famous today. Known as the ‘Philosopher Queen’ for her wisdom and spiritual outlook. Remembered for combining development with dharma (duty). Her work continues to influence India’s cultural preservation and grassroots governance.

• Died: 13 August 1795, aged 70.

• Founded the Maheshwari saree textile industry, still famous today.

• Known as the ‘Philosopher Queen’ for her wisdom and spiritual outlook.

• Remembered for combining development with dharma (duty).

• Her work continues to influence India’s cultural preservation and grassroots governance.

Solution: a)

About Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar:

• Born: 31 May 1725, Chondi village, Ahmednagar (Maharashtra).

• Father: Mankoji Rao Shinde, village head who educated her.

• Married: Khanderao Holkar, son of Malhar Rao Holkar of the Malwa kingdom.

• Became ruler of Malwa in 1767 after approval from the Peshwa.

• Kingdom and Reign:

• Ruled over the Malwa region, capital at Maheshwar (Madhya Pradesh).

• Known for wise, just, and inclusive governance during politically volatile times.

• Personally led military campaigns and founded the Holkar army in 1792.

• Administrative & Governance:

• Held daily public audiences to address people’s grievances.

• Introduced public welfare reforms focusing on: Farmers, Artisans, and Tribal communities.

• Promoted irrigation, crop diversity, and rural entrepreneurship.

• Cultural & Religious Contributions:

• Rebuilt and restored hundreds of temples, including: Kashi Vishwanath Temple (1780) and Somnath Temple (Old Juna Mandir).

• Commissioned ghats, tanks, wells, and dharamshalas across India.

• Built two Jyotirlinga temples and extended religious support nationally.

• Social Reforms & Women Empowerment:

• Advocated: Raising minimum age of marriage for girls Property rights for women Widow remarriage Formed women’s army and village-level safety units.

• Advocated: Raising minimum age of marriage for girls Property rights for women Widow remarriage

• Raising minimum age of marriage for girls

• Property rights for women

• Widow remarriage

• Formed women’s army and village-level safety units.

• Nation-Building Initiatives:

• Constructed roads and rest houses across pilgrimage routes: Rameshwaram, Haridwar, Kashi, Somnath Established gurukuls and schools to promote education.

• Constructed roads and rest houses across pilgrimage routes: Rameshwaram, Haridwar, Kashi, Somnath

• Established gurukuls and schools to promote education.

• Legacy:

• Died: 13 August 1795, aged 70.

• Founded the Maheshwari saree textile industry, still famous today.

• Known as the ‘Philosopher Queen’ for her wisdom and spiritual outlook.

• Remembered for combining development with dharma (duty).

• Her work continues to influence India’s cultural preservation and grassroots governance.

• Question 4 of 10 4. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: Statement I: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) was primarily established to facilitate technical and safety standards in global aviation following the Chicago Convention of 1944. Statement II: In its initial decades, the IATA was actively involved in regulating airfares and coordinating tariffs among international airlines. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Correct Solution: b) Statement I is correct. The IATA was founded in Havana, Cuba, in 1945 as a successor to the International Air Traffic Association. Its establishment was a direct consequence of the need for a body to manage the rapid expansion of civil aviation after World War II, building upon the framework set by the Chicago Convention (1944). Its core purpose was to promote safe, reliable, and economical air transport. Statement II is also correct. During its early history, one of IATA’s significant and now controversial functions was price-fixing and fare regulation. The first major tariff conference was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. This function aimed to prevent price wars and ensure stability for airlines in the post-war era. However, Statement II does not explain Statement I. About International Air Transport Association (IATA): What is IATA? IATA is a global trade association representing the airline industry, working to simplify and standardize air travel regulations and promote safe, efficient air transport. Established in: Founded in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba, as a successor to the 1919 International Air Traffic Association. Headquarters: Main office in Montreal, Canada, with executive offices in Geneva, Switzerland. History & Evolution: Initially created to help regulate the airline industry post-Chicago Convention (1944). Historically engaged in price-fixing and fare regulation during its early decades. Held its first major tariff conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. Modernized over time into a key platform for global policy, safety, and innovation in aviation. Objectives: Represent airline interests globally. Advocate for fair regulations and reduced operational charges. Lead the industry in creating technical and commercial aviation standards. Core Functions: Supports over 317 member airlines from 120+ countries (82% of global air traffic). Develops safety, ticketing, cargo, and financial settlement frameworks. Organizes the World Air Transport Summit (WATS) to address pressing industry issues such as: Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Energy security and decarbonization Innovations in connectivity and airport infrastructure Financing mechanisms for green aviation transitions Incorrect Solution: b) Statement I is correct. The IATA was founded in Havana, Cuba, in 1945 as a successor to the International Air Traffic Association. Its establishment was a direct consequence of the need for a body to manage the rapid expansion of civil aviation after World War II, building upon the framework set by the Chicago Convention (1944). Its core purpose was to promote safe, reliable, and economical air transport. Statement II is also correct. During its early history, one of IATA’s significant and now controversial functions was price-fixing and fare regulation. The first major tariff conference was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. This function aimed to prevent price wars and ensure stability for airlines in the post-war era. However, Statement II does not explain Statement I. About International Air Transport Association (IATA): What is IATA? IATA is a global trade association representing the airline industry, working to simplify and standardize air travel regulations and promote safe, efficient air transport. Established in: Founded in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba, as a successor to the 1919 International Air Traffic Association. Headquarters: Main office in Montreal, Canada, with executive offices in Geneva, Switzerland. History & Evolution: Initially created to help regulate the airline industry post-Chicago Convention (1944). Historically engaged in price-fixing and fare regulation during its early decades. Held its first major tariff conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. Modernized over time into a key platform for global policy, safety, and innovation in aviation. Objectives: Represent airline interests globally. Advocate for fair regulations and reduced operational charges. Lead the industry in creating technical and commercial aviation standards. Core Functions: Supports over 317 member airlines from 120+ countries (82% of global air traffic). Develops safety, ticketing, cargo, and financial settlement frameworks. Organizes the World Air Transport Summit (WATS) to address pressing industry issues such as: Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Energy security and decarbonization Innovations in connectivity and airport infrastructure Financing mechanisms for green aviation transitions

#### 4. Question

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: The International Air Transport Association (IATA) was primarily established to facilitate technical and safety standards in global aviation following the Chicago Convention of 1944.

Statement II: In its initial decades, the IATA was actively involved in regulating airfares and coordinating tariffs among international airlines.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

• (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

• (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

• (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Solution: b)

• Statement I is correct. The IATA was founded in Havana, Cuba, in 1945 as a successor to the International Air Traffic Association. Its establishment was a direct consequence of the need for a body to manage the rapid expansion of civil aviation after World War II, building upon the framework set by the Chicago Convention (1944). Its core purpose was to promote safe, reliable, and economical air transport.

• Statement II is also correct. During its early history, one of IATA’s significant and now controversial functions was price-fixing and fare regulation. The first major tariff conference was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. This function aimed to prevent price wars and ensure stability for airlines in the post-war era.

• However, Statement II does not explain Statement I.

About International Air Transport Association (IATA):

• What is IATA? IATA is a global trade association representing the airline industry, working to simplify and standardize air travel regulations and promote safe, efficient air transport.

• IATA is a global trade association representing the airline industry, working to simplify and standardize air travel regulations and promote safe, efficient air transport.

• Established in: Founded in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba, as a successor to the 1919 International Air Traffic Association.

• Headquarters: Main office in Montreal, Canada, with executive offices in Geneva, Switzerland.

• History & Evolution:

• Initially created to help regulate the airline industry post-Chicago Convention (1944). Historically engaged in price-fixing and fare regulation during its early decades. Held its first major tariff conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1947. Modernized over time into a key platform for global policy, safety, and innovation in aviation.

• Initially created to help regulate the airline industry post-Chicago Convention (1944).

• Historically engaged in price-fixing and fare regulation during its early decades.

• Held its first major tariff conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1947.

• Modernized over time into a key platform for global policy, safety, and innovation in aviation.

• Objectives:

• Represent airline interests globally. Advocate for fair regulations and reduced operational charges. Lead the industry in creating technical and commercial aviation standards.

• Represent airline interests globally.

• Advocate for fair regulations and reduced operational charges.

• Lead the industry in creating technical and commercial aviation standards.

• Core Functions:

• Supports over 317 member airlines from 120+ countries (82% of global air traffic). Develops safety, ticketing, cargo, and financial settlement frameworks. Organizes the World Air Transport Summit (WATS) to address pressing industry issues such as: Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Energy security and decarbonization Innovations in connectivity and airport infrastructure Financing mechanisms for green aviation transitions

• Supports over 317 member airlines from 120+ countries (82% of global air traffic).

• Develops safety, ticketing, cargo, and financial settlement frameworks.

• Organizes the World Air Transport Summit (WATS) to address pressing industry issues such as: Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Energy security and decarbonization Innovations in connectivity and airport infrastructure Financing mechanisms for green aviation transitions

• Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

• Energy security and decarbonization

• Innovations in connectivity and airport infrastructure

• Financing mechanisms for green aviation transitions

Solution: b)

• However, Statement II does not explain Statement I.

About International Air Transport Association (IATA):

• What is IATA? IATA is a global trade association representing the airline industry, working to simplify and standardize air travel regulations and promote safe, efficient air transport.

• IATA is a global trade association representing the airline industry, working to simplify and standardize air travel regulations and promote safe, efficient air transport.

• Established in: Founded in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba, as a successor to the 1919 International Air Traffic Association.

• Headquarters: Main office in Montreal, Canada, with executive offices in Geneva, Switzerland.

• History & Evolution:

• Initially created to help regulate the airline industry post-Chicago Convention (1944).

• Historically engaged in price-fixing and fare regulation during its early decades.

• Held its first major tariff conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1947.

• Modernized over time into a key platform for global policy, safety, and innovation in aviation.

• Objectives:

• Represent airline interests globally. Advocate for fair regulations and reduced operational charges. Lead the industry in creating technical and commercial aviation standards.

• Represent airline interests globally.

• Advocate for fair regulations and reduced operational charges.

• Lead the industry in creating technical and commercial aviation standards.

• Core Functions:

• Supports over 317 member airlines from 120+ countries (82% of global air traffic).

• Develops safety, ticketing, cargo, and financial settlement frameworks.

• Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

• Energy security and decarbonization

• Innovations in connectivity and airport infrastructure

• Financing mechanisms for green aviation transitions

• Question 5 of 10 5. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the legal and geographical context of the proposed Tiger Safari in Jharkhand: The safari is planned within the core area of the Palamau Tiger Reserve to maximize tourist sightings. The legal framework for establishing such safaris is primarily derived from the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and guidelines issued by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Palamau Tiger Reserve is drained by North Koel and Auranga rivers. How many of the above statements is/are incorrect? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect. A Supreme Court order from March 2024 explicitly mandates that tiger safaris must be established outside the core and buffer zones of tiger reserves. The proposed safari in Jharkhand is planned for the fringe area of Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), in compliance with this directive, to minimize disturbance to the wild tiger habitat. Statement 2 is correct. The establishment of tiger safaris is governed by a multi-tiered legal framework. The foundational law is the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Building on this, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has issued specific guidelines (in 2012, 2016, and updated following court orders) for their creation. Additionally, the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) oversees aspects of design, animal welfare, and compliance, making this a well-regulated activity. Statement 3 is correct. Palamau Tiger Reserve is drained by the North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers. About Jharkhand Has Proposed Its First-Ever Tiger Safari: What is a Tiger Safari? A tiger safari is a tourism model involving naturalistic enclosures to house tigers — mainly rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned — allowing guaranteed sightings unlike traditional wild safaris. First proposed in NTCA Guidelines 2012, further refined in 2016 and later by Supreme Court directives in 2024. Legal Framework Governing Safaris: Governed by: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016) CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance As per SC order (March 2024): Safaris must be outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves. Types of Tigers Safaris: Captive Safari: Houses rescued or zoo-bred tigers in controlled naturalistic settings. Wild Safari: Traditional open-reserve model like in Ranthambore or Jim Corbett, with no guaranteed sightings. About Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR): Palamu Tiger Reserve is one of the original nine Project Tiger reserves in India, and the only tiger reserve in Jharkhand, notified in 1974. Location: Latehar district, on the Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand. Rivers: Drained by North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers (Burha is perennial). Flora: Predominantly Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests. Dominant species: Sal (Shorea robusta). Fauna: Flagship species: Bengal Tiger. Other key fauna: Asiatic Elephant, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Grey Wolf, Indian Pangolin, Otter, Four-horned Antelope. Historical Significance: Declared under Project Tiger in 1974. Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932), led by J.W. Nicholson. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 1 is incorrect. A Supreme Court order from March 2024 explicitly mandates that tiger safaris must be established outside the core and buffer zones of tiger reserves. The proposed safari in Jharkhand is planned for the fringe area of Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), in compliance with this directive, to minimize disturbance to the wild tiger habitat. Statement 2 is correct. The establishment of tiger safaris is governed by a multi-tiered legal framework. The foundational law is the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Building on this, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has issued specific guidelines (in 2012, 2016, and updated following court orders) for their creation. Additionally, the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) oversees aspects of design, animal welfare, and compliance, making this a well-regulated activity. Statement 3 is correct. Palamau Tiger Reserve is drained by the North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers. About Jharkhand Has Proposed Its First-Ever Tiger Safari: What is a Tiger Safari? A tiger safari is a tourism model involving naturalistic enclosures to house tigers — mainly rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned — allowing guaranteed sightings unlike traditional wild safaris. First proposed in NTCA Guidelines 2012, further refined in 2016 and later by Supreme Court directives in 2024. Legal Framework Governing Safaris: Governed by: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016) CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance As per SC order (March 2024): Safaris must be outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves. Types of Tigers Safaris: Captive Safari: Houses rescued or zoo-bred tigers in controlled naturalistic settings. Wild Safari: Traditional open-reserve model like in Ranthambore or Jim Corbett, with no guaranteed sightings. About Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR): Palamu Tiger Reserve is one of the original nine Project Tiger reserves in India, and the only tiger reserve in Jharkhand, notified in 1974. Location: Latehar district, on the Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand. Rivers: Drained by North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers (Burha is perennial). Flora: Predominantly Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests. Dominant species: Sal (Shorea robusta). Fauna: Flagship species: Bengal Tiger. Other key fauna: Asiatic Elephant, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Grey Wolf, Indian Pangolin, Otter, Four-horned Antelope. Historical Significance: Declared under Project Tiger in 1974. Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932), led by J.W. Nicholson.

#### 5. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the legal and geographical context of the proposed Tiger Safari in Jharkhand:

• The safari is planned within the core area of the Palamau Tiger Reserve to maximize tourist sightings.

• The legal framework for establishing such safaris is primarily derived from the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and guidelines issued by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).

• Palamau Tiger Reserve is drained by North Koel and Auranga rivers.

How many of the above statements is/are incorrect?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: a)

• Statement 1 is incorrect. A Supreme Court order from March 2024 explicitly mandates that tiger safaris must be established outside the core and buffer zones of tiger reserves. The proposed safari in Jharkhand is planned for the fringe area of Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), in compliance with this directive, to minimize disturbance to the wild tiger habitat.

• Statement 2 is correct. The establishment of tiger safaris is governed by a multi-tiered legal framework. The foundational law is the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Building on this, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has issued specific guidelines (in 2012, 2016, and updated following court orders) for their creation. Additionally, the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) oversees aspects of design, animal welfare, and compliance, making this a well-regulated activity.

• Statement 3 is correct. Palamau Tiger Reserve is drained by the North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers.

About Jharkhand Has Proposed Its First-Ever Tiger Safari:

• What is a Tiger Safari?

• A tiger safari is a tourism model involving naturalistic enclosures to house tigers — mainly rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned — allowing guaranteed sightings unlike traditional wild safaris. First proposed in NTCA Guidelines 2012, further refined in 2016 and later by Supreme Court directives in 2024.

• First proposed in NTCA Guidelines 2012, further refined in 2016 and later by Supreme Court directives in 2024.

• Legal Framework Governing Safaris:

• Governed by: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016) CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance As per SC order (March 2024): Safaris must be outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves.

• Governed by: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016) CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance

• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

• NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016)

• CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance

• As per SC order (March 2024): Safaris must be outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves.

• Types of Tigers Safaris:

• Captive Safari: Houses rescued or zoo-bred tigers in controlled naturalistic settings. Wild Safari: Traditional open-reserve model like in Ranthambore or Jim Corbett, with no guaranteed sightings.

• Captive Safari: Houses rescued or zoo-bred tigers in controlled naturalistic settings.

• Wild Safari: Traditional open-reserve model like in Ranthambore or Jim Corbett, with no guaranteed sightings.

About Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR):

• Palamu Tiger Reserve is one of the original nine Project Tiger reserves in India, and the only tiger reserve in Jharkhand, notified in 1974.

• Location: Latehar district, on the Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand.

• Rivers: Drained by North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers (Burha is perennial).

• Flora:

• Predominantly Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests. Dominant species: Sal (Shorea robusta).

• Predominantly Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests.

• Dominant species: Sal (Shorea robusta).

• Fauna:

• Flagship species: Bengal Tiger. Other key fauna: Asiatic Elephant, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Grey Wolf, Indian Pangolin, Otter, Four-horned Antelope.

• Flagship species: Bengal Tiger.

• Other key fauna: Asiatic Elephant, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Grey Wolf, Indian Pangolin, Otter, Four-horned Antelope.

• Historical Significance:

• Declared under Project Tiger in 1974. Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932), led by J.W. Nicholson.

• Declared under Project Tiger in 1974.

• Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932), led by J.W. Nicholson.

Solution: a)

• Statement 3 is correct. Palamau Tiger Reserve is drained by the North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers.

About Jharkhand Has Proposed Its First-Ever Tiger Safari:

• What is a Tiger Safari?

• First proposed in NTCA Guidelines 2012, further refined in 2016 and later by Supreme Court directives in 2024.

• Legal Framework Governing Safaris:

• Governed by: Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016) CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance

• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

• NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016)

• CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance

• As per SC order (March 2024): Safaris must be outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves.

• Types of Tigers Safaris:

• Captive Safari: Houses rescued or zoo-bred tigers in controlled naturalistic settings.

• Wild Safari: Traditional open-reserve model like in Ranthambore or Jim Corbett, with no guaranteed sightings.

About Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR):

• Palamu Tiger Reserve is one of the original nine Project Tiger reserves in India, and the only tiger reserve in Jharkhand, notified in 1974.

• Location: Latehar district, on the Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand.

• Rivers: Drained by North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers (Burha is perennial).

• Flora:

• Predominantly Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests. Dominant species: Sal (Shorea robusta).

• Predominantly Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests.

• Dominant species: Sal (Shorea robusta).

• Fauna:

• Flagship species: Bengal Tiger. Other key fauna: Asiatic Elephant, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Grey Wolf, Indian Pangolin, Otter, Four-horned Antelope.

• Flagship species: Bengal Tiger.

• Other key fauna: Asiatic Elephant, Leopard, Sloth Bear, Grey Wolf, Indian Pangolin, Otter, Four-horned Antelope.

• Historical Significance:

• Declared under Project Tiger in 1974. Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932), led by J.W. Nicholson.

• Declared under Project Tiger in 1974.

• Site of the world’s first pugmark-based tiger census (1932), led by J.W. Nicholson.

• Question 6 of 10 6. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the Asian Development Bank (ADB): Japan and the United States of America are the largest shareholders, with each holding an equal percentage of shares. The ADB was established under the direct leadership of the World Bank to manage development projects in Asia. The bank provides postgraduate scholarships to students from its developing member countries. All member countries of the ADB must be geographically located within the Asia-Pacific region. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct. The voting rights and influence within the ADB are weighted by capital subscription. As of recent data, Japan and the USA are the two largest shareholders, and they hold an equal share percentage (5.571% each). This reflects their significant historical and ongoing financial commitment to the bank. Statement 2 is incorrect. The establishment of the ADB was not led by the World Bank. The idea was inspired by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). While it functions as a multilateral development bank similar to the World Bank, it is an independent regional institution. Statement 3 is correct. One of the notable programs run by the ADB is the ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP). This program provides funding for students from ADB’s developing member countries to pursue postgraduate studies in economics, management, science, and technology at participating academic institutions. Statement 4 is incorrect. The ADB has 69 member countries, but only 50 are from the Asia-Pacific region. The remaining 19 members, including major shareholders like the USA, Germany, and the UK, are non-regional members who contribute capital and participate in the bank’s governance. About Asian Development Bank (ADB): What is ADB? A regional multilateral development bank that promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Asia and the Pacific. Established to eradicate poverty and promote regional cooperation and integration. Headquarters: Metro Manila, Philippines Established: 19 December 1966 Membership: 69 member countries (as of 2024), including 50 from Asia-Pacific. Founding inspired by the UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific). Voting and Shares: Shares are weighted by capital subscription. Major shareholders (as of 2020): Japan & USA:571% each China:429% India:317% Australia:773% Core Functions: Infrastructure development: Funds roads, transport, energy, and urban infrastructure to boost connectivity and growth. Climate resilience and clean energy: Supports projects promoting renewable energy, low-carbon tech, and disaster risk reduction. Poverty alleviation and rural development: Finances social welfare, agriculture, and rural employment to reduce poverty. Regional integration and cross-border projects: Encourages cooperation through trade corridors, power grids, and joint infrastructure. ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP): Provides postgraduate scholarships to students from developing member countries. Observer at the United Nations: Participates in global policymaking forums to align development with UN goals. Incorrect Solution: b) Statement 1 is correct. The voting rights and influence within the ADB are weighted by capital subscription. As of recent data, Japan and the USA are the two largest shareholders, and they hold an equal share percentage (5.571% each). This reflects their significant historical and ongoing financial commitment to the bank. Statement 2 is incorrect. The establishment of the ADB was not led by the World Bank. The idea was inspired by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). While it functions as a multilateral development bank similar to the World Bank, it is an independent regional institution. Statement 3 is correct. One of the notable programs run by the ADB is the ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP). This program provides funding for students from ADB’s developing member countries to pursue postgraduate studies in economics, management, science, and technology at participating academic institutions. Statement 4 is incorrect. The ADB has 69 member countries, but only 50 are from the Asia-Pacific region. The remaining 19 members, including major shareholders like the USA, Germany, and the UK, are non-regional members who contribute capital and participate in the bank’s governance. About Asian Development Bank (ADB): What is ADB? A regional multilateral development bank that promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Asia and the Pacific. Established to eradicate poverty and promote regional cooperation and integration. Headquarters: Metro Manila, Philippines Established: 19 December 1966 Membership: 69 member countries (as of 2024), including 50 from Asia-Pacific. Founding inspired by the UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific). Voting and Shares: Shares are weighted by capital subscription. Major shareholders (as of 2020): Japan & USA:571% each China:429% India:317% Australia:773% Core Functions: Infrastructure development: Funds roads, transport, energy, and urban infrastructure to boost connectivity and growth. Climate resilience and clean energy: Supports projects promoting renewable energy, low-carbon tech, and disaster risk reduction. Poverty alleviation and rural development: Finances social welfare, agriculture, and rural employment to reduce poverty. Regional integration and cross-border projects: Encourages cooperation through trade corridors, power grids, and joint infrastructure. ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP): Provides postgraduate scholarships to students from developing member countries. Observer at the United Nations: Participates in global policymaking forums to align development with UN goals.

#### 6. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Asian Development Bank (ADB):

• Japan and the United States of America are the largest shareholders, with each holding an equal percentage of shares.

• The ADB was established under the direct leadership of the World Bank to manage development projects in Asia.

• The bank provides postgraduate scholarships to students from its developing member countries.

• All member countries of the ADB must be geographically located within the Asia-Pacific region.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: b)

• Statement 1 is correct. The voting rights and influence within the ADB are weighted by capital subscription. As of recent data, Japan and the USA are the two largest shareholders, and they hold an equal share percentage (5.571% each). This reflects their significant historical and ongoing financial commitment to the bank.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The establishment of the ADB was not led by the World Bank. The idea was inspired by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). While it functions as a multilateral development bank similar to the World Bank, it is an independent regional institution.

• Statement 3 is correct. One of the notable programs run by the ADB is the ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP). This program provides funding for students from ADB’s developing member countries to pursue postgraduate studies in economics, management, science, and technology at participating academic institutions.

• Statement 4 is incorrect. The ADB has 69 member countries, but only 50 are from the Asia-Pacific region. The remaining 19 members, including major shareholders like the USA, Germany, and the UK, are non-regional members who contribute capital and participate in the bank’s governance.

About Asian Development Bank (ADB):

• What is ADB? A regional multilateral development bank that promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Asia and the Pacific. Established to eradicate poverty and promote regional cooperation and integration.

• A regional multilateral development bank that promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Asia and the Pacific.

• Established to eradicate poverty and promote regional cooperation and integration.

• Headquarters: Metro Manila, Philippines

• Established: 19 December 1966

• Membership: 69 member countries (as of 2024), including 50 from Asia-Pacific. Founding inspired by the UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific).

• 69 member countries (as of 2024), including 50 from Asia-Pacific.

• Founding inspired by the UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific).

• Voting and Shares: Shares are weighted by capital subscription. Major shareholders (as of 2020): Japan & USA:571% each China:429% India:317% Australia:773% Core Functions: Infrastructure development: Funds roads, transport, energy, and urban infrastructure to boost connectivity and growth. Climate resilience and clean energy: Supports projects promoting renewable energy, low-carbon tech, and disaster risk reduction. Poverty alleviation and rural development: Finances social welfare, agriculture, and rural employment to reduce poverty. Regional integration and cross-border projects: Encourages cooperation through trade corridors, power grids, and joint infrastructure. ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP): Provides postgraduate scholarships to students from developing member countries. Observer at the United Nations: Participates in global policymaking forums to align development with UN goals.

• Shares are weighted by capital subscription.

• Major shareholders (as of 2020): Japan & USA:571% each China:429% India:317% Australia:773%

• Japan & USA:571% each

• China:429%

• India:317%

• Australia:773%

• Core Functions: Infrastructure development: Funds roads, transport, energy, and urban infrastructure to boost connectivity and growth. Climate resilience and clean energy: Supports projects promoting renewable energy, low-carbon tech, and disaster risk reduction. Poverty alleviation and rural development: Finances social welfare, agriculture, and rural employment to reduce poverty. Regional integration and cross-border projects: Encourages cooperation through trade corridors, power grids, and joint infrastructure. ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP): Provides postgraduate scholarships to students from developing member countries. Observer at the United Nations: Participates in global policymaking forums to align development with UN goals.

• Infrastructure development: Funds roads, transport, energy, and urban infrastructure to boost connectivity and growth.

• Climate resilience and clean energy: Supports projects promoting renewable energy, low-carbon tech, and disaster risk reduction.

• Poverty alleviation and rural development: Finances social welfare, agriculture, and rural employment to reduce poverty.

• Regional integration and cross-border projects: Encourages cooperation through trade corridors, power grids, and joint infrastructure.

• ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP): Provides postgraduate scholarships to students from developing member countries.

• Observer at the United Nations: Participates in global policymaking forums to align development with UN goals.

Solution: b)

About Asian Development Bank (ADB):

• A regional multilateral development bank that promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth in Asia and the Pacific.

• Established to eradicate poverty and promote regional cooperation and integration.

• Headquarters: Metro Manila, Philippines

• Established: 19 December 1966

• 69 member countries (as of 2024), including 50 from Asia-Pacific.

• Founding inspired by the UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific).

• Shares are weighted by capital subscription.

• Major shareholders (as of 2020): Japan & USA:571% each China:429% India:317% Australia:773%

• Japan & USA:571% each

• China:429%

• India:317%

• Australia:773%

• Infrastructure development: Funds roads, transport, energy, and urban infrastructure to boost connectivity and growth.

• Climate resilience and clean energy: Supports projects promoting renewable energy, low-carbon tech, and disaster risk reduction.

• Poverty alleviation and rural development: Finances social welfare, agriculture, and rural employment to reduce poverty.

• Regional integration and cross-border projects: Encourages cooperation through trade corridors, power grids, and joint infrastructure.

• ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP): Provides postgraduate scholarships to students from developing member countries.

• Observer at the United Nations: Participates in global policymaking forums to align development with UN goals.

• Question 7 of 10 7. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding the geography of Nigeria: The Jos Plateau, located in the central part of the country, contains extinct volcanoes. The Niger River and its largest tributary, the Benue River, converge and flow into the Chad Basin. Chappal Waddi, Nigeria’s highest peak, is located in the Cameroon Highlands. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 only Correct Solution: d) Statement 1 is correct. The Jos Plateau is a prominent feature of central Nigeria’s highlands. This plateau is characterized by the presence of extinct volcanoes, indicating its geological history and unique topography. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Niger River is the lifeline of Nigeria, and its largest tributary is the Benue River. However, they do not flow into the Chad Basin. The Niger River flows through the vast Niger Delta region and empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Guinea. The Chad Basin, located in the northeast, is a separate drainage system. Statement 3 is correct. Nigeria’s highest point, Chappal Waddi (2,419 m), is located in the southeastern part of the country. This peak is part of the Cameroon Highlands, a mountain range that forms a natural border with Cameroon and is a significant topographical feature of the region. About Nigeria: Capital: Abuja Bordering Nations: Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea), and Benin. Flooding Causes: Intenserainfall and collapse of a dam in Mokwa (Niger State – Alau dam). Geographical Features of Nigeria: Major Rivers: Niger River: Lifeline of Nigeria, flows through Niger Delta into the Atlantic Benue River: Largest tributary of the Niger Others: Sokoto, Gongola, Kaduna, Pilcomayo Delta Region: Home to brackish mangroves, swamps, and oxbow lakes Man-made Lakes: Lake Kainji, Lake Bakolori Mountains & Highlands Jos Plateau: Central highlands with extinct volcanoes Cameroon Highlands (southeast): Chappal Waddi – Nigeria’s highest peak (2,419 m) Mount Dimlang – Second highest (2,042 m) Plains & Valleys Sokoto & Borno Plains: Northern sedimentary basins. Udi-Nsukka Plateau: Eastern escarpments above flood plains. Chad Basin: Drains northeast Nigeria, prone to waterlogging. Incorrect Solution: d) Statement 1 is correct. The Jos Plateau is a prominent feature of central Nigeria’s highlands. This plateau is characterized by the presence of extinct volcanoes, indicating its geological history and unique topography. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Niger River is the lifeline of Nigeria, and its largest tributary is the Benue River. However, they do not flow into the Chad Basin. The Niger River flows through the vast Niger Delta region and empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Guinea. The Chad Basin, located in the northeast, is a separate drainage system. Statement 3 is correct. Nigeria’s highest point, Chappal Waddi (2,419 m), is located in the southeastern part of the country. This peak is part of the Cameroon Highlands, a mountain range that forms a natural border with Cameroon and is a significant topographical feature of the region. About Nigeria: Capital: Abuja Bordering Nations: Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea), and Benin. Flooding Causes: Intenserainfall and collapse of a dam in Mokwa (Niger State – Alau dam). Geographical Features of Nigeria: Major Rivers: Niger River: Lifeline of Nigeria, flows through Niger Delta into the Atlantic Benue River: Largest tributary of the Niger Others: Sokoto, Gongola, Kaduna, Pilcomayo Delta Region: Home to brackish mangroves, swamps, and oxbow lakes Man-made Lakes: Lake Kainji, Lake Bakolori Mountains & Highlands Jos Plateau: Central highlands with extinct volcanoes Cameroon Highlands (southeast): Chappal Waddi – Nigeria’s highest peak (2,419 m) Mount Dimlang – Second highest (2,042 m) Plains & Valleys Sokoto & Borno Plains: Northern sedimentary basins. Udi-Nsukka Plateau: Eastern escarpments above flood plains. Chad Basin: Drains northeast Nigeria, prone to waterlogging.

#### 7. Question

Consider the following statements regarding the geography of Nigeria:

• The Jos Plateau, located in the central part of the country, contains extinct volcanoes.

• The Niger River and its largest tributary, the Benue River, converge and flow into the Chad Basin.

• Chappal Waddi, Nigeria’s highest peak, is located in the Cameroon Highlands.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1, 2 and 3

• (d) 1 and 3 only

Solution: d)

• Statement 1 is correct. The Jos Plateau is a prominent feature of central Nigeria’s highlands. This plateau is characterized by the presence of extinct volcanoes, indicating its geological history and unique topography.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The Niger River is the lifeline of Nigeria, and its largest tributary is the Benue River. However, they do not flow into the Chad Basin. The Niger River flows through the vast Niger Delta region and empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Guinea. The Chad Basin, located in the northeast, is a separate drainage system.

• Statement 3 is correct. Nigeria’s highest point, Chappal Waddi (2,419 m), is located in the southeastern part of the country. This peak is part of the Cameroon Highlands, a mountain range that forms a natural border with Cameroon and is a significant topographical feature of the region.

About Nigeria:

• Capital: Abuja

• Bordering Nations: Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea), and Benin.

• Flooding Causes: Intenserainfall and collapse of a dam in Mokwa (Niger State – Alau dam).

• Geographical Features of Nigeria:

• Major Rivers: Niger River: Lifeline of Nigeria, flows through Niger Delta into the Atlantic Benue River: Largest tributary of the Niger Others: Sokoto, Gongola, Kaduna, Pilcomayo

• Niger River: Lifeline of Nigeria, flows through Niger Delta into the Atlantic

• Benue River: Largest tributary of the Niger

• Others: Sokoto, Gongola, Kaduna, Pilcomayo

• Delta Region: Home to brackish mangroves, swamps, and oxbow lakes

• Man-made Lakes: Lake Kainji, Lake Bakolori

• Mountains & Highlands Jos Plateau: Central highlands with extinct volcanoes Cameroon Highlands (southeast): Chappal Waddi – Nigeria’s highest peak (2,419 m) Mount Dimlang – Second highest (2,042 m) Plains & Valleys Sokoto & Borno Plains: Northern sedimentary basins. Udi-Nsukka Plateau: Eastern escarpments above flood plains. Chad Basin: Drains northeast Nigeria, prone to waterlogging.

• Jos Plateau: Central highlands with extinct volcanoes

• Cameroon Highlands (southeast): Chappal Waddi – Nigeria’s highest peak (2,419 m) Mount Dimlang – Second highest (2,042 m)

• Chappal Waddi – Nigeria’s highest peak (2,419 m)

• Mount Dimlang – Second highest (2,042 m)

• Plains & Valleys Sokoto & Borno Plains: Northern sedimentary basins. Udi-Nsukka Plateau: Eastern escarpments above flood plains. Chad Basin: Drains northeast Nigeria, prone to waterlogging.

• Sokoto & Borno Plains: Northern sedimentary basins.

• Udi-Nsukka Plateau: Eastern escarpments above flood plains.

• Chad Basin: Drains northeast Nigeria, prone to waterlogging.

Solution: d)

About Nigeria:

• Capital: Abuja

• Bordering Nations: Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea), and Benin.

• Flooding Causes: Intenserainfall and collapse of a dam in Mokwa (Niger State – Alau dam).

• Geographical Features of Nigeria:

• Major Rivers: Niger River: Lifeline of Nigeria, flows through Niger Delta into the Atlantic Benue River: Largest tributary of the Niger Others: Sokoto, Gongola, Kaduna, Pilcomayo

• Niger River: Lifeline of Nigeria, flows through Niger Delta into the Atlantic

• Benue River: Largest tributary of the Niger

• Others: Sokoto, Gongola, Kaduna, Pilcomayo

• Delta Region: Home to brackish mangroves, swamps, and oxbow lakes

• Man-made Lakes: Lake Kainji, Lake Bakolori

• Jos Plateau: Central highlands with extinct volcanoes

• Cameroon Highlands (southeast): Chappal Waddi – Nigeria’s highest peak (2,419 m) Mount Dimlang – Second highest (2,042 m)

• Chappal Waddi – Nigeria’s highest peak (2,419 m)

• Mount Dimlang – Second highest (2,042 m)

• Sokoto & Borno Plains: Northern sedimentary basins.

• Udi-Nsukka Plateau: Eastern escarpments above flood plains.

• Chad Basin: Drains northeast Nigeria, prone to waterlogging.

• Question 8 of 10 8. Question 1 points Consider the following statements regarding ‘Operation Spider’s Web’: It was a long-range drone operation planned and executed by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). The primary objective was to disrupt Russia’s logistical supply lines to its frontline troops. The operation utilized a novel tactic of concealing drones in wooden sheds on civilian trucks, launched remotely. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Correct Solution: c) ‘Operation Spider’s Web’ was a strategic drone offensive meticulously planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). This makes Statement 1 correct. The operation’s innovative tactics included concealing explosive-laden drones within wooden sheds on civilian trucks, a method likened to the Trojan Horse. These drones were then remotely activated near Russian airbases, confirming Statement 3 as correct. However, Statement 2 is incorrect. The primary objective was not to disrupt logistical supply lines but to cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, specifically targeting high-value aircraft like the Tu-95, Tu-160, and Tu-22M bombers. The aim was to diminish Russia’s deep-strike capability and showcase Ukraine’s ability to project power far behind enemy lines, thereby influencing the tactical balance and strengthening its position in potential peace negotiations. About Operation Spider’s Web: What is Operation Spider’s Web? Operation Spider’s Web is a high-precision, long-range drone operation launched by Ukraine targeting Russian airbases deep within enemy territory. Nations Involved: Ukraine: Executing the offensive through its military and intelligence agencies. Russia: The target of the drone assault, which affected strategic airpower assets. Objective: To cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, especially aircraft capable of launching cruise missiles and nuclear payloads. To showcase deep-strike capability and shift tactical momentum ahead of peace negotiations. Key Features of Operation Spider’s Web: Scale: Planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). Drone Deployment: 117 explosive-laden drones launched. Aircraft types hit: Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-22M bombers and A-50 early-warning planes. Tactical Innovation: Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks—a tactic likened to the Trojan Horse. Drones were remotely launched after being placed near airbases across multiple Russian time zones. Airbases attacked: Belaya (Irkutsk), Olenya (Murmansk), Dyagilevo (Ryazan), Ivanovo Severny, and Ukrainka. Timing and Symbolism: Launched just hours after Russia’s deadly Iskander missile strike on Dnipropetrovsk. Acted as a prelude to peace talks, strengthening Ukraine’s bargaining power. Incorrect Solution: c) ‘Operation Spider’s Web’ was a strategic drone offensive meticulously planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). This makes Statement 1 correct. The operation’s innovative tactics included concealing explosive-laden drones within wooden sheds on civilian trucks, a method likened to the Trojan Horse. These drones were then remotely activated near Russian airbases, confirming Statement 3 as correct. However, Statement 2 is incorrect. The primary objective was not to disrupt logistical supply lines but to cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, specifically targeting high-value aircraft like the Tu-95, Tu-160, and Tu-22M bombers. The aim was to diminish Russia’s deep-strike capability and showcase Ukraine’s ability to project power far behind enemy lines, thereby influencing the tactical balance and strengthening its position in potential peace negotiations. About Operation Spider’s Web: What is Operation Spider’s Web? Operation Spider’s Web is a high-precision, long-range drone operation launched by Ukraine targeting Russian airbases deep within enemy territory. Nations Involved: Ukraine: Executing the offensive through its military and intelligence agencies. Russia: The target of the drone assault, which affected strategic airpower assets. Objective: To cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, especially aircraft capable of launching cruise missiles and nuclear payloads. To showcase deep-strike capability and shift tactical momentum ahead of peace negotiations. Key Features of Operation Spider’s Web: Scale: Planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). Drone Deployment: 117 explosive-laden drones launched. Aircraft types hit: Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-22M bombers and A-50 early-warning planes. Tactical Innovation: Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks—a tactic likened to the Trojan Horse. Drones were remotely launched after being placed near airbases across multiple Russian time zones. Airbases attacked: Belaya (Irkutsk), Olenya (Murmansk), Dyagilevo (Ryazan), Ivanovo Severny, and Ukrainka. Timing and Symbolism: Launched just hours after Russia’s deadly Iskander missile strike on Dnipropetrovsk. Acted as a prelude to peace talks, strengthening Ukraine’s bargaining power.

#### 8. Question

Consider the following statements regarding ‘Operation Spider’s Web’:

• It was a long-range drone operation planned and executed by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU).

• The primary objective was to disrupt Russia’s logistical supply lines to its frontline troops.

• The operation utilized a novel tactic of concealing drones in wooden sheds on civilian trucks, launched remotely.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only

• (b) 2 and 3 only

• (c) 1 and 3 only

• (d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: c)

• ‘Operation Spider’s Web’ was a strategic drone offensive meticulously planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). This makes Statement 1 correct.

• The operation’s innovative tactics included concealing explosive-laden drones within wooden sheds on civilian trucks, a method likened to the Trojan Horse. These drones were then remotely activated near Russian airbases, confirming Statement 3 as correct.

• However, Statement 2 is incorrect. The primary objective was not to disrupt logistical supply lines but to cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, specifically targeting high-value aircraft like the Tu-95, Tu-160, and Tu-22M bombers. The aim was to diminish Russia’s deep-strike capability and showcase Ukraine’s ability to project power far behind enemy lines, thereby influencing the tactical balance and strengthening its position in potential peace negotiations.

About Operation Spider’s Web:

• What is Operation Spider’s Web? Operation Spider’s Web is a high-precision, long-range drone operation launched by Ukraine targeting Russian airbases deep within enemy territory.

• Operation Spider’s Web is a high-precision, long-range drone operation launched by Ukraine targeting Russian airbases deep within enemy territory.

• Nations Involved:

• Ukraine: Executing the offensive through its military and intelligence agencies. Russia: The target of the drone assault, which affected strategic airpower assets.

• Ukraine: Executing the offensive through its military and intelligence agencies.

• Russia: The target of the drone assault, which affected strategic airpower assets.

• Objective:

• To cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, especially aircraft capable of launching cruise missiles and nuclear payloads. To showcase deep-strike capability and shift tactical momentum ahead of peace negotiations.

• To cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, especially aircraft capable of launching cruise missiles and nuclear payloads.

• To showcase deep-strike capability and shift tactical momentum ahead of peace negotiations.

• Key Features of Operation Spider’s Web:

• Scale: Planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). Drone Deployment: 117 explosive-laden drones launched. Aircraft types hit: Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-22M bombers and A-50 early-warning planes. Tactical Innovation: Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks—a tactic likened to the Trojan Horse. Drones were remotely launched after being placed near airbases across multiple Russian time zones.

• Scale: Planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU).

• Drone Deployment: 117 explosive-laden drones launched. Aircraft types hit: Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-22M bombers and A-50 early-warning planes.

• 117 explosive-laden drones launched.

• Aircraft types hit: Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-22M bombers and A-50 early-warning planes.

• Tactical Innovation: Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks—a tactic likened to the Trojan Horse. Drones were remotely launched after being placed near airbases across multiple Russian time zones.

• Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks—a tactic likened to the Trojan Horse.

• Drones were remotely launched after being placed near airbases across multiple Russian time zones.

• Airbases attacked: Belaya (Irkutsk), Olenya (Murmansk), Dyagilevo (Ryazan), Ivanovo Severny, and Ukrainka.

• Timing and Symbolism: Launched just hours after Russia’s deadly Iskander missile strike on Dnipropetrovsk. Acted as a prelude to peace talks, strengthening Ukraine’s bargaining power.

• Launched just hours after Russia’s deadly Iskander missile strike on Dnipropetrovsk.

• Acted as a prelude to peace talks, strengthening Ukraine’s bargaining power.

Solution: c)

• ‘Operation Spider’s Web’ was a strategic drone offensive meticulously planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). This makes Statement 1 correct.

About Operation Spider’s Web:

• What is Operation Spider’s Web? Operation Spider’s Web is a high-precision, long-range drone operation launched by Ukraine targeting Russian airbases deep within enemy territory.

• Operation Spider’s Web is a high-precision, long-range drone operation launched by Ukraine targeting Russian airbases deep within enemy territory.

• Nations Involved:

• Ukraine: Executing the offensive through its military and intelligence agencies. Russia: The target of the drone assault, which affected strategic airpower assets.

• Ukraine: Executing the offensive through its military and intelligence agencies.

• Russia: The target of the drone assault, which affected strategic airpower assets.

• Objective:

• To cripple Russia’s strategic bomber fleet, especially aircraft capable of launching cruise missiles and nuclear payloads.

• To showcase deep-strike capability and shift tactical momentum ahead of peace negotiations.

• Key Features of Operation Spider’s Web:

• Scale: Planned over 18 months by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU).

• Drone Deployment: 117 explosive-laden drones launched. Aircraft types hit: Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-22M bombers and A-50 early-warning planes.

• 117 explosive-laden drones launched.

• Aircraft types hit: Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-22M bombers and A-50 early-warning planes.

• Drones were concealed in wooden sheds on civilian trucks—a tactic likened to the Trojan Horse.

• Drones were remotely launched after being placed near airbases across multiple Russian time zones.

• Airbases attacked: Belaya (Irkutsk), Olenya (Murmansk), Dyagilevo (Ryazan), Ivanovo Severny, and Ukrainka.

• Launched just hours after Russia’s deadly Iskander missile strike on Dnipropetrovsk.

• Acted as a prelude to peace talks, strengthening Ukraine’s bargaining power.

• Question 9 of 10 9. Question 1 points With reference to the ‘Seva Se Seekhen’ campaign, consider the following statements: It is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. The campaign exclusively targets pharmacy college students for engagement at Jan Aushadhi Kendras. A key objective is to foster experiential learning and enhance public awareness about generic medicines. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Correct Solution: a) Statement 3 correctly reflects a core purpose of the ‘Seva Se Seekhen’ campaign, which is to provide youth with experiential learning opportunities in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). A major component of their engagement is to promote literacy about and the use of generic medicines, thus enhancing public health awareness. Statement 1 is incorrect. The campaign is led by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, not the ministries mentioned. Statement 2 is also incorrect. The campaign has a broad target group, drawing volunteers not only from pharmacy colleges but also from platforms like MY Bharat and the National Service Scheme (NSS), ensuring a diverse pool of young participants. The campaign aims to build a wide range of skills, from logistics and inventory management to community service and empathy. About Seva Se Seekhen Campaign: What is It? A youth engagement and hands-on learning campaign designed to involve young citizens in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). Launched In: Introduced in 2025, as part of India’s National Youth Development Framework. Nodal Ministries: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Objectives: Foster experiential learning by placing youth in service environments. Enhance public health awareness and generic medicine outreach. Develop soft and technical skills related to inventory, logistics, and community service. Encourage nation-building values like discipline, empathy, and grassroots engagement. Key Features: Nationwide Deployment: Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each. Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs. Target Groups: Volunteers drawn from MY Bharat, NSS, pharmacy colleges, and other youth platforms. Roles and Activities: Supporting day-to-day operations and customer service. Promoting generic medicine literacy. Learning inventory, stock, and logistics management. Engaging in community health awareness campaigns. Duration: 15-day structured internship with guided tasks and observations. Incorrect Solution: a) Statement 3 correctly reflects a core purpose of the ‘Seva Se Seekhen’ campaign, which is to provide youth with experiential learning opportunities in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). A major component of their engagement is to promote literacy about and the use of generic medicines, thus enhancing public health awareness. Statement 1 is incorrect. The campaign is led by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, not the ministries mentioned. Statement 2 is also incorrect. The campaign has a broad target group, drawing volunteers not only from pharmacy colleges but also from platforms like MY Bharat and the National Service Scheme (NSS), ensuring a diverse pool of young participants. The campaign aims to build a wide range of skills, from logistics and inventory management to community service and empathy. About Seva Se Seekhen Campaign: What is It? A youth engagement and hands-on learning campaign designed to involve young citizens in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). Launched In: Introduced in 2025, as part of India’s National Youth Development Framework. Nodal Ministries: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Objectives: Foster experiential learning by placing youth in service environments. Enhance public health awareness and generic medicine outreach. Develop soft and technical skills related to inventory, logistics, and community service. Encourage nation-building values like discipline, empathy, and grassroots engagement. Key Features: Nationwide Deployment: Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each. Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs. Target Groups: Volunteers drawn from MY Bharat, NSS, pharmacy colleges, and other youth platforms. Roles and Activities: Supporting day-to-day operations and customer service. Promoting generic medicine literacy. Learning inventory, stock, and logistics management. Engaging in community health awareness campaigns. Duration: 15-day structured internship with guided tasks and observations.

#### 9. Question

With reference to the ‘Seva Se Seekhen’ campaign, consider the following statements:

• It is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.

• The campaign exclusively targets pharmacy college students for engagement at Jan Aushadhi Kendras.

• A key objective is to foster experiential learning and enhance public awareness about generic medicines.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) All three

Solution: a)

• Statement 3 correctly reflects a core purpose of the ‘Seva Se Seekhen’ campaign, which is to provide youth with experiential learning opportunities in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). A major component of their engagement is to promote literacy about and the use of generic medicines, thus enhancing public health awareness.

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The campaign is led by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, not the ministries mentioned.

• Statement 2 is also incorrect. The campaign has a broad target group, drawing volunteers not only from pharmacy colleges but also from platforms like MY Bharat and the National Service Scheme (NSS), ensuring a diverse pool of young participants. The campaign aims to build a wide range of skills, from logistics and inventory management to community service and empathy.

About Seva Se Seekhen Campaign:

• What is It? A youth engagement and hands-on learning campaign designed to involve young citizens in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs).

• A youth engagement and hands-on learning campaign designed to involve young citizens in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs).

• Launched In: Introduced in 2025, as part of India’s National Youth Development Framework.

• Nodal Ministries:

• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers

• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

• Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers

• Objectives:

• Foster experiential learning by placing youth in service environments. Enhance public health awareness and generic medicine outreach. Develop soft and technical skills related to inventory, logistics, and community service. Encourage nation-building values like discipline, empathy, and grassroots engagement.

• Foster experiential learning by placing youth in service environments.

• Enhance public health awareness and generic medicine outreach.

• Develop soft and technical skills related to inventory, logistics, and community service.

• Encourage nation-building values like discipline, empathy, and grassroots engagement.

• Key Features:

• Nationwide Deployment: Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each. Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs. Target Groups: Volunteers drawn from MY Bharat, NSS, pharmacy colleges, and other youth platforms. Roles and Activities: Supporting day-to-day operations and customer service. Promoting generic medicine literacy. Learning inventory, stock, and logistics management. Engaging in community health awareness campaigns. Duration: 15-day structured internship with guided tasks and observations.

• Nationwide Deployment: Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each. Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs.

• Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each.

• Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs.

• Target Groups: Volunteers drawn from MY Bharat, NSS, pharmacy colleges, and other youth platforms.

• Roles and Activities: Supporting day-to-day operations and customer service. Promoting generic medicine literacy. Learning inventory, stock, and logistics management. Engaging in community health awareness campaigns.

• Supporting day-to-day operations and customer service.

• Promoting generic medicine literacy.

• Learning inventory, stock, and logistics management.

• Engaging in community health awareness campaigns.

• Duration: 15-day structured internship with guided tasks and observations.

Solution: a)

About Seva Se Seekhen Campaign:

• What is It? A youth engagement and hands-on learning campaign designed to involve young citizens in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs).

• A youth engagement and hands-on learning campaign designed to involve young citizens in public service environments like Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs).

• Launched In: Introduced in 2025, as part of India’s National Youth Development Framework.

• Nodal Ministries:

• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers

• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

• Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers

• Objectives:

• Foster experiential learning by placing youth in service environments.

• Enhance public health awareness and generic medicine outreach.

• Develop soft and technical skills related to inventory, logistics, and community service.

• Encourage nation-building values like discipline, empathy, and grassroots engagement.

• Key Features:

• Nationwide Deployment: Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each. Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs.

• Five youth volunteers per district, embedded in five Jan Aushadhi Kendras each.

• Total outreach expected across all Indian states and UTs.

• Target Groups: Volunteers drawn from MY Bharat, NSS, pharmacy colleges, and other youth platforms.

• Supporting day-to-day operations and customer service.

• Promoting generic medicine literacy.

• Learning inventory, stock, and logistics management.

• Engaging in community health awareness campaigns.

• Duration: 15-day structured internship with guided tasks and observations.

• Question 10 of 10 10. Question 1 points Consider the following statements: The BharatGen AI model is India’s first Government funded indigenously developed multimodal Large Language Model (LLM). It was developed by a private consortium of leading Indian tech companies. The model’s development was funded under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS). It is designed to operate in all 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. How many of the above statements is/are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Correct Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct. ‘BharatGen’ is India’s first government-funded multimodal Large Language Model (LLM). Statement 3 is also correct, as it specifies that the model was funded under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS), a key government initiative. Statement 4 is correct; a defining feature of BharatGen is its capability to support text, speech, and image-based outputs in 22 major Indian languages, aligning with the goal of creating a democratic and inclusive AI ecosystem. Statement 2 is incorrect. The development of BharatGen was not led by a private consortium but by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay, an academic and research institution. This highlights a collaborative model involving government, academia, and startups, rather than being a purely private-sector-led project. About BharatGen AI Model: What is It? ‘BharatGen’ is a multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) that supports text, speech, and image-based AI outputs in 22 Indian languages, developed to meet India’s regional, linguistic, and cultural diversity needs. Developed By: Led by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay. Funded under: The National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS). Objectives: To build a democratic AI ecosystem rooted in Indian languages and values. To create ethical, inclusive AI tools accessible to all regions and social groups. To support region-specific solutions across governance, health, education, and agriculture. To foster AI-based entrepreneurship, innovation, and R&D capacity in India. Key Features: Multimodal Capabilities: Integrates text, speech, and image processing to offer a wide range of AI applications. Language Diversity: Trained on 22 Indian languages, including major and regional dialects. Inclusive Development: Designed to address rural and underserved communities, especially in health and governance. Scalability: Supports national platforms like CPGRAMS, AI-powered telemedicine, and AI in education. Collaborative Architecture: Combines efforts of government, academia, startups, and students through hackathons and R&D parks. Significance: National Innovation Push: Aligns with “India’s Techade” vision for tech-driven inclusive growth. Cultural Relevance: Offers context-aware AI solutions reflecting Indian societal ethos. Education Reform: Embeds AI in learning under NEP 2020, bridging humanities and technology. Incorrect Solution: c) Statement 1 is correct. ‘BharatGen’ is India’s first government-funded multimodal Large Language Model (LLM). Statement 3 is also correct, as it specifies that the model was funded under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS), a key government initiative. Statement 4 is correct; a defining feature of BharatGen is its capability to support text, speech, and image-based outputs in 22 major Indian languages, aligning with the goal of creating a democratic and inclusive AI ecosystem. Statement 2 is incorrect. The development of BharatGen was not led by a private consortium but by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay, an academic and research institution. This highlights a collaborative model involving government, academia, and startups, rather than being a purely private-sector-led project. About BharatGen AI Model: What is It? ‘BharatGen’ is a multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) that supports text, speech, and image-based AI outputs in 22 Indian languages, developed to meet India’s regional, linguistic, and cultural diversity needs. Developed By: Led by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay. Funded under: The National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS). Objectives: To build a democratic AI ecosystem rooted in Indian languages and values. To create ethical, inclusive AI tools accessible to all regions and social groups. To support region-specific solutions across governance, health, education, and agriculture. To foster AI-based entrepreneurship, innovation, and R&D capacity in India. Key Features: Multimodal Capabilities: Integrates text, speech, and image processing to offer a wide range of AI applications. Language Diversity: Trained on 22 Indian languages, including major and regional dialects. Inclusive Development: Designed to address rural and underserved communities, especially in health and governance. Scalability: Supports national platforms like CPGRAMS, AI-powered telemedicine, and AI in education. Collaborative Architecture: Combines efforts of government, academia, startups, and students through hackathons and R&D parks. Significance: National Innovation Push: Aligns with “India’s Techade” vision for tech-driven inclusive growth. Cultural Relevance: Offers context-aware AI solutions reflecting Indian societal ethos. Education Reform: Embeds AI in learning under NEP 2020, bridging humanities and technology.

#### 10. Question

Consider the following statements:

• The BharatGen AI model is India’s first Government funded indigenously developed multimodal Large Language Model (LLM).

• It was developed by a private consortium of leading Indian tech companies.

• The model’s development was funded under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS).

• It is designed to operate in all 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

How many of the above statements is/are correct?

• (a) Only one

• (b) Only two

• (c) Only three

• (d) All four

Solution: c)

• Statement 1 is correct. ‘BharatGen’ is India’s first government-funded multimodal Large Language Model (LLM).

• Statement 3 is also correct, as it specifies that the model was funded under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS), a key government initiative.

• Statement 4 is correct; a defining feature of BharatGen is its capability to support text, speech, and image-based outputs in 22 major Indian languages, aligning with the goal of creating a democratic and inclusive AI ecosystem.

• Statement 2 is incorrect. The development of BharatGen was not led by a private consortium but by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay, an academic and research institution. This highlights a collaborative model involving government, academia, and startups, rather than being a purely private-sector-led project.

About BharatGen AI Model:

• What is It? ‘BharatGen’ is a multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) that supports text, speech, and image-based AI outputs in 22 Indian languages, developed to meet India’s regional, linguistic, and cultural diversity needs.

• ‘BharatGen’ is a multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) that supports text, speech, and image-based AI outputs in 22 Indian languages, developed to meet India’s regional, linguistic, and cultural diversity needs.

• Developed By: Led by the TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE at IIT Bombay.

• Funded under: The National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS).

• Objectives: To build a democratic AI ecosystem rooted in Indian languages and values. To create ethical, inclusive AI tools accessible to all regions and social groups. To support region-specific solutions across governance, health, education, and agriculture. To foster AI-based entrepreneurship, innovation, and R&D capacity in India.

• To build a democratic AI ecosystem rooted in Indian languages and values.

• To create ethical, inclusive AI tools accessible to all regions and social groups.

• To support region-specific solutions across governance, health, education, and agriculture.

• To foster AI-based entrepreneurship, innovation, and R&D capacity in India.

• Key Features: Multimodal Capabilities: Integrates text, speech, and image processing to offer a wide range of AI applications. Language Diversity: Trained on 22 Indian languages, including major and regional dialects. Inclusive Development: Designed to address rural and underserved communities, especially in health and governance. Scalability: Supports national platforms like CPGRAMS, AI-powered telemedicine, and AI in education. Collaborative Architecture: Combines efforts of government, academia, startups, and students through hackathons and R&D parks.

• Multimodal Capabilities: Integrates text, speech, and image processing to offer a wide range of AI applications.

• Language Diversity: Trained on 22 Indian languages, including major and regional dialects.

• Inclusive Development: Designed to address rural and underserved communities, especially in health and governance.

• Scalability: Supports national platforms like CPGRAMS, AI-powered telemedicine, and AI in education.

• Collaborative Architecture: Combines efforts of government, academia, startups, and students through hackathons and R&D parks.

• Significance: National Innovation Push: Aligns with “India’s Techade” vision for tech-driven inclusive growth. Cultural Relevance: Offers context-aware AI solutions reflecting Indian societal ethos. Education Reform: Embeds AI in learning under NEP 2020, bridging humanities and technology.

• National Innovation Push: Aligns with “India’s Techade” vision for tech-driven inclusive growth.

• Cultural Relevance: Offers context-aware AI solutions reflecting Indian societal ethos.

• Education Reform: Embeds AI in learning under NEP 2020, bridging humanities and technology.